brain

We are given two collections of stones, one stored in an inventory and the other in a chest. Each stone has a size, and for every size we know how many stones of that size exist in each location.

We are simulating a race where the cost of each lap depends on how worn the current tire set is. Each tire set starts with some initial wear value, and every time a lap is driven on that set, the lap takes exactly the current wear value in seconds, and then the wear increases…

We are given a square office, but only its left and bottom walls exist. The top and right sides are open and act like a continuous source of incoming light.

We are asked to imagine an infinite increasing sequence built from numbers that can be written in the form $$x = 2^k + 60m$$ where $k$ and $m$ are positive integers (or at least positive for $k$, and non-negative for $m$, depending on interpretation; the important part is that…

We are given a line of segments, each segment indexed from 1 to n. The interesting part is that each segment i has a constraint value a[i] which controls how restrictive the next move becomes after visiting i.

We are given a traffic light that alternates which of two one-way streets is allowed to pass. The pattern of the light is periodic and fully known in advance. Every minute belongs to either street 1 or street 2 depending on this repeating pattern. A set of cars arrives over time.

Let $G$ be a graph on ${1,\ldots,n}$ and let $S={{u_j,v_j}\mid 1\le j\le r}$ be an $r$-family.

The reviewer is correct that the original argument is invalid because it replaces pixel-level adjacency with an invented semantic decomposition.

The previous argument correctly identifies a real obstruction: in three dimensions, simplicity of individual voxels is not preserved under simultaneous deletion.

We restate the definitions precisely and then rebuild the argument from first principles.

Let the three black pixels be $a,b,c$ and assume they are pairwise king-neighbors.

The previous solution failed because it did not use the actual definition of $g$ from (159).

The previous argument fails because it models Guo–Hall thinning as uniform geometric erosion.

An expression $E(x_1,\ldots,x_m)$ is built from integer variables and integer constants using only $+$ and $\oplus$ (and possibly also $&$ in the second part).

The state of a Life automaton on a finite torus is completely determined by the initial bitmap and the update rule given in Exercise 167.

We start by separating three independent issues: the word packing geometry, the toroidal indexing, and the correctness of the bit-parallel update.

Let the eight neighbors be $a_1,\dots,a_8 \in \{0,1\}$ and the center be $b\in\{0,1\}$.

Let $X = \operatorname{custer}(X)$, where \operatorname{custer}(X)(i,j)=\overline{X(i,j)} \;\&\; S(i,j), \quad S(i,j)=X(i-1,j)\lor X(i+1,j)\lor X(i,j-1)\lor X(i,j+1).

We are given two independent progressive tax systems and a fixed total income $X$. Dmitry and Anna must split this income into two parts: Dmitry declares $t$, and Anna declares $X - t$.

Two players simulate a deterministic game on a single integer. The state is just one number, initially $n$. Players alternate turns, starting with the first player. On each turn, the active player tries to apply a division move using their own fixed divisor.

Let the $3\times 3$ configuration at time $t$ be represented by a bit matrix $X(t) = (x_{ij}(t))_{1 \le i,j \le 3}$, where each $x_{ij}(t) \in {0,1}$.

Let the eight neighbors of a cell $X$ be $X_{NW}, X_N, X_{NE}, X_W, X_E, X_{SW}, X_S, X_{SE}$.

The previous solution fails because it _assumes_ finiteness of triangle types without deriving it from the actual construction of Fig.

The board is extremely tall but only two columns wide, so every row is just a left or right cell. A white pawn starts at the bottom-left cell and moves upward row by row until it either gets stuck or reaches the top row at height $10^{18}$.

We are given a set of points on a plane, each representing a shop that yields exactly one collectible item. The key restriction is geometric: we are only allowed to pick items from shops that lie on a single straight line.

We are given a set of rain droplets that each fall onto a point on a horizontal line. Each droplet appears at a specific coordinate and only starts expanding after its own falling time.

We are given five integers that describe how many steps exist in different segments of a staircase structure. The picture (which we do not need explicitly) encodes a set of possible routes from the bottom to the top, where each route corresponds to choosing a sequence of…

The previous solution fails because it replaces the actual object in Fig.

We are given multiple independent test cases. In each test case, there are two integer arrays of the same length. For every index, we are allowed to “adjust” the value at that position, but the adjustment is not arbitrary.

We are given a program consisting of $n$ lines, and a subset of $m$ of these lines contain bugs. The positions of all buggy lines are known in advance and are strictly increasing. Toxel repeatedly performs a debugging operation. In one operation, he chooses a prefix length $i$.

We are given a string consisting of lowercase letters, and we are allowed to change at most $k$ characters. The goal is to determine whether we can turn the string into a very rigid periodic structure.

We are given a five-digit integer where all digits are different. From these five digits we are allowed to rearrange their order arbitrarily, but the resulting number must still be a valid five-digit integer, meaning it cannot start with zero.

We are given a process that builds a multiset dynamically. There are exactly n insert operations and n removal operations, interleaved in a fixed order. Each insertion adds a known value, while each removal deletes a uniformly random element from the current multiset.

We are given a collection of strings and we need to count how many of them satisfy a very specific structural pattern.

We are given a tree with $n$ vertices representing cities connected by $n-1$ roads. After each query, one existing road is removed and a new road is added, and the structure remains a tree. In each resulting tree, we must place troops on vertices.

We are given an array of length $n$, where each element is an integer in the range $[1, n]$. We are allowed to apply a transformation defined by a function $f$, which maps every value in $[1, n]$ to another value in the same range.

We are given a sequence of $n$ game rounds. At the start of each round, exactly one coin is added to T0xel’s wallet, and coins are never lost except when they are spent.

We are given a positive integer n and a digit d. We are allowed to choose another positive integer k, and we look at the product x = n · k. The goal is to make this resulting number satisfy a very specific digit pattern constraint.

We are given a rectangular grid of size $n times m$ whose cells are filled with the integers from $1$ to $n cdot m$. The filling order is not row-wise or column-wise.

We are given an array of exactly four positive integers, each between 1 and 9. The task is to decide whether this array matches a hidden pattern defined by a string “USST”, where identical characters in the string enforce equality constraints between corresponding positions…

We are given a tree with nodes labeled from 1 to n, plus an extra node 0. Node 0 is connected to node 1, so effectively node 0 acts like a root attached above the original tree. Every other edge connects the n student locations into a tree. Each student lives at a unique node i.

The task describes a deterministic way to assign numbers to an n by m grid. Imagine starting with an empty matrix and writing integers beginning from 1, increasing one by one, while always walking along the outer boundary of the remaining unfilled region in a clockwise spiral.

We are given two circles in the plane. Each circle is defined by its center coordinates and radius. For every test case, we need to count how many distinct straight lines exist such that the line is tangent to both circles at the same time.

We are given a collection of hexadecimal numbers written as strings. Each number is supposed to represent a valid non-negative integer in base 16, but the data set has a twist: some entries are correct results of hexadecimal subtraction problems, while others are wrong results…

We start with a single pile of stones. Two players alternate turns, Alice moving first. On a turn, if the pile currently has $x$ stones, the player may add between $1$ and $x$ stones inclusive. After the move, the pile size must not exceed a fixed upper bound $k$.

We are given a collection of distinct numbers written in hexadecimal, and a sequence of queries. For each query, we receive a decimal number $x$.

We restate the problem in graph-theoretic form.

The grid describes a map where each cell is either blocked or available for placing a unit. Over time, we receive a sequence of placement attempts. Each attempt tries to place a directional unit, a snake, on a specific cell facing up, down, left, or right.

We are given an $n times m$ grid that represents a tiled game board. Each cell is either empty or colored with one of three colors labeled 1, 2, and 3.

We are given an $n times n$ grid and a multiset of rectangular tiles that can be placed either horizontally or vertically. Every tile is a $1 times k$ strip for some length $k$, and we are allowed to place each strip anywhere inside the grid as long as it stays inside bounds.

We are given a list of problem difficulties, where each problem also has an implicit identifier given by its position in the input. The task is to reorder the problem indices according to difficulty from smallest to largest.

We are given a large square $ABCD$ with side length $n$. Inside it sits a smaller square $AEFG$ whose side length is a variable integer $m$, restricted to an interval $[l, r]$.

We are given a multiset or array of integers. Two players alternate turns in a game. On each turn, a player is allowed to remove one occurrence of the current maximum value present in the structure.

We restart from the definitions implicit in formulas (150) and (151) and prove directly that they generate identical labels, without introducing unproved intermediate tables.

We are processing a chronological stream of events that manipulate a set of houses and how three assistants handle them.

We are given an $n times m$ grid where each cell has a weight. The task is to place non-overlapping rectangular tiles on this grid to maximize the total sum of covered cell weights.

We are given a sequence of integers, each tagged with one of two colors. The numbers arrive from left to right. As each number appears, we maintain a multiset of currently “unpaired” numbers.

We are given an array of length $n$. Each query provides a segment $[l, r]$ and an integer $k$. On that segment we repeatedly apply an operation that replaces the current maximum element by its integer division by 2.

We are given a sequence of download speeds sampled over time and a fixed window size $k$. For every contiguous segment of length $k$, we need to compute the average speed of that segment.

Codeforces 105161G: Download Time Monitor

Codeforces 105161D: City Bloxx

We are given a forest, meaning an undirected graph where each connected component is a tree. We are allowed to add edges between vertices.

We are working on a hidden structure: a cycle of $n$ positions labeled $0$ to $n-1$, where $n$ is odd. Two distinct positions are secretly chosen. We cannot see them directly.

We are given five disjoint arcs on a circle. From each arc, we pick one point, and we connect the five chosen points in order, forming a closed pentagon-like star shape.

We are given a directed graph where each node has an associated value that can be interpreted as a capacity or weight. Some nodes are marked as active depending on a parameter that can be adjusted.

We rebuild the argument directly from the definitions in Exercise 14 and the structure of binary carries in 2-adic arithmetic.

Codeforces 105163K: Puzzle

We are working on a grid where each cell has two kinds of values. One value represents how much it costs to pass through that cell, and the other represents the price at which goods can be sold in that cell.

Each item in the input can be seen as a “colored object”, except a single object may carry multiple colors at once.

The task is centered around inspecting the binary representation of an integer and reasoning about individual bits.

The construction defines a directed graph built from bit manipulation. Each vertex is an integer in a full range that can be interpreted as a fixed-length binary string.

The problem describes a selection process on a structure that can be interpreted as a graph or a sequence of connected points.

The problem describes a probabilistic card process involving two players, Joey and Grey, where the final expected number of cards depends on both the initial composition of suits and a recursive interaction between outcomes.

Two players each hold a collection of cards, and every card is either offensive or defensive. Each card also has a single numeric attribute, its attack value.

We are given a single string consisting of characters, and we repeatedly apply a local reduction rule until no more changes are possible. The rule is simple: whenever three identical characters become adjacent, they disappear from the string.

We are given a grid-like pipeline system made of four types of pipe tiles. Each tile can potentially be rotated, and water enters from a starting point and must be routed through connected tiles according to their shapes.

We are working on a rooted tree. During the process, some nodes become “active” through toggle operations. After

We are given a target sequence, and we imagine it was produced by repeatedly merging a collection of $M$ non-empty sequences using a very specific two-pointer merge procedure.

The key mistake in the proposed solution is the attempt to construct a direct “signed greedy” algorithm for negaFibonacci digits and to argue correctness via an incorrect Fibonacci identity.

Codeforces 105164L: Lost Land of Numeralia

We are given a set of knights placed on distinct squares of an $N times N$ chessboard. Each knight has the standard chess movement: it can attack up to eight potential squares in an L-shaped pattern. Two knights are in conflict if one can reach the other in a single move.

We are given a string $S$ of length $N$. We are allowed to change characters in this string arbitrarily, with each change costing one operation.

We are given a collection of stone towers, each with some positive height. Two players alternately perform the same type of move.

We are given a universe of numbers generated in a very structured way. Each number corresponds to a vector of exponents over the first $n$ primes.

We are given two strings of equal length, and we repeatedly apply deterministic cyclic transformations to each of them. For the first string, each state corresponds to a left rotation, shifting the first character to the end.

Let the Fibonacci numbers be F_1=1,\quad F_2=2,\quad F_{k+2}=F_{k+1}+F_k.

We are given a static array of integers. Each query asks us to look at a contiguous segment of this array and determine how tightly packed the values are inside that segment.

We are given a simple linear rule that transforms an integer input $x$ into an output value $ax + b$. The task is to apply this rule repeatedly for consecutive values of $x$, starting from 1 up to $k$, and print all resulting outputs in order.

We are asked to count how many different triangles can be formed using matchsticks, where each side length is an integer number of sticks. A triangle is determined by three positive integers $a le b le c$, and the perimeter is $a + b + c$, which must not exceed $N$.

We are simulating a population of bacteria inside a container, starting with a single newborn organism at time zero. Each bacterium follows a very rigid lifecycle. It spends its first two minutes in a non-reproductive “immature” state.

We are given two rectangular prisms. One is a large shipping container with dimensions $L times W times H$, and the other is a smaller identical chocolate box with dimensions $l times w times h$. The goal is to determine how many small boxes can be packed inside the large one.

The input describes a sequence of commands applied to an initially flat terrain indexed by integers. A grow operation centered at position L with strength K increases the height of position x by max(0, K minus distance between x and L).

We are given a fixed sequence of railcars at station A. Each railcar has a unique label from 1 to n, but they appear in an arbitrary order.

We are given a collection of drinks, each drink having a type and an expiration limit measured in hours. Time advances discretely: Sascha consumes exactly one drink per hour, and the machine must choose which drink is dispensed each hour.

We are given a DNA string of length $n$ over the alphabet ${A, C, G, T}$. Inside this string, there is a fixed set of positions that are “editable”, meaning each of those positions can be changed independently into any of the four letters.

We are given a queue of $n$ students arranged in a fixed order, and a probabilistic process that repeatedly acts on the student at the front.

We are given an array of distinct integers, representing heat levels of server racks arranged in a line. We are allowed to rearrange this array using adjacent swaps, where each swap exchanges neighboring elements.

We are given a tree with up to one hundred thousand vertices. From this tree we consider all connected induced substructures formed by choosing some subset of vertices and taking all edges between them that exist in the original tree.

Let $\alpha = (\alpha_1,\alpha_2,\ldots,\alpha_m)$ be a negaFibonacci code in the sense of Section 7.

The input describes a small “language” generated by a large language model. The model defines a finite logic system with a fixed number of truth values from 1 up to S, where S is at most 5.