Grammar
Japanese grammar index: particles, verb conjugation, adjective forms, conditionals, keigo, and sentence patterns organized by JLPT level N5 through N1.
This section provides a comprehensive reference for Japanese grammar patterns, organized by topic and JLPT level. Use the sub-pages for deep dives into specific topics.
Grammar Reference Pages
| Page | Content |
|---|---|
| Particles | All major particles: は が を に で から まで と も の か ね よ |
| Verb Conjugation | Plain/polite/te/ta/potential/passive/causative forms |
| Keigo | Honorific Japanese: sonkeigo, kenjougo, teineigo |
| Sentence Patterns | Common patterns organized by JLPT level |
Grammar Overview by Level
N5 Grammar — The Foundation (~100 patterns)
N5 grammar covers basic sentence construction. All sentences use polite forms (ます/です).
Key patterns to master:
- Basic copula: 〜は〜です / 〜じゃないです
- Basic verb sentences: 〜ます / 〜ません / 〜ました / 〜ませんでした
- Existence: あります / います
- Possession/location: 〜に〜があります/います
- Modification: 〜は〜い/な+noun
- Questions: 〜ですか? / 〜ますか?
- Object marker を: 〜を〜ます
- Te-form ongoing: 〜ています
- Desire: 〜たいです
- Can/want to: 〜ことができます
Core vocabulary for grammar practice: 私 (I), これ (this), あれ (that over there), どれ (which), 何 (what), どこ (where), いつ (when), どう (how)
N4 Grammar — Building (~150 patterns)
N4 introduces the crucial te-form connections, conditionals, and giving/receiving:
Key patterns:
- Te-form connections: 〜て、〜てから、〜ながら
- Requests: 〜てください / 〜てくれますか
- Permission: 〜てもいいです
- Prohibition: 〜てはいけません
- Conditionals: 〜たら、〜ば、〜と (automatic result)
- Potential form: 〜られる/〜える (can do)
- Giving/receiving: あげる、もらう、くれる + te-form
- Comparison: 〜より〜のほうが
- Desire for others: 〜てほしい
- Hearsay: 〜そうです (I heard)
- Appearance: 〜そうです (looks like)
- Trying: 〜てみます
- Purpose: 〜に行く (go to do)
- Change: 〜になる / 〜くなる
N3 Grammar — Intermediate (~200 patterns)
N3 grammar introduces nuanced expressions and complex connections:
Key patterns:
- Aspect: 〜てしまう (completion/regret), 〜ておく (preparation), 〜てある (resultant state by someone)
- Appearance/conjecture: 〜ようだ、〜みたいだ、〜らしい、〜そうだ
- Purpose: 〜ために、〜ように
- Passive: 〜れる/られる
- Causative: 〜させる
- Causative-passive: 〜させられる
- Concessive: 〜ても/でも、〜のに
- Reason: 〜ので (objective reason), 〜から (subjective reason)
- Complex conditionals: 〜ばよかった、〜ないで、〜なくて
- Quotation: 〜と言う、〜と思う
- Frequency: 〜たことがある、〜ことがある
- Instructions: 〜ようにする、〜ようになる
N2 Grammar — Upper-intermediate (~200 patterns)
N2 grammar includes formal patterns from written Japanese:
Key patterns:
- 〜に対して (toward/against)
- 〜に基づいて (based on)
- 〜にとって (for/from perspective of)
- 〜に関して (regarding)
- 〜ものの (although)
- 〜わけだ / 〜わけではない
- 〜ばかりか (not only)
- 〜にしては (considering that)
- 〜ながら (even while / but)
- 〜どころか (far from; let alone)
- 〜ないことには (unless)
- 〜はずだ (should be; supposed to be)
- 〜に違いない (must be; no doubt)
- Formal connectives: したがって、すなわち、つまり
N1 Grammar — Advanced (~200 patterns)
N1 grammar includes literary forms and rare formal expressions:
Key patterns:
- 〜べきだ (should/ought to)
- 〜に他ならない (nothing other than)
- 〜ならでは (unique to)
- 〜ものを (should have/regret)
- 〜であれ (whether it be)
- 〜ずにはいられない (cannot help but)
- 〜いかんだ / 〜いかんで (depending on)
- 〜ともあれ (be that as it may)
- 〜ゆえに (therefore; because — literary)
- 〜きわまりない (extremely; in the extreme)
- 〜なくして (without; were it not for)
- Literary forms: 〜けり、〜ぬ、〜べし (classical Japanese echoes)
Grammar Study Tips
1. Learn Grammar in Context
Grammar rules are best internalized through examples, not memorized as abstract formulas. For every pattern, have at least 3 example sentences.
2. Use Bunpro for SRS Grammar
Bunpro provides spaced repetition for grammar patterns with cloze sentences. It's the most efficient way to ensure you review patterns at optimal intervals.
3. The Grammar-Context Connection
Textbook grammar and natural Japanese are different registers. Learn a grammar pattern, then find it in authentic material (NHK Web Easy, manga, anime) to see how it's actually used.
4. Compare Similar Patterns
Many grammar patterns overlap in meaning. At N2+, the key skill is knowing which pattern is most appropriate in a given context:
- 〜ので vs. 〜から (both = because; ので is more objective/polite)
- 〜ようだ vs. 〜らしい vs. 〜そうだ (all = seems like; different evidence types)
- 〜ても vs. 〜のに (both = even though; のに has stronger emotional nuance)
5. Reference the Dictionary of Japanese Grammar
The three-volume "Dictionary of [Basic/Intermediate/Advanced] Japanese Grammar" (Seiichi Makino and Michio Tsutsui) is the most comprehensive English-language grammar reference available. Essential for N3+ learners.
Resources
| Resource | Level | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Bunpro | N5–N1 | Grammar SRS; most comprehensive coverage |
| Tae Kim's Guide | N5–N3 | Free; excellent explanations at beginner level |
| Genki I/II | N5–N4 | Standard textbook; thorough grammar notes |
| Tobira | N4–N3 | Bridge textbook; good intermediate grammar |
| DOJG (Dictionary of Japanese Grammar) | N5–N1 | 3-volume reference; authoritative |
| Shin Kanzen Master Grammar N2/N1 | N2–N1 | Best JLPT exam prep for grammar |
| JLPT Sensei (jlptsensei.com) | N5–N1 | Free grammar lists with examples by level |