JLPT N2 — Vocabulary (~2,250 new words beyond N3)

Complete N2 vocabulary reference: academic, political, scientific, medical, and social vocabulary. ~2,250 new words beyond N3, organized by theme.

N2 introduces approximately 2,250 new vocabulary items beyond N3 (~6,000 total cumulative). The defining characteristic of N2 vocabulary is its formal, written register — most new words come from newspapers, academic texts, formal correspondence, and broadcast speech. Casual conversational study alone will not cover this vocabulary; deliberate reading and SRS are essential.


1. Academic and Intellectual Vocabulary

The single most important category for N2. These words appear throughout all sections of the exam and are prerequisites for reading academic and news texts.

1.1 Core Intellectual Concepts

Japanese Reading Romaji English POS
概念 がいねん gainen concept; notion; general idea Noun
抽象 ちゅうしょう chuushou abstraction; abstract Noun/Na-adj
論理 ろんり ronri logic; reasoning Noun
仮説 かせつ kasetsu hypothesis; supposition Noun
前提 ぜんてい zentei premise; prerequisite; precondition Noun
推論 すいろん suiron inference; deduction; reasoning Noun
分析 ぶんせき bunseki analysis Noun/Suru
総合 そうごう sougou synthesis; comprehensive; overall Noun/Suru
評価 ひょうか hyouka evaluation; assessment; appraisal Noun/Suru
批判 ひはん hihan criticism; critique Noun/Suru
定義 ていぎ teigi definition Noun/Suru
根拠 こんきょ konkyo basis; grounds; rationale Noun
証明 しょうめい shoumei proof; demonstration Noun/Suru
理論 りろん riron theory Noun
主張 しゅちょう shuchou assertion; claim; insistence Noun/Suru
論文 ろんぶん ronbun thesis; dissertation; academic paper Noun
観点 かんてん kanten viewpoint; standpoint; perspective Noun
見解 けんかい kenkai view; opinion; understanding Noun
解釈 かいしゃく kaishaku interpretation; explanation Noun/Suru
考察 こうさつ kousatsu consideration; analysis; examination Noun/Suru
検討 けんとう kentou examination; investigation; consideration Noun/Suru
検証 けんしょう kenshou verification; inspection Noun/Suru
論証 ろんしょう ronshou demonstration; argumentation Noun/Suru
矛盾 むじゅん mujun contradiction; inconsistency Noun/Suru
合理 ごうり gouri rationality; reason; logic Noun
合理的 ごうりてき gouri-teki rational; reasonable; logical Na-adj
客観 きゃっかん kyakkan objectivity; objective Noun
客観的 きゃっかんてき kyakkan-teki objective; unbiased Na-adj
主観 しゅかん shukan subjectivity; subjective Noun
主観的 しゅかんてき shukan-teki subjective; personal Na-adj
抽象的 ちゅうしょうてき chuushou-teki abstract Na-adj
具体的 ぐたいてき gutai-teki concrete; specific Na-adj
普遍的 ふへんてき fuhen-teki universal; general Na-adj
相対的 そうたいてき soutai-teki relative; comparative Na-adj
絶対的 ぜったいてき zettai-teki absolute; unconditional Na-adj

1.2 Academic Process Words

Japanese Reading Romaji English POS
研究 けんきゅう kenkyuu research; study Noun/Suru
調査 ちょうさ chousa investigation; survey; inquiry Noun/Suru
観察 かんさつ kansatsu observation Noun/Suru
実験 じっけん jikken experiment Noun/Suru
測定 そくてい sokutei measurement; measurement Noun/Suru
記録 きろく kiroku record; documentation Noun/Suru
整理 せいり seiri organization; arrangement; sorting Noun/Suru
まとめる まとめる matomeru to summarize; to compile Verb (v1)
比較 ひかく hikaku comparison Noun/Suru
検討 けんとう kentou examination; review Noun/Suru
考慮 こうりょ kouryo consideration; regard Noun/Suru
判断 はんだん handan judgment; decision Noun/Suru
推測 すいそく suisoku conjecture; guess; supposition Noun/Suru
予測 よそく yosoku prediction; forecast Noun/Suru
結論 けつろん ketsuron conclusion Noun
仮定 かてい katei assumption; supposition Noun/Suru
前置き まえおき maeoki preamble; preface; introduction Noun
引用 いんよう inyou quotation; citation Noun/Suru
参照 さんしょう sanshou reference; consultation Noun/Suru
概要 がいよう gaiyou outline; summary; overview Noun
要約 ようやく youyaku summary; abstract Noun/Suru
抽出 ちゅうしゅつ chuushutsu extraction; sampling Noun/Suru
分類 ぶんるい bunrui classification; categorization Noun/Suru
体系 たいけい taikei system; organization; framework Noun
枠組み わくぐみ wakugumi framework; structure Noun

2.1 Government and Politics

Japanese Reading Romaji English POS
議会 ぎかい gikai parliament; congress; assembly Noun
国会 こっかい kokkai Diet; National Assembly (Japan) Noun
内閣 ないかく naikaku cabinet (government) Noun
首相 しゅしょう shushou prime minister Noun
大臣 だいじん daijin minister; cabinet member Noun
政策 せいさく seisaku policy; measure Noun
制度 せいど seido system; institution; regime Noun
法律 ほうりつ houritsu law; statute Noun
条約 じょうやく jouyaku treaty; pact; convention Noun
憲法 けんぽう kenpou constitution Noun
条例 じょうれい jourei ordinance; bylaw Noun
規制 きせい kisei regulation; restriction; control Noun/Suru
規則 きそく kisoku rule; regulation Noun
基準 きじゅん kijun standard; criterion; basis Noun
原則 げんそく gensoku principle; rule; general rule Noun
方針 ほうしん houshin policy; direction; guideline Noun
投票 とうひょう touhyou vote; ballot Noun/Suru
選挙 せんきょ senkyo election Noun/Suru
民主主義 みんしゅしゅぎ minshu-shugi democracy Noun
独裁 どくさい dokusai dictatorship; despotism Noun
与党 よとう yotou ruling party; party in power Noun
野党 やとう yatou opposition party Noun
議員 ぎいん giin member of parliament/congress Noun
行政 ぎょうせい gyousei administration; government Noun
立法 りっぽう rippou legislation; lawmaking Noun
司法 しほう shihou justice; judiciary Noun
外交 がいこう gaikou diplomacy; foreign relations Noun

2.2 Rights, Law, and Justice

Japanese Reading Romaji English POS
権利 けんり kenri right; privilege Noun
義務 ぎむ gimu duty; obligation Noun
責任 せきにん sekinin responsibility; liability Noun
裁判 さいばん saiban trial; judgment; court Noun/Suru
判決 はんけつ hanketsu judgment; verdict; decision Noun
訴訟 そしょう soshou lawsuit; litigation Noun
犯罪 はんざい hanzai crime; offense Noun
被告 ひこく hikoku defendant; accused Noun
原告 げんこく genkoku plaintiff; complainant Noun
弁護士 べんごし bengoshi lawyer; attorney Noun
証拠 しょうこ shouko evidence; proof Noun
刑罰 けいばつ keibatsu punishment; penalty Noun
逮捕 たいほ taiho arrest Noun/Suru
釈放 しゃくほう shakuhou release; liberation Noun/Suru
禁止 きんし kinshi prohibition; ban Noun/Suru
許可 きょか kyoka permission; approval Noun/Suru
承認 しょうにん shounin approval; recognition; acknowledgment Noun/Suru
拒否 きょひ kyohi refusal; rejection Noun/Suru
廃止 はいし haishi abolition; repeal Noun/Suru
改正 かいせい kaisei revision; amendment Noun/Suru

3. Economic and Business Vocabulary

3.1 Economics

Japanese Reading Romaji English POS
経済 けいざい keizai economy; economics Noun
財政 ざいせい zaisei finance; fiscal policy; budget Noun
市場 しじょう shijou market Noun
競争 きょうそう kyousou competition; contest Noun/Suru
税金 ぜいきん zeikin tax Noun
課税 かぜい kazei taxation; impost Noun/Suru
投資 とうし toushi investment Noun/Suru
利益 りえき rieki profit; benefit; gain Noun
損失 そんしつ sonshitsu loss; damage Noun
資本 しほん shihon capital; funds Noun
資産 しさん shisan assets; property Noun
負債 ふさい fusai debt; liabilities Noun
消費 しょうひ shouhi consumption; spending Noun/Suru
生産 せいさん seisan production; manufacture Noun/Suru
輸出 ゆしゅつ yushutsu export Noun/Suru
輸入 ゆにゅう yunyuu import Noun/Suru
貿易 ぼうえき boueki trade; commerce Noun/Suru
物価 ぶっか bukka prices; commodity prices Noun
インフレ インフレ infure inflation Noun
デフレ デフレ defure deflation Noun
景気 けいき keiki business conditions; economic climate Noun
不況 ふきょう fukyou recession; depression; slump Noun
好況 こうきょう koukyou boom; prosperity Noun
格差 かくさ kakusa disparity; gap; inequality Noun
雇用 こよう koyou employment; hiring Noun/Suru

3.2 Business and Corporate

Japanese Reading Romaji English POS
企業 きぎょう kigyou company; enterprise; corporation Noun
経営 けいえい keiei management; administration Noun/Suru
株式 かぶしき kabushiki stock; shares Noun
契約 けいやく keiyaku contract; agreement Noun/Suru
交渉 こうしょう koushou negotiation Noun/Suru
取引 とりひき torihiki transaction; deal; business Noun/Suru
売上 うりあげ uriage sales; turnover Noun
予算 よさん yosan budget; estimate Noun
決算 けっさん kessan settlement of accounts; closing Noun/Suru
請求 せいきゅう seikyuu demand; claim; billing Noun/Suru
報告 ほうこく houkoku report; notification Noun/Suru
提案 ていあん teian proposal; suggestion Noun/Suru
承認 しょうにん shounin approval; authorization Noun/Suru
却下 きゃっか kyakka rejection; dismissal Noun/Suru
担当 たんとう tantou being in charge; person in charge Noun/Suru
部署 ぶしょ busho department; section; division Noun
上司 じょうし joushi superior; boss Noun
部下 ぶか buka subordinate; underling Noun
同僚 どうりょう douryou colleague; coworker Noun
出張 しゅっちょう shucchou business trip Noun/Suru

4. Science and Technology Vocabulary

4.1 Science Fundamentals

Japanese Reading Romaji English POS
技術 ぎじゅつ gijutsu technology; technique; skill Noun
開発 かいはつ kaihatsu development; exploitation Noun/Suru
革新 かくしん kakushin innovation; reform; revolution Noun/Suru
実用 じつよう jitsuyou practical use; utility Noun
実用的 じつようてき jitsuyou-teki practical; useful; functional Na-adj
効率 こうりつ kouritsu efficiency; effectiveness Noun
効率的 こうりつてき kouritsu-teki efficient; effective Na-adj
精度 せいど seido accuracy; precision Noun
測定 そくてい sokutei measurement; survey Noun/Suru
分解 ぶんかい bunkai decomposition; breakdown; analysis Noun/Suru
合成 ごうせい gousei synthesis; composition; combining Noun/Suru
反応 はんのう hannou reaction; response Noun/Suru
化学 かがく kagaku chemistry; chemical Noun
物理 ぶつり butsuri physics; physical Noun
生物 せいぶつ seibutsu living thing; organism; biology Noun
物質 ぶっしつ busshitsu substance; matter; material Noun
成分 せいぶん seibun ingredient; component; constituent Noun
構造 こうぞう kouzou structure; organization; construction Noun
機能 きのう kinou function; capability Noun/Suru
性質 せいしつ seishitsu nature; property; character Noun
特性 とくせい tokusei characteristic; special quality Noun
原理 げんり genri principle; theory; fundamental Noun
法則 ほうそく housoku law; rule; principle Noun
現象 げんしょう genshou phenomenon; occurrence Noun
影響 えいきょう eikyou influence; effect; impact Noun/Suru

4.2 Technology and Digital

Japanese Reading Romaji English POS
情報 じょうほう jouhou information; data Noun
通信 つうしん tsuushin communication; transmission Noun/Suru
ネットワーク ネットワーク nettowāku network Noun
システム システム shisutemu system Noun
機械 きかい kikai machine; machinery; mechanism Noun
装置 そうち souchi device; apparatus; equipment Noun
設備 せつび setsubi equipment; installation; facilities Noun
操作 そうさ sousa operation; handling; manipulation Noun/Suru
制御 せいぎょ seigyo control; regulation Noun/Suru
自動化 じどうか jidouka automation Noun/Suru
人工知能 じんこうちのう jinkou-chinou artificial intelligence; AI Noun
処理 しょり shori processing; treatment; handling Noun/Suru
記憶 きおく kioku memory; recollection; storage Noun/Suru
検索 けんさく kensaku search; retrieval Noun/Suru
データ データ dēta data Noun
プログラム プログラム puroguramu program Noun
ソフトウェア ソフトウェア sofutouea software Noun

5. Medical and Health Vocabulary

5.1 Medical Terms

Japanese Reading Romaji English POS
症状 しょうじょう shoujou symptom Noun
診断 しんだん shindan diagnosis Noun/Suru
治療 ちりょう chiryou treatment; therapy; cure Noun/Suru
予防 よぼう yobou prevention; precaution Noun/Suru
免疫 めんえき men'eki immunity; immune system Noun
遺伝 いでん iden heredity; genetics; inheritance Noun/Suru
細胞 さいぼう saibou cell (biology) Noun
栄養 えいよう eiyou nutrition; nourishment Noun
感染 かんせん kansen infection; contagion Noun/Suru
発症 はっしょう hasshou onset of disease; development of symptoms Noun/Suru
回復 かいふく kaifuku recovery; recuperation Noun/Suru
悪化 あっか akka worsening; deterioration Noun/Suru
慢性 まんせい mansei chronic (disease/condition) Noun/Na-adj
急性 きゅうせい kyuusei acute (disease/condition) Noun/Na-adj
合併症 がっぺいしょう gappei-shou complication; concurrent disease Noun
副作用 ふくさよう fuku-sayou side effect Noun
投薬 とうやく touyaku medication; dispensing medicine Noun/Suru
手術 しゅじゅつ shujutsu surgery; operation Noun/Suru
入院 にゅういん nyuuin hospitalization Noun/Suru
退院 たいいん taiin discharge from hospital Noun/Suru
外来 がいらい gairai outpatient; coming from outside Noun
内科 ないか naika internal medicine; internal department Noun
外科 げか geka surgery; surgical department Noun
看護 かんご kango nursing; care Noun/Suru

5.2 Biology and Body Science

Japanese Reading Romaji English POS
臓器 ぞうき zouki organ (body organ) Noun
組織 そしき soshiki tissue; organization Noun
神経 しんけい shinkei nerve; nerves Noun
血液 けつえき ketsueki blood Noun
のう nou brain Noun
心臓 しんぞう shinzou heart Noun
はい hai lungs Noun
肝臓 かんぞう kanzou liver Noun
腎臓 じんぞう jinzou kidney Noun
骨格 こっかく kokkaku skeleton; frame Noun
筋肉 きんにく kinniku muscle Noun
ホルモン ホルモン horumon hormone Noun
タンパク質 タンパクしつ tanpaku-shitsu protein Noun
脂肪 しぼう shibou fat; grease Noun
炭水化物 たんすいかぶつ tansui-kabutsu carbohydrate Noun

6. Social Sciences Vocabulary

6.1 Society and Social Issues

Japanese Reading Romaji English POS
調査 ちょうさ chousa survey; investigation; inquiry Noun/Suru
統計 とうけい toukei statistics; statistical data Noun
傾向 けいこう keikou tendency; trend; inclination Noun
格差 かくさ kakusa disparity; gap; inequality Noun
貧困 ひんこん hinkon poverty; destitution Noun
福祉 ふくし fukushi welfare; well-being Noun
差別 さべつ sabetsu discrimination; distinction Noun/Suru
平等 びょうどう byoudou equality; impartiality Noun/Na-adj
不平等 ふびょうどう fubyoudou inequality; unfairness Noun/Na-adj
人権 じんけん jinken human rights Noun
少子化 しょうしか shoushika declining birthrate Noun/Suru
高齢化 こうれいか koureika aging (of society) Noun/Suru
過疎 かそ kaso depopulation; underpopulation Noun
過密 かみつ kamitsu overcrowding; overpopulation Noun
移民 いみん imin immigration; immigrant; emigrant Noun/Suru
難民 なんみん nanmin refugee Noun
孤立 こりつ koritsu isolation; solitude Noun/Suru
連帯 れんたい rentai solidarity; joint; collective Noun/Suru
協力 きょうりょく kyouryoku cooperation; collaboration Noun/Suru
摩擦 まさつ masatsu friction; discord Noun
対立 たいりつ tairitsu confrontation; antagonism; conflict Noun/Suru
紛争 ふんそう funsou dispute; conflict; trouble Noun/Suru
解決 かいけつ kaiketsu resolution; solution; settlement Noun/Suru

6.2 Education

Japanese Reading Romaji English POS
教育 きょういく kyouiku education Noun/Suru
学力 がくりょく gakuryoku academic ability; scholastic achievement Noun
学習 がくしゅう gakushuu learning; study Noun/Suru
授業 じゅぎょう jugyou class; lesson; instruction Noun
カリキュラム カリキュラム karikyuramu curriculum Noun
指導 しどう shidou guidance; leadership; instruction Noun/Suru
進学 しんがく shingaku going on to higher education Noun/Suru
就職 しゅうしょく shuushoku finding employment; getting a job Noun/Suru
生涯 しょうがい shougai one's life; lifetime Noun
生涯学習 しょうがいがくしゅう shougai-gakushuu lifelong learning Noun

7. Environment and Geography

Japanese Reading Romaji English POS
環境 かんきょう kankyou environment; surroundings Noun
汚染 おせん osen pollution; contamination Noun/Suru
排出 はいしゅつ haishutsu emission; discharge Noun/Suru
廃棄物 はいきぶつ haiki-butsu waste; waste material Noun
リサイクル リサイクル risaikuru recycling Noun/Suru
再生 さいせい saisei regeneration; recycling; reproduction Noun/Suru
省エネ しょうエネ shou-ene energy conservation Noun
温暖化 おんだんか ondanka global warming Noun/Suru
気候変動 きこうへんどう kikou-hendou climate change Noun
生態系 せいたいけい seitai-kei ecosystem Noun
自然 しぜん shizen nature Noun
地域 ちいき chiiki region; district; area Noun
国際 こくさい kokusai international Noun/Adj
地球 ちきゅう chikyuu earth; globe Noun
資源 しげん shigen resources; resources Noun
枯渇 こかつ kokatsu exhaustion; depletion Noun/Suru
再生可能 さいせいかのう saisei-kanou renewable Adj

8. Culture, Arts, and Media

Japanese Reading Romaji English POS
文化 ぶんか bunka culture; civilization Noun
伝統 でんとう dentou tradition; convention Noun
継承 けいしょう keishou succession; inheritance; passing on Noun/Suru
普及 ふきゅう fukyuu spread; popularization; diffusion Noun/Suru
表現 ひょうげん hyougen expression; representation Noun/Suru
描写 びょうしゃ byousha depiction; description; portrayal Noun/Suru
象徴 しょうちょう shouchou symbol; emblem; representation Noun/Suru
比喩 ひゆ hiyu metaphor; figure of speech Noun
寓話 ぐうわ guuwa fable; allegory; parable Noun
著作権 ちょさくけん chosaku-ken copyright Noun
報道 ほうどう houdou reporting; news coverage Noun/Suru
メディア メディア media media Noun
世論 せろん/よろん seron/yoron public opinion Noun
批評 ひひょう hihyou criticism; review; critique Noun/Suru
審査 しんさ shinsa judging; screening; review Noun/Suru
展覧会 てんらんかい tenrankai exhibition; art show Noun

9. Formal and Written Language Vocabulary

These words appear primarily in formal writing and are critical for N2 reading sections.

9.1 Connective and Discourse Words

Japanese Reading Romaji English POS
一方 いっぽう ippou on the other hand; meanwhile Conj/Noun
一方で いっぽうで ippou de while; on the other hand Conj
他方 たほう tahou on the other hand; the other side Conj/Noun
したがって したがって shitagatte therefore; consequently; hence Conj
それゆえ それゆえ soreyue therefore; for that reason Conj
ゆえに ゆえに yueni therefore; accordingly; hence Conj
すなわち すなわち sunawachi namely; that is; in other words Conj
つまり つまり tsumari in short; in other words Conj
いわば いわば iwaba so to speak; as it were Adv
むしろ むしろ mushiro rather; instead; preferably Adv
かえって かえって kaette on the contrary; all the more Adv
もっとも もっとも mottomo however; but; though Conj
ただし ただし tadashi however; provided that; but Conj
なお なお nao furthermore; in addition; still; yet Conj/Adv
さらに さらに sara ni furthermore; additionally; even more Conj/Adv
また また mata also; again; besides Conj
ならびに ならびに narabi ni and; as well as (formal) Conj
および および oyobi and; as well as (formal) Conj
あるいは あるいは arui wa or; either; maybe Conj
もしくは もしくは moshikuwa or; otherwise (formal) Conj

9.2 Formal Adverbs and Modifiers

Japanese Reading Romaji English POS
あくまで(も) あくまで(も) akumade(mo) to the end; stubbornly; strictly speaking Adv
決して けっして kesshite never; by no means; not at all Adv
必ずしも かならずしも kanarazu shimo not necessarily; not always Adv
概して おおむね oomune generally; on the whole; in general Adv
概ね おおむね oomune generally; mostly; largely Adv
総じて そうじて soujite on the whole; in general; generally Adv
一般に いっぱんに ippan ni generally; in general Adv
主に おもに omo ni mainly; chiefly; primarily Adv
特に とくに toku ni especially; particularly; in particular Adv
著しく いちじるしく ichijirushiku remarkably; noticeably; significantly Adv
急速に きゅうそくに kyuusoku ni rapidly; swiftly Adv
徐々に じょじょに jojo ni gradually; slowly; little by little Adv
次第に しだいに shidai ni gradually; in order; by degrees Adv
相互に そうごに sougo ni mutually; reciprocally Adv
互いに たがいに tagai ni mutually; each other; one another Adv
一致して いっちして icchi shite unanimously; in agreement Adv

9.3 Abstract Formal Nouns

Japanese Reading Romaji English POS
観点 かんてん kanten viewpoint; perspective; standpoint Noun
立場 たちば tachiba standpoint; position; circumstances Noun
役割 やくわり yakuwari role; part; function Noun
側面 そくめん sokumen side; aspect; facet Noun
様相 ようそう yousou aspect; phase; appearance Noun
実態 じったい jittai actual condition; real situation Noun
背景 はいけい haikei background; backdrop; context Noun
経緯 けいい/いきさつ keii/ikisatsu circumstances; background; details Noun
過程 かてい katei process; course; progress Noun
段階 だんかい dankai stage; phase; step Noun
局面 きょくめん kyokumen situation; phase; aspect Noun
動向 どうこう doukou trend; movement; tendency Noun
展望 てんぼう tenbou prospect; outlook; view Noun
課題 かだい kadai task; challenge; assignment; issue Noun
問題点 もんだいてん mondai-ten problem point; issue Noun
要因 よういん youin factor; cause; element Noun
原因 げんいん gen'in cause; origin; source Noun
結果 けっか kekka result; outcome; consequence Noun
影響 えいきょう eikyou influence; effect; impact Noun/Suru

10. Key Verbs at N2 Level

10.1 High-frequency formal verbs

Japanese Reading Romaji English Type
反映する はんえいする han'ei suru to reflect; to mirror Suru
促す うながす unagasu to urge; to promote; to encourage v5
妨げる さまたげる samatageru to obstruct; to hinder v1
伴う ともなう tomonau to accompany; to involve v5
踏まえる ふまえる fumaeru to take into account; to base on v1
維持する いじする iji suru to maintain; to keep up Suru
実施する じっしする jisshi suru to implement; to carry out Suru
超える こえる koeru to exceed; to go beyond; to cross v1
達する たっする tassuru to reach; to attain; to achieve Suru
及ぶ およぶ oyobu to reach; to extend; to affect v5
生じる しょうじる shoujiru to arise; to occur; to result in v1
生ずる しょうずる shouzuru to arise; to occur (literary form) Suru
左右する さゆうする sayuu suru to influence; to affect; to control Suru
担う になう ninau to bear; to shoulder; to carry v5
果たす はたす hatasu to carry out; to fulfill; to accomplish v5
示す しめす shimesu to show; to indicate; to demonstrate v5
表す あらわす arawasu to express; to represent; to show v5
捉える とらえる toraeru to catch; to grasp; to understand v1
把握する はあくする haaku suru to grasp; to understand; to comprehend Suru
整える ととのえる totonoeru to arrange; to put in order; to prepare v1
補う おぎなう oginau to supplement; to compensate for v5
阻む はばむ habamu to block; to hinder; to obstruct v5
避ける さける sakeru to avoid; to dodge; to shun v1
招く まねく maneku to invite; to beckon; to cause v5
恵まれる めぐまれる megumareru to be blessed with; to be gifted v1
恐れる おそれる osoreru to fear; to be afraid of v1
優れる すぐれる sugureru to surpass; to excel; to be superior v1
劣る おとる otoru to be inferior; to be less good v5
乗り越える のりこえる nori-koeru to overcome; to surmount; to get over v1
追求する ついきゅうする tsuikyuu suru to pursue; to seek after Suru
把握する はあくする haaku suru to grasp; to comprehend Suru

10.2 Verbs of change and transformation

Japanese Reading Romaji English Type
変化する へんかする henka suru to change; to vary Suru
変動する へんどうする hendou suru to fluctuate; to vary; to change Suru
転換する てんかんする tenkan suru to convert; to switch; to change course Suru
移行する いこうする ikou suru to transition; to migrate; to shift Suru
向上する こうじょうする koujou suru to improve; to advance; to rise Suru
低下する ていかする teika suru to decline; to fall; to deteriorate Suru
増加する ぞうかする zouka suru to increase; to grow; to multiply Suru
減少する げんしょうする genshou suru to decrease; to diminish; to decline Suru
拡大する かくだいする kakudai suru to expand; to enlarge; to magnify Suru
縮小する しゅくしょうする shukushou suru to reduce; to downsize; to scale back Suru

11. N2 Adjectives and Descriptors

11.1 I-adjectives

Japanese Reading Romaji English
著しい いちじるしい ichijirushii remarkable; conspicuous; marked
激しい はげしい hageshii fierce; violent; intense; strong
厳しい きびしい kibishii strict; severe; harsh; stern
乏しい とぼしい toboshii scarce; meager; lacking
乱暴な らんぼうな ranbou na rough; violent; rude
巧みな たくみな takumi na skillful; clever; ingenious
苦しい くるしい kurushii painful; hard; difficult; agonizing
悔しい くやしい kuyashii regrettable; vexing; frustrating
惜しい おしい oshii regrettable; wasteful; too good
細かい こまかい komakai fine; minute; detailed; precise
鋭い するどい surudoi sharp; acute; keen; shrewd
鈍い にぶい nibui dull; blunt; slow; dim
怪しい あやしい ayashii suspicious; dubious; strange
惨い むごい mugoi cruel; brutal; merciless

11.2 Na-adjectives (formal register)

Japanese Reading Romaji English
深刻 しんこく shinkoku serious; grave; severe
重大 じゅうだい juudai serious; important; grave
重要 じゅうよう juuyou important; significant
不可欠 ふかけつ fukaketsu indispensable; essential
有効 ゆうこう yuukou valid; effective; useful
適切 てきせつ tekisetsu appropriate; suitable; proper
不適切 ふてきせつ futekisetsu inappropriate; improper; unsuitable
適正 てきせい tekisei proper; just; reasonable
公正 こうせい kousei fair; just; impartial
公平 こうへい kouhei fair; impartial; equal
正確 せいかく seikaku accurate; exact; correct
不正確 ふせいかく fuseikaku inaccurate; imprecise
明確 めいかく meikaku clear; definite; distinct
曖昧 あいまい aimai vague; ambiguous; unclear
複雑 ふくざつ fukuzatsu complex; complicated
単純 たんじゅん tanjun simple; plain; uncomplicated
多様 たよう tayou diverse; varied; various
均一 きんいつ kin'itsu uniform; equal; homogeneous
独自 どくじ dokuji original; unique; one's own
柔軟 じゅうなん juunan flexible; supple; adaptable
固定 こてい kotei fixed; established; stationary

12. Study Notes for N2 Vocabulary

Priority tiers

Tier 1 — Exam critical (memorize first): Abstract nouns in sections 1, 6, and 9 — these appear in every exam section. Formal conjunctions (section 9.1) are tested in grammar and enable reading comprehension.

Tier 2 — High value (second priority): Political/legal (section 2), economic (section 3), formal verbs (section 10). These appear in reading passages and determine score on passage comprehension.

Tier 3 — Domain-specific (study by domain): Medical (5), science (4), environment (7). Study the domain you encounter in reading passages; don't memorize all at once.

Most commonly confused N2 word pairs

Pair Confusion point
概念 vs. 概要 gainen (concept/notion) vs. gaiyou (outline/overview)
傾向 vs. 動向 keikou (tendency/trend) vs. doukou (movement/trend)
検討 vs. 検証 kentou (consideration) vs. kenshou (verification)
根拠 vs. 証拠 konkyo (grounds/basis) vs. shouko (evidence/proof)
規制 vs. 規則 kisei (regulation/restriction) vs. kisoku (rules)
格差 vs. 差別 kakusa (disparity/gap) vs. sabetsu (discrimination)
制度 vs. 体制 seido (system/institution) vs. taisei (system/regime)
立場 vs. 観点 tachiba (standpoint/position) vs. kanten (viewpoint)