JLPT N5 Lesson 8: Describing with Adjectives
Master the two types of Japanese adjectives to describe people, places, and things with precision and natural flair.
Overview
In this lesson, we move beyond simple nouns and verbs to add color and detail to your Japanese sentences. Adjectives are the primary tools for expressing opinions, physical states, and qualities. Understanding how to use them is essential for describing your environment, expressing preferences, and engaging in basic social interactions.
Japanese adjectives are divided into two distinct categories: い-adjectives (i-adjectives) and な-adjectives (na-adjectives). Each behaves differently when modifying nouns or ending a sentence. Mastering these two groups will allow you to move from basic "A is B" sentences to more nuanced descriptions, providing the foundation for the descriptive language required for the JLPT N5 exam and daily conversation.
Learning Objectives
By the end of this lesson you can:
- Distinguish between い-adjectives and な-adjectives.
- Conjugate adjectives into present/past and affirmative/negative forms.
- Use degree adverbs (とても, あまり, ちょっと) to modify the intensity of your descriptions.
- Connect two adjectives in a single sentence to provide more complex information.
New Vocabulary
| Japanese | Reading | Romaji | English | Part of Speech |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 大きい | おおきい | ookii | big | い-adj |
| 小さい | ちいさい | chiisai | small | い-adj |
| 高い | たかい | takai | expensive/tall | い-adj |
| 安い | やすい | yasui | cheap | い-adj |
| おいしい | おいしい | oishii | delicious | い-adj |
| まずい | まずい | mazui | bad tasting | い-adj |
| 新しい | あたらしい | atarashii | new | い-adj |
| 古い | ふるい | furui | old | い-adj |
| いい | いい | ii | good | い-adj |
| 悪い | わるい | warui | bad | い-adj |
| きれい | きれい | kirei | beautiful/clean | な-adj |
| 有名 | ゆうめい | yuumei | famous | な-adj |
| 便利 | べんり | benri | convenient | な-adj |
| 静か | しずか | shizuka | quiet | な-adj |
| にぎやか | にぎやか | nigiyaka | lively | な-adj |
| 好き | すき | suki | like | な-adj |
| 嫌い | きらい | kirai | dislike | な-adj |
| とても | とても | totemo | very | adverb |
| あまり | あまり | amari | not very (with neg) | adverb |
| ちょっと | ちょっと | chotto | a little | adverb |
Grammar Points
1. い-adjectives (i-adjectives)
Structure: [い-adj] + です / [い-adj] + noun
い-adjectives always end in the hiragana character い. When they end a sentence, they are followed by です. To make them negative, remove the final い and add くないです. To make them past tense, remove the final い and add かったです.
| Japanese | Reading | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| この本は新しいです。 | このほんはあたらしいです。 | Kono hon wa atarashii desu. | This book is new. |
| 昨日は暑かったです。 | きのうはあつかったです。 | Kinou wa atsukatta desu. | Yesterday was hot. |
| この店は安くないです。 | このみせはやすくないです。 | Kono mise wa yasukunai desu. | This shop is not cheap. |
| 昨日は寒くなかったです。 | きのうはさむくなかったです。 | Kinou wa samukunakatta desu. | Yesterday was not cold. |
Common mistake: ❌ おいしいいです → ✓ おいしいです — Do not add an extra い before です.
2. な-adjectives (na-adjectives)
Structure: [な-adj] + です / [な-adj] + な + noun
な-adjectives act like nouns. When they modify a noun, you must add な. When they end a sentence, you drop the な and add です. For negative, use じゃないです. For past, use でした.
| Japanese | Reading | Romaji | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| 彼は有名です。 | かれはゆうめいです。 | Kare wa yuumei desu. | He is famous. |
| 静かな部屋です。 | しずかなへやです。 | Shizuka na heya desu. | It is a quiet room. |
| 昨日は暇じゃなかったです。 | きのうはひまじゃなかったです。 | Kinou wa hima ja nakatta desu. | I was not free yesterday. |
| この町はきれいでした。 | このまちはきれいでした。 | Kono machi wa kirei deshita. | This town was beautiful. |
Common mistake: ❌ きれいなです → ✓ きれいな部屋です / きれいです — Only use な when a noun follows.
Dialogues
Dialogue 1: At a Restaurant
Tanaka: このレストランは有名ですね。 Reading/Romaji: このレストランはゆうめいですね。 / Kono resutoran wa yuumei desu ne. English: This restaurant is famous, isn't it?
Sato: はい、とてもおいしいです。 Reading/Romaji: はい、とてもおいしいです。 / Hai, totemo oishii desu. English: Yes, it is very delicious.
Tanaka: この料理は高いですか。 Reading/Romaji: このりょうりはたかいですか。 / Kono ryouri wa takai desu ka. English: Is this dish expensive?
Sato: いいえ、あまり高くないです。 Reading/Romaji: いいえ、あまりたかくないです。 / Iie, amari takakunai desu. English: No, it is not very expensive.
Dialogue 2: Describing a New Apartment
Ken: 新しいアパートはどうですか。 Reading/Romaji: あたらしいアパートはどうですか。 / Atarashii apaato wa dou desu ka. English: How is your new apartment?
Yumi: とても静かです。でも、ちょっと小さいです。 Reading/Romaji: とてもしずかです。でも、ちょっとちいさいです。 / Totemo shizuka desu. Demo, chotto chiisai desu. English: It is very quiet. But, it is a little small.
Ken: 便利ですか。 Reading/Romaji: べんりですか。 / Benri desu ka. English: Is it convenient?
Yumi: はい、とても便利です。 Reading/Romaji: はい、とてもべんりです。 / Hai, totemo benri desu. English: Yes, it is very convenient.
Grammar Drills
Exercise 1: Fill in the blank
- この町は( )です。(quiet - な-adj)
- 昨日の試験は( )でした。(easy - い-adj past)
- この靴は( )ないです。(not expensive - い-adj)
- 彼は( )な人です。(kind - な-adj)
- 今日は( )です。(not hot - い-adj negative)
Answer Key:
- 静か (shizuka) 2. やさしかった (yasashikatta) 3. 高く (takaku) 4. 親切 (shinsetsu) 5. 暑くない (atsukunai)
Translation Practice
English → Japanese
- This bag is not cheap.
- The park was lively yesterday.
- It is a very famous shop.
Japanese → English 4. この本は古いです。 5. 昨日はあまり寒くなかったです。
Answer Key:
- このかばんは安くないです。(Kono kaban wa yasukunai desu.)
- 公園は昨日、にぎやかでした。(Kouen wa kinou, nigiyaka deshita.)
- とても有名な店です。(Totemo yuumei na mise desu.)
- This book is old.
- Yesterday was not very cold.
Cultural Note
In Japanese culture, adjectives are often used to express "hedging" or modesty. When asked about one's own work or possessions, it is common to use words like "ちょっと" (a little) to soften a statement. For example, if someone compliments your house, saying "It is small" (小さいです) is a way to show humility.
Additionally, the distinction between い-adjectives and な-adjectives reflects the historical development of the language. い-adjectives are considered "true" adjectives (native Japanese), while な-adjectives often originate from nouns or borrowed words, which is why they retain noun-like properties such as requiring "な" to connect to other nouns.
Self-Check
- What is the main difference between い-adjectives and な-adjectives?
- How do you make an い-adjective negative?
- When do you use "な" with a な-adjective?
- Translate: "The movie was not interesting." (面白い - omoshiroi)
- Why do we use "あまり" with negative verbs/adjectives?