This volume studies macroscopic energy, heat, and thermodynamic systems.
This volume studies macroscopic energy, heat, and thermodynamic systems. It develops fundamental laws, transport processes, and engineering applications.
Part I. Foundations of Thermodynamics
Chapter 1. Thermodynamic Systems
1.1 Systems and surroundings 1.2 State variables 1.3 Equilibrium 1.4 Processes 1.5 Examples
Chapter 2. First Law of Thermodynamics
2.1 Energy conservation 2.2 Work and heat 2.3 Internal energy 2.4 Applications 2.5 Examples
Chapter 3. Second Law of Thermodynamics
3.1 Entropy 3.2 Irreversibility 3.3 Heat engines 3.4 Applications 3.5 Examples
Part II. Thermodynamic Potentials
Chapter 4. State Functions
4.1 Enthalpy 4.2 Helmholtz free energy 4.3 Gibbs free energy 4.4 Relationships 4.5 Applications
Chapter 5. Equilibrium and Stability
5.1 Phase equilibrium 5.2 Chemical potential 5.3 Stability criteria 5.4 Applications 5.5 Examples
Chapter 6. Phase Transitions
6.1 Phase diagrams 6.2 Critical points 6.3 Latent heat 6.4 Applications 6.5 Examples
Part III. Heat Transfer
Chapter 7. Conduction
7.1 Fourier law 7.2 Heat equation 7.3 Steady and transient conduction 7.4 Applications 7.5 Examples
Chapter 8. Convection
8.1 Fluid motion and heat transfer 8.2 Boundary layers 8.3 Dimensionless numbers 8.4 Applications 8.5 Examples
Chapter 9. Radiation
9.1 Blackbody radiation 9.2 Stefan–Boltzmann law 9.3 Radiative heat transfer 9.4 Applications 9.5 Examples
Part IV. Thermodynamic Cycles
Chapter 10. Heat Engines
10.1 Carnot cycle 10.2 Efficiency 10.3 Real engines 10.4 Applications 10.5 Examples
Chapter 11. Refrigeration and Heat Pumps
11.1 Refrigeration cycles 11.2 Coefficient of performance 11.3 Applications 11.4 Examples 11.5 Connections
Chapter 12. Power Cycles
12.1 Rankine cycle 12.2 Brayton cycle 12.3 Combined cycles 12.4 Applications 12.5 Examples
Part V. Transport and Irreversibility
Chapter 13. Irreversible Thermodynamics
13.1 Entropy production 13.2 Fluxes and forces 13.3 Linear response theory 13.4 Applications 13.5 Examples
Chapter 14. Mass Transfer
14.1 Diffusion 14.2 Fick laws 14.3 Multicomponent systems 14.4 Applications 14.5 Examples
Chapter 15. Coupled Transport
15.1 Heat and mass coupling 15.2 Thermoelectric effects 15.3 Applications 15.4 Examples 15.5 Connections
Part VI. Mathematical Methods
Chapter 16. PDE Models
16.1 Heat equation 16.2 Boundary conditions 16.3 Analytical solutions 16.4 Applications 16.5 Examples
Chapter 17. Numerical Methods
17.1 Finite difference methods 17.2 Finite element methods 17.3 Stability and convergence 17.4 Applications 17.5 Examples
Chapter 18. Scaling and Similarity
18.1 Dimensionless analysis 18.2 Similarity solutions 18.3 Applications 18.4 Examples 18.5 Connections
Part VII. Applications
Chapter 19. Engineering Systems
19.1 Heat exchangers 19.2 Thermal management 19.3 Energy systems 19.4 Applications 19.5 Examples
Chapter 20. Materials and Processes
20.1 Phase change materials 20.2 Manufacturing processes 20.3 Thermal properties 20.4 Applications 20.5 Examples
Chapter 21. Environmental Systems
21.1 Climate systems 21.2 Energy balance 21.3 Heat transport in nature 21.4 Applications 21.5 Examples
Part VIII. Research Directions
Chapter 22. Advanced Topics
22.1 Non-equilibrium thermodynamics 22.2 Micro and nanoscale heat transfer 22.3 Energy conversion technologies 22.4 Modern developments 22.5 Emerging areas
Chapter 23. Open Problems
23.1 Turbulent heat transfer 23.2 Multiscale modeling 23.3 Efficiency limits 23.4 Computational challenges 23.5 Future directions
Chapter 24. Historical and Conceptual Notes
24.1 Development of thermodynamics 24.2 Key contributors 24.3 Evolution of heat transfer theory 24.4 Cross-disciplinary impact 24.5 Summary
Appendix
A. Thermodynamic relations reference B. Dimensionless numbers table C. Proof techniques checklist D. Numerical schemes reference E. Cross-reference to other MSC branches