C1 Grammar Patterns (HSK 6)
69+ advanced Mandarin grammar patterns at C1 level (HSK 6), including classical-influenced structures, formal discourse patterns, and idiomatic constructions.
69+ grammar patterns at HSK 6 / CEFR C1 level — advanced pre-native structures.
| # | Pattern | Structure | Example ZH | Pinyin | English | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Classical 于 (in/at/toward) | V + 于 + Place/Time/Object | 生于北京；有益于健康 | shēng yú Běijīng; yǒuyì yú jiànkāng | born in Beijing; beneficial to health | Formal/literary replacement for 在/对/给 |
| 2 | 所 + V nominalization | 所 + V (+ 的 + N) | 他所说的话 | tā suǒ shuō de huà | the words he said | Formal relative clause; 所 = "that which" |
| 3 | 被…所 passive (formal) | S + 被 + Agent + 所 + V | 被他的精神所感动 | bèi tā de jīngshén suǒ gǎndòng | be moved by his spirit | Literary passive; adds formality |
| 4 | 不免 inevitably | V/Clause, 不免 + V | 听到这消息，不免担心。 | Tīng dào zhè xiāoxi, bùmiǎn dānxīn. | Hearing this news, one inevitably worries. | Unavoidable reaction; slightly literary |
| 5 | 未免 a bit too / rather | 未免 + Adj/V | 这个要求未免太高了。 | Zhège yāoqiú wèimiǎn tài gāo le. | This requirement is rather too high. | Politely critical; = a bit much |
| 6 | 诸如 such as (formal list) | 诸如 + examples + 等 | 诸如此类的问题 | zhūrú cǐ lèi de wèntí | problems such as these | Introduces list; 等 optional at end |
| 7 | 就…而论 in terms of | 就 + topic + 而论 | 就质量而论，这是最好的。 | Jiù zhìliàng érlùn, zhè shì zuì hǎo de. | In terms of quality, this is the best. | Formal analytical framing; = 就…而言 |
| 8 | 凡是…都 all without exception | 凡是 + N/clause, 都 + V | 凡是他说的话，我都相信。 | Fánshì tā shuō de huà, wǒ dōu xiāngxìn. | I believe everything he says. | Universal generalization |
| 9 | 无论如何 no matter what | 无论如何, S + V | 无论如何，我们都要完成任务。 | Wúlùn rúhé, wǒmen dōu yào wánchéng rènwù. | No matter what, we must complete the task. | Formal = 不管怎么样 |
| 10 | 不禁 can't help but | S + 不禁 + V | 看到这一幕，她不禁落泪。 | Kàn dào zhè yī mù, tā bùjīn luò lèi. | Seeing this scene, she couldn't help but cry. | Involuntary emotional response; literary |
| 11 | 深感 deeply feel | S + 深感 + N | 深感遗憾 | shēn gǎn yíhàn | deeply regret | Formal emotional expression |
| 12 | 以…之名 in the name of | 以 + N + 之名 | 以友谊之名 | yǐ yǒuyì zhī míng | in the name of friendship | Classical 之 as 的; formal/literary |
| 13 | 与…相比 compared with | 与 + N + 相比, S + V | 与去年相比，情况好多了。 | Yǔ qùnián xiāng bǐ, qíngkuàng hǎo duō le. | Compared with last year, the situation is much better. | Formal comparison structure |
| 14 | 为所欲为 do as one pleases | S + 为所欲为 | 他在那里为所欲为。 | Tā zài nàlǐ wéisuǒyùwéi. | He does as he pleases there. | 4-character idiom (成语); negative connotation |
| 15 | 遭受 suffer/be subjected to | S + 遭受 + N | 他遭受了不公正的对待。 | Tā zāoshòu le bù gōngzhèng de duìdài. | He suffered unjust treatment. | Formal passive-like; always negative |
| 16 | 承受 bear/endure | S + 承受 + N | 他承受了巨大的压力。 | Tā chéngshòu le jùdà de yālì. | He bore enormous pressure. | Enduring something difficult |
| 17 | 有目共睹 plain for all to see | S + 有目共睹 | 他的贡献有目共睹。 | Tā de gòngxiàn yǒumùgòngdǔ. | His contributions are plain for all to see. | 4-character formal compliment |
| 18 | 首当其冲 bear the brunt | S + 首当其冲 | 沿海地区首当其冲。 | Yán hǎi dìqū shǒu dāng qí chōng. | Coastal areas bore the brunt. | Idiom; be first hit by something |
| 19 | 不言而喻 needless to say | S + 不言而喻 | 这个道理不言而喻。 | Zhège dàolǐ bùyán'éryù. | This principle goes without saying. | Formal; obvious/self-evident truth |
| 20 | 付诸实践 put into practice | 将/把 + N + 付诸实践 | 将想法付诸实践 | jiāng xiǎngfǎ fùzhū shíjiàn | put ideas into practice | Formal 4-char compound verb pattern |
| 21 | 有所 have some degree of | S + 有所 + V | 情况有所改善。 | Qíngkuàng yǒusuǒ gǎishàn. | The situation has improved somewhat. | Formal; modest positive change |
| 22 | 无从 have no way to | S + 无从 + V | 我无从得知真相。 | Wǒ wúcóng dé zhī zhēnxiàng. | I have no way of knowing the truth. | Formal; = 没有办法 |
| 23 | 有赖于 depend on | S + 有赖于 + N | 成功有赖于不断努力。 | Chénggōng yǒulài yú bùduàn nǔlì. | Success depends on continuous effort. | Formal dependency statement |
| 24 | 鉴于 in light of | 鉴于 + situation, S + V | 鉴于目前情况，我们暂停计划。 | Jiànyú mùqián qíngkuàng, wǒmen zàntíng jìhuà. | In light of the current situation, we suspend the plan. | Formal reason prefix; written |
| 25 | 有鉴于此 in view of this | 有鉴于此, S + V | 有鉴于此，我们需要调整策略。 | Yǒu jiàn yú cǐ, wǒmen xūyào tiáozhěng cèlüè. | In view of this, we need to adjust strategy. | Formal discourse transition |
| 26 | 据悉 it is reported that | 据悉, S + V | 据悉，该公司将裁员。 | Jùxī, gāi gōngsī jiāng cáiyuán. | It is reported that the company will lay off staff. | News/formal report language |
| 27 | 据称 it is alleged that | 据称, S + V | 据称他曾参与此事。 | Jù chēng tā céng cānyù cǐ shì. | It is alleged that he was involved in this matter. | Distancing from unverified claim |
| 28 | 旨在 aimed at | S + 旨在 + V/N | 这一政策旨在减少贫困。 | Zhè yī zhèngcè zhǐzài jiǎnshǎo pínkùn. | This policy is aimed at reducing poverty. | Formal statement of purpose |
| 29 | 致力于 be dedicated to | S + 致力于 + N/V | 他致力于环保事业。 | Tā zhìlì yú huánbǎo shìyè. | He is dedicated to environmental protection. | Formal commitment |
| 30 | 有利于 be conducive to | N + 有利于 + N | 合作有利于双方发展。 | Hézuò yǒulì yú shuāngfāng fāzhǎn. | Cooperation is conducive to both sides' development. | Formal benefit; compare 有助于 |
| 31 | 有碍于 hinder/be detrimental to | N + 有碍于 + N | 吸烟有碍于健康。 | Xīyān yǒu'ài yú jiànkāng. | Smoking is detrimental to health. | Formal negative impact |
| 32 | 不乏 there is no lack of | 不乏 + N | 这里不乏人才。 | Zhèlǐ bùfá réncái. | There is no lack of talent here. | Formal; = 有很多 (implicit positive) |
| 33 | 乃至 even/and even | A, B, C, 乃至 + D | 全国，乃至全世界都知道。 | Quánguó, nǎizhì quán shìjiè dōu zhīdào. | The whole country, and even the whole world knows. | Formal progressive escalation |
| 34 | 无非 nothing but/merely | S + 无非 + V/N | 他无非是开个玩笑。 | Tā wúfēi shì kāi gè wánxiào. | He was merely making a joke. | Downplays significance; formal |
| 35 | 莫过于 nothing surpasses | 没有什么 + 莫过于 + N/V | 最大的幸福莫过于家人健康。 | Zuìdà de xìngfú mòguòyú jiārén jiànkāng. | Nothing surpasses family health for greatest happiness. | Superlative idiom formula |
| 36 | 可谓 can be said to be | S + 可谓 + Adj/N | 这可谓一举两得。 | Zhè kě wèi yījǔliǎngdé. | This can be said to kill two birds with one stone. | Formal evaluative; often precedes idiom |
| 37 | 堪称 worthy of being called | S + 堪称 + N | 他堪称一代大师。 | Tā kānchēng yīdài dàshī. | He is worthy of being called a master of his generation. | High formal praise |
| 38 | 之所以…在于 | S + 之所以 + V, 在于 + reason | 他成功之所以，在于坚持不懈。 | Tā chénggōng zhīsuǒyǐ, zàiyú jiānchí bùxiè. | The reason for his success lies in perseverance. | Formal causal explanation |
| 39 | 由此可见 from this we can see | 由此可见, S + V | 由此可见，问题十分严重。 | Yóucǐ kějiàn, wèntí shífēn yánzhòng. | From this we can see the problem is very serious. | Formal conclusion from evidence |
| 40 | 综合来看 overall | 综合来看, S + V | 综合来看，方案是可行的。 | Zōnghé lái kàn, fāng'àn shì kěxíng de. | Overall, the plan is feasible. | Formal synthesis statement |
| 41 | 前所未有 unprecedented | S + 前所未有 (的 + N) | 这是前所未有的挑战。 | Zhè shì qiánsuǒwèiyǒu de tiǎozhàn. | This is an unprecedented challenge. | 4-char; formal emphasis on novelty |
| 42 | 与时俱进 keep up with the times | S + 与时俱进 | 思想要与时俱进。 | Sīxiǎng yào yǔ shí jù jìn. | Thinking must keep pace with the times. | 4-char political/formal phrase |
| 43 | 因地制宜 adapt to local conditions | S + 因地制宜 | 发展要因地制宜。 | Fāzhǎn yào yīndìzhìyí. | Development must adapt to local conditions. | 4-char; tailored approach |
| 44 | 持之以恒 persevere consistently | S + 持之以恒 | 学习要持之以恒。 | Xuéxí yào chízhīyǐhéng. | Learning requires consistent perseverance. | 4-char; long-term commitment |
| 45 | 实事求是 seek truth from facts | S + 实事求是 | 要实事求是地分析问题。 | Yào shíshìqiúshì de fēnxī wèntí. | Analyze problems by seeking truth from facts. | 4-char; Mao-era political phrase, now general |
| 46 | 量力而行 act within one's means | S + 量力而行 | 做事要量力而行。 | Zuòshì yào liànglì'érxíng. | Do things within your capacity. | 4-char; pragmatic advice |
| 47 | 有据可查 have documented evidence | S + 有据可查 | 这些事实有据可查。 | Zhèxiē shìshí yǒujù kě chá. | These facts are documented. | Formal; verifiable claim |
| 48 | 言过其实 exaggerate | S + 言过其实 | 他的说法未免言过其实。 | Tā de shuōfǎ wèimiǎn yánguòqíshí. | His statement is somewhat of an exaggeration. | 4-char; overstatement criticism |
| 49 | 一概而论 generalize | 不能一概而论 | 不能一概而论。 | Bù néng yīgài'érlùn. | You can't generalize. | Usually in negative: cannot treat all the same |
| 50 | 各有千秋 each has its merits | A与B各有千秋 | 两种方法各有千秋。 | Liǎng zhǒng fāngfǎ gè yǒu qiānqiū. | The two methods each have their merits. | 4-char; balanced evaluation |
| 51 | 相辅相成 complement each other | A与B相辅相成 | 理论与实践相辅相成。 | Lǐlùn yǔ shíjiàn xiāngfǔxiāngchéng. | Theory and practice complement each other. | 4-char; mutual reinforcement |
| 52 | 不可或缺 indispensable | S + 不可或缺 | 沟通是不可或缺的能力。 | Gōutōng shì bùkě huòquē de nénglì. | Communication is an indispensable skill. | Formal; = 不可缺少 |
| 53 | 势在必行 imperative/must be done | S + 势在必行 | 改革势在必行。 | Gǎigé shì zài bì xíng. | Reform is imperative. | 4-char; formal urgency |
| 54 | 迫在眉睫 imminent/pressing | S + 迫在眉睫 | 问题迫在眉睫，必须立刻解决。 | Wèntí pò zài méijié, bìxū lìkè jiějué. | The problem is pressing and must be resolved immediately. | 4-char; extreme urgency |
| 55 | 有目共睹 undeniably visible | S + 有目共睹 | 成就有目共睹。 | Chéngjiù yǒumùgòngdǔ. | The achievements are undeniably visible. | See #17; formal public recognition |
| 56 | 切忌 must avoid | 切忌 + V | 切忌骄傲自满。 | Qiè jì jiāo'ào zìmǎn. | By all means avoid arrogance and complacency. | Strong imperative warning; formal |
| 57 | 切勿 absolutely must not | 切勿 + V | 切勿轻视细节。 | Qiè wù qīngshì xìjié. | Absolutely do not overlook details. | Formal prohibition; stronger than 不要 |
| 58 | 有鉴于 in view of | 有鉴于 + situation | 有鉴于此，特此通知。 | Yǒu jiàn yú cǐ, tèchǐ tōngzhī. | In view of this, hereby notified. | Formal notice/announcement language |
| 59 | 特此 hereby (formal) | 特此 + V | 特此声明 | tèchǐ shēngmíng | hereby declare | Official document formula |
| 60 | 兹 hereby (classical) | 兹 + V | 兹定于…举行会议 | zī dìng yú… jǔxíng huìyì | A meeting is hereby scheduled for… | Classical formal notice language |
| 61 | 暨 and/as well as (formal) | A + 暨 + B | 校长暨全体教师 | xiàozhǎng jì quántǐ jiàoshī | the principal and all teachers | Classical 和; formal documents |
| 62 | 以资 to serve as | 以资 + N | 以资鼓励 | yǐ zī gǔlì | to serve as encouragement | Classical; awards/formal recognition |
| 63 | V之 classical object pronoun | V + 之 | 以此证之 | yǐ cǐ zhèng zhī | prove it with this | Classical pronoun; = 它/他/她 |
| 64 | 不以…为意 not take seriously | S + 不以 + N + 为意 | 他对批评不以为意。 | Tā duì pīpíng bùyǐwéiyì. | He doesn't take criticism seriously. | 4-char idiom; dismissive attitude |
| 65 | 不以为然 disagree/disapprove | S + 不以为然 | 他对这一观点不以为然。 | Tā duì zhè yī guāndiǎn bùyǐwéirán. | He disapproves of this viewpoint. | 4-char; polite intellectual disagreement |
| 66 | 一如既往 as always/as before | S + 一如既往 + V | 他一如既往地努力工作。 | Tā yīrújìwǎng de nǔlì gōngzuò. | He works as hard as always. | 4-char; consistency over time |
| 67 | 与日俱增 grow with each passing day | S + 与日俱增 | 他的影响力与日俱增。 | Tā de yǐngxiǎnglì yǔ rì jù zēng. | His influence grows with each passing day. | 4-char; sustained increase |
| 68 | 不容置疑 beyond doubt | S + 不容置疑 | 这一事实不容置疑。 | Zhè yī shìshí bùróng zhìyí. | This fact is beyond doubt. | 4-char; formal certainty |
| 69 | 毋庸置疑 needless to doubt | 毋庸置疑, S + V | 毋庸置疑，他是最好的。 | Wúyōng zhìyí, tā shì zuì hǎo de. | Needless to say, he is the best. | Formal; stronger than 不容置疑 |