JLPT N5 — Grammar (All ~100 Patterns)

Complete JLPT N5 grammar reference: all ~100 grammar patterns with structure formulas, usage explanations, example sentences (Japanese + romaji + English), and notes on common mistakes.

All ~100 JLPT N5 grammar patterns are covered here. Each entry includes the structure formula, meaning, 3+ example sentences, and notes on common mistakes.


1. 〜は〜です (Noun + は + Noun/Adj + です)

Structure: Noun₁ は Noun₂/Adjective です

Meaning: "Noun₁ is Noun₂/Adj." — The copula for stating facts about the topic.

Examples:

  • 私は学生です。Watashi wa gakusei desu. — I am a student.
  • これは本です。Kore wa hon desu. — This is a book.
  • 山田さんは日本人です。Yamada-san wa Nihonjin desu. — Mr. Yamada is Japanese.

Notes: は (wa) is the topic marker, not the subject marker. It contrasts the topic with other possible topics. Written as は but pronounced "wa" in this function.


2. 〜は〜じゃありません / ではありません (Negative copula)

Structure: Noun は Noun じゃありません / ではありません

Meaning: "Noun is not Noun." — Negative form of です.

Examples:

  • 私は先生じゃありません。Watashi wa sensei ja arimasen. — I am not a teacher.
  • これはペンではありません。Kore wa pen de wa arimasen. — This is not a pen.
  • 田中さんは学生じゃないです。Tanaka-san wa gakusei ja nai desu. — Ms. Tanaka is not a student.

Notes: じゃありません is casual/spoken; ではありません is more formal/written. Both are correct at N5. The plain negative is じゃない / ではない.


3. 〜でした / 〜じゃありませんでした (Past copula)

Structure: Noun は Noun でした / じゃありませんでした

Meaning: "Noun was Noun." / "Noun was not Noun."

Examples:

  • 昨日は休みでした。Kinou wa yasumi deshita. — Yesterday was a holiday.
  • あの人は先生じゃありませんでした。Ano hito wa sensei ja arimasen deshita. — That person was not a teacher.
  • 子供の時、私は元気でした。Kodomo no toki, watashi wa genki deshita. — When I was a child, I was healthy.

Notes: でした is the past tense of です. The negative past is じゃありませんでした or ではありませんでした.


4. か — Question particle

Structure: Statement + か?

Meaning: Turns a statement into a yes/no question. No intonation change needed.

Examples:

  • 学生ですか? Gakusei desu ka? — Are you a student?
  • 本ですか? Hon desu ka? — Is it a book?
  • 田中さんは日本人ですか? Tanaka-san wa Nihonjin desu ka? — Is Ms. Tanaka Japanese?

Notes: Answer with はい (yes) or いいえ (no). In casual speech, か alone can sound abrupt; ですか is the standard polite form. Do NOT write a question mark inside the Japanese sentence together with か at N5 (though it is commonly done in practice).


5. Verb + ます (Polite present/future verb form)

Structure: Verb stem + ます

Meaning: Polite present tense or future intention.

Examples:

  • 食べます。Tabemasu. — I eat. / I will eat.
  • 行きます。Ikimasu. — I go. / I will go.
  • 日本語を勉強します。Nihongo o benkyou shimasu. — I study Japanese.

Notes: ます form is always used in polite conversation. The stem is formed by removing る from Group 2 verbs, or changing the final う sound to い sound for Group 1 verbs (書く → 書き, 飲む → 飲み, etc.).


6. Verb + ません (Polite negative)

Structure: Verb stem + ません

Meaning: Polite negative present tense.

Examples:

  • 食べません。Tabemasen. — I don't eat.
  • 行きません。Ikimasen. — I don't go.
  • 日本語がわかりません。Nihongo ga wakarimasen. — I don't understand Japanese.

Notes: ません is always the polite negative. Never confuse ませんでした (negative past) with ません (negative present).


7. Verb + ました (Polite past)

Structure: Verb stem + ました

Meaning: Polite past tense (completed action).

Examples:

  • 食べました。Tabemashita. — I ate.
  • 昨日、映画を見ました。Kinou, eiga o mimashita. — Yesterday, I watched a movie.
  • 本を読みました。Hon o yomimashita. — I read a book.

Notes: ました always indicates a completed past action or event.


8. Verb + ませんでした (Polite negative past)

Structure: Verb stem + ませんでした

Meaning: Polite negative past tense.

Examples:

  • 朝ご飯を食べませんでした。Asagohan o tabemasen deshita. — I didn't eat breakfast.
  • 昨日、学校に行きませんでした。Kinou, gakkou ni ikimasen deshita. — Yesterday, I didn't go to school.
  • 宿題をしませんでした。Shukudai o shimasen deshita. — I didn't do the homework.

9. が — Subject marker

Structure: Noun が + Predicate

Meaning: Marks the grammatical subject, especially with existence verbs (あります/います), adjectives expressing desire/ability, and in questions with interrogative words.

Examples:

  • 本があります。Hon ga arimasu. — There is a book.
  • 猫がいます。Neko ga imasu. — There is a cat.
  • 何が好きですか? Nani ga suki desu ka? — What do you like?
  • 田中さんが来ました。Tanaka-san ga kimashita. — Ms. Tanaka came (it was Ms. Tanaka who came).

Notes: は vs が — は marks the topic (what you're talking about) while が marks the subject (who/what does the action or is described). Use が with question words (だれ、なに、どれ) as the subject; you cannot use は with question words as subject.


10. を — Direct object marker

Structure: Noun を + Verb

Meaning: Marks the direct object of a transitive verb.

Examples:

  • りんごを食べます。Ringo o tabemasu. — I eat an apple.
  • 本を読みます。Hon o yomimasu. — I read a book.
  • 日本語を勉強します。Nihongo o benkyou shimasu. — I study Japanese.

Notes: を is written as を but pronounced "o" in modern Japanese. It only appears as a particle (the hiragana を is otherwise not used). Only transitive verbs take を; intransitive verbs do not.


11. に — Direction, time, location of existence

Structure:

  • Place に + 行く/来る/帰る (direction)
  • Time に + Verb (specific time)
  • Place に + あります/います (location of existence)

Meaning: Indicates destination, specific time point, or location of a static thing.

Examples:

  • 学校に行きます。Gakkou ni ikimasu. — I go to school.
  • 三時に会いましょう。Sanji ni aimashou. — Let's meet at 3 o'clock.
  • 机の上に本があります。Tsukue no ue ni hon ga arimasu. — There is a book on the desk.
  • 部屋に猫がいます。Heya ni neko ga imasu. — There is a cat in the room.

Notes: に indicates a specific time (三時に, 月曜日に, etc.) but is NOT used with relative time words like 今日、明日、毎日, これから (no particle needed with those).


12. で — Location of action; means/method

Structure:

  • Place で + Action verb (location of action)
  • Means/tool で + Verb (method, tool, language)

Meaning: Indicates where an action takes place, or the means/method used.

Examples:

  • 図書館で勉強します。Toshokan de benkyou shimasu. — I study at the library.
  • 電車で来ました。Densha de kimashita. — I came by train.
  • 日本語で話してください。Nihongo de hanashite kudasai. — Please speak in Japanese.
  • はしで食べます。Hashi de tabemasu. — I eat with chopsticks.

Notes: で vs に for location: に indicates where something exists (います/あります); で indicates where an action happens (食べる、勉強する etc.).


13. の — Possession and noun modification

Structure: Noun₁ の Noun₂

Meaning: Indicates possession ("Noun₁'s Noun₂") or describes/specifies a noun (Noun₁ modifying Noun₂).

Examples:

  • 私の本です。Watashi no hon desu. — It is my book.
  • 日本語の先生です。Nihongo no sensei desu. — [He/she] is a Japanese language teacher.
  • 東京の駅です。Toukyou no eki desu. — It is a station in Tokyo.
  • あの赤いのはなんですか? Ano akai no wa nan desu ka? — What is that red one?

Notes: の can replace a noun already mentioned to avoid repetition: どのかばんですか? その赤いのです。(Which bag? The red one.) The nominalizer の (turning verbs into noun phrases) appears at N4+.


14. と — And (listing nouns); with (accompaniment)

Structure:

  • Noun₁ と Noun₂ (and — exhaustive listing of nouns)
  • Person と + Verb (together with)

Meaning: "And" for listing nouns (exhaustively); "with" for accompanying someone.

Examples:

  • りんごとバナナを買いました。Ringo to banana o kaimashita. — I bought apples and bananas.
  • 友達と映画を見ました。Tomodachi to eiga o mimashita. — I watched a movie with a friend.
  • 母と父と妹がいます。Haha to chichi to imouto ga imasu. — I have a mother, father, and younger sister.

Notes: と lists nouns exhaustively (these and only these). To list a few things from many, use や instead (N5 awareness; や is also testable). For "with" (accompaniment), と must come right after the person/group.


15. も — Also; too; even; as many as

Structure: Noun も + Predicate (instead of は or が)

Meaning: "Also; too" — adds information that the same predicate applies.

Examples:

  • 私も学生です。Watashi mo gakusei desu. — I am also a student.
  • 田中さんも来ました。Tanaka-san mo kimashita. — Ms. Tanaka also came.
  • 一万円もします! Ichiman-en mo shimasu! — It costs as much as 10,000 yen!

Notes: も replaces は or が (never stacks: NOT は+も). Used with negatives to mean "either": 私も行きません (I won't go either).


16. へ — Direction (movement)

Structure: Place へ + movement verb (行く, 来る, 帰る)

Meaning: Direction of movement. Interchangeable with に for movement; へ sounds slightly more formal or literary.

Examples:

  • 日本へ行きます。Nihon e ikimasu. — I will go to Japan.
  • 家へ帰ります。Ie e kaerimasu. — I return home.
  • こちらへどうぞ。Kochira e douzo. — Please come this way.

Notes: へ is written as へ (he) but pronounced "e" as a particle. At N5, both に and へ are acceptable for direction; に is more common in modern speech.


17. ね — Seeking agreement / soft assertion

Structure: Statement + ね (sentence-final)

Meaning: "Right?; isn't it?; don't you think?" — seeks agreement or softens a statement. Also used to show you're listening.

Examples:

  • 今日は暑いですね。Kyou wa atsui desu ne. — It's hot today, isn't it?
  • これは美味しいですね! Kore wa oishii desu ne! — This is delicious, isn't it!
  • そうですね。Sou desu ne. — That's right, isn't it. / I agree.

Notes: ね is very common in daily conversation. A rising intonation makes it more question-like (seeking confirmation); falling intonation makes it more like a shared observation.


18. よ — Assertive sentence-final particle

Structure: Statement + よ (sentence-final)

Meaning: Asserts new information, gives a mild emphasis, or informs the listener of something they may not know.

Examples:

  • これは私のですよ。Kore wa watashi no desu yo. — This is mine, you know.
  • もう八時ですよ。Mou hachiji desu yo. — It's already 8 o'clock, you know!
  • ここじゃないですよ。Koko ja nai desu yo. — It's not here.

Notes: よ asserts information to the listener. Using ね+よ together (ねよ) is common informally. At N5, understand that ね seeks shared understanding while よ provides new information.


19. これ / それ / あれ / どれ — Demonstrative pronouns (things)

Structure: これ/それ/あれ/どれ + は + Noun + です

Meaning:

  • これ (kore): this (near speaker)
  • それ (sore): that (near listener)
  • あれ (are): that (far from both)
  • どれ (dore): which one? (of 3 or more)

Examples:

  • これは何ですか? Kore wa nan desu ka? — What is this?
  • それは私の傘です。Sore wa watashi no kasa desu. — That is my umbrella.
  • あれはだれの車ですか? Are wa dare no kuruma desu ka? — Whose car is that over there?
  • どれがあなたのですか? Dore ga anata no desu ka? — Which one is yours?

20. この / その / あの / どの — Demonstrative adjectives

Structure: この/その/あの/どの + Noun

Meaning: This ~/That ~/That ~ over there /Which ~? — Demonstrative adjectives that directly modify a noun.

Examples:

  • この本は面白いです。Kono hon wa omoshiroi desu. — This book is interesting.
  • その人は誰ですか? Sono hito wa dare desu ka? — Who is that person (near you)?
  • あの山はきれいですね。Ano yama wa kirei desu ne. — That mountain is beautiful.
  • どのバスに乗りますか? Dono basu ni norimasu ka? — Which bus will you take?

Notes: こ/そ/あ/ど series applies: これ/それ/あれ/どれ = standalone pronouns; この/その/あの/どの = adjectives before a noun; ここ/そこ/あそこ/どこ = places.


21. ここ / そこ / あそこ / どこ — Demonstrative place pronouns

Structure: ここ/そこ/あそこ/どこ + は/が/に/で + ...

Meaning: Here / There / Over there / Where? — Location pronouns.

Examples:

  • ここはどこですか? Koko wa doko desu ka? — Where is this place?
  • トイレはそこです。Toire wa soko desu. — The restroom is there.
  • 駅はあそこです。Eki wa asoko desu. — The station is over there.
  • 郵便局はどこですか? Yuubinkyoku wa doko desu ka? — Where is the post office?

22. あります — Existence of inanimate things

Structure: Noun が/は + Place に + あります

Meaning: "There is/are [inanimate thing]." — States the existence or location of non-living things and plants.

Examples:

  • 机の上に本があります。Tsukue no ue ni hon ga arimasu. — There is a book on the desk.
  • この町にスーパーがあります。Kono machi ni suupaa ga arimasu. — There is a supermarket in this town.
  • お金がありません。Okane ga arimasen. — There is no money. / I have no money.

Notes: あります is used for objects, plants, and events (パーティーがあります = there is a party). Use います for animate beings. あります also expresses having something: 車があります (I have a car).


23. います — Existence of animate beings

Structure: Noun が/は + Place に + います

Meaning: "There is/are [animate being]." — States the existence or location of people, animals, and other living/moving beings.

Examples:

  • 部屋に猫がいます。Heya ni neko ga imasu. — There is a cat in the room.
  • 学校に先生が三人います。Gakkou ni sensei ga sannin imasu. — There are three teachers at the school.
  • 兄弟がいますか? Kyoudai ga imasu ka? — Do you have siblings?

Notes: Remember: あります for inanimate, います for animate. Robots and dolls are typically treated as inanimate (あります), though there can be variation.


24. Verb て-form — Connecting actions and making requests

Structure: Verb て-form + ...

Meaning: The て-form is a connector. By itself it links actions; with ください it makes requests; with います it shows ongoing state.

て-form formation:

  • Group 1 (u-verbs): く→いて、ぐ→いで、す→して、つ/る/う→って、む/ぬ/ぶ→んで
  • Group 2 (ru-verbs): る→て
  • Irregular: する→して、くる→きて、いく→いって

Examples:

  • 手を洗って、食べてください。Te o aratte, tabete kudasai. — Please wash your hands and eat.
  • 走って学校に行きました。Hashitte gakkou ni ikimashita. — I ran to school.
  • 窓を開けて、入ってください。Mado o akete, haitte kudasai. — Please open the window and come in.

25. 〜てください — Please do ~

Structure: Verb て-form + ください

Meaning: "Please do ~" — A polite request or instruction.

Examples:

  • 名前を書いてください。Namae o kaite kudasai. — Please write your name.
  • 少し待ってください。Sukoshi matte kudasai. — Please wait a moment.
  • ゆっくり話してください。Yukkuri hanashite kudasai. — Please speak slowly.

Notes: ください alone means "please give me ~" (when after a noun). The て+ください combination makes a verb into a request. To make it more polite: 〜ていただけますか (N4 level).


26. 〜ています — Ongoing action or resultant state

Structure: Verb て-form + います

Meaning:

  1. Ongoing action: "is doing ~" (action in progress)
  2. Resultant state: "is in the state of having done ~" (state resulting from a completed action)

Examples:

  • 今、ご飯を食べています。Ima, gohan o tabete imasu. — I am eating now. (ongoing)
  • 田中さんはテレビを見ています。Tanaka-san wa terebi o mite imasu. — Ms. Tanaka is watching TV. (ongoing)
  • 窓が開いています。Mado ga aite imasu. — The window is open. (resultant state)
  • 田中さんは結婚しています。Tanaka-san wa kekkon shite imasu. — Ms. Tanaka is married. (state)

Notes: The two uses (ongoing vs. resultant state) depend on the verb type. Motion verbs like 結婚する, 着る, 知る, 住む often express resultant state: 知っています (I know = I have come to know).


27. 〜たい — Want to do ~

Structure: Verb stem (ます-form without ます) + たい

Meaning: "Want to do ~" — Expresses the speaker's desire to do something.

Examples:

  • 寿司を食べたいです。Sushi o tabetai desu. — I want to eat sushi.
  • 日本に行きたいです。Nihon ni ikitai desu. — I want to go to Japan.
  • 日本語が話したいです。Nihongo ga hanashitai desu. — I want to speak Japanese.

Notes: たい conjugates like an い-adjective: たい (present), たくない (negative), たかった (past). The object can take either を or が (が is common with たい). Do NOT use たい to express a third person's desire directly; use たがっています for that.


28. 〜ましょう — Let's do ~ (invitation/suggestion)

Structure: Verb stem + ましょう

Meaning: "Let's do ~" — Invitation or suggestion to do something together.

Examples:

  • 一緒に食べましょう! Issho ni tabemashou! — Let's eat together!
  • 日本語で話しましょう。Nihongo de hanashimashou. — Let's speak in Japanese.
  • 映画を見ましょうか? Eiga o mimashou ka? — Shall we watch a movie?

Notes: ましょうか is softer (proposing rather than declaring). ましょう expresses a joint decision or willingness.


29. 〜ませんか — Won't you ~? (invitation)

Structure: Verb stem + ませんか

Meaning: "Won't you ~? / Would you like to ~?" — A polite invitation or suggestion.

Examples:

  • 一緒に昼ご飯を食べませんか? Issho ni hirugohan o tabemasen ka? — Would you like to have lunch together?
  • 映画を見に行きませんか? Eiga o mi ni ikimasen ka? — Would you like to go see a movie?
  • 日本語を勉強しませんか? Nihongo o benkyou shimasen ka? — Would you like to study Japanese?

Notes: ませんか is an invitation to the listener. ましょう proposes that both speaker and listener do something together. ませんか is slightly more polite as it gives the listener the choice.


30. 〜から — Because; from

Structure:

  • Sentence₁ から、Sentence₂ (because ~, so ~)
  • Place/Time から (from ~)

Meaning: "Because" (reason) or "from" (starting point of place or time).

Examples:

  • 眠いから、寝ます。Nemui kara, nemasu. — Because I'm sleepy, I'll sleep.
  • 東京から来ました。Toukyou kara kimashita. — I came from Tokyo.
  • 九時から授業があります。Kuji kara jugyou ga arimasu. — There is class from 9 o'clock.
  • 寒いですから、コートを着てください。Samui desu kara, kooto o kite kudasai. — It's cold, so please wear a coat.

Notes: から (because) follows plain form or polite form. The order is: reason から、result. Do not confuse this から with the から in から揚げ (fried) — context always clarifies.


31. 〜まで — Until; up to; as far as

Structure: Time/Place + まで + Verb

Meaning: "Until ~ (time)" or "up to / as far as ~ (place)."

Examples:

  • 五時まで働きます。Goji made hatarakimasu. — I work until 5 o'clock.
  • 駅まで歩きました。Eki made arukimashita. — I walked to (as far as) the station.
  • 月曜日から金曜日まで授業があります。Getsuyoubi kara kin-youbi made jugyou ga arimasu. — There are classes from Monday to Friday.

Notes: から〜まで (from〜to/until) is a common paired structure. まで expresses the ending limit of time or space.


32. 〜と — When; if (simple conditional)

Structure: Plain form + と + Result (habitual/natural)

Meaning: "When ~ / If ~" — used for natural/automatic results and habitual situations. The result always follows from the condition.

Examples:

  • 春になると、桜が咲きます。Haru ni naru to, sakura ga sakimasu. — When spring comes, cherry blossoms bloom.
  • 右に曲がると、駅があります。Migi ni magaru to, eki ga arimasu. — If you turn right, there is a station.
  • このボタンを押すと、ドアが開きます。Kono botan o osu to, doa ga akimasu. — If you press this button, the door opens.

Notes: 〜と is used for automatic, inevitable, or habitual results — not for intentions, requests, or hypothetical situations. Do not use と with volitional verbs or requests in the result clause.


33. 〜ている — Ongoing action / resultant state (plain form)

Structure: Verb て-form + いる (plain); て-form + います (polite)

Meaning: Same as Grammar #26 but in plain/casual register.

Examples:

  • 今、食べている。Ima, tabete iru. — I'm eating now. (casual)
  • 彼は走っている。Kare wa hashitte iru. — He is running.
  • 窓が開いている。Mado ga aite iru. — The window is open.

34. い-adjective: Plain, negative, past, て-form

Structure:

  • Plain present: い-adj (e.g., 大きい)
  • Negative: い → くない (大きくない)
  • Past: い → かった (大きかった)
  • Negative past: い → くなかった (大きくなかった)
  • て-form (connecting): い → くて (大きくて)
  • Adverb form: い → く (大きく)

Examples:

  • 今日は暑い。Kyou wa atsui. — It's hot today. (plain)
  • 今日は暑くない。Kyou wa atsukunai. — It's not hot today.
  • 昨日は暑かった。Kinou wa atsukatta. — Yesterday was hot.
  • 昨日は暑くなかった。Kinou wa atsukunakatta. — Yesterday was not hot.
  • 大きくて重いです。Ookikute omoi desu. — It is big and heavy. (て-form connecting)

Notes: Exception: 良い/いい (good) — negative: 良くない (yokunai); past: 良かった (yokatta). The いい form only irregularly conjugates: always use 良い (yoi) stem for inflected forms.


35. な-adjective: Plain, negative, past, て-form

Structure:

  • Plain present + noun: な-adj + な + Noun (きれいな部屋)
  • Plain present alone: な-adj + だ (casual) / な-adj + です (polite)
  • Negative: な-adj + じゃない / ではない
  • Past: な-adj + だった / でした
  • Negative past: な-adj + じゃなかった / ではありませんでした
  • て-form (connecting): な-adj + で (きれいで、静かで)
  • Adverb form: な-adj + に (きれいに書く)

Examples:

  • 静かな部屋です。Shizuka na heya desu. — It is a quiet room.
  • この町は静かです。Kono machi wa shizuka desu. — This town is quiet.
  • この町は静かじゃないです。Kono machi wa shizuka ja nai desu. — This town is not quiet.
  • 昨日は暇でした。Kinou wa hima deshita. — Yesterday I was free.
  • きれいで、静かな部屋です。Kirei de, shizuka na heya desu. — It is a clean and quiet room.

Notes: な-adjectives require な before a noun but NOT when they come at the end of the sentence (静かです, not 静かなです). This is a very common mistake.


36. Adjective + Noun modification

Structure:

  • い-adj + Noun (大きい犬 ookii inu, big dog)
  • な-adj + な + Noun (きれいな花 kirei na hana, beautiful flower)

Examples:

  • 新しい本を買いました。Atarashii hon o kaimashita. — I bought a new book.
  • 有名な映画を見ました。Yuumei na eiga o mimashita. — I watched a famous movie.
  • 小さい黒い犬がいます。Chiisai kuroi inu ga imasu. — There is a small black dog.

37. Numbers + Counters

Structure: Number + Counter + (の) + Noun / Verb

Meaning: Japanese uses specific counters for different categories of objects.

Key counters:

Counter Used for Examples
〜つ general things (1-9) 一つ、二つ、三つ...
〜人 people 一人(ひとり)、二人(ふたり)、三人(さんにん)
〜本 long thin things 一本、二本、三本
〜枚 flat thin things 一枚、二枚、三枚
〜冊 bound volumes 一冊、二冊、三冊
〜匹 small animals 一匹(いっぴき)、二匹(にひき)
〜頭 large animals 一頭(いっとう)、二頭(にとう)
〜台 machines/vehicles 一台(いちだい)、二台(にだい)
〜杯 cups/bowls 一杯(いっぱい)、二杯(にはい)
〜階 floors 一階(いっかい)、二階(にかい)

Examples:

  • 本が三冊あります。Hon ga sansatsu arimasu. — There are three books.
  • 猫が二匹います。Neko ga nihiki imasu. — There are two cats.
  • コーヒーを一杯ください。Koohii o ippai kudasai. — Please give me one cup of coffee.

38. Time expressions with 〜時・〜分

Structure:

  • 〜時 (ji) = o'clock: 三時 (sanji, 3 o'clock)
  • 〜分 (fun/pun) = minutes: 三十分 (sanjuppun, 30 minutes)
  • 〜時〜分 = time: 三時三十分 (sanji sanjuppun, 3:30)
  • 〜時半 = half past: 三時半 (sanji han, 3:30)

Pronunciation patterns for 〜分:

Minutes Pronunciation
1分 いっぷん (ippun)
2分 にふん (nifun)
3分 さんぷん (sanpun)
4分 よんぷん (yonpun)
5分 ごふん (gofun)
6分 ろっぷん (roppun)
7分 ななふん (nanafun)
8分 はっぷん (happun)
9分 きゅうふん (kyuufun)
10分 じゅっぷん (juppun)

Examples:

  • 今、何時ですか?三時です。 Ima, nanji desu ka? Sanji desu. — What time is it now? It's 3 o'clock.
  • 授業は九時から十時までです。Jugyou wa kuji kara juuji made desu. — Class is from 9 to 10 o'clock.
  • 五時半に会いましょう。Goji han ni aimashou. — Let's meet at 5:30.

39. Date expressions

Structure:

  • 〜年 (nen) = year
  • 〜月 (gatsu) = month name
  • 〜日 (nichi/ka) = day of month

Day of month readings (irregular):

Day Reading Day Reading
1日 ついたち 11日 じゅういちにち
2日 ふつか 14日 じゅうよっか
3日 みっか 20日 はつか
4日 よっか 24日 にじゅうよっか
5日 いつか 何日 なんにち
6日 むいか
7日 なのか
8日 ようか
9日 ここのか
10日 とおか

Examples:

  • 今日は何月何日ですか? Kyou wa nangatsu nannichi desu ka? — What is today's date?
  • 今日は五月三十日です。Kyou wa gogatsu sanjuunichi desu. — Today is May 30th.
  • 誕生日は何月何日ですか? Tanjoubi wa nangatsu nannichi desu ka? — What is your birthday?

40. Days of the week

Structure: 〜曜日 (youbi)

Examples:

  • 今日は何曜日ですか? Kyou wa nanyoubi desu ka? — What day of the week is it today?
  • 月曜日から金曜日まで学校があります。Getsuyoubi kara kin-youbi made gakkou ga arimasu. — There is school from Monday to Friday.
  • 土曜日と日曜日は休みです。Doyoubi to nichiyoubi wa yasumi desu. — Saturday and Sunday are days off.

41. Negative forms — Plain speech

Structure:

  • Verb (Group 1): change う→あ + ない (書く→書かない、飲む→飲まない)
  • Verb (Group 2): remove る + ない (食べる→食べない)
  • Irregular: する→しない、くる→こない
  • い-adj: い→くない (大きい→大きくない)
  • な-adj/Noun: + じゃない / ではない (静か→静かじゃない)

Examples:

  • 肉を食べない。Niku o tabenai. — I don't eat meat. (plain)
  • 今日は行かない。Kyou wa ikanai. — I won't go today.
  • あまり大きくない。Amari ookikunai. — Not very big.
  • 彼は学生じゃない。Kare wa gakusei ja nai. — He is not a student.

42. Plain past forms

Structure:

  • Verb: て-form replace て/で with た/だ (食べて→食べた、飲んで→飲んだ)
  • い-adj: い→かった (大きい→大きかった)
  • な-adj/Noun + だった (静か→静かだった、学生→学生だった)

Examples:

  • 昨日、本を読んだ。Kinou, hon o yonda. — Yesterday I read a book.
  • その映画は面白かった。Sono eiga wa omoshirokatta. — That movie was interesting.
  • 昨日、暇だった。Kinou, hima datta. — Yesterday I was free.

43. 〜たり〜たりする — Do things like ~ and ~

Structure: Verb た-form + り、Verb た-form + り + する/します

Meaning: "Do things like ~" — lists actions as representative examples (not exhaustive).

Examples:

  • 週末は映画を見たり、本を読んだりします。Shuumatsu wa eiga o mitari, hon o yondari shimasu. — On weekends, I do things like watch movies and read books.
  • 公園で走ったり、歩いたりしました。Kouen de hashittari, aruitari shimashita. — I ran and walked (and such) in the park.
  • 休みの日は音楽を聴いたり、友達と遊んだりします。Yasumi no hi wa ongaku o kiitari, tomodachi to asondari shimasu. — On days off, I do things like listen to music and hang out with friends.

Notes: The たり form is the た-form + り. The list does not have to be complete; it gives representative examples. Always end with する/します (or its past/negative form).


44. 〜に行く / 〜に来る — Go/Come to do ~

Structure: Verb stem (ます without ます) + に + 行く/来る/帰る

Meaning: "Go/Come/Return in order to do ~" — expresses purpose of movement.

Examples:

  • 映画を見に行きます。Eiga o mi ni ikimasu. — I am going to watch a movie.
  • 友達に会いに来ました。Tomodachi ni ai ni kimashita. — I came to meet a friend.
  • 本を買いに図書館に行きました。Hon o kai ni toshokan ni ikimashita. — I went to the library to buy a book.

Notes: The verb before に must be in its stem (masu-stem) form. For suru-compound nouns, you can use: 買い物に行く (kaimono ni iku, go shopping).


45. 〜から来ました — Came from ~

Structure: Place/Country から + 来ました

Meaning: "I came from ~" — states origin.

Examples:

  • アメリカから来ました。Amerika kara kimashita. — I came from America.
  • どこから来ましたか? Doko kara kimashita ka? — Where are you from? (lit. Where did you come from?)
  • 東京から大阪まで新幹線で来ました。Toukyou kara Oosaka made shinkansen de kimashita. — I came from Tokyo to Osaka by shinkansen.

46. 〜歳です — I am ~ years old

Structure: Number + 歳 (さい) + です

Meaning: States one's age.

Examples:

  • 私は二十歳です。Watashi wa hatachi desu. — I am 20 years old.
  • 何歳ですか? Nansai desu ka? — How old are you?
  • 先生は三十五歳です。Sensei wa sanjuugo-sai desu. — The teacher is 35 years old.

Notes: 二十歳 (20 years old) has the special reading はたち (hatachi). 何歳 is also sometimes heard as おいくつ (oikutsu) in polite speech.


47. 〜の学生です / 〜の出身です — I am a student of ~ / I am from ~

Structure: School/Place の + 学生/出身 + です

Examples:

  • 東京大学の学生です。Toukyou daigaku no gakusei desu. — I am a student at Tokyo University.
  • 大阪の出身です。Oosaka no shusshin desu. — I am from Osaka.
  • 日本語学校の学生です。Nihongo gakkou no gakusei desu. — I am a student at a Japanese language school.

48. Question words — なに, どこ, だれ, いつ, どれ, どう, なぜ, いくら, いくつ

Rule: Question words cannot be used with は as subject — always use が.

Summary table:

Q-word Meaning Example
なに/なん what 何が好きですか? What do you like?
どこ where どこに住んでいますか? Where do you live?
だれ/どなた who だれが来ますか? Who will come?
いつ when いつ来ますか? When will you come?
どれ which one (3+) どれがいいですか? Which one is good?
どちら which (2); which way (polite) どちらがいいですか? Which (of the two) is better?
どう how どうでしたか? How was it?
どうして/なぜ why どうして来ませんでしたか? Why didn't you come?
いくら how much いくらですか? How much is it?
いくつ how many; how old いくつありますか? How many are there?
何人 how many people 何人いますか? How many people are there?
何時 what time 何時ですか? What time is it?

49. 〜はいくらですか — How much is ~?

Structure: Noun は + いくら + ですか

Meaning: "How much is ~?" — asking price.

Examples:

  • このりんごはいくらですか? Kono ringo wa ikura desu ka? — How much is this apple?
  • このかばんはいくらですか?五千円です。Kono kaban wa ikura desu ka? Go-sen-en desu. — How much is this bag? It's 5,000 yen.
  • 全部でいくらですか? Zenbu de ikura desu ka? — How much is it in total?

50. 〜をください — Please give me ~

Structure: Noun + を + ください

Meaning: "Please give me ~" — requesting an item.

Examples:

  • 水をください。Mizu o kudasai. — Please give me water.
  • コーヒーを二つください。Koohii o futatsu kudasai. — Please give me two coffees.
  • 領収書をください。Ryoushuusho o kudasai. — Please give me a receipt.

Notes: ください alone (without を + Noun) means "please do" after a て-form verb. After a noun + を, it means "please give me."


51. 〜が好きです / 〜が嫌いです / 〜が上手です / 〜が下手です

Structure: Noun が + 好き/嫌い/上手/下手 + です

Meaning: "I like/dislike ~" / "I am good/bad at ~"

Examples:

  • 音楽が好きです。Ongaku ga suki desu. — I like music.
  • 数学が嫌いです。Suugaku ga kirai desu. — I dislike math.
  • テニスが上手ですね。Tenisu ga jouzu desu ne. — You are good at tennis.
  • 料理が下手です。Ryouri ga heta desu. — I am bad at cooking.

Notes: These expressions always use が (not を) for the thing liked/disliked. 好き and 嫌い are な-adjectives (好きな音楽 = music I like).


52. 〜が分かります / 〜が見えます / 〜が聞こえます

Structure: Noun が + 分かる/見える/聞こえる (potential-sense verbs)

Meaning:

  • 分かります: "I understand ~"
  • 見えます: "I can see ~" (something is visible)
  • 聞こえます: "I can hear ~" (something is audible)

Examples:

  • 日本語が少し分かります。Nihongo ga sukoshi wakarimasu. — I understand Japanese a little.
  • 山が見えます。Yama ga miemasu. — I can see the mountain.
  • 音楽が聞こえます。Ongaku ga kikoemasu. — I can hear music.

Notes: These differ from their transitive counterparts: 見る (to look at, active) vs 見える (can see, natural perception); 聞く (to listen, active) vs 聞こえる (can hear, natural perception).


53. Verb potential form — 〜られる / 〜える (can do ~)

Structure:

  • Group 1: change final う→える (書く→書ける、飲む→飲める)
  • Group 2: る→られる (食べる→食べられる)
  • Irregular: する→できる、くる→こられる

Meaning: "Can do ~; be able to do ~"

Examples:

  • 寿司が食べられますか? Sushi ga taberaremasu ka? — Can you eat sushi?
  • 日本語が話せます。Nihongo ga hanasemasu. — I can speak Japanese.
  • 泳げますか? Oyogemasu ka? — Can you swim?
  • できます。Dekimasu. — I can (do it).

Notes: The object of potential verbs often takes が rather than を, though を is also heard. できる is the potential form of する and is standalone (benkyou ga dekimasu = can study).


54. 〜でしょう / 〜でしょうか — Probably; I wonder

Structure: Plain form / Noun + でしょう

Meaning: "Probably ~; I think ~" — expresses probability or soft assertion.

Examples:

  • 明日は雨でしょう。Ashita wa ame deshou. — It will probably rain tomorrow.
  • 彼は忙しいでしょう。Kare wa isogashii deshou. — He is probably busy.
  • これでいいでしょうか? Kore de ii deshou ka? — Is this all right, I wonder?

55. 〜ましょうか — Shall I ~? / Shall we ~?

Structure: Verb stem + ましょうか

Meaning: "Shall I ~?" or "Shall we ~?" — offering help or proposing an action.

Examples:

  • 手伝いましょうか? Tetsudaimashou ka? — Shall I help you?
  • 一緒に行きましょうか? Issho ni ikimashou ka? — Shall we go together?
  • 窓を開けましょうか? Mado o akemashou ka? — Shall I open the window?

56. 〜ても いいです / 〜てはいけません — May / Must not

Structure:

  • Verb て-form + も + いいです (may; it's okay to)
  • Verb て-form + は + いけません (must not; may not)

Meaning: Permission (〜てもいいです) and prohibition (〜てはいけません).

Examples:

  • 写真を撮ってもいいですか? Shashin o totte mo ii desu ka? — May I take a photo?
  • はい、撮ってもいいです。Hai, totte mo ii desu. — Yes, you may.
  • ここで食べてはいけません。Koko de tabete wa ikemasen. — You must not eat here.
  • タバコを吸ってはいけません。Tabako o sutte wa ikemasen. — You must not smoke.

57. 〜なければなりません / 〜なくてはいけません — Must do ~

Structure: Verb ない-form (remove い) + ければなりません / なくてはいけません

Meaning: "Must do ~; have to do ~"

Examples:

  • 宿題をしなければなりません。Shukudai o shinakereba narimasen. — I have to do homework.
  • もう行かなければなりません。Mou ikanakereba narimasen. — I have to go now.
  • 薬を飲まなくてはいけません。Kusuri o nomanakute wa ikemasen. — I must take medicine.

Notes: At N5, students should be able to understand these forms. Active production may be limited, but recognition is expected.


58. 〜ながら — While doing ~

Structure: Verb stem (ます-stem) + ながら + Main action

Meaning: "While doing ~ (simultaneously)" — the ながら action is a secondary/background action.

Examples:

  • 音楽を聴きながら勉強します。Ongaku o kikinagara benkyou shimasu. — I study while listening to music.
  • 歩きながら話しました。Aruki nagara hanashimashita. — We talked while walking.
  • テレビを見ながらご飯を食べました。Terebi o mi nagara gohan o tabemashita. — I ate while watching TV.

Notes: Both actions must share the same subject. The ながら action is secondary; the main verb at the end is the primary action.


59. 〜し、〜し — And what's more; moreover (listing reasons)

Structure: Sentence₁ し、Sentence₂ し (、...) Conclusion

Meaning: Lists multiple reasons or attributes (non-exhaustive).

Examples:

  • この店は安いし、おいしいし、大好きです。Kono mise wa yasui shi, oishii shi, daisuki desu. — This restaurant is cheap and delicious, I love it.
  • 彼は頭がいいし、優しいし、すてきです。Kare wa atama ga ii shi, yasashii shi, suteki desu. — He is smart and kind, and wonderful.
  • 今日は雨だし、寒いし、出かけたくないです。Kyou wa ame da shi, samui shi, dekaketaku nai desu. — It's raining today, it's cold, I don't want to go out.

60. 〜が、〜 — But; however (contrast within a sentence)

Structure: Sentence₁ が、Sentence₂

Meaning: "~, but ~" — contrasts two clauses.

Examples:

  • この本は面白いですが、難しいです。Kono hon wa omoshiroi desu ga, muzukashii desu. — This book is interesting, but difficult.
  • 行きたいですが、時間がありません。Ikitai desu ga, jikan ga arimasen. — I want to go, but I don't have time.
  • 日本語は難しいですが、面白いです。Nihongo wa muzukashii desu ga, omoshiroi desu. — Japanese is difficult, but interesting.

Notes: が (contrast) is also used as a softening device at the end of a sentence to make requests less direct: すみませんが… (Excuse me, but… [can you help me?])


61. 〜から〜まで — From ~ to/until ~

Structure: Start point + から + End point + まで

Examples:

  • 九時から五時まで働きます。Kuji kara goji made hatarakimasu. — I work from 9 to 5.
  • 東京から大阪まで新幹線で二時間です。Toukyou kara Oosaka made shinkansen de nijikan desu. — It's two hours from Tokyo to Osaka by shinkansen.
  • 月曜日から金曜日まで授業があります。Getsuyoubi kara kin-youbi made jugyou ga arimasu. — There are classes from Monday to Friday.

62. 〜で — By means of (quantity, total)

Structure: Quantity/Number + で

Meaning: "For ~; at ~" — the total amount for which something is obtained.

Examples:

  • 全部で千円です。Zenbu de sen-en desu. — It's 1,000 yen in total.
  • 三つで五百円です。Mittsu de gohyaku-en desu. — Three for 500 yen.
  • 二人で行きました。Futari de ikimashita. — Two of us went.

63. 〜ね/〜よ combined and sentence-final particles review

Particle Function Example
seeking agreement, soft 今日は暑いですね。Isn't it hot today?
asserting new info 今日は暑いですよ。It's hot today, I'm telling you.
よね asserting + seeking confirmation そうですよね。That's right, isn't it?
(sentence-final, casual male/prohibition) きれいだな。It's pretty. / 入るな。Don't enter.
question 学生ですか?Are you a student?
かな wondering aloud どこかな?I wonder where it is.

64. 〜くて / 〜で — て-form of adjectives (connecting)

Structure:

  • い-adj: い → くて (大きくて)
  • な-adj: + で (きれいで)
  • Noun: + で (学生で)

Meaning: Connects adjectives and nouns, meaning "and" or "because."

Examples:

  • この部屋は広くて、明るいです。Kono heya wa hirokute, akarui desu. — This room is spacious and bright.
  • 彼女はきれいで、親切です。Kanojo wa kirei de, shinsetsu desu. — She is pretty and kind.
  • 彼は学生で、今は東京にいます。Kare wa gakusei de, ima wa Toukyou ni imasu. — He is a student and is in Tokyo now.

65. 〜に + あげる / もらう / くれる (giving and receiving)

Structure:

  • Person に + あげる: I/someone gives to (person)
  • Person に + もらう: I receive from (person) (に or から)
  • Person が + くれる: Person gives to me/in-group

Meaning: The three giving/receiving verbs have distinct perspectives.

Examples:

  • 友達にプレゼントをあげました。Tomodachi ni purezento o agemashita. — I gave a present to my friend.
  • 友達にプレゼントをもらいました。Tomodachi ni purezento o moraimashita. — I received a present from my friend.
  • 友達がプレゼントをくれました。Tomodachi ga purezento o kuremashita. — My friend gave me a present.

Notes: This is a key N5 grammar area. あげる moves away from speaker; くれる moves toward speaker/in-group; もらう = speaker receives.


66. 〜に乗る / 〜を降りる — Ride/get on; get off

Structure:

  • Vehicle に + 乗る (to get on/ride)
  • Vehicle を + 降りる (to get off)

Examples:

  • バスに乗りました。Basu ni norimashita. — I got on the bus.
  • 次の駅で降ります。Tsugi no eki de orimasu. — I will get off at the next station.
  • 電車を降りてから、歩きます。Densha o orite kara, arukimasu. — After getting off the train, I walk.

67. Place に + 住んでいます — Live in ~

Structure: Place に + 住んでいます / 住んでいる

Meaning: "I live in ~" — uses ている because 住む is a resultant state verb.

Examples:

  • 東京に住んでいます。Toukyou ni sunde imasu. — I live in Tokyo.
  • どこに住んでいますか? Doko ni sunde imasu ka? — Where do you live?
  • 大阪に住んでいますが、仕事は東京です。Oosaka ni sunde imasu ga, shigoto wa Toukyou desu. — I live in Osaka, but work in Tokyo.

68. 〜の方が〜より〜 — ~ is more ~ than ~

Structure: A の方が B より + Adjective/い

Meaning: "A is more ~ than B" — comparison.

Examples:

  • りんごの方がバナナより好きです。Ringo no hou ga banana yori suki desu. — I like apples more than bananas.
  • 夏の方が冬より暑いです。Natsu no hou ga fuyu yori atsui desu. — Summer is hotter than winter.
  • 電車の方がバスより速いです。Densha no hou ga basu yori hayai desu. — The train is faster than the bus.

69. 〜の中で一番 — The most ~ (superlative)

Structure: Group の中で + (Subject が) + 一番 + Adjective

Meaning: "The most ~ among ~"

Examples:

  • 果物の中でりんごが一番好きです。Kudamono no naka de ringo ga ichiban suki desu. — Among fruits, I like apples the most.
  • クラスの中で彼女が一番背が高いです。Kurasu no naka de kanojo ga ichiban se ga takai desu. — She is the tallest in the class.
  • 日本語が一番難しいと思います。Nihongo ga ichiban muzukashii to omoimasu. — I think Japanese is the most difficult.

70. 〜と思います — I think that ~

Structure: Plain form + と思います

Meaning: "I think that ~" — expressing an opinion.

Examples:

  • 明日は晴れると思います。Ashita wa hareru to omoimasu. — I think it will be clear tomorrow.
  • 彼は来ないと思います。Kare wa konai to omoimasu. — I think he won't come.
  • 日本語は面白いと思います。Nihongo wa omoshiroi to omoimasu. — I think Japanese is interesting.

Notes: The clause before と always uses plain (dictionary/short) form, even in polite speech.


71. 〜から — Coming after a て-form (after doing ~, then ~)

Structure: Verb て-form + から + Next action

Meaning: "After doing ~, (then) ~" — sequential actions where the first must be completed before the second.

Examples:

  • 手を洗ってから、食べます。Te o aratte kara, tabemasu. — After washing my hands, I eat.
  • 宿題をしてから、テレビを見ます。Shukudai o shite kara, terebi o mimasu. — After doing homework, I watch TV.
  • 着いてから、電話します。Tsuite kara, denwa shimasu. — After arriving, I'll call.

Notes: て-form + から (sequential: after doing) vs plain + から (because/reason) are distinct grammar points.


72. 〜前に / 〜後で — Before / After

Structure:

  • Verb dictionary form + 前に (before doing ~)
  • Verb た-form + 後で / Noun の + 後で (after doing ~)

Examples:

  • 寝る前に、歯を磨きます。Neru mae ni, ha o migakimasu. — Before sleeping, I brush my teeth.
  • 食事の前に手を洗います。Shokuji no mae ni te o araimasu. — I wash my hands before meals.
  • 授業の後で、図書館に行きます。Jugyou no ato de, toshokan ni ikimasu. — After class, I go to the library.
  • ご飯を食べた後で、散歩します。Gohan o tabeta ato de, sanpo shimasu. — After eating, I take a walk.

73. 〜時 — When ~ / At the time of ~

Structure:

  • Verb plain form + 時 (when doing / about to do)
  • Verb た-form + 時 (when [past action] happened)
  • Noun の + 時 (at the time of)

Examples:

  • 困った時は、先生に聞いてください。Komatta toki wa, sensei ni kiite kudasai. — When you are in trouble, please ask the teacher.
  • 子供の時、よく公園で遊びました。Kodomo no toki, yoku kouen de asobimashita. — When I was a child, I often played in the park.
  • 日本に来た時、富士山を見ました。Nihon ni kita toki, Fujisan o mimashita. — When I came to Japan, I saw Mt. Fuji.

74. 〜ので — Because (softer reason)

Structure: Plain form (Noun/な-adj + な) + ので + Result

Meaning: "Because ~" — softer and more objective than から; implies the reason is natural or self-evident.

Examples:

  • 体の具合が悪いので、今日は休みます。Karada no guai ga warui node, kyou wa yasumimasu. — Because I don't feel well, I'm taking today off.
  • 明日試験があるので、今日は早く寝ます。Ashita shiken ga aru node, kyou wa hayaku nemasu. — Because there is an exam tomorrow, I'll sleep early today.
  • 雨なので、傘を持って行きます。Ame na node, kasa o motte ikimasu. — Because it's raining, I'll bring an umbrella.

75. 〜けど / 〜けれど / 〜が — But; however (casual/polite)

Structure: Sentence + けど / けれど / が

Meaning: "But; although; however" — contrasts or softens.

Examples:

  • 日本語は難しいけど、面白いです。Nihongo wa muzukashii kedo, omoshiroi desu. — Japanese is difficult, but interesting.
  • 行きたいけど、時間がない。Ikitai kedo, jikan ga nai. — I want to go, but I don't have time.
  • すみませんが、道を教えてもらえますか? Sumimasen ga, michi o oshiete moraemasu ka? — Excuse me, but could you tell me the way?

76. まだ〜ていません — Have not yet ~

Structure: まだ + Verb て-form + いません

Meaning: "Have not ~ yet" — something that hasn't happened yet but is expected to.

Examples:

  • まだ食べていません。Mada tabete imasen. — I haven't eaten yet.
  • 宿題はまだしていません。Shukudai wa mada shite imasen. — I haven't done homework yet.
  • 彼女はまだ来ていません。Kanojo wa mada kite imasen. — She hasn't come yet.

77. もう〜ました — Have already ~

Structure: もう + Verb + ました

Meaning: "Have already ~" — something has already been completed.

Examples:

  • もう食べました。Mou tabemashita. — I've already eaten.
  • もう宿題をしました。Mou shukudai o shimashita. — I've already done the homework.
  • 彼女はもう帰りました。Kanojo wa mou kaerimashita. — She has already gone home.

78. 〜てみる — Try doing ~

Structure: Verb て-form + みる/みます

Meaning: "Try doing ~; do ~ and see" — attempting something to see the result.

Examples:

  • 食べてみてください。Tabete mite kudasai. — Please try eating it.
  • 日本語で話してみました。Nihongo de hanashite mimashita. — I tried speaking in Japanese.
  • この料理を作ってみます。Kono ryouri o tsukutte mimasu. — I'll try making this dish.

79. 〜てしまう — Accidentally/unfortunately do; finish completely

Structure: Verb て-form + しまう/しまいます

Meaning:

  1. An action was completed (often regrettably)
  2. Something happened unintentionally or unfortunately

Examples:

  • 宿題を忘れてしまいました。Shukudai o wasurete shimaimashita. — I (unfortunately) forgot my homework.
  • ケーキを全部食べてしまいました。Keeki o zenbu tabete shimaimashita. — I ate all the cake (up).
  • 雨が降ってしまいました。Ame ga futte shimaimashita. — It ended up raining.

80. 〜あとで — After ~ (review from #72)

(See Grammar #72 for full coverage of 〜前に and 〜後で)


81. 〜すぎる — Too much; excessively

Structure:

  • Verb stem + すぎる
  • い-adj (remove い) + すぎる
  • な-adj + すぎる

Meaning: "Too ~; excessively ~"

Examples:

  • 食べすぎました。Tabesugimashita. — I ate too much.
  • この映画は長すぎます。Kono eiga wa nagasugimasu. — This movie is too long.
  • この問題は難しすぎます。Kono mondai wa muzukashisugimasu. — This problem is too difficult.

82. Plain form + でしょう / と思います — Expressing uncertainty and opinion

(See Grammar #54 and #70)


83. Noun / な-adj + です vs い-adj + です

Summary:

Type Present Negative Past Neg. Past
Noun/な-adj 〜です 〜じゃないです 〜でした 〜じゃなかったです
い-adj 〜いです 〜くないです 〜かったです 〜くなかったです

Examples:

  • 元気です。Genki desu. — I'm well.
  • 元気じゃないです。Genki ja nai desu. — I'm not well.
  • 元気でした。Genki deshita. — I was well.
  • 大きいです。Ookii desu. — It's big.
  • 大きくないです。Ookikunai desu. — It's not big.
  • 大きかったです。Ookikatta desu. — It was big.

84. 〜ほしい — Want (something)

Structure: Noun が + ほしい/ほしいです

Meaning: "Want ~" — expresses desire for a thing (not an action — for wanting to do something, use たい).

Examples:

  • 新しい自転車がほしいです。Atarashii jitensha ga hoshii desu. — I want a new bicycle.
  • 何がほしいですか? Nani ga hoshii desu ka? — What do you want?
  • お金がほしいです。Okane ga hoshii desu. — I want money.

Notes: ほしい is an い-adjective. Like たい, do not use ほしい for third-person desires directly; use ほしがっています.


85. 〜に〜があります / います — There is ~ at ~

(See Grammar #22 and #23 for full coverage)

Pattern: Location に + Subject が + あります/います

Variation: Subject は + Location に + あります/います (topic → location)


86. 〜は〜にあります / います — ~ is at ~

Structure: Noun は + Place に + あります/います

Meaning: States the location of something/someone.

Examples:

  • 本は机の上にあります。Hon wa tsukue no ue ni arimasu. — The book is on the desk.
  • 先生は教室にいます。Sensei wa kyoushitsu ni imasu. — The teacher is in the classroom.
  • 駅はどこにありますか? Eki wa doko ni arimasu ka? — Where is the station?

87. Position words

Structure: Object の + Position word + に

Common position words:

Japanese Reading Meaning
うえ above; on top
した below; under
なか inside
まえ in front
後ろ うしろ behind
みぎ right side
ひだり left side
となり next to; beside
近く ちかく near; vicinity
そと outside
向こう むこう over there; beyond

Examples:

  • 猫は椅子の下にいます。Neko wa isu no shita ni imasu. — The cat is under the chair.
  • 駅の右に銀行があります。Eki no migi ni ginkou ga arimasu. — There is a bank to the right of the station.
  • 学校の前に公園があります。Gakkou no mae ni kouen ga arimasu. — There is a park in front of the school.

88. 〜に〜回/〜度 — ~ times per ~

Structure: Time period に + Number + 回 (kai) / 度 (do)

Meaning: "~ times per ~" — frequency.

Examples:

  • 一週間に三回、日本語を勉強します。Isshuukan ni sankai, nihongo o benkyou shimasu. — I study Japanese three times a week.
  • 一日に二回、薬を飲んでください。Ichinichi ni nikai, kusuri o nonde kudasai. — Please take medicine twice a day.
  • 一年に一度、日本に行きます。Ichinen ni ichido, Nihon ni ikimasu. — I go to Japan once a year.

89. 〜ほど〜ない — Not as ~ as ~

Structure: A は B ほど + Adjective + ない

Meaning: "A is not as ~ as B."

Examples:

  • 今日は昨日ほど暑くないです。Kyou wa kinou hodo atsukunai desu. — Today is not as hot as yesterday.
  • このりんごはあのりんごほど甘くないです。Kono ringo wa ano ringo hodo amaku nai desu. — This apple is not as sweet as that apple.

90. 〜ごろ — Around ~ (approximate time)

Structure: Time + ごろ

Meaning: "Around ~; approximately ~ (time)"

Examples:

  • 三時ごろ来てください。Sanji goro kite kudasai. — Please come around 3 o'clock.
  • 昨日の夜八時ごろ、電話しました。Kinou no yoru hachiji goro, denwa shimashita. — Last night around 8 o'clock, I called.
  • どのくらいかかりますか?三十分ごろです。Dono kurai kakarimasu ka? Sanjuppun goro desu. — How long will it take? About 30 minutes.

Notes: ごろ is used for time points (三時ごろ = around 3 o'clock). For durations, use ぐらい/くらい (三十分ぐらい = about 30 minutes).


91. 〜ぐらい / くらい — About ~; approximately ~

Structure: Number/Amount + ぐらい or くらい

Meaning: "About ~; approximately ~" — approximation of quantity or duration.

Examples:

  • 三十分ぐらいかかります。Sanjuppun gurai kakarimasu. — It takes about 30 minutes.
  • 千円ぐらいです。Sen-en gurai desu. — It's about 1,000 yen.
  • 五人ぐらいいます。Gonin gurai imasu. — There are about 5 people.

92. Formal and casual register — polite vs plain

Summary of key pairs:

Situation Polite Plain/Casual
Affirmative present 食べます 食べる
Negative present 食べません 食べない
Affirmative past 食べました 食べた
Negative past 食べませんでした 食べなかった
Noun/adj present 学生です 学生だ
Noun/adj negative 学生じゃないです 学生じゃない
Noun/adj past 学生でした 学生だった
い-adj negative 大きくないです 大きくない
い-adj past 大きかったです 大きかった

93. 〜はどうですか — How about ~? / How is ~?

Structure: Noun / Situation + はどうですか

Meaning: "How about ~?" — asking for an opinion or making a suggestion.

Examples:

  • 日本語はどうですか? Nihongo wa dou desu ka? — How is your Japanese (going)?
  • このレストランはどうですか? Kono resutoran wa dou desu ka? — How about this restaurant?
  • 明日はどうですか? Ashita wa dou desu ka? — How about tomorrow?

94. 〜は〜が + adjective — Topic + subject + adjective (body/ability descriptions)

Structure: Person/Topic は + Part/Ability が + Adjective

Meaning: Used to describe a characteristic of a person, especially body parts, abilities, or conditions.

Examples:

  • 彼女は目が大きいです。Kanojo wa me ga ookii desu. — She has big eyes. (lit. As for her, eyes are big)
  • 私は頭が痛いです。Watashi wa atama ga itai desu. — I have a headache.
  • 田中さんは足が速いです。Tanaka-san wa ashi ga hayai desu. — Ms. Tanaka is fast (on her feet).

95. 〜でも — Even ~; or something

Structure: Noun + でも

Meaning: "Even ~; or something like ~; how about ~ (for example)"

Examples:

  • お茶でも飲みませんか? Ocha demo nomimasen ka? — How about drinking tea or something?
  • 子供でも分かります。Kodomo demo wakarimasu. — Even a child understands.
  • 映画でも見ましょうか? Eiga demo mimashou ka? — Shall we watch a movie or something?

96. Verb て-form + おく — Do in advance; leave as is

Structure: Verb て-form + おく/おきます

Meaning: "Do ~ in advance; do ~ and leave it that way"

Examples:

  • 明日のために、準備しておきます。Ashita no tame ni, junbi shite okimasu. — I'll prepare in advance for tomorrow.
  • 窓を開けておいてください。Mado o akete oite kudasai. — Please leave the window open.
  • ホテルを予約しておきました。Hoteru o yoyaku shite okimashita. — I made a hotel reservation in advance.

97. 〜くなる / 〜になる — Become ~

Structure:

  • い-adj (remove い) + くなる (大きくなる = become big)
  • な-adj / Noun + になる (元気になる = become healthy; 先生になる = become a teacher)

Meaning: "Become ~; get ~" — expresses a change of state.

Examples:

  • 日本語が上手くなりました。Nihongo ga jouzu ni narimashita. — My Japanese has gotten better.
  • 暖かくなりましたね。Atatakaku narimashita ne. — It's gotten warm, hasn't it.
  • 将来、医者になりたいです。Shourai, isha ni naritai desu. — In the future, I want to become a doctor.

98. 〜く / に + する — Make ~ (causative change)

Structure:

  • い-adj (remove い) + くする (大きくする = make bigger)
  • な-adj / Noun + にする (元気にする = make healthy; きれいにする = make clean)

Meaning: "Make ~ become ~; set to ~"

Examples:

  • 音楽の音を小さくしてください。Ongaku no oto o chiisaku shite kudasai. — Please turn the music down (make it smaller).
  • 部屋をきれいにしました。Heya o kirei ni shimashita. — I made the room clean.
  • コーヒーにします。Koohii ni shimasu. — I'll have coffee. (I'll decide on coffee)

99. 〜という + Noun — Called ~; named ~

Structure: Noun/Sentence + という + Noun

Meaning: "~ called ~; ~ named ~; ~ meaning ~"

Examples:

  • 「さくら」という花を知っていますか? "Sakura" to iu hana o shitte imasu ka? — Do you know the flower called "sakura"?
  • 田中という人が来ました。Tanaka to iu hito ga kimashita. — A person called Tanaka came.
  • 「ありがとう」という言葉の意味は何ですか? "Arigatou" to iu kotoba no imi wa nan desu ka? — What is the meaning of the word "arigatou"?

100. 〜でも〜でも — Whether ~ or ~; both ~ and ~

Structure: Noun₁ でも Noun₂ でも

Meaning: "Whether ~ or ~; both ~ and ~" — indicates that either option is acceptable.

Examples:

  • コーヒーでも紅茶でもいいです。Koohii demo koucha demo ii desu. — Coffee or tea, either is fine.
  • 月曜日でも火曜日でも大丈夫です。Getsuyoubi demo kayoubi demo daijoubu desu. — Monday or Tuesday, either is fine.

Summary Table: Key N5 Grammar Structures

Pattern Structure Meaning
です Noun/Adj + です is/am/are
ます Verb stem + ます do (polite present)
ました Verb stem + ました did (polite past)
ません Verb stem + ません don't do (polite neg.)
ませんでした Verb stem + ませんでした didn't do (polite neg. past)
てください V-て + ください please do ~
ている V-て + います is doing; is in state of
たい V-stem + たい want to do ~
ましょう V-stem + ましょう let's do ~
ませんか V-stem + ませんか won't you ~?
から plain + から because ~
まで time/place + まで until/to ~
から〜まで ~ から ~ まで from ~ to/until ~
place/time + に to; at (specific time); location
place + で at (location of action); by (means)
N₁ の N₂ N₁'s N₂; N₁ type of N₂
が好き Noun が 好き like ~
あります Noun が + に + あります there is (inanimate)
います Noun が + に + います there is (animate)
なる adj-く/に + なる become ~
する adj-く/に + する make ~ (change to)
てみる V-て + みる try doing ~
てしまう V-て + しまう end up doing; do completely
ておく V-て + おく do in advance
たり〜たりする V-た + り do things like ~
前に V-dict + 前に before doing ~
後で V-た + 後で after doing ~
V/Adj + 時 when ~