#vocabulary
故事 (gùshi) — story
故事 (gùshi) 故事 refers to a story or tale, whether fictional or true, short or long, told aloud or written down. Meanings [noun] story; tale; narrative [noun] plot (of a book or film) Example Sentences 爷爷每晚给我讲故事。 Yéye měi wǎn gěi wǒ jiǎng gùshi. Grandpa tells me a story every night. 这个故事很有趣，我很喜欢。 Zhège gùshi hěn yǒuqù, wǒ hěn xǐhuān. This story is very interesting; I like it a lot. 她把自己的故事写成了一本书。 Tā...
博弈 (bóyì) — game (theory), strategic contest
博弈 (bóyì) 博弈 originally referred to board games like chess and Go, but in modern Chinese it is widely used metaphorically to describe any strategic contest, competition, or interaction where multiple parties make calculated decisions in pursuit of their interests. Meanings [noun] strategic game, contest, game-theoretic interaction [verb] to engage in strategic competition, to play a game of competing interests Example Sentences 中美之间的贸易博弈正在深刻影响全球经济格局。 Zhōng-Měi zhī jiān de màoyì bóyì zhèngzài...
品牌 (pǐnpái) — brand
品牌 (pǐnpái) 品牌 refers to a brand -- the name, image, and identity associated with a product or company -- and is a key term in business, marketing, and consumer culture. Meanings [noun] brand; brand name; trademark identity Example Sentences 苹果是全球最具价值的品牌之一。 Píngguǒ shì quánqiú zuì jù jiàzhí de pǐnpái zhī yī. Apple is one of the most valuable brands in the world. 建立一个强大的品牌需要多年的努力。 Jiànlì yī gè qiángdà de pǐnpái xūyào...
相反 (xiāngfǎn) — opposite; contrary; on the contrary
相反 (xiāngfǎn) 相反 means "opposite" or "contrary." As an adjective it describes two things that are diametrically opposed. As an adverb (often 相反地 or as a sentence connector), it introduces a statement that is the reverse of what was just said — similar to English "on the contrary." Meanings [adjective] Opposite; contrary; reverse — describes two things that point in opposite directions. [adverb] On the contrary; instead — introduces a...
您好 (nín hǎo) — hello (formal/respectful)
您好 (nín hǎo) 您好 is the formal and respectful version of 你好. It is used when greeting elders, teachers, bosses, clients, or anyone to whom you wish to show deference. Meanings [phrase] Hello (formal/respectful). A polite greeting used toward people of higher status or those deserving respect. Example Sentences 王老师，您好！ Wáng lǎoshī, nín hǎo! Hello, Teacher Wang! 您好，我可以帮您吗？ Nín hǎo, wǒ kěyǐ bāng nín ma? Hello, may I help you?...
间接 (jiànjiē) — indirect; roundabout
间接 (jiànjiē) 间接 means "indirect" or "roundabout" and describes something that does not happen directly but through an intermediate step or agent. Meanings [adjective] indirect; not direct; roundabout Example Sentences 他间接地表达了自己的不满。 Tā jiànjiē de biǎodá le zìjǐ de bùmǎn. He expressed his dissatisfaction indirectly. 污染对健康的间接影响不可忽视。 Wūrǎn duì jiànkāng de jiànjiē yǐngxiǎng bù kě hūshì. The indirect effects of pollution on health cannot be ignored. 他们通过间接渠道获取了信息。 Tāmen tōngguò jiànjiē qúdào huòqǔ...
严峻 (yánjùn) — severe; grim; stern
严峻 (yánjùn) 严峻 describes situations, conditions, or expressions that are severe, grim, or daunting, often used when discussing challenging circumstances that require serious attention. Meanings [adjective] severe; grim; daunting (describing a difficult situation or challenge) [adjective] stern; grave (describing a serious expression or demeanor) Example Sentences 当前全球经济面临严峻挑战，各国政府纷纷采取应对措施。 Dāngqián quánqiú jīngjì miànlín yánjùn tiǎozhàn, gè guó zhèngfǔ fēnfēn cǎiqǔ yìngduì cuòshī. The global economy currently faces severe challenges, and governments around...
权利 (quánlì) — right, entitlement
权利 (quánlì) A legal or moral entitlement that an individual or group possesses -- the right to do something or to be treated in a certain way, as guaranteed by law or ethics. Meanings [noun] right, entitlement, legal right Example Sentences 每个公民都有接受教育的基本权利。 Měi gè gōngmín dōu yǒu jiēshòu jiàoyù de jīběn quánlì. Every citizen has the basic right to receive education. 法律明确保障了劳动者的合法权利。 Fǎlǜ míngquè bǎozhàngle láodòngzhě de héfǎ quánlì. The...
危机 (wēijī) — crisis
危机 (wēijī) 危机 refers to a critical, unstable situation of serious danger or difficulty that demands urgent attention and decisive action, often representing a turning point. Meanings [noun] crisis (a dangerous or critical turning point situation) Example Sentences 2008年的全球金融危机导致许多国家经济陷入衰退。 Èr líng líng bā nián de quánqiú jīnróng wēijī dǎozhì xǔduō guójiā jīngjì xiàn rù shuāituì. The 2008 global financial crisis caused many countries' economies to fall into recession. 面对危机，领导者的决策能力和应对速度至关重要。 Miànduì...
平均 (píngjūn) — average; equal; per capita
平均 (píngjūn) 平均 refers to an equal distribution or the mathematical average of a set of values. Meanings [adj/noun/verb] average; equal; per capita; to distribute evenly; the mean Example Sentences 这个班同学的平均年龄是十七岁。 Zhège bān tóngxué de píngjūn niánlíng shì shíqī suì. The average age of students in this class is seventeen. 我每天平均睡七个小时。 Wǒ měitiān píngjūn shuì qī gè xiǎoshí. I sleep an average of seven hours every day. 把这些苹果平均分给大家。 Bǎ zhèxiē...
期待 (qīdài) — to look forward to; to expect
期待 (qīdài) 期待 expresses the feeling of eagerly waiting and hoping for something to happen. Meanings [verb/noun] to look forward to; to expect with hope; eager anticipation Example Sentences 我非常期待这次旅行。 Wǒ fēicháng qīdài zhè cì lǚxíng. I am really looking forward to this trip. 大家都在期待他的新专辑。 Dàjiā dōu zài qīdài tā de xīn zhuānjí. Everyone is looking forward to his new album. 我期待着和你再次见面。 Wǒ qīdài zhe hé nǐ zàicì jiànmiàn. I...
能力 (nénglì) — ability; capability; capacity
能力 (nénglì) 能力 refers to the power, skill, or capacity that enables a person or thing to do or achieve something. Meanings [noun] Ability; capability; capacity; competence. Example Sentences 她有很强的组织能力。 Tā yǒu hěn qiáng de zǔzhī nénglì. She has very strong organizational ability. 提高语言能力需要大量练习。 Tígāo yǔyán nénglì xūyào dàliàng liànxí. Improving language ability requires a great deal of practice. 这个任务超出了他的能力范围。 Zhège rènwù chāochū le tā de nénglì fànwéi. This task...
触动 (chùdòng) — to touch; to move emotionally
触动 (chùdòng) 触动 means to emotionally move or stir someone, or to touch on something sensitive, and sits between the physical act of touching and the deeper sense of being emotionally affected. Meanings [verb] to move (emotionally); to stir; to touch the heart [verb] to touch; to disturb; to impinge on (something sensitive) Example Sentences 这部电影深深触动了我的内心。 Zhè bù diànyǐng shēnshēn chùdòng le wǒ de nèixīn. This film deeply moved my...
匮乏 (kuìfá) — scarce, lacking, deprived
匮乏 (kuìfá) 匮乏 describes a state of serious insufficiency or shortage, suggesting that something essential is severely lacking and the shortage is causing hardship. Meanings [adjective] scarce, lacking, deprived, impoverished (in a specific resource) [verb] to be short of, to lack severely Example Sentences 战后，整个地区物资极为匮乏，居民生活十分艰苦。 Zhàn hòu, zhěnggè dìqū wùzī jí wéi kuìfá, jūmín shēnghuó shífēn jiānkǔ. After the war, the entire region was extremely short of supplies and residents'...
广告 (guǎnggào) — advertisement; commercial; ad
广告 (guǎnggào) 广告 refers to any form of advertisement, whether on television, the internet, billboards, or in print. Meanings [noun] advertisement; commercial; ad — a public notice or media spot designed to promote something Example Sentences 这个广告很有意思。 Zhège guǎnggào hěn yǒu yìsi. This advertisement is very interesting. 我在网上看到了一个广告。 Wǒ zài wǎngshàng kàndào le yī gè guǎnggào. I saw an advertisement online. 这家公司花了很多钱做广告。 Zhè jiā gōngsī huā le hěn duō qián...
作用 (zuòyòng) — Function / effect / role
作用 (zuòyòng) 作用 refers to the function, effect, or role that something has — what it does or how it influences something else. Meanings [noun] function, effect, role, action (what something does or contributes) Example Sentences 睡眠对健康有很重要的作用。 Shuìmián duì jiànkāng yǒu hěn zhòngyào de zuòyòng. Sleep plays a very important role in health. 这种药对感冒有很好的作用。 Zhè zhǒng yào duì gǎnmào yǒu hěn hǎo de zuòyòng. This medicine has a good effect...
施治 (shīzhì) — to treat, administer treatment
施治 (shīzhì) 施治 is a formal, literary verb meaning to administer or apply treatment to a patient. It carries a higher register than everyday terms like 治疗 and is commonly found in clinical documentation, traditional Chinese medicine texts, and academic medical writing. The term implies a deliberate, methodical application of therapeutic measures by a qualified practitioner. Meanings verb to treat; to administer medical treatment or therapy Example Sentences 医师须依据循证医学原则，对患者因病施治，不可滥用药物。 Yīshī...
往 (wǎng) — toward / in the direction of
往 (wǎng) 往 is a preposition meaning toward or in the direction of. It indicates the direction in which movement or action proceeds. It often precedes directional words like 前 (forward), 后 (backward), 左 (left), 右 (right), and 上 (up). Compare with 向 (xiàng), which is very similar but slightly more formal. Meanings [preposition] Toward; in the direction of; going to. Example Sentences 往前走一百米就到了。 Wǎng qián zǒu yībǎi mǐ jiù...
形式 (xíngshì) — form; format; formality
形式 (xíngshì) 形式 refers to the form, format, or structure of something, as opposed to its content or substance. It can also mean "formality" when something is done for appearance rather than substance. Meanings [noun] form; format; structure; shape [noun] formality; outward appearance (as opposed to substance) Example Sentences 这次活动的形式很新颖，吸引了很多人。 Zhè cì huódòng de xíngshì hěn xīnyǐng, xīyǐnle hěn duō rén. The format of this event was very novel and...
评论 (pínglùn) — to comment; commentary
评论 (pínglùn) 评论 encompasses the act of commenting, critiquing, or reviewing something, as well as the resulting commentary itself, spanning from social media comments to professional critical analysis. Meanings [verb] to comment on; to critique; to review [noun] commentary; comment; review; critique Example Sentences 这篇影评引发了网友的热烈评论。 Zhè piān yǐngpíng yǐnfā le wǎngyǒu de rèliè pínglùn. This film review sparked lively comments from internet users. 他对这本书做了一篇深刻的评论。 Tā duì zhè běn shū zuò...
引导 (yǐndǎo) — to guide; to lead; to direct
引导 (yǐndǎo) To guide or lead means to help direct someone's thinking, behavior, or movement toward a particular goal or along a particular path. Meanings [verb] to guide; to lead; to direct; to steer; to channel (people, thinking, or development) Example Sentences 老师善于引导学生独立思考，而不是直接给出答案。 Lǎoshī shànyú yǐndǎo xuéshēng dúlì sīkǎo, ér bù shì zhíjiē gěi chū dá'àn. The teacher is good at guiding students to think independently rather than giving answers...
热 (rè) — hot
热 (rè) An adjective meaning "hot" in temperature, whether describing weather, food, beverages, or how a person feels. Its antonym is 冷 (lěng), meaning "cold." Meanings [adjective] Hot (in temperature, for weather, objects, or feelings of heat). Example Sentences 今天天气很热。 Jīntiān tiānqì hěn rè. The weather today is very hot. 这碗汤很热，小心别烫到。 Zhè wǎn tāng hěn rè, xiǎoxīn bié tàng dào. This bowl of soup is very hot, be careful not...
论坛 (lùntán) — forum
论坛 (lùntán) 论坛 refers to any organized platform for discussion and debate, from high-level international conferences to internet message boards, making it one of the most versatile nouns in modern Chinese. Meanings [noun] forum; symposium (physical gathering for discussion) [noun] online forum; discussion board (internet context) Example Sentences 世界经济论坛每年在达沃斯举行。 Shìjiè jīngjì lùntán měi nián zài Dáwòsī jǔxíng. The World Economic Forum is held annually in Davos. 他在国际学术论坛上发表了重要演讲。 Tā zài guójì...
题目 (títu) — title / topic / question
题目 (títu) 题目 covers the title of an essay, book, or speech, the topic or subject of a discussion, and an exam or exercise question. It is closely related to 题 (tí) alone, but 题目 is the full form used in most formal and everyday contexts. Meanings [noun] Title; heading (of an essay, article, or work). [noun] Topic; subject (of a speech or discussion). [noun] Question; exercise problem (in a...
智慧 (zhìhuì) — wisdom
智慧 (zhìhuì) 智慧 refers to wisdom — the highest synthesis of knowledge, experience, and moral insight that enables sound judgment and deep understanding. It transcends mere intelligence (聪明) or knowledge (知识) and carries philosophical and spiritual resonance across Confucian, Buddhist, and Daoist traditions. Meanings [n] wisdom (profound insight combined with sound moral judgment) [n] intelligence, ingenuity (in more practical contexts, creative problem-solving) Example Sentences 真正的智慧不在于博闻强记，而在于能够在复杂情境中做出正确的判断。 Zhēnzhèng de zhìhuì bù zàiyú...
智能化 (zhìnénghuà) — intelligentization, to make smart
智能化 (zhìnénghuà) The transformation of systems, devices, or processes through the integration of artificial intelligence and smart technology -- making them capable of autonomous decision-making and learning. Meanings [verb] to make smart/intelligent, to automate with AI [noun] intelligentization, smart transformation Example Sentences 工厂正在推进生产流程的智能化改造。 Gōngchǎng zhèngzài tuījìn shēngchǎn liúchéng de zhìnénghuà gǎizào. The factory is pushing forward smart transformation of its production processes. 智能化家居让人们的生活更加便捷舒适。 Zhìnénghuà jiājū ràng rénmen de shēnghuó gèngjiā...
竞争 (jìngzhēng) — competition; to compete
竞争 (jìngzhēng) 竞争 refers to the act of competing against others for a limited resource, goal, or position, and is a central concept in economics, business, and social science. Meanings [verb] to compete; to contend [noun] competition; rivalry; contest Example Sentences 全球市场上的竞争越来越激烈，企业压力与日俱增。 Quánqiú shìchǎng shàng de jìngzhēng yuèlái yuè jīliè, qǐyè yālì yǔ rì jù zēng. Competition in the global market is getting fiercer, and pressure on enterprises is growing...
对手 (duìshǒu) — Opponent
对手 (duìshǒu) 对手 refers to an opponent, rival, or competitor in a contest, competition, or conflict. Meanings [noun] opponent; rival; competitor; adversary Example Sentences 他是我见过的最强的对手。 Tā shì wǒ jiànguò de zuì qiáng de duìshǒu. He is the strongest opponent I have ever faced. 了解对手的弱点是赢得比赛的关键。 Liǎojiě duìshǒu de ruòdiǎn shì yíngdé bǐsài de guānjiàn. Understanding your opponent's weaknesses is the key to winning the match. 在商场上，今天的对手可能是明天的合作伙伴。 Zài shāngchǎng shàng, jīntiān de...
没 (méi) — not (past negation), have not
没 (méi) The negation word used for past actions and the verb 有 (to have). 没 is short for 没有 (méiyǒu). It signals that something did not happen or does not exist. Meanings [adverb] Did not. Negates completed past actions. [adverb] Have not, has not. Negates the verb 有 (to have or exist). 没 vs. 不: the critical distinction This is the most important grammar point for 没. Use 没...
据此 (jùcǐ) — based on this; accordingly; on this basis
据此 (jùcǐ) 据此 is a formal connective expression meaning "based on this" or "accordingly," used to introduce a conclusion, decision, or action that is derived from information or conditions mentioned previously. Meanings [discourse marker] based on this; accordingly; on this basis; therefore (drawing a conclusion from the preceding) Example Sentences 调查结果显示该产品存在严重的安全隐患，相关部门据此决定立即召回所有问题产品。 Diàochá jiéguǒ xiǎnshì gāi chǎnpǐn cúnzài yánzhòng de ānquán yǐnhuàn, xiāngguān bùmén jùcǐ juédìng lìjí zhàohuí suǒyǒu wèntí chǎnpǐn....
民主 (mínzhǔ) — democracy; democratic
民主 (mínzhǔ) 民主 means democracy as a political system and democratic as an adjective. In Chinese discourse, it carries both the universally recognized political meaning (rule by the people through elections and representation) and a broader sense of openness and equality in decision-making. It is a core term in political science, history, and social commentary. Meanings [n] democracy (a system of government by the people) [adj] democratic, open, egalitarian (characterized...
号 (hào) — number; day of the month
号 (hào) Used in everyday speech for the day of the month (where formal writing uses 日) and for any kind of sequential number or code such as room numbers, phone numbers, and bus routes; in spoken Chinese, 号 is far more common than 日 for dates. Meanings [noun] Day of the month (spoken: 五月三十号 = May 30th). [noun] Number, code, serial number (房间号 = room number; 手机号 = phone...
事故 (shìgù) — accident / incident
事故 (shìgù) Refers to an unintended, harmful incident, most commonly a traffic accident or workplace accident. Meanings [noun] Accident, incident (usually involving injury or damage). [noun] Mishap, unforeseen harmful event. Example Sentences 路上发生了一起交通事故。 Lù shàng fāshēng le yī qǐ jiāotōng shìgù. A traffic accident occurred on the road. 工厂里发生了安全事故。 Gōngchǎng lǐ fāshēng le ānquán shìgù. A safety accident occurred in the factory. 为了防止事故，我们要小心驾驶。 Wèile fángzhǐ shìgù, wǒmen yào xiǎoxīn jiàshǐ....
脸 (liǎn) — face
脸 (liǎn) 脸 means face, both literally (the front of the head) and figuratively (social face or dignity in the Chinese cultural sense). It is the most common word for face in everyday spoken Chinese. Meanings [noun] Face (the front of the head with eyes, nose, mouth). [noun] Face; dignity; social reputation (figurative). Example Sentences 她的脸红了。 Tā de liǎn hóng le. Her face turned red. 你脸上有一点儿东西。 Nǐ liǎn shang yǒu...
凝练 (nínliàn) — to distill; refined and concise
凝练 (nínliàn) 凝练 describes language or expression that is both concise and dense with meaning — each word carrying concentrated depth. As a verb, it means to distill or condense ideas into compact form. As an adjective, it describes writing that is not merely brief but rich with compressed meaning. It is a high praise in Chinese literary criticism, suggesting both economy and profundity. Meanings [adj] concise and profound; refined...
此外 (cǐwài) — in addition; besides; moreover
此外 (cǐwài) 此外 introduces additional information that goes beyond what has already been mentioned, meaning "in addition," "besides," or "apart from this." Meanings [conjunction] In addition; besides; moreover; apart from this (adds supplementary information). Example Sentences 这个城市有很多博物馆。此外，还有很多公园可以参观。 Zhège chéngshì yǒu hěn duō bówùguǎn. Cǐwài, hái yǒu hěn duō gōngyuán kěyǐ cānguān. This city has many museums. In addition, there are also many parks to visit. 他会说英语和法语。此外，他还在学习日语。 Tā huì shuō Yīngyǔ...
压抑 (yāyì) — to suppress; oppressive
压抑 (yāyì) 压抑 describes the act of suppressing emotions or feelings, or the quality of an environment that feels stifling and oppressive, lacking freedom or relief. Meanings [verb] to suppress; to repress (emotions, desires) [adjective] oppressive; stifling; depressing (describing atmosphere or mood) Example Sentences 他一直压抑着内心的愤怒。 Tā yīzhí yāyì zhe nèixīn de fènnù. He has been suppressing the anger in his heart all along. 长期压抑情绪对健康有害。 Chángqī yāyì qíngxù duì jiànkāng yǒuhài....
管理 (guǎnlǐ) — management; to manage
管理 (guǎnlǐ) 管理 means to manage, administer, or supervise people, resources, or systems in an organised and responsible way. It functions as both a verb and a noun in Chinese. Meanings [verb] to manage; to administer; to oversee [noun] management; administration Example Sentences 企业要想持续发展，必须建立科学有效的管理制度。 Qǐyè yào xiǎng chíxù fāzhǎn, bìxū jiànlì kēxué yǒuxiào de guǎnlǐ zhìdù. For an enterprise to develop sustainably, it must establish a scientific and effective management...
探究 (tànjiū) — to investigate; to explore; to probe
探究 (tànjiū) 探究 means to investigate or explore something deeply and systematically, especially to probe into the causes, essence, or truth of a phenomenon or problem, often with intellectual curiosity and rigor. Meanings [verb] to investigate; to explore; to probe; to inquire deeply into (the causes or essence of something) Example Sentences 科学家们正在努力探究宇宙起源的秘密，试图回答人类最古老的问题之一。 Kēxuéjiāmen zhèngzài nǔlì tànjiū yǔzhòu qǐyuán de mìmì, shìtú huídá rénlèi zuì gǔlǎo de wèntí zhī yī....
长 (cháng) — long
长 (cháng) An adjective meaning "long," referring to physical length (a long road) or duration (a long time). Its antonym is 短 (duǎn), meaning "short." Note: 长 has a second reading, zhǎng, meaning "to grow" or "elder," but the HSK 1 meaning is cháng (long). Meanings [adjective] Long (in physical length or time duration). Example Sentences 这条路很长。 Zhè tiáo lù hěn cháng. This road is very long. 她的头发很长。 Tā de...
感悟 (gǎnwù) — insight; realization; to come to understand
感悟 (gǎnwù) 感悟 refers to a deep personal insight or realization gained through experience, observation, or reflection, often with a philosophical or emotionally significant dimension. It can also be used as a verb meaning to come to understand or realize through lived experience. Meanings [noun] insight; realization; personal understanding gained through experience [verb] to come to understand; to realize through reflection or experience Example Sentences 经历了这次挫折，他对人生有了新的感悟，明白了坚持的重要性。 Jīnglìle zhè cì cuòzhé,...
片面 (piànmiàn) — One-sided, partial, biased
片面 (piànmiàn) 片面 describes thinking or understanding that is one-sided, incomplete, or biased -- focusing on only one aspect of an issue while ignoring others. Meanings [adj] one-sided; partial; biased; incomplete in perspective Example Sentences 仅凭一次失误就否定一个人，这种看法太片面了。 Jǐn píng yī cì shīwù jiù fǒudìng yī gè rén, zhè zhǒng kànfǎ tài piànmiàn le. Judging a person based on a single mistake is too one-sided. 媒体的报道有时会让人产生片面的认识。 Méitǐ de bàodào yǒushí huì ràng...
看清楚 (kàn qīngchǔ) — see clearly / read carefully
看清楚 (kàn qīngchǔ) 看清楚 is a verb-complement structure. 看 (to look / see) is the base verb and 清楚 (clear) is the result complement, showing that looking achieves a clear understanding or perception. It is used for visual clarity — reading something carefully, seeing something distinctly, or making sure you noticed correctly. Structure 看 (look / see) + 清楚 (result complement: clear) = look with the result of seeing clearly....
含义 (hányì) — meaning, connotation
含义 (hányì) 含义 refers to the meaning or significance that is contained within or implied by a word, phrase, action, or symbol — often with a sense of depth or layers not immediately obvious. It is slightly more abstract and literary than 意思 and tends to appear in critical analysis, literary commentary, and philosophical writing. Meanings [n] meaning, sense, significance (especially implicit or layered) [n] connotation, implication (what something suggests...
鼓励 (gǔlì) — to encourage; encouragement
鼓励 (gǔlì) 鼓励 means to give someone the confidence and motivation to do something or to keep trying. Meanings [verb/noun] to encourage; to inspire; encouragement; moral support Example Sentences 老师一直鼓励我们努力学习。 Lǎoshī yīzhí gǔlì wǒmen nǔlì xuéxí. The teacher has always encouraged us to study hard. 他的话给了我很大的鼓励。 Tā de huà gěi le wǒ hěndà de gǔlì. His words gave me great encouragement. 在困难时，朋友的鼓励非常重要。 Zài kùnnán shí, péngyou de gǔlì fēicháng zhòngyào....
只要…就… (zhǐyào...jiù...) — as long as... then...
只要…就… (zhǐyào...jiù...) 只要…就… expresses a conditional relationship where 只要 introduces the one condition that is sufficient for the result in the 就 clause to follow. It emphasizes that the condition is minimal: this alone is enough. Structure 只要 + [Condition] + 就 + [Result] The subject may appear before 只要 or between 只要 and the condition. Example Sentences 只要每天练习，就能进步。 Zhǐyào měitiān liànxí, jiù néng jìnbù. As long as you practice...
数据 (shùjù) — data; figures; statistics
数据 (shùjù) 数据 refers to data, facts, or figures collected for reference or analysis, used in both everyday and technical contexts to support arguments or decision-making. Meanings [noun] data; figures; statistics; numerical information Example Sentences 这份报告包含了大量的市场数据。 Zhè fèn bàogào bāohánle dàliàng de shìchǎng shùjù. This report contains a large amount of market data. 数据显示，今年的销售额大幅增长。 Shùjù xiǎnshì, jīnnián de xiāoshòu é dàfú zēngzhǎng. Data shows that this year's sales figures have...
十分 (shífēn) — very; extremely; fully; completely
十分 (shífēn) 十分 is an adverb used as an intensifier, meaning "very," "extremely," or "fully," placed before adjectives and some verbs to indicate a high degree. Meanings [adverb] very; extremely; fully; completely (used to intensify adjectives and verbs, indicating a high or full degree) Usage Note 十分 is placed directly before the adjective or verb it modifies. It is interchangeable with 非常 in most cases but often sounds more formal...
顾客 (gùkè) — customer; client
顾客 (gùkè) 顾客 means "customer" or "client" and refers to a person who purchases goods or services from a business. Meanings [noun] customer; client; patron Example Sentences 这家餐厅的顾客服务非常好。 Zhè jiā cāntīng de gùkè fúwù fēicháng hǎo. The customer service at this restaurant is excellent. 今天店里的顾客比平时多了很多。 Jīntiān diàn lǐ de gùkè bǐ píngshí duō le hěn duō. Today the store has many more customers than usual. 我们要尽力满足每一位顾客的需求。 Wǒmen yào jìnlì mǎnzú...
成熟 (chéngshú) — mature; ripe; well-developed
成熟 (chéngshú) 成熟 means mature or ripe, used to describe things that are fully developed, whether fruit on a tree, a person's character, or a plan or idea that is ready to be implemented. Meanings [adjective] mature; ripe; well-developed; ready [verb] to mature; to ripen; to become fully developed Example Sentences 苹果成熟了，可以摘了。 Píngguǒ chéngshúle, kěyǐ zhāi le. The apples are ripe; they can be picked. 他经历了很多挫折，变得更加成熟。 Tā jīnglìle hěn duō...
严重 (yánzhòng) — serious; severe; grave
严重 (yánzhòng) 严重 means serious, severe, or grave, describing a problem, situation, or condition that has significant negative consequences or poses a significant threat. It is used to signal that something demands urgent attention. Meanings [adjective] Serious; severe; grave; critical; bad. Example Sentences 如果不及时处理，这个问题可能会造成严重的后果。 Rúguǒ bù jíshí chǔlǐ, zhège wèntí kěnéng huì zàochéng yánzhòng de hòuguǒ. If not dealt with promptly, this problem could cause serious consequences. 他在事故中受了严重的伤，目前正在医院接受治疗。 Tā zài...
价值 (jiàzhí) — value; worth
价值 (jiàzhí) 价值 refers to the worth or importance of something, whether monetary, practical, or philosophical. Meanings [noun] Value; worth; importance. Example Sentences 这幅画的艺术价值很高。 Zhè fú huà de yìshù jiàzhí hěn gāo. This painting has very high artistic value. 金钱不是衡量一个人价值的唯一标准。 Jīnqián bù shì héngliàng yīgè rén jiàzhí de wéiyī biāozhǔn. Money is not the only standard for measuring a person's worth. 这份工作对我来说有很大的价值。 Zhè fèn gōngzuò duì wǒ lái shuō yǒu...
公关 (gōngguān) — public relations, PR
公关 (gōngguān) 公关 is the abbreviated form of 公共关系 (public relations) and refers to the strategic communication between an organization and its public, as well as the professionals who manage it. Meanings [noun] public relations (PR); a PR professional [verb] to do PR work, to manage public image through strategic communication Example Sentences 这次丑闻对公司造成了严重的公关危机。 Zhè cì chǒuwén duì gōngsī zàochéng le yánzhòng de gōngguān wēijī. This scandal caused a serious...
逻辑 (luóji) — logic
逻辑 (luóji) 逻辑 is a loanword from "logic" and covers both the formal discipline of logic (the study of valid inference) and the informal sense of the internal coherence or reasoning behind a statement, plan, or situation. It is indispensable in academic, philosophical, and analytical Chinese. Meanings [n] logic (the formal study of valid reasoning) [n] logic, internal coherence (the reasoning or rationale behind something) Example Sentences 形式逻辑是哲学和数学的共同基础，也是批判性思维的核心工具。 Xíngshì luóji...
地铁 (dìtiě) — subway, metro
地铁 (dìtiě) The subway or metro, an underground urban rail transit system. 地 means "ground/earth" and 铁 means "iron/rail," so the word literally means "underground iron (rail)." Meanings [noun] Subway, metro. An underground or elevated urban railway system. Example Sentences 我每天坐地铁上班。 Wǒ měitiān zuò dìtiě shàngbān. I take the subway to work every day. 地铁站在哪里？ Dìtiě zhàn zài nǎlǐ? Where is the subway station? 坐地铁比坐出租车快。 Zuò dìtiě bǐ zuò chūzūchē...
支持 (zhīchí) — to support, support
支持 (zhīchí) A versatile word covering both active backing and structural or technical support, widely used in political, business, and everyday contexts. Meanings [verb] to support, to back, to endorse [noun] support, backing Example Sentences 她得到了家人的全力支持。 Tā dédàole jiārén de quánlì zhīchí. She received the full support of her family. 政府出台政策支持小微企业发展。 Zhèngfǔ chūtái zhèngcè zhīchí xiǎowēi qǐyè fāzhǎn. The government introduced policies to support the development of small businesses. 这款软件支持多种语言界面。...
验证 (yànzhèng) — to verify, to validate
验证 (yànzhèng) 验证 means to verify or validate — to test something empirically or logically to confirm that it is true, correct, or effective. It implies a systematic process of checking, testing, or confirming, and is central to scientific method, technology, and academic research. It is also used in everyday contexts such as identity verification. Meanings [v] to verify; to validate; to confirm through testing or evidence [v] to prove...
哪 (nǎ) — which
哪 (nǎ) An interrogative determiner and pronoun used to ask "which" when choosing among two or more options; it pairs with a measure word before a noun, exactly like 这 and 那. Meanings [determiner] Which (before a measure word and noun: 哪 + measure word + noun). [pronoun] Which one (used alone). Example Sentences 你喜欢哪个颜色？ Nǐ xǐhuan nǎge yánsè? Which color do you like? 你是哪国人？ Nǐ shì nǎ guó rén?...
转变 (zhuǎnbiàn) — to transform, to change
转变 (zhuǎnbiàn) 转变 describes a fundamental shift or transformation in direction, attitude, or state, implying a more decisive change than a gradual drift. Meanings [verb] to transform, to shift, to change fundamentally [noun] a transformation, a turning point, a shift Example Sentences 他的态度发生了很大的转变。 Tā de tàidu fāshēng le hěn dà de zhuǎnbiàn. His attitude underwent a great transformation. 经济发展模式需要实现从粗放型向集约型的转变。 Jīngjì fāzhǎn móshì xūyào shíxiàn cóng cūfàng xíng xiàng jíyuē xíng...
基本 (jīběn) — basic; fundamental
基本 (jīběn) 基本 means basic or fundamental as an adjective, and "basically" or "essentially" as an adverb -- indicating the core, foundational nature of something or an approximation close to the whole. Meanings [adjective] basic; fundamental; essential; primary [adverb] basically; essentially; for the most part Example Sentences 食物、住所和安全是人类的基本需求。 Shíwù, zhùsuǒ hé ānquán shì rénlèi de jīběn xūqiú. Food, shelter, and security are the basic needs of human beings. 这本书介绍了编程的基本概念。 Zhè...
企业 (qǐyè) — enterprise; company; firm
企业 (qǐyè) 企业 is a formal term for a business enterprise, company, or firm engaged in commercial or industrial activity. Meanings [noun] Enterprise; company; firm; business organization. Example Sentences 这家企业已经有五十年历史了。 Zhè jiā qǐyè yǐjīng yǒu wǔshí nián lìshǐ le. This enterprise has a history of fifty years. 政府鼓励中小企业创新。 Zhèngfǔ gǔlì zhōngxiǎo qǐyè chuàngxīn. The government encourages small and medium-sized enterprises to innovate. 他创办了自己的企业。 Tā chuàngbànle zìjǐ de qǐyè. He founded...
放弃 (fàngqì) — to give up
放弃 (fàngqì) 放弃 means to give up or abandon a goal, plan, idea, or right. Meanings [verb] to give up; to abandon; to relinquish; to quit Example Sentences 他放弃了这次去国外学习的机会。 Tā fàngqì le zhè cì qù guówài xuéxí de jīhuì. He gave up the opportunity to study abroad this time. 不管有多难，都不能放弃。 Bùguǎn yǒu duō nán, dōu bù néng fàngqì. No matter how difficult it is, you must not give up. 她放弃了原来的工作，开始了自己的事业。...
宿舍 (sùshè) — dormitory
宿舍 (sùshè) 宿舍 means dormitory, referring to shared living quarters at a school, university, or workplace. It is the standard word for student dorms in Chinese universities, where students commonly share rooms with several roommates. Meanings [noun] Dormitory; student dorm; staff quarters. Example Sentences 我住在学校的宿舍里。 Wǒ zhù zài xuéxiào de sùshè lǐ. I live in the school dormitory. 宿舍晚上十一点关门。 Sùshè wǎnshang shíyī diǎn guānmén. The dormitory closes at 11 pm....
鼓舞 (gǔwǔ) — to inspire; to encourage; inspiring
鼓舞 (gǔwǔ) 鼓舞 means to inspire, encourage, or uplift someone, bringing about a heightened sense of motivation and energy, and is widely used in speeches, narratives, and motivational contexts at B2 level. Meanings [verb] to inspire; to encourage; to uplift; to hearten [noun] inspiration; encouragement; an uplifting influence [adjective] inspiring; heartening (used in 令人鼓舞 constructions) Example Sentences 英雄们的事迹极大地鼓舞了全国人民的士气。 Yīngxióngmen de shìjì jídà de gǔwǔle quánguó rénmín de shìqì. The deeds...
进 (jìn) — to enter / to go in
进 (jìn) A directional verb meaning "to enter" or "to go into" a place. It describes movement from outside to inside. Its antonym is 出 (chū), meaning "to exit" or "to go out." Meanings [verb] To enter, to go in, to come in. Example Sentences 请进，门没有关。 Qǐng jìn, mén méiyǒu guān. Please come in, the door is not closed. 他走进了教室。 Tā zǒu jìn le jiàoshì. He walked into the classroom....
小时 (xiǎoshí) — hour
小时 (xiǎoshí) 小时 means hour, the unit of time equal to 60 minutes. It is the standard word for duration. Do not confuse it with 时候 (shíhou, time/moment) or 时间 (shíjiān, time as a concept). 小时 always refers to a count of hours. Meanings [noun] Hour (a unit of time, 60 minutes). Example Sentences 我每天学习两个小时。 Wǒ měitiān xuéxí liǎng gè xiǎoshí. I study for two hours every day. 从这里到北京要三个小时。 Cóng...
运动 (yùndòng) — exercise / sport / movement
运动 (yùndòng) 运动 covers physical activity broadly: it can mean doing exercise, playing a sport, or engaging in a social or political movement. In everyday speech it most often refers to working out or playing sports. It functions as both a noun and a verb. Meanings [noun / verb] Exercise; physical activity; to work out. [noun] Sport; athletic event. [noun] Movement; campaign (social or political). Example Sentences 我每天早上都去运动。 Wǒ měitiān...
威胁 (wēixié) — Threaten
威胁 (wēixié) 威胁 means to threaten someone or something, or refers to a threat that puts someone at risk. Meanings [verb] to threaten; to intimidate; to pose a threat to [noun] threat; menace Example Sentences 污染正在严重威胁这里的生态环境。 Wūrǎn zhèngzài yánzhòng wēixié zhèlǐ de shēngtài huánjìng. Pollution is seriously threatening the ecological environment here. 他受到了恐怖分子的威胁，不敢出门。 Tā shòudào le kǒngbù fènzǐ de wēixié, bù gǎn chūmén. He was threatened by terrorists and didn't...
看见 (kàn jiàn) — to see; to catch sight of
看见 (kàn jiàn) 看见 is a verb + result complement structure. 看 means "to look/watch" and 见 is the complement meaning "perceive/succeed in seeing." Together they mean the act of looking was successful — you actually saw something. Compare 看 (looking, possibly without result) with 看见 (looked and did see). The negative is 没看见 (didn't see / couldn't see). Meanings [v+comp] See; catch sight of — look and successfully perceive...
活动 (huódòng) — activity; event
活动 (huódòng) 活动 refers to an organized activity or event, and as a verb it means to move around or exercise. Meanings [noun] activity; event; exercise [verb] to move about; to exercise; to do physical activity Example Sentences 学校今天下午有一个活动。 Xuéxiào jīntiān xiàwǔ yǒu yī gè huódòng. The school has an event this afternoon. 多做户外活动对身体有好处。 Duō zuò hùwài huódòng duì shēntǐ yǒu hǎochù. Doing more outdoor activities is good for your...
思维 (sīwéi) — thinking; thought; mindset
思维 (sīwéi) 思维 refers to the process of thinking or cognition, and can also describe a person's particular way of thinking, mental framework, or mindset, often used in academic, educational, and intellectual contexts. Meanings [noun] thinking; thought; cognitive process [noun] mindset; way of thinking; mental approach Example Sentences 批判性思维是现代教育的核心目标之一，能帮助学生独立分析问题。 Pīpànxìng sīwéi shì xiàndài jiàoyù de héxīn mùbiāo zhī yī, néng bāngzhù xuéshēng dúlì fēnxī wèntí. Critical thinking is one of...
毕业 (bìyè) — to graduate; graduation
毕业 (bìyè) 毕业 means to graduate or finish a course of study, marking the completion of formal education at a school or university. Meanings [verb] to graduate; to complete a course of study [noun] graduation; the act of completing one's studies Example Sentences 她去年从大学毕业了。 Tā qùnián cóng dàxué bìyè le. She graduated from university last year. 毕业以后，他找到了一份好工作。 Bìyè yǐhòu, tā zhǎodào le yī fèn hǎo gōngzuò. After graduating, he found...
体现 (tǐxiàn) — to embody; to reflect
体现 (tǐxiàn) 体现 means to give concrete expression to an abstract quality or principle, or to embody a value in tangible form, and is one of the most frequently used words in formal Chinese analysis and commentary. Meanings [verb] to embody; to reflect; to give expression to; to manifest [noun] an embodiment; a concrete manifestation Example Sentences 这首诗充分体现了作者对故乡的深厚情感。 Zhè shǒu shī chōngfèn tǐxiànle zuòzhě duì gùxiāng de shēnhòu qínggǎn. This...
年轻 (niánqīng) — young
年轻 (niánqīng) 年轻 describes someone who is young in age, or something that feels youthful and full of energy. Meanings [adj] young; youthful Example Sentences 她看起来比实际年龄年轻很多。 Tā kàn qǐlái bǐ shíjì niánlíng niánqīng hěn duō. She looks much younger than her actual age. 年轻的时候要多学习，多积累经验。 Niánqīng de shíhou yào duō xuéxí, duō jīlěi jīngyàn. When you are young, you should study more and accumulate more experience. 这家公司的员工都很年轻，充满活力。 Zhè jiā gōngsī de...
竞争对手 (jìngzhēng duìshǒu) — competitor; rival
竞争对手 (jìngzhēng duìshǒu) 竞争对手 means a competitor or rival, referring to an individual or organization that competes against you in the same field. Meanings [noun] competitor; rival; an entity that competes with you for the same goal or market Example Sentences 我们要了解竞争对手的优势和弱点。 Wǒmen yào liǎojiě jìngzhēng duìshǒu de yōushì hé ruòdiǎn. We need to understand the strengths and weaknesses of our competitors. 这两家公司是直接竞争对手。 Zhè liǎng jiā gōngsī shì zhíjiē jìngzhēng...
智能手机 (zhìnéng shǒujī) — smartphone
智能手机 (zhìnéng shǒujī) 智能手机 refers to a smartphone, a handheld device that combines phone functions with computing power. It is the standard term used in everyday speech and writing across all age groups. Meanings [noun] smartphone; an intelligent mobile phone with apps, internet access, and advanced features Example Sentences 他每天都用智能手机查天气。 Tā měitiān dōu yòng zhìnéng shǒujī chá tiānqì. He checks the weather on his smartphone every day. 这款智能手机的电池很耐用。 Zhè kuǎn...
总结 (zǒngjié) — to summarize; summary
总结 (zǒngjié) 总结 means to summarize or wrap up, used both as a verb (to summarize) and a noun (a summary or conclusion), especially at the end of an activity or period. Meanings [verb] to summarize; to wrap up; to draw conclusions [noun] a summary; a conclusion; a review Example Sentences 老师在课末总结了今天的重点内容。 Lǎoshī zài kè mò zǒngjiéle jīntiān de zhòngdiǎn nèiróng. The teacher summarized the key content of today's lesson...
参考 (cānkǎo) — to refer to; to consult; reference
参考 (cānkǎo) 参考 means to look at or consult something as a source of information or guidance, without necessarily copying it directly. Meanings [verb] To refer to, to consult, to take as a reference. [noun] Reference, source material. Example Sentences 写报告之前，她参考了大量国内外的相关文献。 Xiě bàogào zhīqián, tā cānkǎo le dàliàng guónèi wài de xiāngguān wénxiàn. Before writing the report, she consulted a large number of relevant domestic and foreign documents. 这份数据仅供参考，不能作为最终决策的依据。 Zhè...
杯 (bēi) — measure word for cups and glasses
杯 (bēi) A measure word used for cups, glasses, and the drinks contained in them. 杯 also functions as a noun meaning "cup" or "glass" itself. Meanings [measure word] Classifier for a cup or glass of a beverage. [noun] Cup, glass, mug. The vessel used for drinking. What 杯 counts 杯 is used with: 茶 (chá): tea — 一杯茶 (a cup of tea) 水 (shuǐ): water — 一杯水 (a glass...
明天见 (míngtiān jiàn) — see you tomorrow
明天见 (míngtiān jiàn) 明天见 means "see you tomorrow." It is a specific, warm farewell used when you know you will meet the other person the next day. Meanings [phrase] See you tomorrow (farewell when parting for the night or day, with a meeting planned for tomorrow). Example Sentences 好的，明天见！ Hǎo de, míngtiān jiàn! All right, see you tomorrow! A: 我先走了。B: 好，明天见！ A: Wǒ xiān zǒu le. B: Hǎo, míngtiān jiàn!...
创新 (chuàngxīn) — innovation, to innovate
创新 (chuàngxīn) 创新 refers to the introduction of something genuinely new -- whether ideas, methods, products, or systems -- that represents a significant departure from what existed before. Meanings [noun] innovation [verb] to innovate, to introduce something new Example Sentences 科技创新是推动经济高质量发展的重要引擎。 Kējì chuàngxīn shì tuīdòng jīngjì gāo zhìliàng fāzhǎn de zhòngyào yǐnqíng. Technological innovation is an important engine driving high-quality economic development. 这家公司鼓励员工大胆创新，不怕失败。 Zhè jiā gōngsī gǔlì yuángōng dàdǎn chuàngxīn,...
外 (wài) — outside, beyond, other
外 (wài) A locative word meaning outside or beyond. Used to indicate physical location (outside a room, building) or figurative scope (beyond that, in addition to). The opposite is 内 (nèi, inside/interior). Meanings [noun/locative] Outside, exterior. [noun] Other, beyond, in addition to. Example Sentences 外面很冷，多穿点衣服。 Wàimiàn hěn lěng, duō chuān diǎn yīfu. It is very cold outside. Wear more clothes. 请在门外等一下。 Qǐng zài mén wài děng yīxià. Please wait outside...
看 (kàn) — to look at; to watch; to read
看 (kàn) 看 covers a wide range of visual activities. It means "to look at" (general), "to watch" (TV, a film, a performance), and "to read" (books, newspapers). Context makes the meaning clear. Meanings [verb] To look at, to see (directing your gaze at something). [verb] To watch (a screen, a show, a game). [verb] To read (books, newspapers, documents). Example Sentences 我晚上喜欢看电视。 Wǒ wǎnshang xǐhuān kàn diànshì. I like...
同事 (tóngshì) — Colleague
同事 (tóngshì) 同事 refers to a person who works at the same organization or company as you. Meanings [noun] colleague; coworker; workmate Example Sentences 我的同事们都非常友好。 Wǒ de tóngshìmen dōu fēicháng yǒuhǎo. My colleagues are all very friendly. 她和同事一起完成了这个项目。 Tā hé tóngshì yīqǐ wánchéngle zhège xiàngmù. She completed this project together with her colleagues. 我跟我的同事关系很好，经常一起吃午饭。 Wǒ gēn wǒ de tóngshì guānxi hěn hǎo, jīngcháng yīqǐ chī wǔfàn. I have a good...
维护 (wéihù) — to maintain; to uphold; to defend
维护 (wéihù) 维护 means "to maintain," "to uphold," or "to defend" and is commonly used to describe protecting rights, interests, or relationships. Meanings [verb] to maintain; to keep in good condition [verb] to uphold; to defend; to protect (rights, interests, order) Example Sentences 我们要维护社会的稳定。 Wǒmen yào wéihù shèhuì de wěndìng. We must maintain social stability. 他努力维护自己的权利。 Tā nǔlì wéihù zìjǐ de quánlì. He works hard to defend his own rights....
感情 (gǎnqíng) — emotion; feeling
感情 (gǎnqíng) 感情 refers to emotions, feelings, or the emotional bonds between people such as love, friendship, or affection. Meanings [noun] emotion; feeling; affection; sentiment; emotional bond Example Sentences 他们之间的感情很深厚。 Tāmen zhī jiān de gǎnqíng hěn shēnhòu. The emotional bond between them is very deep. 不要让感情影响你做决定。 Bùyào ràng gǎnqíng yǐngxiǎng nǐ zuò juédìng. Do not let emotions affect your decision making. 多年的共事让我们建立了深厚的感情。 Duō nián de gòngshì ràng wǒmen jiànlì le...
不客气 (bú kèqi) — you're welcome
不客气 (bú kèqi) 不客气 is the standard polite response to 谢谢 (thank you). It literally means "don't be polite" or "no need for formality," making it feel warmer than a simple "you're welcome." Note the tone change: 不 is normally bù (4th tone) but becomes bú (2nd tone) before another 4th-tone syllable. Meanings [phrase] You're welcome; don't mention it. Used as a reply to thanks. [phrase] Don't be so polite;...
终于 (zhōngyú) — finally; at last
终于 (zhōngyú) 终于 expresses that something happened after a long wait or much effort. It always carries an emotional undertone, either relief or satisfaction. Place it before the verb, usually after the subject. Meanings [adv] Finally; at last — something expected or hoped for has come to pass. [adv] In the end; ultimately — after a series of events or attempts. Example Sentences 我终于找到工作了。 Wǒ zhōngyú zhǎodào gōngzuò le. I...
租 (zū) — to rent
租 (zū) 租 means to rent as both a verb and noun. It can describe both the act of renting something from someone and the act of leasing something out to someone else, depending on context. Meanings [verb] To rent; to lease; to hire (something from someone). [verb] To rent out; to let (something to someone). [noun] Rent; rental fee. Example Sentences 我想在这里租一间房间。 Wǒ xiǎng zài zhèlǐ zū yī jiān...
应对 (yìngduì) — to cope with; to respond to
应对 (yìngduì) 应对 means to respond to or cope with a situation, challenge, or question, often implying a measured and strategic reaction. Meanings [verb] to cope with; to deal with; to respond to Example Sentences 我们必须学会应对压力。 Wǒmen bìxū xuéhuì yìngduì yālì. We must learn how to cope with stress. 他善于应对突发情况。 Tā shànyú yìngduì tūfā qíngkuàng. He is good at handling unexpected situations. 这个问题很难应对。 Zhège wèntí hěn nán yìngduì. This problem...
困惑 (kùnhuò) — confused; perplexed
困惑 (kùnhuò) 困惑 describes the state of being confused, perplexed, or baffled -- unable to understand or make sense of something, often with a sense of mental struggle. Meanings [adjective] confused; perplexed; puzzled; baffled [verb] to confuse; to perplex; to baffle Example Sentences 他对这个问题感到十分困惑。 Tā duì zhège wèntí gǎndào shífēn kùnhuò. He felt very confused about this question. 她的突然离开让所有人都感到困惑不解。 Tā de tūrán líkāi ràng suǒyǒu rén dōu gǎndào kùnhuò bùjiě....
阐述 (chǎnshù) — to expound; to elaborate
阐述 (chǎnshù) 阐述 means to explain or expound on something in a systematic and detailed manner, and is a hallmark of formal academic and official discourse in Chinese. Meanings [verb] to expound; to elaborate; to set forth in detail [verb] to articulate and explain a position or theory Example Sentences 教授在讲座中详细阐述了他的研究方法。 Jiàoshòu zài jiǎngzuò zhōng xiángxì chǎnshùle tā de yánjiū fāngfǎ. The professor elaborated on his research methodology in detail...
有名 (yǒumíng) — famous; well-known
有名 (yǒumíng) 有名 is an adjective meaning famous or well-known. It is not a verb, so do not use it with a direct object. Say 他很有名 (he is very famous), not *他有名了某人. Scope can be specified with 在…很有名 (famous in/among…) or 全国有名 (nationally famous). Meanings [adj] Famous; well-known — recognized by many people. [adj] Renowned; celebrated — having a strong positive reputation in a field or area. Example Sentences 这位歌手非常有名。...
认识 (rènshi) — to know (a person); to recognize
认识 (rènshi) 认识 means to know a person personally, to be acquainted with someone, or to recognize something. It differs from 知道 (zhīdào). Use 认识 for people and familiar things (you can recognize them); use 知道 for facts and information (things you are aware of). You can 认识 a person but you 知道 their address. Meanings [verb] To know, to be acquainted with (a person). [verb] To recognize, to be...
成员 (chéngyuán) — member (of a group)
成员 (chéngyuán) 成员 refers to a person who belongs to and is part of a group, team, organization, or family. Meanings [noun] Member; member of a group, team, organization, or family. Example Sentences 我们团队有五名成员。 Wǒmen tuánduì yǒu wǔ míng chéngyuán. Our team has five members. 他是这个组织的正式成员。 Tā shì zhège zǔzhī de zhèngshì chéngyuán. He is a formal member of this organization. 每位家庭成员都有各自的责任。 Měi wèi jiātíng chéngyuán dōu yǒu gèzì de...
被…V了 (bèi...V le) — passive voice construction
被…V了 (bèi...V le) 被…V了 is the standard way to form a passive sentence in Mandarin. 被 introduces the agent (who performed the action), the verb follows, and 了 marks the action as completed. The construction often implies an unwanted or unexpected outcome for the subject. Structure Subject + 被 + (Agent) + Verb + 了 The agent after 被 is optional. When the agent is unknown or unimportant, it may...
计划 (jìhuà) — plan / to plan
计划 (jìhuà) 计划 means a plan or schedule, and as a verb means to plan or intend to do something. Meanings [noun] plan; program; schedule [verb] to plan; to intend; to schedule Example Sentences 我们需要制定一个详细的计划。 Wǒmen xūyào zhìdìng yīgè xiángxì de jìhuà. We need to make a detailed plan. 她计划明年去留学。 Tā jìhuà míngnián qù liúxué. She plans to study abroad next year. 这个项目的计划已经完成了。 Zhège xiàngmù de jìhuà yǐjīng wánchéng le....
照顾 (zhàogù) — to take care of
照顾 (zhàogù) 照顾 means to take care of or look after someone, attending to their daily needs or wellbeing. It is used for looking after children, the elderly, patients, or anyone who needs assistance. Meanings [verb] To take care of; to look after; to attend to; to care for. Example Sentences 妈妈每天照顾生病的爸爸。 Māma měitiān zhàogù shēngbìng de bàba. Mom takes care of sick dad every day. 谢谢你照顾我的孩子。 Xièxiè nǐ zhàogù...
跑 (pǎo) — to run
跑 (pǎo) A verb meaning "to run." It describes moving quickly on foot and is used for running for exercise, in a race, or to escape. The character uses the 足 (foot) radical on the left, making the meaning easy to remember. Meanings [verb] To run, to jog, to sprint. Example Sentences 我每天早上跑步。 Wǒ měitiān zǎoshàng pǎobù. I go running every morning. 他跑得很快。 Tā pǎo de hěn kuài. He runs...
演讲 (yǎnjiǎng) — speech; to give a speech
演讲 (yǎnjiǎng) 演讲 refers to a formal speech or lecture given to an audience, or the act of giving such a speech. Meanings [noun] speech; lecture; a formal address given to an audience [verb] to give a speech; to deliver a lecture Example Sentences 他在大会上做了一次精彩的演讲。 Tā zài dàhuì shàng zuò le yī cì jīngcǎi de yǎnjiǎng. He gave a wonderful speech at the conference. 我需要为明天的演讲做充分准备。 Wǒ xūyào wèi míngtiān de...
银行 (yínháng) — bank
银行 (yínháng) 银行 is the standard word for a bank — the financial institution where you deposit money, make transfers, take out loans, and exchange currency. 银 means "silver" (a historical reference to silver as currency) and 行 means "business establishment / trade." Together they evoke a silver-dealing establishment. Meanings [noun] Bank; financial institution. Example Sentences 我要去银行取一些钱。 Wǒ yào qù yínháng qǔ yīxiē qián. I need to go to the...
赶 (gǎn) — to rush; to catch (transport)
赶 (gǎn) 赶 means to rush to a place or hurry to catch something such as a bus or train before it departs. Meanings [verb] to rush; to hurry; to catch (a bus, train, etc.); to drive away Example Sentences 我要赶火车，得快点儿走。 Wǒ yào gǎn huǒchē, děi kuài diǎnr zǒu. I need to catch the train, so I have to move faster. 她早上起晚了，赶着去上班。 Tā zǎoshang qǐ wǎn le, gǎnzhe qù shàngbān....
面包 (miànbāo) — bread
面包 (miànbāo) 面包 is the word for bread — the baked product made from flour and eaten widely in Western-style breakfasts, cafes, and bakeries across China. 面 means "flour / noodles" and 包 means "bundle / wrapped thing." The measure word for a loaf is 条 (tiáo) and for a slice or individual roll it is 片 (piàn) or 个 (gè). Meanings [noun] Bread; any baked flour-based bread product. Example...
打折 (dǎzhé) — to give a discount
打折 (dǎzhé) 打折 means to give a discount or sell at a reduced price. 折 refers to a fraction of the original price, so 八折 means 80% of the price, which is a 20% discount. It is commonly used in shopping contexts. Meanings [verb] To give a discount; to sell at a reduced price. [verb] To fall short of a standard (figurative, less common). Example Sentences 这家店今天所有商品打八折。 Zhè jiā diàn...
诚实 (chéngshí) — honest / honesty
诚实 (chéngshí) 诚实 describes a person or behavior that is honest and truthful, free from deception. It is mostly used as an adjective to describe character, and can also function as a noun referring to the quality of honesty itself. Meanings [adjective] Honest; truthful; sincere; not deceptive. [noun] Honesty; truthfulness (as a moral quality). Example Sentences 他是一个非常诚实的人。 Tā shì yīgè fēicháng chéngshí de rén. He is a very honest person....
上升 (shàngshēng) — to rise; to go up; to ascend
上升 (shàngshēng) 上升 describes movement upward in a physical, numerical, or abstract sense, commonly used when talking about prices, temperatures, or rankings rising. Meanings [verb] to rise, go up, or ascend in position, level, or quantity Example Sentences 气温上升了五度。 Qìwēn shàngshēng le wǔ dù. The temperature rose by five degrees. 公司的销售额每年都在上升。 Gōngsī de xiāoshòu'é měi nián dōu zài shàngshēng. The company's sales increase every year. 他的成绩不断上升。 Tā de chéngjì búduàn...
推断 (tuīduàn) — to infer; inference
推断 (tuīduàn) 推断 means to arrive at a conclusion through reasoning from available evidence or known facts, and is essential in academic, scientific, and logical contexts. Meanings [verb] to infer; to deduce; to reason toward a conclusion [noun] inference; deduction; conclusion drawn by reasoning Example Sentences 根据现有证据，我们可以推断出案件的经过。 Gēnjù xiànyǒu zhèngjù, wǒmen kěyǐ tuīduàn chū ànjiàn de jīngguò. Based on the available evidence, we can infer the course of events in...
人 (rén) — person
人 (rén) A fundamental noun meaning person or people. It is one of the most common characters in Chinese and forms the base of countless compound words. The character itself depicts a person in profile, with two strokes representing legs. Meanings [noun] A person, a human being. [noun] People in general (no plural marker needed in Chinese). Example Sentences 那个人是谁？ Nàge rén shì shéi? Who is that person? 这里有很多人。 Zhèlǐ...
实施 (shíshī) — to implement; to carry out
实施 (shíshī) 实施 means to implement or put into effect a plan, policy, law, or measure. It is a formal verb that emphasizes the transition from planning to action. It is commonly used in government, legal, business, and project management contexts. Meanings [verb] To implement; to carry out; to put into effect; to execute. Example Sentences 新法规将于下个季度正式实施。 Xīn fǎguī jiāng yú xià gè jìdù zhèngshì shíshī. The new regulations will...
梳理 (shūlǐ) — to comb through, to organize
梳理 (shūlǐ) 梳理 literally means to comb (hair), and metaphorically means to sort through, organize, or untangle complex information, ideas, or issues systematically. It implies bringing order to something that is complex or messy. It is widely used in academic and professional contexts when reviewing literature, organizing thoughts, or analyzing a tangled situation. Meanings [v] to comb through; to sort and organize systematically [v] to untangle; to clarify (a complex...
内容 (nèiróng) — content, substance
内容 (nèiróng) 内容 refers to the substance, information, or material contained within something -- a book, speech, website, course, or any form of communication. Meanings [noun] content, substance, subject matter Example Sentences 这本书的内容非常丰富，涵盖了很多领域的知识。 Zhè běn shū de nèiróng fēicháng fēngfù, hángài le hěn duō lǐngyù de zhīshi. The content of this book is very rich and covers knowledge from many fields. 演讲的内容应该与听众的需求紧密相关。 Yǎnjiǎng de nèiróng yīnggāi yǔ tīngzhòng de xūqiú...
趋势 (qūshì) — trend; tendency
趋势 (qūshì) 趋势 means "trend" or "tendency" and refers to the general direction or pattern in which something is developing or moving over time. Meanings [noun] trend; tendency; direction of development Example Sentences 网上购物是未来的发展趋势。 Wǎng shàng gòuwù shì wèilái de fāzhǎn qūshì. Online shopping is the future development trend. 这种趋势在年轻人中尤其明显。 Zhè zhǒng qūshì zài niánqīngrén zhōng yóuqí míngxiǎn. This trend is especially obvious among young people. 经济学家预测了未来几年的市场趋势。 Jīngjìxuéjiā yùcè le...
看见 (kànjiàn) — to see / to catch sight of
看见 (kànjiàn) A verb meaning "to see" or "to catch sight of." It combines 看 (kàn, to look/watch) and 见 (jiàn, to perceive/meet). While 看 describes the act of looking, 看见 indicates that you actually saw and perceived something — the result of looking. Meanings [verb] To see, to catch sight of, to notice (something with one's eyes). Example Sentences 我看见一只大猫。 Wǒ kànjiàn yī zhī dà māo. I saw a...
放心 (fàngxīn) — to rest assured; to stop worrying
放心 (fàngxīn) 放心 means to let go of worry and feel at ease about something or someone. Meanings [verb] to rest assured; to stop worrying; to feel relieved Example Sentences 你放心，我会照顾好她的。 Nǐ fàngxīn, wǒ huì zhàogù hǎo tā de. You can rest assured, I will take good care of her. 妈妈说放心吧，一切都会好的。 Māma shuō fàngxīn ba, yīqiē dōu huì hǎo de. Mom said don't worry, everything will be fine. 听到他平安到达，我才放心了。 Tīng...
积极 (jījí) — positive / active
积极 (jījí) 积极 means positive or proactive. It describes an attitude of enthusiasm, initiative, and optimism rather than passivity or negativity. It is commonly used to praise attitude and behavior. Meanings [adjective] Positive; proactive; active; enthusiastic. [adjective] Optimistic; constructive (in attitude). Example Sentences 他对工作非常积极。 Tā duì gōngzuò fēicháng jījí. He is very proactive about his work. 我们要以积极的态度面对困难。 Wǒmen yào yǐ jījí de tàidu miànduì kùnnán. We should face difficulties with...
十 (shí) — ten
十 (shí) The number ten; Chinese counting is perfectly logical from ten onward — 十一 (11), 十二 (12), 二十 (20), 二十一 (21) — making arithmetic transparent once you know 一 through 十. Meanings [number] Ten, the digit 10. [adjective] Complete, perfect (in idioms: 十全十美, perfect in every way). Example Sentences 十加十等于二十。 Shí jiā shí děngyú èrshí. Ten plus ten equals twenty. 他学中文学了十年了。 Tā xué Zhōngwén xuéle shí nián le. He...
分别 (fēnbié) — separately; respectively; apart
分别 (fēnbié) 分别 means separately or respectively, indicating that items or people are dealt with individually, and can also mean to part from someone. Meanings [adverb] separately, respectively, each in turn [verb] to part from or separate from someone Example Sentences 这两种方法分别有不同的优点。 Zhè liǎng zhǒng fāngfǎ fēnbié yǒu bùtóng de yōudiǎn. These two methods each have different advantages. 他们在机场分别了，各自回到了自己的国家。 Tāmen zài jīchǎng fēnbié le, gèzì huídào le zìjǐ de guójiā....
想 (xiǎng) — to want to; to think; to miss
想 (xiǎng) 想 covers three related meanings depending on context. Before another verb it means "want to" or "would like to." Alone or with a topic it means "to think" or "to believe." Before a person or place it means "to miss" (to long for someone or somewhere). Meanings [verb] To want to, would like to (before another verb). [verb] To think, to consider, to have a thought. [verb] To...
挂 (guà) — to hang; to put on
挂 (guà) 挂 means to hang an object on something, or to be suspended from a surface, and is also used in phrases about phone calls and registration. Meanings [verb] to hang; to suspend; to put up [verb] to hang up (a phone call) [verb] to register (at a hospital) Example Sentences 她把画挂在墙上了。 Tā bǎ huà guà zài qiáng shàng le. She hung the painting on the wall. 我的外套挂在门后面。 Wǒ...
不好意思 (bù hǎo yìsi) — embarrassed; sorry to trouble you
不好意思 (bù hǎo yìsi) 不好意思 literally means "not good feeling/meaning" and expresses embarrassment, shyness, or a polite apology for causing inconvenience. It covers the gap between a full apology (对不起) and simple awkwardness. Meanings [adjective] Embarrassed; shy; feeling awkward in a social situation. [expression] Sorry to trouble you; excuse me (polite phrase before making a request or after a minor imposition). Example Sentences 不好意思，我来晚了。 Bù hǎo yìsi, wǒ lái wǎn...
锻炼 (duànliàn) — to exercise; to train
锻炼 (duànliàn) 锻炼 means to exercise or train, whether for physical fitness or to develop a skill or quality. Meanings [verb] to exercise; to work out; to train; to toughen Example Sentences 他每天早上去公园锻炼身体。 Tā měitiān zǎoshang qù gōngyuán duànliàn shēntǐ. He goes to the park to exercise every morning. 锻炼对身体健康非常重要。 Duànliàn duì shēntǐ jiànkāng fēicháng zhòngyào. Exercise is very important for physical health. 这次实习让我锻炼了很多能力。 Zhè cì shíxí ràng wǒ duànliàn...
专家 (zhuānjiā) — expert; specialist
专家 (zhuānjiā) 专家 refers to a person who has deep expertise or mastery in a particular field, equivalent to "expert" or "specialist" in English. Meanings [noun] an expert or specialist with advanced knowledge in a field Example Sentences 我们请了一位医学专家来给我们讲课。 Wǒmen qǐng le yī wèi yīxué zhuānjiā lái gěi wǒmen jiǎngkè. We invited a medical expert to give us a lecture. 这位专家在环境保护方面很有经验。 Zhè wèi zhuānjiā zài huánjìng bǎohù fāngmiàn hěn yǒu...
互相 (hùxiāng) — mutually; each other; one another
互相 (hùxiāng) 互相 is an adverb indicating that an action is reciprocal — each party both performs and receives the action in relation to the other. Meanings [adverb] Mutually, each other, one another (indicating a reciprocal relationship). Example Sentences 两国之间需要互相尊重，才能建立起长久稳定的合作关系。 Liǎng guó zhī jiān xūyào hùxiāng zūnzhòng, cái néng jiànlì qǐ chángjiǔ wěndìng de hézuò guānxi. The two countries need to respect each other before they can establish a long-term,...
任何 (rènhé) — any; whatever; whichever
任何 (rènhé) 任何 is a universal quantifier used before nouns to mean "any," "whatever," or "whichever," indicating that no member of a set is excluded. Meanings [pronoun / adjective] any; whatever; whichever (used before a noun to indicate "no matter which one" or "every possible one," often in negative or conditional sentences) Usage Note 任何 must be followed by a noun (or noun phrase). It is most commonly used in:...
是…的 (shì...de) — emphasis construction
是…的 (shì...de) 是…的 is an emphasis construction used when the action itself is already known or assumed, and the speaker wants to highlight a specific detail about it: when it happened, where, how, or by whom. 是 can often be omitted in speech, but 的 at the end is required. Structure Subject + 是 + [Emphasized Element] + Verb (+ Object) + 的 The emphasized element (time, place, manner, agent)...
耳朵 (ěrduo) — ears
耳朵 (ěrduo) 耳朵 means ears. It refers to the organs of hearing on the sides of the head. Note that 朵 is pronounced in the neutral tone (duo) in this compound. Meanings [noun] Ear; ears (the organs of hearing). Example Sentences 他的耳朵很灵，什么声音都能听到。 Tā de ěrduo hěn líng, shénme shēngyīn dōu néng tīngdào. His ears are very sharp; he can hear any sound. 我的耳朵有点儿疼。 Wǒ de ěrduo yǒudiǎnr téng. My ear...
问题 (wèntí) — problem; question; issue
问题 (wèntí) 问题 covers both a question asked to seek information and a problem or issue that needs to be resolved, making it one of the most frequently used nouns in Chinese. Meanings [noun] Problem; issue; matter that needs resolving. [noun] Question (asked to obtain information or in a test). Example Sentences 这台电脑出了问题，无法正常运行。 Zhè tái diànnǎo chū le wèntí, wúfǎ zhèngcháng yùnxíng. This computer has a problem and cannot run...
特定 (tèdìng) — specific; particular; designated
特定 (tèdìng) 特定 means specific, particular, or designated — referring to a particular thing or condition that has been defined or set in advance. It is often used in formal and academic contexts to indicate that something applies to a particular set of circumstances rather than in general. Meanings [adjective] Specific; particular; designated; given; predetermined. Example Sentences 这条规定只适用于特定情况，不能一概而论。 Zhè tiáo guīdìng zhǐ shìyòng yú tèdìng qíngkuàng, bù néng yīgài ér...
为了 (wèile) — in order to, for the sake of
为了 (wèile) A preposition meaning "in order to" or "for the sake of," used to state the purpose or motivation behind an action. It introduces a goal and precedes the verb phrase that achieves it. Meanings [prep] In order to, for the purpose of, for the sake of. Example Sentences 为了学好汉语，他每天练习。 Wèile xuéhǎo Hànyǔ, tā měi tiān liànxí. In order to learn Chinese well, he practices every day. 她为了家人努力工作。 Tā...
社会 (shèhuì) — society; community
社会 (shèhuì) 社会 refers to the organized collective of people with shared laws, institutions, and culture, or to the broader community outside one's immediate circle. Meanings [noun] Society; community; the public. Example Sentences 每个人都应该对社会做出贡献。 Měi gè rén dōu yīnggāi duì shèhuì zuòchū gòngxiàn. Everyone should make a contribution to society. 科技的进步推动了社会的发展。 Kējì de jìnbù tuīdòng le shèhuì de fāzhǎn. Advances in science and technology have driven the development of society....
传达 (chuándá) — to convey; to communicate; to relay
传达 (chuándá) 传达 means to convey, communicate, or relay information, instructions, or feelings from one person or source to another, often used in official, institutional, or interpersonal communication contexts. Meanings [verb] to convey; to communicate; to relay (pass on information, instructions, or messages) [verb] to express; to get across (convey feelings, ideas, or meaning) Example Sentences 请把会议精神传达给没有参加会议的同事。 Qǐng bǎ huìyì jīngshén chuándá gěi méiyǒu cānjiā huìyì de tóngshì. Please relay...
先进 (xiānjìn) — advanced; cutting-edge
先进 (xiānjìn) 先进 describes something that is advanced, modern, or ahead of others in terms of technology, methods, or achievement. Meanings [adjective] advanced, cutting-edge, or ahead of the current standard Example Sentences 这家工厂使用了最先进的生产技术。 Zhè jiā gōngchǎng shǐyòng le zuì xiānjìn de shēngchǎn jìshù. This factory uses the most advanced production technology. 我们应该学习先进的管理经验。 Wǒmen yīnggāi xuéxí xiānjìn de guǎnlǐ jīngyàn. We should learn from advanced management experience. 先进的医疗设备帮助医生更好地诊断疾病。 Xiānjìn de yīliáo...
进化 (jìnhuà) — evolution; to evolve
进化 (jìnhuà) 进化 describes the process of evolution or progressive development to a more advanced or complex state, used in both its strict biological sense and more broadly for technology, society, or ideas. Meanings [noun/verb] evolution; to evolve (biological sense) [noun/verb] progressive development; to advance to a higher form Example Sentences 达尔文的进化论彻底改变了人类对自身起源的认识。 Dá'ěrwén de jìnhuà lùn chèdǐ gǎibiànle rénlèi duì zìshēn qǐyuán de rènshi. Darwin's theory of evolution fundamentally changed...
画 (huà) — to draw, to paint; a painting
画 (huà) 画 means to draw or paint as a verb, and a drawing or painting as a noun. It covers any act of making visual art with lines or color. Meanings [verb] To draw, to paint. [noun] A picture, a painting. Example Sentences 她喜欢画画。 Tā xǐhuān huà huà. She likes drawing. (The first 画 is the verb, the second is the noun.) 他画了一幅山水画。 Tā huà le yī fú shānshuǐ...
写 (xiě) — to write
写 (xiě) 写 means to write, whether writing Chinese characters, a message, an essay, or any other text. It is distinct from 读 (dú, to read aloud) and 看 (kàn, to read silently). Meanings [verb] To write (characters, text, a letter, a composition). Example Sentences 请写下你的名字。 Qǐng xiě xià nǐ de míngzi. Please write down your name. 他每天练习写汉字。 Tā měitiān liànxí xiě Hànzì. He practices writing Chinese characters every day....
水果 (shuǐguǒ) — fruit
水果 (shuǐguǒ) 水果 is the general word for fruit — the sweet or sour fleshy edible product of plants, typically eaten as a snack or dessert. China has an enormous variety of tropical and temperate fruits. Meanings noun fruit (the sweet or fleshy edible product of a plant) Example Sentences 她每天都吃一些新鲜水果。 Tā měi tiān dōu chī yīxiē xīnxiān shuǐguǒ. She eats some fresh fruit every day. 这家水果店的苹果特别甜。 Zhè jiā shuǐguǒ...
电视 (diànshì) — television
电视 (diànshì) A noun meaning television or TV. It combines 电 (electricity) and 视 (see/vision). The word refers to both the television set and to television as a medium. Meanings [noun] Television, TV set. [noun] Television as a medium (watching TV in general). Example Sentences 你喜欢看电视吗？ Nǐ xǐhuān kàn diànshì ma? Do you like watching TV? 这台电视很大。 Zhè tái diànshì hěn dà. This television set is very big. 他每天晚上看两个小时的电视。 Tā...
能力 (nénglì) — ability; capability
能力 (nénglì) 能力 refers to the power, skill, or capacity to do something. It covers both innate abilities and developed competencies, and is one of the most frequently used nouns in formal Chinese across education, business, and policy contexts. Meanings [noun] ability; capability; capacity; competence Example Sentences 批判性思维能力是大学教育最应该培养的核心能力之一。 Pīpàn xìng sīwéi nénglì shì dàxué jiàoyù zuì yīnggāi péiyǎng de héxīn nénglì zhī yī. Critical thinking ability is one of the...
弘扬 (hóngyáng) — to promote; to carry forward; to glorify
弘扬 (hóngyáng) To promote or carry forward means to spread and amplify something admirable -- such as a cultural tradition, moral value, or spirit -- so that it becomes widely known and deeply rooted. Meanings [verb] to promote; to carry forward; to glorify; to spread and develop (values, spirit, culture) Example Sentences 学校致力于弘扬中华传统文化和民族精神。 Xuéxiào zhìlì yú hóngyáng Zhōnghuá chuántǒng wénhuà hé mínzú jīngshén. The school is committed to promoting traditional...
礼貌 (lǐmào) — polite; politeness
礼貌 (lǐmào) 礼貌 refers to polite behavior and good manners, or the quality of being courteous and respectful in social interactions. Meanings [adj] polite; courteous; well-mannered [noun] politeness; courtesy; good manners Example Sentences 他说话总是很有礼貌。 Tā shuōhuà zǒngshì hěn yǒu lǐmào. He always speaks very politely. 对老人要有礼貌，这是基本道德。 Duì lǎorén yào yǒu lǐmào, zhè shì jīběn dàodé. Being polite to the elderly is basic morality. 不打招呼就离开是不礼貌的。 Bù dǎ zhāohu jiù líkāi shì...
然后 (rán hòu) — then, after that
然后 (rán hòu) A conjunction used to connect two actions or events in sequence, meaning "then" or "after that." It always follows the first completed action and introduces what comes next. Meanings [conj] Then, after that (indicating sequence of events or steps). Example Sentences 我先吃早饭，然后去上班。 Wǒ xiān chī zǎofàn, rán hòu qù shàngbān. I eat breakfast first, then go to work. 先洗手，然后再吃东西。 Xiān xǐ shǒu, rán hòu zài chī dōngxi....
危机 (wēijī) — Crisis
危机 (wēijī) 危机 refers to a dangerous or critical turning point in a situation, often requiring urgent action. Meanings [noun] crisis; critical juncture; emergency situation Example Sentences 公司正面临一场严重的财务危机。 Gōngsī zhèng miànlín yī chǎng yánzhòng de cáiwù wēijī. The company is currently facing a serious financial crisis. 政府迅速采取措施解决了这次危机。 Zhèngfǔ xùnsù cǎiqǔ cuòshī jiějuéle zhè cì wēijī. The government quickly took measures to resolve the crisis. 危机往往也是转机的开始。 Wēijī wǎngwǎng yěshì zhuǎnjī de...
权利 (quánlì) — right, entitlement
权利 (quánlì) 权利 refers to a right or entitlement that a person holds, whether legal, civil, or human. It is distinct from 权力 (quánlì with a different character), which means "power or authority." Meanings n right, entitlement, legal right Example Sentences 每个人都有受教育的权利。 Měi gè rén dōu yǒu shòu jiàoyù de quánlì. Everyone has the right to receive education. 公民的基本权利受到法律的保护。 Gōngmín de jīběn quánlì shòudào fǎlǜ de bǎohù. Citizens' basic rights...
以前 (yǐqián) — before / in the past / previously
以前 (yǐqián) A time reference word meaning "before" a stated point in time, or "in the past" when used without a specific reference. Always refers to time earlier than the reference point. Meanings [noun/adverb] Before (a specific time), prior to. [noun/adverb] In the past, previously, formerly. Example Sentences 吃饭以前，要洗手。 Chīfàn yǐqián, yào xǐ shǒu. Before eating, you should wash your hands. 以前，我不喜欢蔬菜。 Yǐqián, wǒ bù xǐhuān shūcài. In the past,...
平时 (píngshí) — usually
平时 (píngshí) 平时 refers to ordinary or usual times, as opposed to special occasions or holidays. It means "normally" or "on a typical day," describing habitual behavior during regular periods. Meanings [adverb/noun] Usually; normally; ordinarily; in ordinary times; on a regular day. Example Sentences 平时你几点起床？ Píngshí nǐ jǐ diǎn qǐchuáng? What time do you usually get up? 他平时不喝酒，但是今天喝了一点。 Tā píngshí bù hē jiǔ, dànshì jīntiān hē le yīdiǎn. He doesn't...
辨析 (biànxī) — to analyze and differentiate
辨析 (biànxī) 辨析 means to analyze and differentiate through careful examination, particularly when distinguishing between similar or easily confused items. It is the standard term used in linguistics and language education for explaining the differences between near-synonyms. The word implies both the act of distinguishing and the process of analytical reasoning that supports that distinction. Meanings [v] to analyze and differentiate; to examine closely and distinguish [v] to discriminate between...
不妨 (bùfáng) — might as well, there is no harm in
不妨 (bùfáng) 不妨 is an adverb meaning "there is no harm in (doing something)" or "might as well." It suggests that an action is worth trying, is harmless, or is a reasonable option. It often conveys a tentative suggestion, an open invitation, or a mild recommendation without strong obligation. Meanings [adv] might as well, why not (suggesting an action is worth attempting) [adv] there is no harm in, it would...
七 (qī) — seven
七 (qī) The number seven; 七 is a fairly neutral number in Chinese culture, associated with relationships and the Qixi Festival (七夕节, the Chinese Valentine's Day on the 7th day of the 7th lunar month). Meanings [number] Seven, the digit 7. Example Sentences 我每天早上七点起床。 Wǒ měitiān zǎoshang qī diǎn qǐchuáng. I get up at seven every morning. 这个星期有七天。 Zhège xīngqī yǒu qī tiān. There are seven days in a week....
谁 (shuí / shéi) — who
谁 (shuí / shéi) The interrogative pronoun meaning "who," used to ask about a person's identity; it can appear in any position where a noun referring to a person would appear. Both pronunciations shuí and shéi are standard and interchangeable. Meanings [pronoun] Who (subject or object in a question). [pronoun] Whoever (in a relative or conditional sense: 谁…谁…). Example Sentences 你是谁？ Nǐ shì shuí? Who are you? 门口站着的那个人是谁？ Ménkǒu zhànzhe...
健康 (jiànkāng) — health; healthy
健康 (jiànkāng) 健康 refers to a state of physical, mental, and social well-being, and as an adjective it describes something or someone that is in good health or functions properly and positively. Meanings [noun] health; good health (the state of being physically and mentally well) [adjective] healthy; sound; well (in good health; functioning positively and properly) Example Sentences 世界卫生组织将健康定义为身体、心理和社会方面的完好状态，而不仅仅是没有疾病。 Shìjiè Wèishēng Zǔzhī jiāng jiànkāng dìngyì wéi shēntǐ, xīnlǐ hé shèhuì...
引导 (yǐndǎo) — to guide; to lead
引导 (yǐndǎo) 引导 means to guide, lead, or direct someone toward a goal or in the right direction, often used in educational, social, or leadership contexts. Meanings [verb] to guide; to lead; to direct Example Sentences 老师引导学生思考问题。 Lǎoshī yǐndǎo xuéshēng sīkǎo wèntí. The teacher guided students to think about the problem. 父母应该引导孩子养成好习惯。 Fùmǔ yīnggāi yǐndǎo háizi yǎngchéng hǎo xíguàn. Parents should guide children to develop good habits. 他引导我们找到了出口。 Tā yǐndǎo...
评论 (pínglùn) — to comment on; commentary; review
评论 (pínglùn) 评论 means to give an opinion or analysis about something, and as a noun refers to a comment, review, or piece of commentary. Meanings [verb] To comment on, to review, to discuss, to analyze. [noun] A comment, commentary, review, critique. Example Sentences 她在博客上发表了一篇评论这部小说叙事结构的深度文章。 Tā zài bókè shàng fābiǎo le yī piān pínglùn zhè bù xiǎoshuō xùshì jiégòu de shēndù wénzhāng. She published an in-depth article on her blog...
抗体 (kàngtǐ) — antibody
抗体 (kàngtǐ) 抗体 refers to antibodies, which are proteins produced by the immune system in response to foreign substances such as bacteria, viruses, or vaccines, used to identify and neutralize these threats. Meanings [noun] antibody (immunology); protein that fights pathogens Example Sentences 接种疫苗后，人体会产生相应的抗体，从而对该病毒产生免疫力。 Jiēzhòng yìmiáo hòu, réntǐ huì chǎnshēng xiāngyìng de kàngtǐ, cóng ér duì gāi bìngdú chǎnshēng miǎnyì lì. After vaccination, the human body produces corresponding antibodies, thereby developing...
蔬菜 (shūcài) — vegetable
蔬菜 (shūcài) 蔬菜 is the general word for vegetables — all kinds of edible plants that are typically served as part of a meal alongside grains and protein. It is an essential word for talking about food and health. Meanings noun vegetable (an edible plant or part of a plant used as food) Example Sentences 医生建议我多吃蔬菜和水果。 Yīshēng jiànyì wǒ duō chī shūcài hé shuǐguǒ. The doctor recommended that I eat...
原因 (yuányīn) — reason; cause
原因 (yuányīn) 原因 refers to the reason or cause behind an event, situation, or outcome. Meanings [noun] Reason; cause; explanation. Example Sentences 你知道他为什么迟到的原因吗？ Nǐ zhīdào tā wèishénme chídào de yuányīn ma? Do you know the reason why he was late? 这次事故的原因正在调查中。 Zhè cì shìgù de yuányīn zhèngzài diàochá zhōng. The cause of this accident is currently under investigation. 失败的原因是准备不够充分。 Shībài de yuányīn shì zhǔnbèi bùgòu chōngfèn. The reason for the...
竞争 (jìngzhēng) — to compete; competition
竞争 (jìngzhēng) 竞争 describes the act of competing against others for a shared objective, whether it is a prize, a job, a market share, or recognition. As a noun it refers to competition in general, and it can carry either a positive (motivating) or negative (harmful) connotation depending on context. Meanings [verb] To compete; to contend; to vie. [noun] Competition; rivalry. Example Sentences 在全球化的背景下，企业面临越来越激烈的市场竞争。 Zài quánqiú huà de bèijǐng xià,...
差 (chā / chà) — difference; lacking; poor
差 (chā / chà) 差 has two common readings with different meanings. As chā (1st tone) it refers to a difference or gap between two quantities. As chà (4th tone) it means poor quality, substandard, or lacking something. Context and tone are what distinguish them. Meanings [noun] chā Difference; gap. Used in math and in expressions about the gap between two values. [adjective] chà Poor; bad; lacking. Describes something that...
经验 (jīngyàn) — experience
经验 (jīngyàn) 经验 refers to practical experience gained by doing or living through something. It differs from 经历 (jīnglì — life experience / personal history) in that 经验 emphasizes the lessons and knowledge gained. Meanings [noun] Experience; practical knowledge; know-how. Example Sentences 他有丰富的工作经验。 Tā yǒu fēngfù de gōngzuò jīngyàn. He has rich work experience. 这次失败让我积累了很多经验。 Zhècì shībài ràng wǒ jīlěi le hěn duō jīngyàn. This failure helped me accumulate a...
认真 (rènzhēn) — serious / earnest
认真 (rènzhēn) 认真 means serious, earnest, or conscientious. It describes an attitude of careful dedication and thoroughness rather than a somber or grave mood. To 认真 do something means to do it with full attention and effort. Meanings [adjective] Serious; earnest; conscientious; diligent; careful. [adverb] Seriously; earnestly (used as a manner adverb before verbs). Example Sentences 他学习非常认真。 Tā xuéxí fēicháng rènzhēn. He studies very seriously. 做事要认真，不能马虎。 Zuò shì yào rènzhēn,...
动词+得+adj — verb + degree complement
动词+得+adj (Verb + Degree Complement) The degree complement uses 得 (de) after a verb to introduce an adjective or descriptive phrase that evaluates the manner or degree of the action. It answers the question "how well?" or "to what extent?" Structure Verb + 得 + Adjective/Descriptive Phrase If the verb takes an object, the verb must be repeated: Verb + Object + Verb + 得 + Adjective . Example Sentences...
机器 (jīqì) — machine
机器 (jīqì) 机器 means machine or apparatus. It refers to any mechanical or automated device that performs work. 机 relates to a mechanism or device, and 器 means a vessel or tool. Together they describe a tool-like mechanism, i.e. a machine. A key compound is 机器人 (jīqìrén), which means robot, literally "machine person." As automation grows in China, 机器人 and 人工智能 (artificial intelligence) are increasingly common words in everyday conversation....
战略 (zhànlüè) — strategy
战略 (zhànlüè) 战略 means strategy in a broad, high-level sense -- a long-term plan or approach to achieving a major goal, originally military but now widely used in business and politics. Meanings [noun] strategy; strategic plan [adjective] strategic Example Sentences 公司制定了新的发展战略。 Gōngsī zhìdìngle xīn de fāzhǎn zhànlüè. The company formulated a new development strategy. 这是一个重要的战略决定。 Zhè shì yīgè zhòngyào de zhànlüè juédìng. This is an important strategic decision. 他们的战略非常成功。 Tāmen...
经常 (jīngcháng) — often
经常 (jīngcháng) 经常 means often or frequently. It describes actions that happen on a regular, habitual basis. It is placed before the verb it modifies. Meanings [adverb] Often; frequently; regularly; habitually. Example Sentences 我经常去图书馆看书。 Wǒ jīngcháng qù túshūguǎn kàn shū. I often go to the library to read. 他经常帮助同学，大家都很喜欢他。 Tā jīngcháng bāngzhù tóngxué, dàjiā dōu hěn xǐhuān tā. He often helps classmates; everyone likes him very much. 你经常锻炼吗？ Nǐ jīngcháng...
心理健康 (xīnlǐ jiànkāng) — mental health
心理健康 (xīnlǐ jiànkāng) 心理健康 refers to mental and emotional wellbeing. As awareness of mental health grows in Chinese society, this term has become increasingly important in both everyday and formal contexts. Meanings [noun] mental health; psychological wellbeing; emotional health Example Sentences 我们要同样重视身体健康和心理健康。 Wǒmen yào tóngyàng zhòngshì shēntǐ jiànkāng hé xīnlǐ jiànkāng. We should pay equal attention to physical health and mental health. 长期的压力会影响一个人的心理健康。 Chángqī de yālì huì yǐngxiǎng yī gè...
处理 (chǔlǐ) — to handle; to deal with; to process
处理 (chǔlǐ) 处理 covers the full range of managing, resolving, and processing — from everyday problems to technical operations. Meanings [verb] To handle, to deal with, to manage, to take care of (a situation or problem). [verb] To process, to treat (data, materials, or cases). Example Sentences 她每天都要处理大量的工作邮件，效率非常高。 Tā měitiān dōu yào chǔlǐ dàliàng de gōngzuò yóujiàn, xiàolǜ fēicháng gāo. She has to handle a large volume of work emails...
通知 (tōngzhī) — notification; to notify
通知 (tōngzhī) 通知 functions as both a noun (notification, notice) and a verb (to notify, to inform). It is commonly used in workplace, school, and digital contexts to describe official or important communications. Meanings [noun] notification; a formal or official notice or announcement [verb] to notify; to inform someone officially Example Sentences 手机收到了一条新通知。 Shǒujī shōudào le yī tiáo xīn tōngzhī. The phone received a new notification. 请通知大家明天的会议推迟了。 Qǐng tōngzhī dàjiā...
优点 (yōudiǎn) — advantage / strong point / merit
优点 (yōudiǎn) Refers to a positive quality, strength, or merit of a person or object, as opposed to 缺点 (quēdiǎn, shortcoming). Meanings [noun] Advantage, strong point, merit. [noun] Virtue, positive quality (of a person). Example Sentences 这种方法的优点是简单易学。 Zhè zhǒng fāngfǎ de yōudiǎn shì jiǎndān yì xué. The advantage of this method is that it is simple and easy to learn. 她的优点是认真负责。 Tā de yōudiǎn shì rènzhēn fùzé. Her strong point...
批准 (pīzhǔn) — to approve; to authorize
批准 (pīzhǔn) 批准 means to officially approve or authorize something -- granting formal permission or endorsement, typically by a person in authority. Meanings [verb] to approve; to authorize; to sanction; to ratify Example Sentences 经理批准了我的请假申请。 Jǐnglǐ pīzhǔnle wǒ de qǐngjià shēnqǐng. The manager approved my leave application. 这个项目已经得到了政府的批准。 Zhège xiàngmù yǐjīng dédàole zhèngfǔ de pīzhǔn. This project has already received government approval. 他的申请被批准了。 Tā de shēnqǐng bèi pīzhǔn le. His...
普通 (pǔtōng) — ordinary; common; standard
普通 (pǔtōng) 普通 means ordinary, common, or standard. It describes things that are typical and unremarkable. Its most famous compound is 普通话 (Pǔtōnghuà), the standard Mandarin Chinese language. As an adjective it appears before nouns (普通的人 — an ordinary person) or after 很 (很普通 — very ordinary/nothing special). Meanings [adj] Ordinary; common — not special, typical of its kind. [adj] Standard; regular — as opposed to premium or specialized. Example...
管理 (guǎnlǐ) — to manage; management
管理 (guǎnlǐ) 管理 means to manage or administer, whether it is a team of people, a project, an organization, or one's own time and resources. It implies systematic oversight and the authority to direct. As a noun it refers to management or administration. Meanings [verb] To manage; to administer; to oversee; to supervise. [noun] Management; administration. Example Sentences 这家公司的管理非常规范，员工满意度很高。 Zhè jiā gōngsī de guǎnlǐ fēicháng guīfàn, yuángōng mǎnyì dù hěn...
廉洁 (liánjié) — honest and clean; incorrupt
廉洁 (liánjié) Incorrupt or honest and clean describes a person, especially an official, who is free from corruption and bribery, acting with complete integrity in their position. Meanings [adjective] incorrupt; honest and upright; clean-handed; free from corruption Example Sentences 廉洁奉公是对每一位政府官员的基本要求。 Liánjié fènggōng shì duì měi yī wèi zhèngfǔ guānyuán de jīběn yāoqiú. Being incorrupt and devoted to public service is a basic requirement for every government official. 他以廉洁著称，在位多年从未接受过贿赂。 Tā yǐ...
原则 (yuánzé) — principle
原则 (yuánzé) 原则 refers to a fundamental principle, rule, or standard that guides one's behavior or decisions. Meanings [noun] principle; fundamental rule; standard Example Sentences 诚实是他做人的基本原则。 Chéngshí shì tā zuòrén de jīběn yuánzé. Honesty is his basic principle in life. 我们做事必须遵守一定的原则。 Wǒmen zuòshì bìxū zūnshǒu yīdìng de yuánzé. We must follow certain principles in what we do. 这个问题在原则上没有问题。 Zhège wèntí zài yuánzé shàng méiyǒu wèntí. In principle, there is no...
幸福 (xìngfú) — happiness; happy; blessed
幸福 (xìngfú) 幸福 expresses a deep, lasting sense of well-being and contentment, going beyond momentary happiness to describe a fulfilled life. Meanings [noun/adj] happiness; a happy and blessed state; deep contentment; feeling fortunate and fulfilled Example Sentences 和家人在一起，我感到很幸福。 Hé jiārén zài yīqǐ, wǒ gǎndào hěn xìngfú. Being together with family, I feel very happy and blessed. 幸福不是靠钱买来的。 Xìngfú bù shì kào qián mǎi lái de. Happiness cannot be bought with...
不是 (bú shì) — no; is not; am not; are not
不是 (bú shì) 不是 means "is not," "am not," or simply "no" in response to a question about identity or status. It negates the verb 是 (to be). Meanings [phrase] Is not; am not; are not (negation of 是 in equational sentences). [phrase] No (as a standalone response when the question uses 是). Example Sentences 我不是老师，我是学生。 Wǒ bú shì lǎoshī, wǒ shì xuésheng. I am not a teacher, I am...
规范 (guīfàn) — norm, standard; to standardize
规范 (guīfàn) 规范 functions as both a noun and a verb. As a noun it means a norm, standard, or specification — the accepted model of correct or proper behavior, language, or procedure. As a verb it means to standardize or regulate, bringing something into conformity with an established norm. It is widely used in institutional, legal, and academic discourse. Meanings [n] norm, standard, specification [v] to standardize, to regulate,...
进步 (jìnbù) — to make progress; progress; improvement
进步 (jìnbù) 进步 means to move forward and improve, whether in skill, knowledge, or character. Meanings [verb/noun] to make progress; to improve; progress; advancement; improvement Example Sentences 你的中文进步很快，继续加油！ Nǐ de Zhōngwén jìnbù hěn kuài, jìxù jiāyóu! Your Chinese is improving very quickly, keep it up! 每天练习一点，就会慢慢进步。 Měitiān liànxí yīdiǎn, jiù huì mànmàn jìnbù. Practice a little every day and you will gradually improve. 这是他这学期最大的进步。 Zhè shì tā zhè xuéqī zuìdà...
形象 (xíngxiàng) — image; figure
形象 (xíngxiàng) 形象 refers to the appearance, image, or impression that a person, organization, or character projects to others. Meanings [noun] image; figure; appearance; impression [adjective] vivid; graphic; lifelike Example Sentences 他注意保持自己的公众形象。 Tā zhùyì bǎochí zìjǐ de gōngzhòng xíngxiàng. He pays attention to maintaining his public image. 这个广告损害了公司的形象。 Zhège guǎnggào sǔnhài le gōngsī de xíngxiàng. This advertisement damaged the company's image. 老师用形象的例子解释了这个难懂的概念。 Lǎoshī yòng xíngxiàng de lìzi jiěshì le zhège...
落实 (luòshí) — to implement; to carry out
落实 (luòshí) 落实 describes the act of turning plans, policies, or promises into concrete reality, and is one of the most common verbs in Chinese administrative and business language. Meanings [verb] to implement; to put into effect; to follow through on [verb] to verify; to confirm (a detail or arrangement) Example Sentences 政府正在落实新的环保政策。 Zhèngfǔ zhèngzài luòshí xīn de huánbǎo zhèngcè. The government is implementing the new environmental policy. 我们需要落实每一个细节。 Wǒmen...
菜单 (càidān) — menu
菜单 (càidān) 菜单 is the menu at a restaurant or eatery — the list of available dishes and their prices. It is an essential word for dining out in China. Meanings noun menu (a list of available dishes in a restaurant) Example Sentences 请给我一份菜单。 Qǐng gěi wǒ yī fèn càidān. Please give me a menu. 这家餐厅的菜单上有很多素食选项。 Zhè jiā cāntīng de càidān shàng yǒu hěn duō sùshí xuǎnxiàng. This restaurant's menu...
数据 (shùjù) — data
数据 (shùjù) Information -- especially numerical or statistical -- gathered for reference, analysis, or decision-making; the raw material of the information age. Meanings [noun] data, figures, statistics Example Sentences 研究人员收集了大量数据来支持他们的结论。 Yánjiū rényuán shōujíle dàliàng shùjù lái zhīchí tāmen de jiélùn. The researchers collected a large amount of data to support their conclusions. 这份报告中的数据显示经济正在稳步复苏。 Zhè fèn bàogào zhōng de shùjù xiǎnshì jīngjì zhèngzài wěnbù fùsū. The data in this report shows...
成熟 (chéngshú) — mature; ripe; to mature
成熟 (chéngshú) 成熟 describes the state of being fully developed, ripe, or mature, applicable to physical things like fruit, but more often used to describe people, ideas, technologies, or plans that have reached a well-developed, stable state. Meanings [adjective] mature; ripe; fully developed; well-rounded [verb] to mature; to ripen; to become fully developed Example Sentences 经过多年的磨砺，他变得更加成熟稳重，懂得如何在压力下做出正确的决定。 Jīngguò duō nián de mólì, tā biàn de gèngjiā chéngshú wěnzhòng, dǒngde rúhé zài...
观念 (guānniàn) — concept; idea; notion
观念 (guānniàn) 观念 means "concept," "idea," or "notion" and refers to a belief, value, or way of thinking that is deeply held, often shaped by culture or upbringing. Meanings [noun] concept; notion; idea; way of thinking [noun] value; belief (often culturally or socially shaped) Example Sentences 传统观念在这里依然很强。 Chuántǒng guānniàn zài zhèlǐ yīrán hěn qiáng. Traditional ideas are still very strong here. 年轻人的消费观念与老一辈不同。 Niánqīngrén de xiāofèi guānniàn yǔ lǎo yībèi bùtóng....
懒惰 (lǎnduò) — lazy
懒惰 (lǎnduò) 懒惰 describes someone who is lazy or unwilling to work and make effort -- a negative character trait involving a lack of energy or motivation. Meanings [adjective] lazy; indolent; idle Example Sentences 他太懒惰了，什么事都不想做。 Tā tài lǎnduò le, shénme shì dōu bù xiǎng zuò. He is too lazy; he doesn't want to do anything. 懒惰是成功的最大敌人。 Lǎnduò shì chénggōng de zuìdà dírén. Laziness is the greatest enemy of success. 不要让懒惰影响你的学习。...
协商 (xiéshāng) — to negotiate, to consult
协商 (xiéshāng) 协商 refers to the process of discussing matters together to reach a mutually acceptable agreement or decision, emphasizing cooperation and consensus-building. Meanings [verb] to negotiate, to consult, to discuss toward agreement [noun] negotiation, consultation, deliberation Example Sentences 双方经过多轮协商，终于就合同条款达成了一致。 Shuāngfāng jīngguò duō lún xiéshāng, zhōngyú jiù hétong tiáokuǎn dáchéng le yīzhì. After multiple rounds of negotiation, the two parties finally reached agreement on the contract terms. 劳资双方将通过协商解决薪酬调整的争议。 Láozī shuāngfāng...
机场 (jīchǎng) — airport
机场 (jīchǎng) 机场 is the standard word for airport, the facility where passengers board and depart from aircraft. Meanings [noun] airport — a place with runways and terminals for the departure and arrival of aircraft and passengers Example Sentences 我们明天早上六点去机场。 Wǒmen míngtiān zǎoshang liù diǎn qù jīchǎng. We are going to the airport tomorrow at six in the morning. 机场离市中心很远。 Jīchǎng lí shì zhōngxīn hěn yuǎn. The airport is far...
哥哥 (gēge) — older brother
哥哥 (gēge) 哥哥 means older brother. In Chinese culture, age order among siblings is built into the vocabulary itself, with distinct words for older and younger siblings of each gender. Meanings [noun] Older brother, elder brother. Example Sentences 我哥哥在北京工作。 Wǒ gēge zài Běijīng gōngzuò. My older brother works in Beijing. 哥哥比我高。 Gēge bǐ wǒ gāo. My older brother is taller than me. 你有哥哥吗？ Nǐ yǒu gēge ma? Do you have...
当时 (dāngshí) — at that time; then; at the time
当时 (dāngshí) 当时 refers to a specific moment in the past that has already been mentioned or is understood from context, meaning "at that time" or "back then." Meanings [adverb] At that time; then; at the time (refers to a past moment in context). [noun] That time; that moment (used as a time noun). Example Sentences 我当时不知道他已经离开了。 Wǒ dāngshí bù zhīdào tā yǐjīng líkāi le. At that time, I did...
展现 (zhǎnxiàn) — to display; to unfold
展现 (zhǎnxiàn) 展现 means to present or display something before others, especially in a way that allows its full scope or beauty to be seen, and is widely used in descriptive, artistic, and formal contexts. Meanings [verb] to display; to present; to bring into full view [verb] to unfold; to reveal gradually (a scene, quality, or situation) Example Sentences 这部纪录片展现了西藏的壮丽自然风光。 Zhè bù jìlùpiàn zhǎnxiànle Xīzàng de zhuànglì zìrán fēngguāng. This...
月 (yuè) — month; moon
月 (yuè) The word for both "month" and "moon"; months in Chinese are numbered (一月 = January, 十二月 = December), so knowing 月 plus numbers 1–12 gives you all twelve months automatically. Meanings [noun] Month (calendar month: 一月 through 十二月). [noun] Moon (the celestial body; also in compounds like 月亮, moonlight). Example Sentences 我的生日是三月十五号。 Wǒ de shēngrì shì Sān yuè shíwǔ hào. My birthday is March 15th. 这个月我很忙。 Zhège yuè...
快乐 (kuàilè) — happy, joyful
快乐 (kuàilè) 快乐 means happy or joyful. It describes a genuine inner feeling of happiness. It is commonly used in greetings and well wishes, such as 生日快乐 (Happy Birthday) and 新年快乐 (Happy New Year). Meanings [adjective] Happy, joyful. Example Sentences 生日快乐！ Shēngrì kuàilè! Happy birthday! 他每天都很快乐。 Tā měitiān dōu hěn kuàilè. He is happy every day. 孩子们玩得很快乐。 Háizimen wán de hěn kuàilè. The children are playing happily. 我希望你永远快乐。 Wǒ xīwàng...
归纳 (guīnà) — to summarize, to generalize
归纳 (guīnà) 归纳 means to summarize or generalize, particularly by collecting specific instances and drawing general conclusions from them. It corresponds to the logical process of inductive reasoning — moving from particular facts to general principles. It is widely used in academic, scientific, and professional contexts when synthesizing information or drawing conclusions. Meanings [v] to summarize; to compile and organize [v] to generalize; to reason inductively from specific examples Example...
支持 (zhīchí) — to support; to back up; support
支持 (zhīchí) 支持 means to give active assistance, backing, or resources to someone or a cause, both in interpersonal and institutional contexts. Meanings [verb] To support, to back, to endorse, to stand behind. [noun] Support, backing, endorsement. Example Sentences 她的父母一直全力支持她追求艺术梦想，尽管这条路充满了不确定性。 Tā de fùmǔ yīzhí quánlì zhīchí tā zhuīqiú yìshù mèngxiǎng, jǐnguǎn zhè tiáo lù chōngmǎn le bù quèdìngxìng. Her parents have always fully supported her in pursuing her artistic dream,...
尽管 (jǐnguǎn) — although; despite; even though
尽管 (jǐnguǎn) 尽管 is a conjunction that introduces a concessive clause, acknowledging a fact or obstacle while stating that it does not prevent the outcome in the main clause. Meanings [conjunction] although; despite; even though (used to introduce a concessive condition that does not change the result) Usage Note 尽管 introduces the subordinate (concessive) clause, and the main clause often uses 还是 (háishi, still), 仍然 (réngrán, still), 却 (què, but/yet),...
构建 (gòujiàn) — to build; to construct
构建 (gòujiàn) 构建 means to construct or build something deliberately and systematically, and is most often used for abstract constructions such as systems, frameworks, theories, and social relationships. Meanings [verb] to construct; to build; to create in a systematic way [verb] to establish (a framework, system, model, or relationship) Example Sentences 政府致力于构建更完善的社会保障体系。 Zhèngfǔ zhìlì yú gòujiàn gèng wánshàn de shèhuì bǎozhàng tǐxì. The government is committed to constructing a more...
爬 (pá) — to climb
爬 (pá) 爬 means to climb or to crawl. It describes the action of moving upward using hands and feet, or moving on all fours along a surface. Meanings [verb] To climb; to scale (a mountain, wall, tree). [verb] To crawl; to move on hands and knees. Example Sentences 他们爬到了山顶。 Tāmen pá dào le shāndǐng. They climbed to the top of the mountain. 小孩子在地上爬来爬去。 Xiǎo háizi zài dìshang pá lái...
转变 (zhuǎnbiàn) — to transform; to change; transition
转变 (zhuǎnbiàn) 转变 means "to transform," "to change," or "transition" and describes a significant shift in nature, form, attitude, or direction. Meanings [verb] to transform; to change; to shift; to convert [noun] transformation; change; transition Example Sentences 他的态度发生了很大的转变。 Tā de tàidù fāshēng le hěn dà de zhuǎnbiàn. His attitude underwent a great transformation. 这个城市正在从工业城市向服务业城市转变。 Zhège chéngshì zhèngzài cóng gōngyè chéngshì xiàng fúwùyè chéngshì zhuǎnbiàn. This city is transforming from an...
增长 (zēngzhǎng) — to grow; to increase; growth
增长 (zēngzhǎng) 增长 describes a rise or increase in something, particularly in measurable quantities such as population, income, or knowledge. Meanings [verb] to grow; to increase — to become greater in number, amount, or degree [noun] growth; increase — the act or result of growing in size, amount, or extent Example Sentences 今年的销售额增长了百分之二十。 Jīnnián de xiāoshòu'é zēngzhǎng le bǎifēnzhī èrshí. Sales revenue grew by twenty percent this year. 人口增长给环境带来了压力。 Rénkǒu...
此外 (cǐ wài) — In addition, besides
此外 (cǐ wài) This conjunction is used to introduce additional points beyond what has already been stated, functioning as a formal connective in written and spoken Chinese. Meanings [conj] in addition; besides; moreover; apart from this Example Sentences 他擅长数学和物理。此外，他还会弹钢琴。 Tā shàncháng shùxué hé wùlǐ. Cǐ wài, tā hái huì tán gāngqín. He is good at math and physics. In addition, he can play the piano. 我们需要更多资金。此外，还需要专业人才。 Wǒmen xūyào gèng duō...
注意 (zhùyì) — to pay attention; attention
注意 (zhùyì) 注意 means to pay attention, to take note of, or to be careful about something. Meanings [verb] to pay attention to; to be mindful of; to take note [noun] attention; notice Example Sentences 请注意安全，小心地滑。 Qǐng zhùyì ānquán, xiǎoxīn dì huá. Please pay attention to safety; watch out for slippery ground. 上课时要注意听老师讲课。 Shàngkè shí yào zhùyì tīng lǎoshī jiǎngkè. During class you should pay attention to the teacher's lecture....
仔细 (zǐxì) — careful; meticulous; attentive
仔细 (zǐxì) 仔细 describes paying close and careful attention to something so as not to make mistakes or miss details. Meanings [adj/adv] careful; meticulous; attentive; thorough Example Sentences 做题之前要仔细阅读题目。 Zuò tí zhīqián yào zǐxì yuèdú tímù. Read the questions carefully before answering them. 他仔细地检查了每一个细节。 Tā zǐxì de jiǎnchá le měi yī gè xìjié. He carefully examined every detail. 请仔细听，我只说一遍。 Qǐng zǐxì tīng, wǒ zhǐ shuō yī biàn. Please listen carefully;...
相信 (xiāngxìn) — to believe
相信 (xiāngxìn) 相信 means to believe or to trust. It expresses confidence in the truth of a statement or faith in a person or outcome. Meanings [verb] To believe; to trust; to have faith in. Example Sentences 我相信你说的话。 Wǒ xiāngxìn nǐ shuō de huà. I believe what you said. 你相信他能做到吗？ Nǐ xiāngxìn tā néng zuò dào ma? Do you believe he can do it? 我相信努力一定会有回报。 Wǒ xiāngxìn nǔlì yīdìng huì...
不过 (búguò) — however
不过 (búguò) 不过 means however or but, used to introduce a mild contrast or qualification. It is softer and more conversational than 但是 (dànshì), making it ideal for gentle corrections or adding a caveat. Meanings [conjunction] However; but; only (introducing a mild contrast or qualification). [adverb] Only; merely; nothing more than. Example Sentences 这道菜很好吃，不过有点辣。 Zhè dào cài hěn hǎochī, búguò yǒu diǎn là. This dish is very tasty; however, it's...
如果 (rúguǒ) — if; supposing that
如果 (rúguǒ) 如果 means "if" or "supposing that." It introduces a hypothetical or conditional situation, and the result clause often contains 就 (jiù, then). Meanings [conjunction] If; supposing; in the event that (introduces a condition). Example Sentences 如果明天下雨，我就不去了。 Rúguǒ míngtiān xià yǔ, wǒ jiù bù qù le. If it rains tomorrow, I will not go. 如果你饿了，就告诉我。 Rúguǒ nǐ è le, jiù gàosu wǒ. If you are hungry, just let me...
可惜 (kěxī) — it's a pity; unfortunately
可惜 (kěxī) 可惜 expresses regret that something unfortunate has happened or that something good was missed, equivalent to "it's a pity" or "unfortunately." Meanings [adj] unfortunate; regrettable; it's a pity [adv] unfortunately; regrettably Example Sentences 真可惜，你没能来参加我们的聚会。 Zhēn kěxī, nǐ méi néng lái cānjiā wǒmen de jùhuì. What a pity you couldn't come to our gathering. 可惜天气不好，我们不能去爬山。 Kěxī tiānqì bù hǎo, wǒmen bù néng qù páshān. Unfortunately the weather is bad,...
四 (sì) — four
四 (sì) The number four; culturally, 四 is associated with bad luck in Chinese-speaking regions because sì sounds similar to 死 (sǐ, to die), so it is often avoided in addresses, floors, and phone numbers. Meanings [number] Four, the digit 4. Example Sentences 她家有四口人。 Tā jiā yǒu sì kǒu rén. Her family has four members. 四月的天气很好。 Sì yuè de tiānqì hěn hǎo. The weather in April is very nice. 这栋楼没有四楼。...
你 (nǐ) — you
你 (nǐ) The everyday second-person singular pronoun used with friends, family, peers, and strangers of similar status; 您 (nín) is the formal equivalent. Meanings [pronoun] You (subject, informal singular). [pronoun] You (object, informal singular). [pronoun] Your (before 的: 你的). Example Sentences 你好！ Nǐ hǎo! Hello! (Lit. You [are] good.) 你叫什么名字？ Nǐ jiào shénme míngzi? What is your name? 我喜欢你。 Wǒ xǐhuan nǐ. I like you. 你的朋友很有趣。 Nǐ de péngyou hěn...
采访 (cǎifǎng) — to interview; interview (journalism)
采访 (cǎifǎng) 采访 refers to the journalistic activity of interviewing people or gathering news, and can function both as a verb (to interview/report on) and a noun (an interview or news coverage), making it essential for media and journalism vocabulary. Meanings [verb] to interview; to cover (a news story); to report on [noun] an interview; news coverage; a journalistic visit Example Sentences 记者在赛后采访了获胜球队的主教练。 Jìzhě zài sài hòu cǎifǎngle huòshèng qiúduì...
臭氧层 (chòuyǎng céng) — ozone layer
臭氧层 (chòuyǎng céng) 臭氧层 refers to the ozone layer -- the region of Earth's stratosphere containing a high concentration of ozone (O3) that absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation. It is a key term in environmental science and ecology. Meanings [noun] the ozone layer; the stratospheric ozone layer Example Sentences 臭氧层的破坏会导致到达地表的紫外线增加，从而引发皮肤癌等疾病。 Chòuyǎng céng de pòhuài huì dǎozhì dào dá dìbiǎo de zǐwàixiàn zēngjiā, cóng ér yǐnfā pífūái děng jíbìng....
特别 (tèbié) — especially; particularly; special
特别 (tèbié) 特别 serves as both an intensifying adverb (especially, particularly — stronger than 很) and a descriptive adjective (special, unusual). As an adverb it sits before adjectives or verbs: 特别好吃 (especially delicious). As an adjective it describes things that stand out from the norm: 这很特别 (this is special/unusual). Meanings [adv] Especially; particularly — an intensifier stronger than 非常, implying something exceeds expectations. [adj] Special; unique; extraordinary — different from...
费用 (fèiyòng) — fee; cost; expense
费用 (fèiyòng) 费用 means "fee," "cost," or "expense" and refers to money that is spent or charged in connection with an activity, service, or transaction. Meanings [noun] fee; cost; expense; charge Example Sentences 这次旅行的费用大概是五千元。 Zhè cì lǚxíng de fèiyòng dàgài shì wǔqiān yuán. The cost of this trip is approximately five thousand yuan. 医疗费用越来越高，让很多人担忧。 Yīliáo fèiyòng yuèláiyuè gāo, ràng hěn duō rén dānyōu. Medical expenses are getting higher and higher,...
另一方面 (lìng yī fāngmiàn) — on the other hand
另一方面 (lìng yī fāngmiàn) 另一方面 is a discourse marker used to introduce the second or contrasting aspect of an argument, equivalent to "on the other hand" or "from another perspective" in English. Meanings [phrase] on the other hand; from another perspective; at the same time (introduces a contrasting or complementary point) Example Sentences 一方面，城市化提高了生活水平；另一方面，也带来了环境问题。 Yī fāngmiàn, chéngshìhuà tígāo le shēnghuó shuǐpíng; lìng yī fāngmiàn, yě dàilái le huánjìng wèntí. On...
自由 (zìyóu) — freedom; free
自由 (zìyóu) 自由 means freedom or liberty -- the state of being able to act, think, or move without constraint. As an adjective it describes something or someone that is free, unrestricted, or unconstrained. Meanings [noun] freedom; liberty [adjective] free; unrestricted; at liberty Example Sentences 言论自由是民主社会的基本权利之一，但也需要在法律框架内行使。 Yánlùn zìyóu shì mínzhǔ shèhuì de jīběn quánlì zhī yī, dàn yě xūyào zài fǎlǜ kuàngjià nèi xíngshǐ. Freedom of speech is one of...
吃 (chī) — to eat
吃 (chī) 吃 is the standard verb for eating. It takes food as its object and appears in some of the most common daily phrases in Chinese. Meanings [verb] To eat, to consume food. Example Sentences 你吃早饭了吗？ Nǐ chī zǎofàn le ma? Have you eaten breakfast? 我想吃饺子。 Wǒ xiǎng chī jiǎozi. I want to eat dumplings. 他每天中午在公司吃饭。 Tā měitiān zhōngwǔ zài gōngsī chīfàn. He eats lunch at the company every...
学生 (xuéshēng) — Student
学生 (xuéshēng) 学生 is the general term for a student or pupil at any educational level. Meanings [noun] student; pupil; learner Example Sentences 这所学校有三千名学生。 Zhè suǒ xuéxiào yǒu sānqiān míng xuéshēng. This school has three thousand students. 老师鼓励学生积极发言。 Lǎoshī gǔlì xuéshēng jījí fāyán. The teacher encourages students to actively speak up. 他是一名非常认真的学生，从不缺课。 Tā shì yī míng fēicháng rènzhēn de xuéshēng, cóng bù quē kè. He is a very conscientious student...
法规 (fǎguī) — Regulations, rules and regulations
法规 (fǎguī) 法规 refers to officially issued rules and regulations, typically administrative orders and decrees issued by government bodies, which carry legal force. Meanings [noun] regulations; rules; statutory regulations; ordinances Example Sentences 企业必须严格遵守国家有关环保的法规。 Qǐyè bìxū yángé zūnshǒu guójiā yǒuguān huánbǎo de fǎguī. Enterprises must strictly comply with national environmental regulations. 政府制定了新的法规来规范网络安全行为。 Zhèngfǔ zhìdìngle xīn de fǎguī lái guīfàn wǎngluò ānquán xíngwéi. The government formulated new regulations to standardize cybersecurity practices....
思维 (sīwéi) — thinking; thought process
思维 (sīwéi) 思维 refers to the process or capacity of thinking -- how a person reasons, perceives, and forms ideas. It often describes a mode or style of thought. Meanings [noun] thinking; thought process; way of thinking Example Sentences 她有很强的逻辑思维。 Tā yǒu hěn qiáng de luójí sīwéi. She has strong logical thinking. 创新思维对工作很有帮助。 Chuàngxīn sīwéi duì gōngzuò hěn yǒu bāngzhù. Creative thinking is very helpful at work. 学习新语言可以改变思维方式。 Xuéxí xīn...
创新 (chuàngxīn) — to innovate; innovation
创新 (chuàngxīn) 创新 means to innovate or bring about innovation, referring to the creation of new ideas, methods, or products that improve on what exists. Meanings [verb] to innovate, to create new approaches or ideas [noun] innovation, a new idea or method that represents an improvement Example Sentences 创新是推动社会进步的重要力量。 Chuàngxīn shì tuīdòng shèhuì jìnbù de zhòngyào lìliàng. Innovation is an important force driving social progress. 这家公司鼓励员工不断创新。 Zhè jiā gōngsī gǔlì...
据悉 (jùxī) — it is learned that; reportedly; according to sources
据悉 (jùxī) 据悉 is a formal journalistic expression meaning "it is learned that" or "reportedly," used to introduce information obtained from an unspecified source, signaling that the speaker or writer is passing on information without necessarily confirming it personally. Meanings [discourse marker] it is learned that; reportedly; it has been learned that; according to sources Example Sentences 据悉，该公司计划在年底前完成新工厂的建设，届时将新增两千个就业岗位。 Jùxī, gāi gōngsī jìhuà zài niándǐ qián wánchéng xīn gōngchǎng de jiànshè,...
总结 (zǒngjié) — to summarize; conclusion
总结 (zǒngjié) 总结 means to review and draw conclusions from a completed process or period of work, and is one of the most commonly used words in Chinese professional, academic, and organizational life. Meanings [verb] to summarize; to review and draw conclusions; to wrap up [noun] a summary; a review; a concluding assessment Example Sentences 每学期结束时，老师都会对学生的表现作出总结。 Měi xuéqī jiéshù shí, lǎoshī dōu huì duì xuésheng de biǎoxiàn zuòchū zǒngjié. At...
应对 (yìngduì) — coping; to cope with
应对 (yìngduì) 应对 means to respond to or deal with a challenge, problem, or difficult situation. It implies an active, strategic response rather than passive acceptance. In psychology, 应对 translates the English term "coping" and refers to the strategies people use to manage stress and adversity. Meanings noun/verb coping, response; to cope with, to deal with, to respond to Example Sentences 她学会了如何应对工作中的压力。 Tā xuéhuì le rúhé yìngduì gōngzuò zhōng de...
股东 (gǔdōng) — shareholder; stockholder
股东 (gǔdōng) 股东 refers to a person or entity that holds shares in a company, giving them partial ownership and certain rights such as voting on company decisions and receiving dividends. It is the standard business and legal term for shareholder. Meanings [noun] shareholder; stockholder; equity holder Example Sentences 公司的重大决策需要经过股东大会的审议和批准。 Gōngsī de zhòngdà juécè xūyào jīngguò gǔdōng dàhuì de shěnyì hé pīzhǔn. Major decisions of a company need to be...
对于 (duìyú) — regarding; with respect to; as for
对于 (duìyú) 对于 is a preposition that introduces the topic or target of a statement, meaning "regarding," "with respect to," or "as for." Meanings [preposition] Regarding; with respect to; as for (marks the subject matter of a comment or attitude). Example Sentences 对于这个问题，我有不同的看法。 Duìyú zhège wèntí, wǒ yǒu bùtóng de kànfǎ. Regarding this problem, I have a different opinion. 对于学生来说，时间管理非常重要。 Duìyú xuésheng lái shuō, shíjiān guǎnlǐ fēicháng zhòngyào. For students,...
诊断 (zhěnduàn) — to diagnose; diagnosis
诊断 (zhěnduàn) 诊断 refers to the process of identifying a disease or problem through examination and analysis, and is used in both medical contexts and metaphorically to describe identifying the root cause of any issue. Meanings [verb] to diagnose [noun] diagnosis Example Sentences 医生根据检查结果做出了诊断。 Yīshēng gēnjù jiǎnchá jiéguǒ zuòchū le zhěnduàn. The doctor made a diagnosis based on the examination results. 早期诊断对癌症治疗至关重要。 Zǎoqī zhěnduàn duì áizhèng zhìliáo zhìguān zhòngyào. Early...
季节 (jìjié) — season
季节 (jìjié) 季节 means season, referring to one of the four seasons: spring (春天), summer (夏天), autumn (秋天), and winter (冬天). It is used to talk about weather, nature cycles, and activities that belong to a particular time of year. Meanings [noun] Season (one of the four seasons of the year). Example Sentences 你最喜欢哪个季节？ Nǐ zuì xǐhuān nǎ gè jìjié? Which season do you like the most? 秋天是我最喜欢的季节。 Qiūtiān shì...
你好 (nǐ hǎo) — hello; hi
你好 (nǐ hǎo) 你好 is the standard everyday greeting in Mandarin, equivalent to "hello" or "hi." It is used when greeting one person in an informal or neutral setting. Meanings [phrase] Hello; hi. A general greeting directed at one person. Example Sentences 你好！很高兴认识你。 Nǐ hǎo! Hěn gāoxìng rènshí nǐ. Hello! Nice to meet you. 你好，请问你叫什么名字？ Nǐ hǎo, qǐngwèn nǐ jiào shénme míngzì? Hello, may I ask your name? A: 你好！...
考核 (kǎohé) — assessment; to evaluate
考核 (kǎohé) 考核 means to formally assess, evaluate, or appraise someone's performance, qualifications, or results against a set of criteria. It is commonly used for employee performance reviews, academic assessments, and official evaluations. Meanings [verb] to assess; to evaluate; to appraise (performance or qualifications) [noun] assessment; evaluation; appraisal Example Sentences 公司每年对员工进行一次绩效考核，结果与奖金直接挂钩。 Gōngsī měi nián duì yuángōng jìnxíng yī cì jìxiào kǎohé, jiéguǒ yǔ jiǎngjīn zhíjiē guàgōu. The company conducts an...
优化 (yōuhuà) — to optimize, to improve
优化 (yōuhuà) 优化 means to optimize or systematically improve something to achieve better performance, efficiency, or quality, and is widely used in technical, business, and policy contexts. Meanings [verb] to optimize, to improve systematically, to streamline [noun] optimization, improvement (of processes, structures, or performance) Example Sentences 工程师正在优化算法，以提高程序运行速度。 Gōngchéng shī zhèngzài yōuhuà suànfǎ, yǐ tígāo chéngxù yùnxíng sùdù. Engineers are optimizing algorithms to improve program execution speed. 政府计划优化营商环境，吸引更多外资。 Zhèngfǔ jìhuà yōuhuà...
儿子 (érzi) — son
儿子 (érzi) 儿子 means son, a male child. 儿 means "child" or "son" and 子 is a classical word also meaning "child/person." Together they form the everyday word for son. Meanings [noun] Son, male child. Example Sentences 他们有一个儿子。 Tāmen yǒu yī gè érzi. They have one son. 我的儿子今年五岁。 Wǒ de érzi jīnnián wǔ suì. My son is five years old this year. 儿子每天去上学。 Érzi měitiān qù shàngxué. My son goes...
权衡 (quánhéng) — to weigh, to balance
权衡 (quánhéng) 权衡 means to weigh or balance competing options, interests, or factors carefully before making a decision. It comes from the image of a balance scale (权 is a unit of weight, 衡 is the beam of a scale), and implies careful, rational deliberation. It is used in decision-making contexts ranging from personal choices to policy analysis. Meanings [v] to weigh; to balance; to carefully consider multiple factors [v]...
内在 (nèizài) — intrinsic, internal
内在 (nèizài) 内在 describes qualities, forces, or characteristics that exist within something inherently, as opposed to those imposed or visible from the outside. Meanings [adjective] intrinsic, internal, inherent, inner Example Sentences 真正的美来自内在，而不仅仅是外表。 Zhēnzhèng de měi láizì nèizài, ér bù jǐnjǐn shì wàibiǎo. True beauty comes from within, not just from appearance. 我们需要理解事物发展的内在规律。 Wǒmen xūyào lǐjiě shìwù fāzhǎn de nèizài guīlǜ. We need to understand the intrinsic laws governing the development...
零 (líng) — zero
零 (líng) The number zero, used as a standalone digit and as a spoken placeholder between non-consecutive digits in larger numbers (e.g., 105 is 一百零五, not 一百五). Meanings [number] Zero, the digit 0. [number] Odd/fractional remainder (used in compound numbers to bridge a gap: 一百零一 = 101). Example Sentences 今天的气温是零下三度。 Jīntiān de qìwēn shì líng xià sān dù. Today's temperature is minus three degrees. 我的手机号码里有三个零。 Wǒ de shǒujī hàomǎ lǐ...
先进 (xiānjìn) — advanced, progressive
先进 (xiānjìn) 先进 describes something that is at the forefront of development, ahead of current standards, and worthy of being learned from or emulated. Meanings [adjective] advanced, progressive, cutting-edge [noun] an advanced individual or model worker (used in socialist contexts to praise exemplary people) Example Sentences 我们应该积极学习和引进先进的技术。 Wǒmen yīnggāi jījí xuéxí hé yǐnjìn xiānjìn de jìshù. We should actively learn from and introduce advanced technology. 这家工厂采用了最先进的生产设备。 Zhè jiā gōngchǎng cǎiyòng...
窗户 (chuānghù) — window
窗户 (chuānghù) A noun meaning window. The full form 窗户 is used in speech, while the single character 窗 (chuāng) appears more in written and compound forms. A window is a frame in a wall that lets in light and air. Meanings [noun] Window. Example Sentences 请打开窗户，空气不好。 Qǐng dǎkāi chuānghù, kōngqì bù hǎo. Please open the window, the air is bad. 窗户外面有一棵大树。 Chuānghù wàimiàn yǒu yī kē dà shù. There...
保护区 (bǎohùqū) — nature reserve; protected area
保护区 (bǎohùqū) 保护区 refers to a designated area legally protected to conserve natural environments, wildlife, cultural heritage, or other resources, including nature reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, and marine protected areas. Meanings [noun] nature reserve; protected area; conservation zone (a designated area protected by law for conservation purposes) Example Sentences 中国建立了大量自然保护区，以保护濒危野生动植物及其栖息地。 Zhōngguó jiànlìle dàliàng zìrán bǎohùqū, yǐ bǎohù bīn'wēi yěshēng dòngzhíwù jí qí qīxīdì. China has established numerous nature reserves to protect...
班 (bān) — class / shift
班 (bān) 班 primarily means a class of students or a work shift. It is also used as a measure word for scheduled transport departures and as part of compound words related to work schedules. Meanings [noun] Class; classroom group of students. [noun] Work shift; duty period. [measure word] Scheduled trip or service (for buses, planes, trains). Example Sentences 我们班一共有三十个学生。 Wǒmen bān yīgòng yǒu sānshí gè xuésheng. Our class has...
打扰 (dǎrǎo) — to disturb; to bother; to interrupt
打扰 (dǎrǎo) 打扰 means to disturb or interrupt someone, and is frequently used in polite phrases when asking for help or attention. Meanings [verb] To disturb, to bother, to interrupt, to intrude upon. Example Sentences 对不起，打扰一下，请问附近有没有地铁站？ Duìbuqǐ, dǎrǎo yīxià, qǐngwèn fùjìn yǒu méiyǒu dìtiě zhàn? Sorry to bother you — could you tell me if there is a metro station nearby? 他在开重要会议，请大家不要随意打扰他。 Tā zài kāi zhòngyào huìyì, qǐng dàjiā bù...
丰富 (fēngfù) — rich; abundant; to enrich
丰富 (fēngfù) 丰富 describes something that is plentiful, varied, and full of substance, and can also be used as a verb meaning to enrich or expand. Meanings [adjective] Rich, abundant, plentiful, varied (in content or resources). [verb] To enrich, to make richer or more varied. Example Sentences 这座城市有着丰富的历史文化遗产，吸引了大量国内外游客。 Zhè zuò chéngshì yǒuzhe fēngfù de lìshǐ wénhuà yíchǎn, xīyǐn le dàliàng guónèi wài yóukè. This city has rich historical and cultural...
打电话 (dǎ diànhuà) — to make a phone call
打电话 (dǎ diànhuà) 打电话 is a verb-object phrase meaning "to make a phone call." 打 (to hit/do) is used with many communication and activity verbs in Chinese: 打电话 (phone call), 打篮球 (play basketball), 打招呼 (greet). The person you call is introduced with 给 (gěi): 给他打电话 (call him). Meanings [verb phrase] To make a phone call; to call someone. Used for initiating a telephone conversation. Example Sentences 我可以用你的手机打电话吗？ Wǒ kěyǐ yòng...
迫切 (pòqiē) — urgent; pressing; eager
迫切 (pòqiē) 迫切 describes a feeling or situation of pressing urgency, strong eagerness, or acute need, and is commonly used in formal writing and speech to convey that something requires immediate attention. Meanings [adjective] urgent; pressing; acute (of a need or situation) [adjective] eager; keenly desirous (of a feeling) Example Sentences 解决环境污染问题是当前最迫切的任务之一。 Jiějué huánjìng wūrǎn wèntí shì dāngqián zuì pòqiē de rènwù zhī yī. Solving environmental pollution is one of...
拥有 (yōngyǒu) — to possess; to own; to have
拥有 (yōngyǒu) 拥有 describes the possession of something — typically something valuable, significant, or abstract — and carries more weight than simply 有 (to have). Meanings [verb] To possess, to own, to have (especially something of value or significance). Example Sentences 这座城市拥有数百年的历史，保存着大量珍贵的文化遗址。 Zhè zuò chéngshì yōngyǒu shù bǎi nián de lìshǐ, bǎocún zhe dàliàng zhēnguì de wénhuà yízhǐ. This city possesses hundreds of years of history and preserves numerous precious...
上升 (shàngshēng) — to rise, to increase, to ascend
上升 (shàngshēng) 上升 describes an upward movement or increase in quantity, level, or degree, functioning as the counterpart to 下降 and commonly used in statistical, scientific, and social discourse. Meanings [verb] to rise, to increase, to ascend, to go up (in level, quantity, or degree) [noun] rise, increase, ascent (in compound or nominal use) Example Sentences 近年来，全球平均气温持续上升，引发各国担忧。 Jìn nián lái, quánqiú píngjūn qìwēn chíxù shàngshēng, yǐnfā gè guó dānyōu. In...
和 (hé) — and; with
和 (hé) 和 is a conjunction meaning "and" or "with." It links nouns, pronouns, and noun phrases together. Meanings [conjunction] And (connecting two nouns or noun phrases). [preposition] With; together with (indicating accompaniment or relationship). Example Sentences 我和你一起去。 Wǒ hé nǐ yīqǐ qù. I will go together with you. 桌子上有书和笔。 Zhuōzi shàng yǒu shū hé bǐ. There are books and pens on the table. 他和我是朋友。 Tā hé wǒ shì péngyou....
趋势 (qūshì) — trend, tendency
趋势 (qūshì) 趋势 refers to the observable direction or tendency of development over time, indicating where things are heading based on current patterns. Meanings [noun] trend, tendency, direction of development [noun] momentum, trajectory (of events or changes) Example Sentences 全球化是当今世界经济发展的主要趋势之一。 Quánqiú huà shì dāngjīn shìjiè jīngjì fāzhǎn de zhǔyào qūshì zhī yī. Globalization is one of the main trends in today's world economic development. 从目前的数据来看，这一行业呈现出明显的上升趋势。 Cóng mùqián de shùjù lái...
实施 (shíshī) — to implement; to carry out
实施 (shíshī) To implement or carry out means to put a plan, policy, decision, or law into actual practice or effect. Meanings [verb] to implement; to carry out; to put into effect; to execute (a plan or policy) Example Sentences 新的环保法规将于明年开始实施。 Xīn de huánbǎo fǎguī jiāng yú míngnián kāishǐ shíshī. The new environmental regulations will come into effect next year. 政府决定实施一系列经济刺激措施。 Zhèngfǔ juédìng shíshī yī xìliè jīngjì cìjī cuòshī. The...
同学 (tóngxué) — Classmate
同学 (tóngxué) 同学 refers to someone who studies or studied at the same school or in the same class as you. Meanings [noun] classmate; schoolmate; fellow student Example Sentences 我和我的同学一起复习功课。 Wǒ hé wǒ de tóngxué yīqǐ fùxí gōngkè. My classmates and I review our lessons together. 她是我大学时最好的同学。 Tā shì wǒ dàxué shí zuì hǎo de tóngxué. She was my best classmate during university. 同学们，请翻开教材第三十页。 Tóngxuémen, qǐng fān kāi jiàocái dìsānshí...
白 (bái) — white; in vain
白 (bái) 白 primarily means the color white. In everyday speech it also carries the extended meaning of "in vain," "for nothing," or "free of charge," which gives it more range than a simple color word. Meanings [adjective] White (color). Describes the appearance of objects. [adverb] In vain; without result; for nothing. Used before a verb to say the action produced no useful outcome. Example Sentences 她穿着一件白衬衫。 Tā chuānzhe yī...
原理 (yuánlǐ) — principle, fundamental law
原理 (yuánlǐ) 原理 refers to a fundamental principle or underlying law that governs how something works, typically at a foundational scientific, philosophical, or technical level. Meanings [noun] principle, fundamental law (underlying how something works) [noun] basic mechanism or rationale (of a system or process) Example Sentences 理解杠杆的基本原理需要掌握力学的基础知识。 Lǐjiě gǎnggǎn de jīběn yuánlǐ xūyào zhǎngwò lìxué de jīchǔ zhīshì. Understanding the basic principle of leverage requires mastery of the fundamentals of...
急救 (jíjiù) — first aid; emergency rescue
急救 (jíjiù) 急救 refers to immediate emergency medical treatment given to a person who is injured or suddenly ill before professional help arrives, as well as the broader practice of emergency rescue. Meanings [noun] first aid; emergency rescue; emergency treatment [verb] to give first aid; to perform emergency rescue Example Sentences 每个人都应该掌握基本的急救知识，以便在紧急情况下能及时帮助他人。 Měi gè rén dōu yīnggāi zhǎngwò jīběn de jíjiù zhīshì, yǐbiàn zài jǐnjí qíngkuàng xià néng jíshí bāngzhù...
督促 (dūcù) — to urge; to supervise and push
督促 (dūcù) 督促 means to urge or prompt someone to fulfill a responsibility or complete a task, often with an element of supervision and follow-up. Meanings [verb] to urge; to supervise and push; to prompt someone to act Example Sentences 老师每天督促学生按时完成作业。 Lǎoshī měitiān dūcù xuéshēng ànshí wánchéng zuòyè. The teacher urges students every day to complete homework on time. 家长应该督促孩子养成良好的学习习惯。 Jiāzhǎng yīnggāi dūcù háizi yǎngchéng liánghǎo de xuéxí xíguàn. Parents...
习惯 (xíguàn) — habit; to be used to; custom
习惯 (xíguàn) 习惯 refers to a habitual pattern of behavior as a noun, and as a verb it means to be accustomed to or to get used to something. Meanings [noun] Habit; custom; regular practice. [verb] To be used to; to be accustomed to; to get used to. Example Sentences 他有每天早起跑步的习惯。 Tā yǒu měitiān zǎoqǐ pǎobù de xíguàn. He has the habit of getting up early and running every day....
剖析 (pōuxī) — to dissect, to analyze thoroughly
剖析 (pōuxī) 剖析 means to dissect and analyze thoroughly, going beneath the surface to reveal inner structure, causes, or mechanisms. Like a surgeon dissecting a body, 剖析 implies breaking something apart to understand how it works from the inside. It is used for analyzing complex phenomena, social problems, psychological states, or literary works. Meanings [v] to dissect; to analyze thoroughly; to lay bare the inner workings of [v] to examine...
跳 (tiào) — to jump / to dance
跳 (tiào) A verb meaning "to jump" or "to leap." It also appears in the phrase 跳舞 (tiàowǔ), meaning "to dance," because dancing involves rhythmic jumping and stepping movements. The 足 (foot) radical reinforces the physical, foot-related action. Meanings [verb] To jump, to leap, to hop. [verb] Component of 跳舞 (to dance). Example Sentences 猫跳上了桌子。 Māo tiào shàng le zhuōzi. The cat jumped onto the table. 她喜欢跳舞。 Tā xǐhuān tiàowǔ....
哪儿 (nǎr) — where
哪儿 (nǎr) The colloquial, northern-dialect form of "where," formed by adding the erhua suffix 儿 to 哪; it is interchangeable with 哪里 (nǎlǐ), but 哪儿 is more common in spoken Beijing Mandarin. Meanings [pronoun] Where (asking about location or destination). [pronoun] Wherever (in an open or conditional sense). Example Sentences 你去哪儿？ Nǐ qù nǎr? Where are you going? 你家在哪儿？ Nǐ jiā zài nǎr? Where is your home? 厕所在哪儿？ Cèsuǒ zài...
机会 (jīhuì) — opportunity, chance
机会 (jīhuì) 机会 refers to a favorable moment or circumstance that makes something possible. It is used whenever English would say "opportunity," "chance," or "occasion." Meanings [noun] Opportunity; chance; occasion. Example Sentences 这是一个很好的学习机会。 Zhè shì yīgè hěn hǎo de xuéxí jīhuì. This is a great learning opportunity. 我希望有机会去中国旅游。 Wǒ xīwàng yǒu jīhuì qù Zhōngguó lǚyóu. I hope to have the chance to travel to China. 不要错过这次机会。 Bùyào cuòguò zhè cì...
社会 (shèhuì) — society
社会 (shèhuì) 社会 refers to human beings collectively living in organized communities with shared laws, traditions, and values, and is one of the most fundamental concepts in Chinese social science discourse. Meanings [noun] society; community; the social world Example Sentences 每个公民都有责任为社会的发展做出贡献。 Měi gè gōngmín dōu yǒu zérèn wèi shèhuì de fāzhǎn zuò chū gòngxiàn. Every citizen has a responsibility to contribute to the development of society. 信息技术的发展深刻地改变了现代社会的面貌。 Xìnxī jìshù de...
自信 (zìxìn) — confident; self-confidence
自信 (zìxìn) 自信 describes the belief and trust one has in one's own abilities, qualities, and judgment. Meanings [adj/noun] confident; self-confidence; belief in oneself Example Sentences 她说话的时候很自信，让人印象深刻。 Tā shuōhuà de shíhou hěn zìxìn, ràng rén yìnxiàng shēnkè. She speaks with great confidence, which leaves a deep impression. 自信是成功的第一步。 Zìxìn shì chénggōng de dì yī bù. Self-confidence is the first step to success. 经过多次练习，他越来越自信了。 Jīngguò duō cì liànxí, tā yuèláiyuè zìxìn...
操场 (cāochǎng) — playground / sports ground
操场 (cāochǎng) 操场 refers to a playground, sports field, or schoolyard, typically an open outdoor area where students exercise, play sports, or do morning exercises. 操 relates to exercise or drill, and 场 means a field or open space. In Chinese schools, the 操场 is central to student life. Morning exercises (早操) are held there each day, and it is where students spend their breaks running, playing basketball, or doing...
加班 (jiābān) — to work overtime; overtime
加班 (jiābān) 加班 refers to working beyond regular working hours, either as a verb (to work overtime) or as a noun (overtime work). Meanings [verb] to work overtime — to continue working past the normal end of the workday [noun] overtime — extra work done beyond the regular schedule Example Sentences 我昨天加班到很晚。 Wǒ zuótiān jiābān dào hěn wǎn. I worked overtime until very late yesterday. 他经常加班，很辛苦。 Tā jīngcháng jiābān, hěn...
因为 (yīnwèi) — because
因为 (yīnwèi) 因为 means "because." It introduces the reason or cause for a situation, and is frequently paired with 所以 (suǒyǐ, therefore) to form a cause-and-effect structure. Meanings [conjunction] Because; since; due to the fact that (introduces the reason clause). Example Sentences 我迟到了，因为路上堵车。 Wǒ chídào le, yīnwèi lùshàng dǔchē. I was late because there was traffic on the road. 因为今天下雨，所以我没有出门。 Yīnwèi jīntiān xià yǔ, suǒyǐ wǒ méiyǒu chūmén. Because it...
医疗 (yīliáo) — medical care, healthcare
医疗 (yīliáo) 医疗 refers to the organized system of medical treatment, care, and health services provided by healthcare professionals and institutions. Meanings [noun] medical care, healthcare, medical treatment [adjective] medical (as a modifier in compound terms) Example Sentences 政府承诺提高农村地区的医疗服务水平。 Zhèngfǔ chéngnuò tígāo nóngcūn dìqū de yīliáo fúwù shuǐpíng. The government pledged to improve the level of medical services in rural areas. 先进的医疗技术使许多过去无法治愈的疾病变得可控。 Xiānjìn de yīliáo jìshù shǐ xǔduō guòqù wúfǎ...
有限 (yǒuxiàn) — limited, finite
有限 (yǒuxiàn) Describes something that is bounded or restricted -- not infinite or unlimited -- whether in quantity, time, ability, or scope. Meanings [adjective] limited, finite, restricted Example Sentences 由于资金有限，项目只能缩小规模进行。 Yóuyú zījīn yǒuxiàn, xiàngmù zhǐ néng suōxiǎo guīmó jìnxíng. Due to limited funding, the project can only proceed on a reduced scale. 时间有限，请尽量简短地表达您的观点。 Shíjiān yǒuxiàn, qǐng jǐnliàng jiǎnduǎn de biǎodá nín de guāndiǎn. Time is limited, so please express your...
揭示 (jiēshì) — to reveal; to uncover
揭示 (jiēshì) 揭示 means to reveal or bring to light something that was hidden, obscure, or not yet understood, and is commonly used in academic, literary, and investigative contexts. Meanings [verb] to reveal; to uncover; to lay bare [verb] to illuminate; to expose underlying truths or causes Example Sentences 这项研究揭示了城市化与环境污染之间的关联。 Zhè xiàng yánjiū jiēshìle chéngshìhuà yǔ huánjìng wūrǎn zhījiān de guānlián. This research revealed the connection between urbanization and environmental...
正式 (zhèngshì) — formal; official; proper
正式 (zhèngshì) 正式 means formal, official, or proper, describing something done according to official procedures or in a formal setting. Meanings [adjective] formal; official; done in accordance with proper or established procedures Example Sentences 请穿正式的服装参加面试。 Qǐng chuān zhèngshì de fúzhuāng cānjiā miànshì. Please wear formal attire for the interview. 公司正式宣布了新计划。 Gōngsī zhèngshì xuānbù le xīn jìhuà. The company officially announced the new plan. 这是一次正式的外交会议。 Zhè shì yī cì zhèngshì de...
努力 (nǔlì) — to work hard; effort; diligently
努力 (nǔlì) 努力 describes the sustained application of energy and determination toward a goal, and can function as a verb, noun, or adverb. Meanings [verb] To work hard, to make an effort, to strive. [noun] Effort, hard work, endeavor. [adverb] Diligently, hard, with effort. Example Sentences 尽管她天资平平，但凭借不懈的努力，最终考上了理想的大学。 Jǐnguǎn tā tiānzī píngpíng, dàn píngjiè bùxiè de nǔlì, zuìzhōng kǎo shàng le lǐxiǎng de dàxué. Despite her average natural ability, through relentless...
用药 (yòngyào) — to administer medication
用药 (yòngyào) 用药 refers to the act of administering, prescribing, or using medications in a clinical or therapeutic context. Beyond the basic meaning, it encompasses the full pharmacological decision-making process: drug selection, dosing, timing, and route of administration. At C2 level, it is used in pharmacology, clinical pharmacy, and medical ethics with an emphasis on rationality and precision. Meanings verb to administer medication; to prescribe or use pharmaceutical drugs therapeutically...
结论 (jiélùn) — conclusion
结论 (jiélùn) 结论 is the conclusion or final judgment reached at the end of a process of reasoning, research, or discussion. Meanings [noun] conclusion, final judgment, finding Example Sentences 研究人员得出了一个重要的结论。 Yánjiū rényuán dé chū le yīgè zhòngyào de jiélùn. The researchers reached an important conclusion. 在没有足够证据之前，不要轻易下结论。 Zài méiyǒu zúgòu zhèngjù zhīqián, bùyào qīngyì xià jiélùn. Do not jump to conclusions before there is enough evidence. 这篇文章的结论很清晰，让人容易理解。 Zhè piān wénzhāng de...
软件 (ruǎnjiàn) — software
软件 (ruǎnjiàn) 软件 is the standard Chinese term for software, covering everything from operating systems to mobile apps. It contrasts directly with 硬件 (hardware) and is used in both technical and everyday contexts. Meanings [noun] software; computer programs, applications, and operating systems Example Sentences 这款软件使用起来非常简单。 Zhè kuǎn ruǎnjiàn shǐyòng qǐlái fēicháng jiǎndān. This software is very easy to use. 公司开发了一款新的管理软件。 Gōngsī kāifā le yī kuǎn xīn de guǎnlǐ ruǎnjiàn. The...
身份认同 (shēnfèn rèntóng) — identity
身份认同 (shēnfèn rèntóng) 身份认同 refers to how a person understands and defines themselves in relation to others, their culture, nationality, or social roles. It is a key concept in psychology, sociology, and cultural studies. A stable 身份认同 is considered important for mental well-being and social belonging. Meanings noun identity, sense of self, identification with a social group or role Example Sentences 青少年时期是身份认同形成的关键阶段。 Qīngshàonián shíqī shì shēnfèn rèntóng xíngchéng de guānjiàn...
概括 (gàikuò) — to summarize; to generalize
概括 (gàikuò) 概括 means to summarize or give a concise overview of something, capturing the essential points without unnecessary detail. It also functions as an adjective meaning "concise" or "general." Meanings [verb] to summarize; to generalize; to give a concise account [adjective] concise; general; broad in scope Example Sentences 能否用几句话概括一下这篇文章的主旨？ Néng fǒu yòng jǐ jù huà gàikuò yīxià zhè piān wénzhāng de zhǔzhǐ? Can you summarize the main point of...
模式 (móshì) — model; pattern; mode
模式 (móshì) 模式 refers to a pattern, mode, or established way of doing something, often describing a recurring structure or operational approach. Meanings [noun] model; pattern; mode; a standard or recurring way of operating or structuring something Example Sentences 这种工作模式越来越受欢迎。 Zhè zhǒng gōngzuò móshì yuè lái yuè shòu huānyíng. This work pattern is becoming increasingly popular. 传统的教育模式正在发生变化。 Chuántǒng de jiàoyù móshì zhèngzài fāshēng biànhuà. The traditional model of education is...
客户 (kèhù) — Client
客户 (kèhù) 客户 refers to a client or customer in a business context, typically someone who has an ongoing relationship with a company. Meanings [noun] client; customer; account Example Sentences 我们公司有来自全球各地的客户。 Wǒmen gōngsī yǒu láizì quánqiú gèdì de kèhù. Our company has clients from all over the world. 保持良好的客户关系是业务成功的关键。 Bǎochí liánghǎo de kèhù guānxi shì yèwù chénggōng de guānjiàn. Maintaining good client relationships is the key to business success. 他花了一个下午拜访重要客户。...
不客气 (bù kèqi) — you're welcome
不客气 (bù kèqi) 不客气 means "you're welcome." It is the standard response to 谢谢 (thank you) and signals that no formality or debt is needed. Meanings [phrase] You're welcome; don't mention it; no need to be polite. Example Sentences A: 谢谢你！ B: 不客气！ A: Xièxiè nǐ! B: Bù kèqi! A: Thank you! B: You're welcome! 不客气，这是我应该做的。 Bù kèqi, zhè shì wǒ yīnggāi zuò de. You're welcome, this is what I...
合同 (hétong) — contract; agreement
合同 (hétong) 合同 is the standard Chinese word for a contract -- a legally binding written agreement between parties that specifies obligations, rights, and terms. Meanings [noun] contract; written agreement; formal agreement Example Sentences 双方签署了一份为期三年的合同。 Shuāngfāng qiānshǔ le yī fèn wéiqī sān nián de hétong. Both parties signed a three-year contract. 请在签合同之前仔细阅读所有条款。 Qǐng zài qiān hétong zhīqián zīxì yuèdú suǒyǒu tiáokuǎn. Please read all the terms carefully before signing the...
否认 (fǒurèn) — to deny; to negate
否认 (fǒurèn) 否认 means to deny or refuse to acknowledge something, asserting that a claim or accusation is not true. Meanings [verb] to deny, negate, or refuse to acknowledge a fact or accusation Example Sentences 他否认了所有的指控。 Tā fǒurèn le suǒyǒu de zhǐkòng. He denied all the accusations. 你不能否认这件事情的重要性。 Nǐ bù néng fǒurèn zhè jiàn shìqing de zhòngyào xìng. You cannot deny the importance of this matter. 她否认自己曾经说过那句话。 Tā fǒurèn zìjǐ...
我 (wǒ) — I, me
我 (wǒ) The first-person singular pronoun meaning "I" as a subject and "me" as an object; it is one of the most frequent words in Mandarin. Meanings [pronoun] I (subject). [pronoun] Me (object). [pronoun] My (before 的, meaning possession: 我的). Example Sentences 我是学生。 Wǒ shì xuésheng. I am a student. 你认识我吗？ Nǐ rènshi wǒ ma? Do you know me? 我的书在桌子上。 Wǒ de shū zài zhuōzi shàng. My book is on...
照 (zhào) — to take a photo / to shine
照 (zhào) 照 is a versatile verb with several core meanings centered on light and reflection. It means to take a photograph, to shine light on something, to reflect, and in compounds to look after. 照片 (photograph) comes from this character. Meanings [verb] To take a photo; to photograph. [verb] To shine on; to illuminate. [verb] To reflect (in a mirror). [verb] To follow or accord with (in compounds like...
无论 (wúlùn) — no matter; regardless of
无论 (wúlùn) 无论 introduces a conditional clause meaning "no matter (what/who/how)," and the main clause typically contains 都 or 也 to complete the pattern. Meanings [conjunction] No matter; regardless of (introduces a condition that does not affect the outcome). Example Sentences 无论天气怎么样，我都会来。 Wúlùn tiānqì zěnme yàng, wǒ dōu huì lái. No matter what the weather is like, I will come. 无论你走到哪里，家人都会支持你。 Wúlùn nǐ zǒu dào nǎlǐ, jiārén dōu huì zhīchí...
外国 (wàiguó) — foreign country; abroad
外国 (wàiguó) 外国 refers to any country that is not one's own, and is commonly used as a modifier in compounds related to foreign people, culture, or language. Meanings [noun] foreign country; abroad — a country other than one's own homeland Example Sentences 他在外国工作了五年。 Tā zài wàiguó gōngzuò le wǔ nián. He worked abroad for five years. 她对外国文化很感兴趣。 Tā duì wàiguó wénhuà hěn gǎn xìngqù. She is very interested in...
更加 (gèngjiā) — even more; still more; all the more
更加 (gèngjiā) 更加 is an adverb meaning "even more" or "all the more," used when a quality increases beyond a level that has already been established or mentioned. Meanings [adverb] even more; still more; all the more (used to indicate that a degree becomes higher or stronger than a previously mentioned or implied level) Usage Note 更加 is placed before an adjective or verb. It requires a context or contrast...
老师 (lǎoshī) — teacher
老师 (lǎoshī) A noun meaning teacher. It is also used as a respectful form of address, spoken directly to the teacher just as you might say "Teacher" in English. The word combines 老 (old, experienced) and 师 (master, teacher). Meanings [noun] Teacher, instructor, educator. [address form] Used to address a teacher directly (e.g., 王老师, Teacher Wang). Example Sentences 我的汉语老师是中国人。 Wǒ de Hànyǔ lǎoshī shì Zhōngguó rén. My Chinese teacher is...
对不起 (duìbuqǐ) — sorry; I apologize
对不起 (duìbuqǐ) 对不起 means "sorry" or "I apologize." It is used for genuine apologies where you have caused trouble, made a mistake, or wronged someone. Meanings [phrase] Sorry; I apologize; excuse me for what I did wrong (sincere apology). Example Sentences 对不起，我来晚了。 Duìbuqǐ, wǒ lái wǎn le. Sorry, I am late. 对不起，这是我的错。 Duìbuqǐ, zhè shì wǒ de cuò. Sorry, this is my fault. A: 对不起！ B: 没关系！ A: Duìbuqǐ! B:...
流利 (liúlì) — fluent
流利 (liúlì) 流利 describes smooth, unimpeded production of language — speech or writing that flows without hesitation or errors. It is the standard term for "fluent" in the context of language learning. Meanings [adjective] Fluent; smooth; flowing; without hesitation. Example Sentences 她的英语说得非常流利。 Tā de Yīngyǔ shuō de fēicháng liúlì. She speaks English extremely fluently. 我希望有一天可以流利地说中文。 Wǒ xīwàng yǒu yītiān kěyǐ liúlì de shuō Zhōngwén. I hope one day I can...
激进的 (jījìn de) — radical
激进的 (jījìn de) 激进的 describes views, actions, or people that advocate for drastic, rapid, or extreme change -- going far beyond mainstream or moderate positions. It can carry a neutral analytical tone in academic writing or a negative connotation in everyday speech. Meanings [adj] radical; extreme; advocating drastic or rapid change Example Sentences 激进的改革方案可能会引发社会的强烈反对。 Jījìn de gǎigé fāng'àn kěnéng huì yǐnfā shèhuì de qiángliè fǎnduì. Radical reform proposals may trigger...
担心 (dānxīn) — to worry; worried
担心 (dānxīn) 担心 means to worry or feel anxious about someone or something. Meanings [verb] to worry; to be concerned about [adjective] worried; anxious Example Sentences 妈妈总是担心我的健康。 Māma zǒngshì dānxīn wǒ de jiànkāng. My mom always worries about my health. 不用担心，一切都会好起来的。 Búyòng dānxīn, yīqiē dōu huì hǎo qǐlái de. Don't worry; everything will be fine. 他担心考试会不及格。 Tā dānxīn kǎoshì huì bù jígé. He is worried that he will fail the...
道德 (dàodé) — morality; ethics; moral
道德 (dàodé) 道德 refers to morality, ethics, and the standards of right and wrong behaviour in society, and is one of the most important terms in Chinese philosophical and social discourse at B2 level. Meanings [noun] morality; ethics; moral principles [adjective] moral; ethical (as in a moral person or moral behaviour) Example Sentences 商业活动必须在法律和道德的双重框架内进行。 Shāngyè huódòng bìxū zài fǎlǜ hé dàodé de shuāngchóng kuàngjià nèi jìnxíng. Business activities must be...
跳 (tiào) — to jump; to leap
跳 (tiào) 跳 describes the action of jumping or leaping, and extends to dancing and skipping. Meanings [verb] to jump; to leap; to spring [verb] to dance (as in 跳舞) Example Sentences 那只猫跳上了桌子。 Nà zhī māo tiào shàng le zhuōzi. That cat jumped onto the table. 孩子们在草地上跳来跳去。 Háizimen zài cǎodì shàng tiào lái tiào qù. The children were jumping around on the grass. 她每天早上都跳绳锻炼。 Tā měitiān zǎoshang dōu tiào shéng...
女人 (nǚrén) — woman
女人 (nǚrén) A noun meaning woman or adult female. It combines 女 (female) and 人 (person). In everyday speech, 女人 refers to adult women, while 女孩 (nǚhái) refers to girls. Meanings [noun] Woman, adult female. [noun] Women in general (as a group or category). Example Sentences 那个女人是我妈妈的朋友。 Nàge nǚrén shì wǒ māma de péngyou. That woman is my mother's friend. 她是一个聪明的女人。 Tā shì yīgè cōngmíng de nǚrén. She is an...
增加 (zēngjiā) — to increase
增加 (zēngjiā) 增加 means to increase or add to something. It describes a quantity, level, or amount becoming larger, whether gradually or deliberately. Meanings [verb] To increase; to add; to grow; to raise (a quantity). Example Sentences 这个城市的人口不断增加。 Zhège chéngshì de rénkǒu búduàn zēngjiā. The population of this city keeps increasing. 他增加了每天的练习时间。 Tā zēngjiā le měitiān de liànxí shíjiān. He increased his daily practice time. 公司决定增加工资。 Gōngsī juédìng zēngjiā gōngzī....
人工智能 (réngōng zhìnéng) — artificial intelligence
人工智能 (réngōng zhìnéng) 人工智能 refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by computer systems, encompassing machine learning, natural language processing, and other technologies that enable machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence. Meanings [noun] artificial intelligence (AI); the field of computer science focused on creating intelligent machines Example Sentences 人工智能技术正在深刻改变医疗、教育、金融等各个行业。 Réngōng zhìnéng jìshù zhèngzài shēnkè gǎibiàn yīliáo, jiàoyù, jīnróng děng gègè hángyè. Artificial intelligence technology is profoundly...
哪里 (nǎlǐ) — where
哪里 (nǎlǐ) The standard written form and southern-preferred spoken form of "where," fully interchangeable with 哪儿 (nǎr) in meaning; 哪里 is more common in formal writing, the south, and Taiwan Mandarin. Meanings [pronoun] Where (asking about location or destination). [pronoun] Wherever (open or conditional sense). [phrase] "Not at all / you're too kind" (set phrase in response to a compliment). Example Sentences 你想去哪里？ Nǐ xiǎng qù nǎlǐ? Where do you...
理解 (lǐjiě) — to understand; to comprehend; understanding
理解 (lǐjiě) 理解 means to understand or comprehend something at a deeper level, beyond surface recognition, and can also function as a noun meaning understanding or comprehension. Meanings [verb] to understand; to comprehend — to grasp the meaning, logic, or feeling behind something [noun] understanding; comprehension — the state of having grasped something deeply Example Sentences 我不太理解他的意思。 Wǒ bú tài lǐjiě tā de yìsi. I do not quite understand what...
说 (shuō) — to speak, to say, to tell
说 (shuō) 说 is the primary verb for speaking, saying, or telling. It is used for talking in general, speaking a language, and introducing direct or indirect speech. Meanings [verb] To speak, to say. [verb] To tell, to explain. [verb] To speak (a language), used with 语/话. Example Sentences 她说中文说得很好。 Tā shuō Zhōngwén shuō de hěn hǎo. She speaks Chinese very well. 他说他不来了。 Tā shuō tā bù lái le. He...
影响 (yǐngxiǎng) — to influence
影响 (yǐngxiǎng) 影响 means to influence or affect. It describes one thing having an effect on another, positively or negatively. As a noun it refers to the influence or impact itself. Meanings [verb] To influence; to affect; to impact. [noun] An influence; an effect; an impact. Example Sentences 天气影响了我们的计划。 Tiānqì yǐngxiǎng le wǒmen de jìhuà. The weather affected our plans. 他对我有很大的影响。 Tā duì wǒ yǒu hěn dà de yǐngxiǎng. He...
满意 (mǎnyì) — satisfied, content
满意 (mǎnyì) 满意 means satisfied or content, used when something meets your expectations or desires. 满 means "full/filled" and 意 means "intention/meaning," together conveying "filled with the intended result." Meanings [adjective] Satisfied, content, pleased. Example Sentences 我对这个结果很满意。 Wǒ duì zhège jiéguǒ hěn mǎnyì. I am very satisfied with this result. 老师对学生的表现很满意。 Lǎoshī duì xuésheng de biǎoxiàn hěn mǎnyì. The teacher is very satisfied with the students' performance. 你满意吗？ Nǐ mǎnyì...
住 (zhù) — to live, to reside
住 (zhù) 住 means to live at a place or to stay somewhere. It is used to state where someone lives and also appears as a verb complement meaning "firmly" or "in place" (e.g., 记住 remember firmly, 停住 stop in place). Meanings [verb] To live, to reside (at a location). [verb complement] Firmly, in place (in compounds like 记住, 停住). Example Sentences 你住在哪里？ Nǐ zhù zài nǎlǐ? Where do you...
经历 (jīnglì) — experience; to experience
经历 (jīnglì) 经历 means both the lived experiences one accumulates and the act of going through an event or period, functioning as a noun and a verb. Meanings [noun] Experience; personal history (events one has gone through). [verb] To experience; to go through; to live through. Example Sentences 这次旅行是我一生中最难忘的经历。 Zhè cì lǚxíng shì wǒ yīshēng zhōng zuì nánwàng de jīnglì. This trip is the most unforgettable experience of my life....
认为 (rènwéi) — to think / believe
认为 (rènwéi) 认为 is the standard verb for expressing opinions and beliefs. It introduces a subordinate clause with the speaker's viewpoint, equivalent to "I think that..." or "I believe that..." in English. Meanings [verb] To think; to believe; to consider; to hold the view that. Example Sentences 我认为这个想法很好。 Wǒ rènwéi zhège xiǎngfǎ hěn hǎo. I think this idea is very good. 她认为学好汉语需要努力。 Tā rènwéi xuéhǎo Hànyǔ xūyào nǔlì. She believes...
政治 (zhèngzhì) — politics, political
政治 (zhèngzhì) The realm of government, governance, and public affairs -- a word that appears constantly in news, history, and social science contexts. Meanings [noun] politics, political affairs [adjective] political (when modifying a noun) Example Sentences 他从小就对政治感兴趣，立志成为一名政治家。 Tā cóngxiǎo jiù duì zhèngzhì gǎn xìngqù, lìzhì chéngwéi yī míng zhèngzhìjiā. He has been interested in politics since childhood and aspires to become a politician. 这次选举结果将对地区政治格局产生深远影响。 Zhè cì xuǎnjǔ jiéguǒ jiāng duì...
研究 (yánjiū) — to research; research
研究 (yánjiū) 研究 means to study something in depth or systematically, and also functions as a noun meaning "research." Meanings [verb] to research; to study; to investigate [noun] research; study; investigation Example Sentences 他正在研究中国古代历史。 Tā zhèngzài yánjiū Zhōngguó gǔdài lìshǐ. He is currently researching ancient Chinese history. 这个研究成果对医学很有帮助。 Zhège yánjiū chéngguǒ duì yīxué hěn yǒu bāngzhù. This research result is very helpful for medicine. 我们需要认真研究这个问题。 Wǒmen xūyào rènzhēn yánjiū zhège...
明白 (míngbai) — to understand / clear
明白 (míngbai) 明白 means to understand something clearly, or to describe something as clear and obvious. Meanings [verb] to understand; to realize [adjective] clear; obvious; plain Example Sentences 你明白我的意思吗？ Nǐ míngbai wǒ de yìsi ma? Do you understand what I mean? 我现在终于明白了。 Wǒ xiànzài zhōngyú míngbaile. I finally understand now. 他把问题说得很明白。 Tā bǎ wèntí shuō de hěn míngbai. He explained the problem very clearly. 这件事情你要明白。 Zhè jiàn shìqíng nǐ yào...
心理健康 (xīnlǐ jiànkāng) — mental health
心理健康 (xīnlǐ jiànkāng) 心理健康 refers to a person's psychological and emotional well-being, encompassing the ability to manage stress, maintain positive relationships, and function effectively in daily life. Meanings [noun phrase] mental health; psychological well-being; emotional health Example Sentences 关注心理健康和身体健康同样重要，两者共同构成一个人的整体健康状态。 Guānzhù xīnlǐ jiànkāng hé shēntǐ jiànkāng tóngyàng zhòngyào, liǎng zhě gòngtóng gòuchéng yī gè rén de zhěngtǐ jiànkāng zhuàngtài. Paying attention to mental health is just as important as physical health;...
建议 (jiànyì) — suggestion
建议 (jiànyì) 建议 means to suggest or recommend, and as a noun it refers to the suggestion itself. It is polite and constructive, used for offering ideas or advice to someone who can choose to accept them. Meanings [verb] To suggest; to recommend; to propose. [noun] A suggestion; a recommendation; advice. Example Sentences 我建议你多休息。 Wǒ jiànyì nǐ duō xiūxi. I suggest you rest more. 你有什么建议？ Nǐ yǒu shénme jiànyì? Do...
营养 (yíngyǎng) — nutrition, nourishment
营养 (yíngyǎng) 营养 refers to the nutrients a body needs and the concept of eating well for health. It is widely used in discussions about food, diet, and healthy living. Meanings [noun] nutrition; nourishment; the nutritional value of food Example Sentences 这道菜营养很丰富，对身体很好。 Zhè dào cài yíngyǎng hěn fēngfù, duì shēntǐ hěn hǎo. This dish is very nutritious and good for the body. 孩子在成长期需要充足的营养。 Háizi zài chéngzhǎng qī xūyào chōngzú de...
小 (xiǎo) — small / little
小 (xiǎo) An adjective meaning "small," "little," or "young." It is the antonym of 大 (dà, big). Beyond size, 小 is also used to indicate youth (小孩, small child) and appears as an affectionate prefix for names (小明, Little Ming). Meanings [adjective] Small, little (in size). [adjective] Young (in age). Example Sentences 这只猫很小。 Zhè zhī māo hěn xiǎo. This cat is very small. 她的房间比我的小。 Tā de fángjiān bǐ wǒ de...
男人 (nánrén) — man
男人 (nánrén) A noun meaning man or adult male. It combines 男 (male) and 人 (person). In everyday speech, 男人 typically refers to adult men, while 男孩 (nánhái) refers to boys. Meanings [noun] Man, adult male. [noun] Men in general (as a group or category). Example Sentences 那个男人是我的老师。 Nàge nánrén shì wǒ de lǎoshī. That man is my teacher. 这个工作需要一个男人来做吗？不需要。 Zhège gōngzuò xūyào yīgè nánrén lái zuò ma? Bù xūyào....
亏损 (kuīsǔn) — loss; deficit; to lose money
亏损 (kuīsǔn) 亏损 refers to a financial loss or deficit, describing a situation where expenditure exceeds income or where a business operates at a loss. Meanings [verb] to suffer a loss; to operate at a loss; to run a deficit [noun] loss; deficit; shortfall (in financial terms) Example Sentences 该公司连续三年亏损，股价一落千丈，投资者信心大受打击。 Gāi gōngsī liánxù sān nián kuīsǔn, gǔjià yī luò qiān zhàng, tóuzīzhě xìnxīn dà shòu dǎjī. The company suffered losses...
警示 (jǐngshì) — to warn; a warning
警示 (jǐngshì) 警示 means to warn or to serve as a warning, and is commonly used in safety, legal, and educational contexts to alert people to dangers or consequences. Meanings [verb] to warn; to caution; to alert [noun] a warning; a caution; an alert Example Sentences 这个案例对其他企业具有重要的警示意义。 Zhège ànlì duì qítā qǐyè jùyǒu zhòngyào de jǐngshì yìyì. This case has important warning significance for other enterprises. 政府在危险路段设置了警示标志。 Zhèngfǔ zài wēixiǎn...
另外 (lìngwài) — in addition; besides; additionally
另外 (lìngwài) 另外 is used to introduce additional information or a separate item, similar to "in addition," "besides," or "additionally" in English. Meanings [adverb/conjunction] in addition, besides, additionally, or another/separate one Example Sentences 我买了一本书，另外还买了一支笔。 Wǒ mǎi le yī běn shū, lìngwài hái mǎi le yī zhī bǐ. I bought a book and also bought a pen in addition. 另外，我还有一个问题想问你。 Lìngwài, wǒ hái yǒu yīgè wèntí xiǎng wèn nǐ. In addition,...
提到 (tídào) — to mention; to bring up
提到 (tídào) 提到 means to mention or bring up a topic, referring to the act of briefly referring to something in conversation or writing without necessarily elaborating on it. Meanings [verb] to mention; to bring up; to refer to Example Sentences 他在演讲中提到了环境污染的问题。 Tā zài yǎnjiǎng zhōng tídàole huánjìng wūrǎn de wèntí. He mentioned the issue of environmental pollution in his speech. 你刚才提到的那本书，我也读过。 Nǐ gāngcái tídào de nà běn shū, wǒ...
问 (wèn) — to ask
问 (wèn) A verb meaning "to ask" or "to inquire." It is used when seeking information or posing a question. Its counterpart is 回答 (huídá), meaning "to answer." Together 问 and 回答 form the basic question-answer pair in conversation. Meanings [verb] To ask, to inquire, to question. Example Sentences 我想问你一个问题。 Wǒ xiǎng wèn nǐ yīgè wèntí. I want to ask you a question. 请问，这里有厕所吗？ Qǐngwèn, zhèlǐ yǒu cèsuǒ ma? Excuse...
数据库 (shùjùkù) — database
数据库 (shùjùkù) An organized, structured repository of data stored electronically, designed for efficient retrieval, management, and updating -- the backbone of modern software systems. Meanings [noun] database Example Sentences 这家医院建立了一个全国联网的患者数据库。 Zhè jiā yīyuàn jiànlìle yī gè quánguó liánwǎng de huànzhě shùjùkù. This hospital has established a nationally networked patient database. 工程师需要定期备份数据库以防止数据丢失。 Gōngchéngshī xūyào dìngqī bèifèn shùjùkù yǐ fángzhǐ shùjù diūshī. Engineers need to regularly back up the database to prevent...
倡议 (chàngyì) — initiative; proposal; to propose
倡议 (chàngyì) 倡议 refers to a formal proposal or call to action put forward by an individual, organization, or government to encourage others to join in achieving a shared goal, and as a verb it means to put forward such a proposal. Meanings [noun] initiative; proposal; call to action (a formal proposal encouraging collective action) [verb] to propose; to put forward an initiative; to call on others to act Example...
历程 (lìchéng) — course; journey; process
历程 (lìchéng) 历程 refers to the course or journey that something or someone goes through over time, emphasizing the process of development or change. Meanings [noun] course, process, or journey of development through a period of time Example Sentences 这本书记录了他的成长历程。 Zhè běn shū jìlù le tā de chéngzhǎng lìchéng. This book records his journey of growing up. 中国的现代化历程令世界瞩目。 Zhōngguó de xiàndàihuà lìchéng lìng shìjiè zhǔmù. China's modernization process has attracted...
事情 (shìqing) — matter, thing, affair
事情 (shìqing) Refers to an affair, matter, or situation that involves doing or handling something. It is broader than 东西 (physical things) and covers events, tasks, and issues in daily life. Meanings [noun] Matter, affair, business, thing (non-physical). Example Sentences 我有一件事情想告诉你。 Wǒ yǒu yī jiàn shìqing xiǎng gàosu nǐ. I have something I want to tell you. 这件事情很重要。 Zhè jiàn shìqing hěn zhòngyào. This matter is very important. 他今天有很多事情要做。 Tā...
沟通 (gōutōng) — Communicate, communication
沟通 (gōutōng) 沟通 refers to the process of communicating effectively with others -- exchanging information, ideas, or feelings -- and is one of the most important interpersonal skills emphasized in Chinese professional and social contexts. Meanings [verb] to communicate; to liaise; to bridge a gap [noun] communication; coordination; mutual understanding Example Sentences 有效沟通是建立良好人际关系的基础。 Yǒuxiào gōutōng shì jiànlì liánghǎo rénjì guānxi de jīchǔ. Effective communication is the foundation of building good...
贸易 (màoyì) — trade; commerce
贸易 (màoyì) 贸易 refers to organized commercial exchange, particularly trade between countries or regions, and is one of the most important economic terms in Chinese. Meanings [noun] trade; commerce (especially international trade) Example Sentences 中美贸易关系近年来经历了很大变化。 Zhōng Měi màoyì guānxi jìnnián lái jīnglì le hěn dà biànhuà. Sino-American trade relations have undergone significant changes in recent years. 自由贸易协定有助于降低关税壁垒。 Zìyóu màoyì xiédìng yǒuzhù yú jiàngdī guānshuì bìlěi. Free trade agreements help reduce...
曾经 (céngjīng) — once; formerly; at some point
曾经 (céngjīng) 曾经 indicates that something happened at some point in the past, with the implication that the situation may have since changed, equivalent to "once," "used to," or "formerly." Meanings [adverb] Once; formerly; at some point in the past (an action or state that occurred before, now possibly ended). Example Sentences 我曾经在北京住过三年。 Wǒ céngjīng zài Běijīng zhù guò sān nián. I once lived in Beijing for three years. 他曾经是一名职业运动员。...
管 (guǎn) — to manage / to bother with
管 (guǎn) 管 means to manage, oversee, or be responsible for. It also means to bother with or concern oneself with, and appears in the important phrase 不管 meaning no matter or regardless. Meanings [verb] To manage; to be in charge of; to oversee. [verb] To concern oneself with; to bother about; to interfere in. [verb] To discipline; to control. Example Sentences 这件事谁来管？ Zhè jiàn shì shuí lái guǎn? Who...
好 (hǎo) — good / well / OK
好 (hǎo) One of the most important and versatile words in Mandarin. As an adjective, 好 means "good" or "fine." As an adverb before a verb or adjective, it means "well" or "very." As a standalone response, 好 means "OK," "sure," or "alright." It also appears in many fixed phrases and compounds. Meanings [adjective] Good, fine, well (describing things or states). [adverb] Well (describing how something is done); very (intensifier...
环境 (huánjìng) — environment
环境 (huánjìng) 环境 refers to the surrounding environment or conditions — physical surroundings, natural ecology, or the social/working context in which someone lives or operates. Meanings [noun] Environment; surroundings; setting; conditions. Example Sentences 我们应该保护环境。 Wǒmen yīnggāi bǎohù huánjìng. We should protect the environment. 这里的学习环境很好。 Zhèlǐ de xuéxí huánjìng hěn hǎo. The study environment here is very good. 城市环境越来越好了。 Chéngshì huánjìng yuè lái yuè hǎo le. The urban environment is getting...
错 (cuò) — wrong; mistake; bad
错 (cuò) 错 means wrong or mistaken. It is used to describe an incorrect answer, action, or situation. In colloquial speech, 不错 (bú cuò) is a common expression meaning "not bad" or "pretty good," which is its own useful phrase to learn alongside 错. Meanings [adjective] Wrong; incorrect; mistaken. Describes something that does not match the expected or correct version. [noun] Mistake; error. Used in expressions about faults and corrections....
森林覆盖率 (sēnlín fùgài lǜ) — forest coverage rate
森林覆盖率 (sēnlín fùgài lǜ) A key environmental indicator measuring the proportion of a region's total land area that is covered by forest -- central to discussions of ecology, climate, and biodiversity. Meanings [noun] forest coverage rate, forest cover percentage Example Sentences 中国的森林覆盖率已从上世纪的不足10%提升至如今的24%以上。 Zhōngguó de sēnlín fùgài lǜ yǐ cóng shàng shìjì de bùzú 10% tíshēng zhì rújīn de 24% yǐshàng. China's forest coverage rate has risen from less than 10%...
绝对 (juéduì) — absolute; absolutely; definite
绝对 (juéduì) 绝对 means "absolute" or "absolutely" and is used to emphasize that something is definite, unconditional, or without exception. Meanings [adjective] absolute; unconditional; without exception [adverb] absolutely; definitely; certainly Example Sentences 这是绝对正确的答案。 Zhè shì juéduì zhèngquè de dá'àn. This is the absolutely correct answer. 你绝对不能告诉他这个秘密。 Nǐ juéduì bù néng gàosù tā zhège mìmì. You absolutely cannot tell him this secret. 我绝对相信她说的话。 Wǒ juéduì xiāngxìn tā shuō de huà. I...
密码 (mìmǎ) — password, code
密码 (mìmǎ) 密码 means password or secret code. It is used for login passwords, PIN codes, and secret codes in general. It is an extremely common word in the digital age and also appears in historical or spy-related contexts to mean cipher or code. Meanings [noun] password; a secret string of characters for authentication [noun] code; a secret cipher or encrypted message Example Sentences 请不要把密码告诉别人。 Qǐng bùyào bǎ mìmǎ gàosù...
现象 (xiànxiàng) — phenomenon, occurrence
现象 (xiànxiàng) 现象 refers to an observable phenomenon, event, or occurrence, especially one that is noteworthy, widespread, or in need of explanation. Meanings [noun] phenomenon, occurrence (something observable) [noun] symptom, manifestation (of a deeper underlying cause) Example Sentences 全球气候变暖是当今世界最受关注的环境现象之一。 Quánqiú qìhòu biànnuǎn shì dāngjīn shìjiè zuì shòu guānzhù de huánjìng xiànxiàng zhī yī. Global warming is one of the most widely discussed environmental phenomena in the world today. 社会上存在的贫富差距现象需要引起高度重视。 Shèhuì...
分析 (fēnxī) — to analyze
分析 (fēnxī) 分析 means to break something down into its component parts in order to understand it better, and is one of the most essential terms in academic, scientific, and professional Chinese. Meanings [verb] to analyze; to examine in detail [noun] analysis; a systematic examination Example Sentences 我们需要仔细分析这份数据。 Wǒmen xūyào zǐxì fēnxī zhè fèn shùjù. We need to carefully analyze this data. 报告对市场趋势进行了深入分析。 Bàogào duì shìchǎng qūshì jìnxíngle shēnrù fēnxī....
吗 (ma) — yes/no question particle
吗 (ma) 吗 is a sentence-final particle that converts any statement into a yes/no question. It is one of the simplest and most essential particles in Mandarin. Meanings [particle] Question marker for yes/no questions (always sentence-final). Example Sentences 你是学生吗？ Nǐ shì xuésheng ma? Are you a student? 你吃饭了吗？ Nǐ chīfàn le ma? Have you eaten? 他今天来吗？ Tā jīntiān lái ma? Is he coming today? 这个好吃吗？ Zhège hǎo chī ma? Is...
写完 (xiě wán) — to finish writing
写完 (xiě wán) 写完 is a verb + result complement. 写 means "to write" and 完 is the result complement meaning "finished / done completely." Together they mean writing has been finished to completion — nothing is left undone. The complement 完 can attach to many verbs (做完, 吃完, 看完) to express the same idea of total completion. The negative is 没写完 (didn't finish writing) or 写不完 (can't finish writing)....
声音 (shēngyīn) — sound, voice, noise
声音 (shēngyīn) Refers to any audible sound, including a person's voice, music, noise, or any acoustic signal. It covers both natural sounds and the human voice. Meanings [noun] Sound, noise. [noun] Voice (of a person). Example Sentences 外面的声音很大。 Wàimiàn de shēngyīn hěn dà. The sound outside is very loud. 她的声音很好听。 Tā de shēngyīn hěn hǎotīng. Her voice is very pleasant. 我听到了一个奇怪的声音。 Wǒ tīng dào le yīgè qíguài de shēngyīn. I...
频道 (píndào) — channel (TV/radio/online)
频道 (píndào) 频道 refers to a television or radio channel, or more broadly any online channel or platform where content is broadcast or published, making it essential vocabulary for media and digital communication. Meanings [noun] channel (TV, radio, or online platform) Example Sentences 她订阅了一个专门教授中文的YouTube频道，每天坚持学习。 Tā dìngyuèle yīgè zhuānmén jiàoshòu zhōngwén de YouTube píndào, měi tiān jiānchí xuéxí. She subscribed to a YouTube channel dedicated to teaching Chinese and learns from...
合适 (héshì) — suitable; appropriate; fitting
合适 (héshì) 合适 means suitable, appropriate, or fitting, describing something that is the right match for a given situation, purpose, or person. Meanings [adjective] suitable, appropriate, fitting, or just right for a particular situation Example Sentences 这件衣服的颜色很合适，非常适合你。 Zhè jiàn yīfú de yánsè hěn héshì, fēicháng shìhé nǐ. The color of this outfit is very suitable; it suits you perfectly. 这个价格很合适，我就买这个吧。 Zhège jiàgé hěn héshì, wǒ jiù mǎi zhège ba. This...
的 (de) — structural particle
的 (de) 的 is the most common character in written Chinese. It is a structural particle with three main functions: marking possession, linking a modifier to a noun, and nominalizing a phrase. Meanings [particle] Possessive marker: X的Y means "Y of X" or "X's Y." [particle] Noun modifier marker: links an adjective, verb phrase, or clause to the noun it describes. [particle] Nominalizer: placed after a phrase to turn it into...
普遍 (pǔbiàn) — universal; widespread; common
普遍 (pǔbiàn) 普遍 describes something that is widespread, affecting or found among most people or places. Meanings [adjective] Universal; widespread; common; general. Example Sentences 这个问题很普遍。 Zhège wèntí hěn pǔbiàn. This problem is very common. 压力大是现代人普遍面临的挑战。 Yālì dà shì xiàndài rén pǔbiàn miànlín de tiǎozhàn. High stress is a challenge that modern people widely face. 这种做法已经普遍存在于各行各业。 Zhè zhǒng zuòfǎ yǐjīng pǔbiàn cúnzài yú gè háng gè yè. This practice already exists...
外汇 (wàihuì) — foreign exchange; foreign currency
外汇 (wàihuì) 外汇 refers to foreign exchange or foreign currency -- money of foreign countries used in international trade and financial transactions, as well as the system for exchanging currencies. Meanings [noun] foreign exchange; foreign currency; forex Example Sentences 中国拥有全球最大的外汇储备之一。 Zhōngguó yōngyǒu quánqiú zuìdà de wàihuì chǔbèi zhī yī. China has one of the largest foreign exchange reserves in the world. 出口贸易是该国获取外汇的主要来源。 Chūkǒu màoyì shì gāi guó huòqǔ wàihuì de...
保护 (bǎohù) — to protect; to safeguard
保护 (bǎohù) 保护 means to actively shield a person, animal, object, or environment from damage, harm, or loss. Meanings [verb] To protect, to safeguard, to preserve from harm. Example Sentences 政府出台了新的法律来保护濒危野生动物。 Zhèngfǔ chūtái le xīn de fǎlǜ lái bǎohù bīndāng yěshēng dòngwù. The government introduced new laws to protect endangered wildlife. 戴口罩是保护自己和他人不受病毒感染的有效方式。 Dài kǒuzhào shì bǎohù zìjǐ hé tārén bù shòu bìngdú gǎnrǎn de yǒuxiào fāngshì. Wearing a mask is...
振奋 (zhènfèn) — to invigorate; inspiring; uplifting
振奋 (zhènfèn) 振奋 means to feel or cause a great surge of excitement, spirit, or inspiration, often used to describe news, achievements, or speeches that lift people's morale and energize them. Meanings [verb] to inspire; to invigorate; to uplift; to stir up enthusiasm or spirit [adjective] inspiring; invigorating; exciting; uplifting Example Sentences 运动员夺冠的消息令全国人民振奋，街上自发聚集了许多庆祝的市民。 Yùndòng yuán duóguàn de xiāoxi lìng quánguó rénmín zhènfèn, jiē shàng zìfā jùjíle xǔduō qìngzhù de shìmín....
成绩 (chéngjì) — grades / achievement
成绩 (chéngjì) 成绩 refers to grades, scores, or the concrete results of effort. It is used for academic performance, work outcomes, and any tangible achievement that can be measured. Meanings [noun] Grades; scores; academic performance. [noun] Achievement; results (of work or effort). Example Sentences 他的考试成绩很好。 Tā de kǎoshì chéngjì hěn hǎo. His exam scores are very good. 努力学习，成绩自然会提高。 Nǔlì xuéxí, chéngjì zìrán huì tígāo. Study hard and your grades will...
上午 (shàngwǔ) — morning, forenoon
上午 (shàngwǔ) 上午 refers to the morning or forenoon, generally the time from around 8 a.m. to noon. 上 means "above/upper" and 午 means "noon," so it literally is "before noon." Meanings [noun] Morning, forenoon (approximately 8:00 to 12:00). Example Sentences 上午我在家学习。 Shàngwǔ wǒ zài jiā xuéxí. In the morning I study at home. 他上午九点有课。 Tā shàngwǔ jiǔ diǎn yǒu kè. He has class at nine in the morning. 今天上午天气很好。...
调配 (diàopèi) — to allocate; to deploy
调配 (diàopèi) 调配 means to distribute, allocate, or coordinate resources, personnel, or materials according to need, and is a key term in logistics, management, and supply chain contexts. Meanings [verb] to allocate; to deploy; to coordinate and distribute; to blend (in cooking/pharmacy) Example Sentences 公司根据各部门的需求合理调配人力资源。 Gōngsī gēnjù gè bùmén de xūqiú hélǐ diàopèi rénlì zīyuán. The company rationally allocates human resources according to the needs of each department. 在紧急情况下，政府迅速调配物资支援灾区。 Zài...
觉得 (juéde) — to feel, to think (subjectively)
觉得 (juéde) 觉得 expresses a subjective feeling or personal impression. It is used when your opinion comes from how something feels to you rather than from logic. Key contrast: 认为 (rènwéi) is used for reasoned, formal opinions, while 觉得 is feeling-based and personal. Meanings [verb] To feel (physically or emotionally). [verb] To think, to find (expressing a personal impression). Example Sentences 我觉得这道菜很好吃。 Wǒ juéde zhè dào cài hěn hǎochī. I...
上班 (shàngbān) — to go to work, to be at work
上班 (shàngbān) A verb-object compound meaning to go to work or to be on duty. The opposite is 下班 (xiàbān), to get off work. It refers to the act of starting or being at one's work shift. Meanings [verb] To go to work, to start work, to be at work. Example Sentences 我每天八点上班。 Wǒ měi tiān bā diǎn shàngbān. I go to work at eight o'clock every day. 他今天不舒服，没去上班。 Tā...
网上支付 (wǎngshàng zhīfù) — online payment
网上支付 (wǎngshàng zhīfù) 网上支付 refers to online payment, covering all forms of electronic payment made via the internet, including mobile payment apps, bank transfers, and e-commerce checkout. China is a world leader in mobile payments, making this a very common term. Meanings [noun] online payment; electronic payment conducted over the internet Example Sentences 现在很多商店都支持网上支付。 Xiànzài hěn duō shāngdiàn dōu zhīchí wǎngshàng zhīfù. Nowadays many shops support online payment. 我用手机完成了网上支付。 Wǒ...
聪明 (cōngmíng) — intelligent; clever; smart
聪明 (cōngmíng) 聪明 describes someone with a quick, sharp mind who can understand and learn things easily. Meanings [adj] intelligent; clever; smart; bright-minded Example Sentences 这个孩子非常聪明，学什么都很快。 Zhège háizi fēicháng cōngmíng, xué shénme dōu hěn kuài. This child is very smart and learns everything quickly. 聪明的人知道什么时候该说话。 Cōngmíng de rén zhīdào shénme shíhou gāi shuōhuà. A clever person knows when to speak. 她用了一个聪明的办法解决了问题。 Tā yòng le yī gè cōngmíng de bànfǎ jiějué...
比 (bǐ) — than; to compare
比 (bǐ) 比 is the core comparison word in Chinese. The standard structure is A + 比 + B + adjective, meaning "A is more [adjective] than B." A key rule: you cannot add 更 (gèng) or 非常 (fēicháng) after the adjective in the same sentence with 比. Use a specific amount or simply the plain adjective instead. Meanings [preposition] Than. Introduces the second term in a comparison. [verb] To...
平台 (píngtái) — platform
平台 (píngtái) A platform is either a raised flat surface used as a stage or base, or -- more commonly in modern usage -- a digital or organizational structure that enables people to perform activities, access services, or communicate. Meanings [noun] platform (physical: stage, podium); platform (digital: app, website, service); platform (organizational: opportunity structure) Example Sentences 这家公司开发了一个供用户交流的在线平台。 Zhè jiā gōngsī kāifāle yīgè gòng yònghù jiāoliú de zàixiàn píngtái. This company...
到 (dào) — to arrive; to (a destination)
到 (dào) 到 means "to arrive" as a main verb and serves as a result complement attached to verbs to indicate that the action successfully reached its target. Meanings [verb] To arrive; to reach (a place or time). [result complement] Attached to a verb (V + 到) to show the action achieved its goal or reached a point. Example Sentences 他到了。 Tā dào le. He has arrived. 我们到北京了。 Wǒmen dào...
资料 (zīliào) — material; data; reference
资料 (zīliào) 资料 means "material," "data," or "reference" and refers to information, documents, or source materials used for research, study, or work. Meanings [noun] material; reference material; data; information [noun] source; documentation; records Example Sentences 我需要收集更多相关资料。 Wǒ xūyào shōují gèng duō xiāngguān zīliào. I need to collect more relevant materials. 图书馆有很多学习资料可以借阅。 Túshūguǎn yǒu hěn duō xuéxí zīliào kěyǐ jièyuè. The library has many study materials available for borrowing. 请把资料整理好发给我。 Qǐng...
发现 (fāxiàn) — to discover
发现 (fāxiàn) 发现 means to discover or find out something that was previously unknown or unnoticed. It can refer to physical findings, realizations, or new knowledge. Meanings [verb] To discover; to find; to notice; to realize. [noun] A discovery; a finding. Example Sentences 我发现了一个好方法。 Wǒ fāxiàn le yīgè hǎo fāngfǎ. I discovered a good method. 他发现钱包不见了。 Tā fāxiàn qiánbāo bú jiàn le. He discovered that his wallet was missing. 科学家发现了一种新物质。...
方便 (fāngbiàn) — convenient; easy to use
方便 (fāngbiàn) 方便 describes things that are convenient, handy, or easy to do. It can describe locations (交通方便 — convenient transport), actions (这样做比较方便 — this way is more convenient), or be used in polite requests (方便的话… — if it's convenient for you…). Meanings [adj] Convenient; handy — easy to use, access, or do. [adj] Suitable; appropriate — used in polite questions about whether the time is right. Example Sentences 这里交通很方便。...
公园 (gōngyuán) — park / public garden
公园 (gōngyuán) A public outdoor area, often with green spaces, paths, and seating, where people go to exercise, relax, or enjoy nature. Meanings [noun] Park, public garden, recreational outdoor space. Example Sentences 我们周末去公园散步吧。 Wǒmen zhōumò qù gōngyuán sànbù ba. Let's go for a walk in the park this weekend. 这个公园里有很多花和树。 Zhège gōngyuán lǐ yǒu hěn duō huā hé shù. This park has many flowers and trees. 老人们每天早上在公园锻炼。 Lǎorénmen měitiān zǎoshang...
功能 (gōngnéng) — Function / feature / capability
功能 (gōngnéng) 功能 refers to the specific function, feature, or capability of something — what a device, system, body part, or tool is designed or able to do. Meanings [noun] function, feature, capability, functionality Example Sentences 这款手机有很多实用的功能。 Zhè kuǎn shǒujī yǒu hěn duō shíyòng de gōngnéng. This smartphone has many practical features. 大脑的主要功能之一是处理信息。 Dànǎo de zhǔyào gōngnéng zhī yī shì chǔlǐ xìnxī. One of the brain's main functions is to...
悲观 (bēiguān) — pessimistic
悲观 (bēiguān) 悲观 describes a pessimistic outlook -- tending to see the worst in situations or expect negative outcomes. Meanings [adjective] pessimistic [noun] pessimism Example Sentences 他对未来很悲观。 Tā duì wèilái hěn bēiguān. He is very pessimistic about the future. 不要悲观，要相信自己。 Bùyào bēiguān, yào xiāngxìn zìjǐ. Don't be pessimistic; believe in yourself. 她的悲观态度影响了整个团队。 Tā de bēiguān tàidù yǐngxiǎngle zhěnggè tuánduì. Her pessimistic attitude affected the whole team. 悲观的人很难感到幸福。 Bēiguān de rén...
学会 (xuéhuì) — Learn to
学会 (xuéhuì) 学会 means to have learned something to the point of mastery, indicating that a skill has been successfully acquired. Meanings [verb] to learn to; to master; to acquire a skill through learning Example Sentences 他三个月就学会了开车。 Tā sān gè yuè jiù xuéhuìle kāi chē. He learned to drive in just three months. 你学会这首歌了吗？ Nǐ xuéhuì zhè shǒu gē le ma? Have you learned this song yet? 学会倾听是一种非常重要的能力。 Xuéhuì qīngtīng...
批评 (pīpíng) — to criticize; criticism
批评 (pīpíng) 批评 means to point out errors, faults, or problems with someone or something, ranging from constructive feedback to harsh condemnation. Meanings [verb] To criticize, to reproach, to find fault with. [noun] Criticism, critique, reproach. Example Sentences 这位导演的新作品受到了影评人的严厉批评，票房也十分惨淡。 Zhè wèi dǎoyǎn de xīn zuòpǐn shòudào le yǐngpíngrén de yánlì pīpíng, piàofáng yě shífēn cǎndàn. The director's new work received harsh criticism from film critics, and the box office was...
周期 (zhōuqī) — cycle; period
周期 (zhōuqī) 周期 refers to a cycle or period, a sequence of events that repeats regularly or a defined span of time for a process. Meanings [noun] a cycle, recurring period, or time span in a process Example Sentences 经济发展有其固定的周期。 Jīngjì fāzhǎn yǒu qí gùdìng de zhōuqī. Economic development has its own fixed cycles. 这个项目的完成周期大约是六个月。 Zhège xiàngmù de wánchéng zhōuqī dàyuē shì liù gè yuè. The completion period for this...
影响力 (yǐngxiǎng lì) — influence; clout; power of influence
影响力 (yǐngxiǎng lì) Influence or clout refers to the capacity or power that a person, organization, or idea has to affect the beliefs, behaviors, and decisions of others. Meanings [noun] influence; clout; power of influence; sway; reach Example Sentences 这位作家在全球拥有广泛的文学影响力。 Zhè wèi zuòjiā zài quánqiú yōngyǒu guǎngfàn de wénxué yǐngxiǎng lì. This writer has widespread literary influence around the world. 提升国际影响力是中国外交政策的重要目标之一。 Tíshēng guójì yǐngxiǎng lì shì Zhōngguó wàijiāo zhèngcè de...
发展 (fāzhǎn) — development / to develop
发展 (fāzhǎn) 发展 functions as both a noun and a verb. As a noun it means development or growth. As a verb it means to develop, expand, or grow. It is widely used for economic, personal, technological, and social contexts. Meanings [noun] Development; growth; progress. [verb] To develop; to expand; to grow. Example Sentences 中国的经济发展很快。 Zhōngguó de jīngjì fāzhǎn hěn kuài. China's economic development is very fast. 我们需要发展新技术。 Wǒmen xūyào...
一方面…另一方面 (yī fāngmiàn… lìng yī fāngmiàn) — On one hand… on the other hand
一方面…另一方面 (yī fāngmiàn… lìng yī fāngmiàn) This is a paired grammar pattern used to present two sides, aspects, or reasons of a situation, similar to "on one hand… on the other hand" in English. Meanings [conjunction pattern] on one hand… on the other hand; used to balance or contrast two points Example Sentences 一方面，工作很有意思；另一方面，压力也很大。 Yī fāngmiàn, gōngzuò hěn yǒu yìsi; lìng yī fāngmiàn, yālì yě hěn dà. On one hand,...
合理 (hélǐ) — reasonable; rational
合理 (hélǐ) 合理 means reasonable, rational, or sensible -- describing something that conforms to logic, fairness, or common sense and can be justified. Meanings [adjective] reasonable; rational; sensible; justified; appropriate Example Sentences 这个价格非常合理，我们决定接受。 Zhège jiàgé fēicháng hélǐ, wǒmen juédìng jiēshòu. This price is very reasonable, so we decided to accept it. 他的要求是合理的，管理层应该认真考虑。 Tā de yāoqiú shì hélǐ de, guǎnlǐ céng yīnggāi rènzhēn kǎolǜ. His request is reasonable, and management should...
否定 (fǒudìng) — to negate; negation
否定 (fǒudìng) 否定 means to deny, negate, or refute something, and also functions as an adjective meaning "negative" (as opposed to affirmative). It is a key term in logic, debate, and critical discussion. Meanings [verb] to negate; to deny; to refute; to reject [adjective] negative (in logic or grammar); denying Example Sentences 他的观点遭到了与会者的否定。 Tā de guāndiǎn zāodàole yùhuì zhě de fǒudìng. His viewpoint was rejected by the participants at the...
危险 (wēixiǎn) — dangerous
危险 (wēixiǎn) 危险 means dangerous or risky. As an adjective it describes a person, place, or action that poses a threat. As a noun it refers to danger or risk itself. Meanings [adjective] Dangerous; risky; hazardous. [noun] Danger; risk; peril. Example Sentences 这条路很危险，晚上不要一个人走。 Zhè tiáo lù hěn wēixiǎn, wǎnshang bú yào yīgè rén zǒu. This road is very dangerous; don't walk it alone at night. 游泳时不注意安全很危险。 Yóuyǒng shí bù zhùyì...
场所 (chǎngsuǒ) — place; venue; premises
场所 (chǎngsuǒ) 场所 refers to a specific place, venue, or premises designated for a particular activity or purpose. Meanings [noun] a place, venue, or premises for a specific activity or purpose Example Sentences 图书馆是学习的好场所。 Túshūguǎn shì xuéxí de hǎo chǎngsuǒ. The library is a good place for studying. 这些公共场所必须保持整洁。 Zhèxiē gōnggòng chǎngsuǒ bìxū bǎochí zhěngjié. These public places must be kept clean and tidy. 会议在一个专业的场所举行。 Huìyì zài yīgè zhuānyè de...
挑战 (tiǎozhàn) — to challenge; challenge
挑战 (tiǎozhàn) 挑战 means a challenge, used both as a noun (a difficult test or task) and as a verb (to challenge someone or something), requiring effort and courage to overcome. Meanings [noun] a challenge; a difficult test; a daunting task [verb] to challenge; to confront; to defy Example Sentences 学习一门新语言是一个很大的挑战。 Xuéxí yī mén xīn yǔyán shì yīgè hěn dà de tiǎozhàn. Learning a new language is a great challenge....
那 (nà) — that
那 (nà) A demonstrative pronoun and determiner meaning "that," pointing to people or things away from the speaker; its near counterpart is 这 (zhè, this). Before measure words it is sometimes pronounced nèi in fast speech. Meanings [pronoun] That (used alone as a subject or object). [determiner] That (before a measure word and noun: 那 + measure word + noun). [conjunction] Then, in that case (introducing a conclusion: 那就…). Example...
思考 (sīkǎo) — to think; to ponder
思考 (sīkǎo) 思考 means to think carefully or reflect on something -- it implies a deliberate, focused mental effort rather than casual thought. Meanings [verb] to think (carefully); to ponder; to reflect on [noun] thought; reflection; consideration Example Sentences 请认真思考这个问题。 Qǐng rènzhēn sīkǎo zhège wèntí. Please think carefully about this question. 他深思考了很久才做出决定。 Tā shēn sīkǎole hěn jiǔ cái zuòchū juédìng. He pondered for a long time before making a decision....
两 (liǎng) — two (before measure words)
两 (liǎng) The form of "two" used directly before measure words (classifiers) and in quantities; it cannot appear in pure counting sequences or ordinals — that is the job of 二 (èr). See the 二 page for the full comparison. Meanings [number] Two (quantity, always before a measure word or unit). [adjective] A couple of, a few (colloquial: 说两句, say a few words). Example Sentences 我有两个哥哥。 Wǒ yǒu liǎng gè...
消极 (xiāojí) — Negative, passive, pessimistic
消极 (xiāojí) 消极 describes a negative, passive, or pessimistic attitude or approach -- the opposite of 积极 (jījí, positive/active). It implies a lack of initiative, motivation, or optimism. Meanings [adj] negative (attitude); passive; pessimistic; lacking initiative Example Sentences 面对困难时，消极的态度只会让情况更糟。 Miànduì kùnnan shí, xiāojí de tàidù zhǐ huì ràng qíngkuàng gèng zāo. When facing difficulties, a negative attitude will only make things worse. 他在工作中表现得非常消极，经常抱怨却从不提出建议。 Tā zài gōngzuò zhōng biǎoxiàn de fēicháng...
因此 (yīncǐ) — therefore; as a result
因此 (yīncǐ) 因此 is a causal conjunction meaning "therefore" or "as a result," used to introduce a conclusion or consequence that follows logically from a stated reason. Meanings [conjunction] therefore; as a result; consequently; for this reason Example Sentences 他努力学习，因此取得了优异的成绩。 Tā nǔlì xuéxí, yīncǐ qǔdé le yōuyì de chéngjì. He studied hard; therefore, he achieved excellent results. 该地区连续几个月干旱，因此粮食短缺严重。 Gāi dìqū liánxù jǐ gè yuè gānhàn, yīncǐ liángshí duǎnquē yánzhòng. The...
消失 (xiāoshī) — to disappear; to vanish
消失 (xiāoshī) 消失 means to disappear or vanish, referring to something that ceases to be visible or no longer exists. Meanings [verb] to disappear; to vanish; to cease to exist or be seen Example Sentences 他的身影慢慢消失在人群中。 Tā de shēnyǐng mànmàn xiāoshī zài rénqún zhōng. His figure slowly disappeared into the crowd. 这种珍稀动物正在慢慢消失。 Zhè zhǒng zhēnxī dòngwù zhèngzài mànmàn xiāoshī. This rare animal is gradually disappearing. 疼痛感在吃了药之后消失了。 Téngtòng gǎn zài chī...
持久 (chíjiǔ) — lasting; enduring; sustained
持久 (chíjiǔ) 持久 describes something that lasts for a long time or has the quality of endurance and sustainability, used for peace, effects, relationships, conflicts, and effort. Meanings [adjective] lasting; enduring; sustained; durable; long-lasting Example Sentences 只有解决根本矛盾，才能实现持久和平，而不是仅仅停止冲突。 Zhǐyǒu jiějué gēnběn máodùn, cái néng shíxiàn chíjiǔ hépíng, ér bùshì jǐnjǐn tíngzhǐ chōngtū. Only by resolving fundamental contradictions can lasting peace be achieved, rather than merely stopping the conflict. 养成良好习惯需要持久的坚持，短期的努力很难带来根本性的改变。 Yǎngchéng liánghǎo...
以至于 (yǐzhìyú) — to the extent that; so ... that
以至于 (yǐzhìyú) 以至于 is a conjunction that introduces a result or consequence that has reached a notable degree, equivalent to "so ... that" or "to the extent that," often indicating an unexpected or extreme outcome. Meanings [conjunction] to the extent that; so ... that; resulting in (introduces a consequence that reached a notable or extreme degree) Example Sentences 他太专注于工作，以至于忘记了自己的生日。 Tā tài zhuānzhù yú gōngzuò, yǐzhìyú wàngjìle zìjǐ de shēngrì. He...
部署 (bùshǔ) — to deploy; deployment
部署 (bùshǔ) 部署 means to deploy, arrange, or position people, resources, or systems in a planned and strategic way, and is used in military, technology, business, and government planning contexts. Meanings [verb] to deploy; to position; to arrange strategically [noun] deployment; disposition; arrangement Example Sentences 政府宣布在边境地区部署更多警力以加强安全。 Zhèngfǔ xuānbù zài biānjìng dìqū bùshǔ gèng duō jǐnglì yǐ jiāqiáng ānquán. The government announced the deployment of more police forces in border areas...
变化 (biànhuà) — Change
变化 (biànhuà) 变化 refers to any change or transformation in state, condition, or situation. Meanings [noun] change; transformation; variation [verb] to change; to vary; to transform Example Sentences 这座城市十年间发生了巨大变化。 Zhè zuò chéngshì shí nián jiān fāshēngle jùdà biànhuà. This city has undergone enormous changes over ten years. 天气变化很快，出门要带伞。 Tiānqì biànhuà hěn kuài, chūmén yào dài sǎn. The weather changes quickly; bring an umbrella when you go out. 科技的发展给生活带来了很多变化。 Kējì de...
算法 (suànfǎ) — algorithm
算法 (suànfǎ) 算法 refers to a step-by-step set of instructions for solving a problem or accomplishing a task, fundamental to computer science, mathematics, and artificial intelligence. Meanings [noun] algorithm; a defined procedure for solving a problem or making calculations Example Sentences 推荐算法根据用户的浏览历史来推送个性化内容。 Tuījiàn suànfǎ gēnjù yònghù de liúlǎn lìshǐ lái tuīsòng gèxìnghuà nèiróng. Recommendation algorithms push personalized content based on users' browsing history. 人工智能系统的核心是复杂的机器学习算法。 Réngōng zhìnéng xìtǒng de héxīn shì...
温度 (wēndù) — temperature
温度 (wēndù) 温度 means temperature. It refers to the measurable degree of heat or cold in an object, body, or environment. 温 means warm or temperature, and 度 means degree. Related words include 气温 (air temperature), 体温 (body temperature), and 室温 (room temperature). China uses the Celsius scale, so when someone says 今天三十五度 (35 degrees today), they mean 35 degrees Celsius, which is very hot. Meanings [noun] Temperature; the degree...
温室效应 (wēnshì xiàoyìng) — Greenhouse effect
温室效应 (wēnshì xiàoyìng) 温室效应 refers to the process by which greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere trap heat from the sun, causing the planet's surface temperature to rise -- the primary driver of human-induced climate change. Meanings [noun phrase] greenhouse effect; the warming of the Earth's surface due to atmospheric greenhouse gases Example Sentences 温室效应是导致全球气候变暖的主要原因。 Wēnshì xiàoyìng shì dǎozhì quánqiú qìhòu biànnuǎn de zhǔyào yuányīn. The greenhouse effect is the main...
水 (shuǐ) — water
水 (shuǐ) Water, the most essential liquid. 水 is one of the most fundamental characters in Chinese, appearing in hundreds of compound words related to liquids, rivers, and flow. Meanings [noun] Water. The clear liquid essential for life, drinking, and cooking. [noun] Any liquid in general, in some compound words. Example Sentences 我想喝水。 Wǒ xiǎng hē shuǐ. I want to drink water. 请给我一杯水。 Qǐng gěi wǒ yī bēi shuǐ. Please...
运气 (yùnqi) — luck
运气 (yùnqi) 运气 refers to luck or fortune, the force that causes things to go well or badly beyond one's control. Meanings [noun] luck; fortune; chance Example Sentences 今天我的运气真好，找到了钱包。 Jīntiān wǒ de yùnqi zhēn hǎo, zhǎodào le qiánbāo. My luck was really good today; I found my wallet. 不要只靠运气，努力才是关键。 Bùyào zhǐ kào yùnqi, nǔlì cái shì guānjiàn. Do not just rely on luck; hard work is the key. 他真倒霉，运气太差了。 Tā...
获得 (huòdé) — to obtain; to gain
获得 (huòdé) 获得 means to obtain, gain, or acquire something, often through effort, competition, or a process. Meanings [verb] to obtain; to acquire; to get [verb] to achieve; to win; to earn Example Sentences 他在比赛中获得了第一名。 Tā zài bǐsài zhōng huòdéle dì yī míng. He won first place in the competition. 通过努力，她获得了奖学金。 Tōngguò nǔlì, tā huòdéle jiǎngxuéjīn. Through hard work, she obtained a scholarship. 这部电影获得了很多奖项。 Zhè bù diànyǐng huòdéle hěn duō...
张 (zhāng) — measure word for flat things
张 (zhāng) A measure word used for flat, thin, sheet-like objects. 张 also means "to spread out" or "to open," which reflects the flat, spread nature of the objects it counts. Meanings [measure word] Classifier for flat, sheet-like objects such as paper, photos, tables, and maps. [verb] To spread out, to open (as in 张开, "open up"). What 张 counts 张 is used with: 纸 (zhǐ): paper — 一张纸 (one...
特殊 (tèshū) — Special, exceptional, extraordinary
特殊 (tèshū) 特殊 describes something that is different from the norm, exceptional, or requiring special consideration -- it often implies that something stands apart due to unusual circumstances or inherent qualities. Meanings [adj] special; exceptional; extraordinary; unusual; having unique properties Example Sentences 这种材料具有特殊的耐热性能，被广泛用于航空工业。 Zhè zhǒng cáiliào jùyǒu tèshū de nài rè xìngnéng, bèi guǎngfàn yòng yú hángkōng gōngyè. This material has special heat-resistant properties and is widely used in the...
规律 (guīlǜ) — law, pattern, regularity
规律 (guīlǜ) 规律 refers to a regular, predictable pattern or natural law that governs phenomena, implying an inherent order or recurring regularity that can be observed and understood. Meanings [noun] law, regularity, pattern (natural or social) [noun] regular rhythm, routine (of life or events) Example Sentences 科学研究的目的就是发现和掌握自然界的规律。 Kēxué yánjiū de mùdì jiùshì fāxiàn hé zhǎngwò zìrán jiè de guīlǜ. The purpose of scientific research is to discover and master the...
自动化 (zìdònghuà) — automation
自动化 (zìdònghuà) 自动化 refers to the use of technology to perform tasks with minimal or no human intervention. It is central to discussions of industrial production, artificial intelligence, and the future of work. Meanings [noun] automation; the process or state of being automated [verb] to automate; to make (a process) automated Example Sentences 工厂引入自动化生产线后，效率大幅提升，人工成本显著降低。 Gōngchǎng yǐnrù zìdònghuà shēngchǎn xiàn hòu, xiàolǜ dàfú tíshēng, réngōng chéngběn xiǎnzhù jiàngdī. After factories introduced...
碳中和 (tàn zhōnghé) — carbon neutrality
碳中和 (tàn zhōnghé) 碳中和 refers to achieving a net-zero balance between carbon dioxide emitted and carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere, a central goal of global climate policy. Meanings [noun] carbon neutrality; net-zero carbon emissions Example Sentences 中国承诺在2060年前实现碳中和目标。 Zhōngguó chéngnuò zài 2060 nián qián shíxiàn tàn zhōnghé mùbiāo. China has pledged to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. 实现碳中和需要能源结构的根本性转变。 Shíxiàn tàn zhōnghé xūyào néngyuán jiégòu de gēnběnxìng zhuǎnbiàn. Achieving carbon neutrality...
过敏 (guòmǐn) — allergy / allergic
过敏 (guòmǐn) 过敏 describes an allergic reaction or the state of being allergic to something. The key pattern is 对...过敏 (to be allergic to...). It can function as a verb (to have an allergy) or a noun (an allergy). It is essential vocabulary for discussing health and medical situations. Meanings [verb] To be allergic; to have an allergic reaction. [noun] Allergy; hypersensitivity. Example Sentences 我对花粉过敏。 Wǒ duì huāfěn guòmǐn. I...
干净 (gānjìng) — clean; tidy
干净 (gānjìng) 干净 describes something free of dirt, mess, or impurity. It works as a predicate adjective (桌子很干净 — the table is clean) or a pre-noun modifier (干净的衣服 — clean clothes). Its opposite is 脏 (zāng — dirty). Meanings [adj] Clean; spotless — free of dirt or stains. [adj] Tidy; neat — well-organized and orderly. Example Sentences 这家餐厅非常干净。 Zhè jiā cāntīng fēicháng gānjìng. This restaurant is extremely clean. 请把手洗干净。 Qǐng...
具体 (jùtǐ) — specific / concrete / detailed
具体 (jùtǐ) Describes something that is specific, concrete, and detailed rather than vague or abstract. Meanings [adjective] Specific, concrete, definite (not vague). [adjective] Detailed, particular, precise. Example Sentences 请说得具体一点儿。 Qǐng shuō de jùtǐ yīdiǎnr. Please be a bit more specific. 你有什么具体的计划吗？ Nǐ yǒu shénme jùtǐ de jìhuà ma? Do you have any specific plans? 老师给了我们具体的学习建议。 Lǎoshī gěi le wǒmen jùtǐ de xuéxí jiànyì. The teacher gave us specific study advice....
中文 (Zhōngwén) — Chinese (written/general)
中文 (Zhōngwén) The Chinese language, with an emphasis on the written form or the language in general. 中 means "Chinese" (as in China) and 文 means "writing," "text," or "language." Compare with 汉语 (Hànyǔ), which focuses more on spoken Chinese. Meanings [noun] Chinese language, written Chinese. The language of China, often used when referring to Chinese text, books, or general language ability. Example Sentences 这本书是中文的。 Zhè běn shū shì Zhōngwén...
进行 (jìnxíng) — to carry out; to conduct
进行 (jìnxíng) 进行 is used to indicate that an activity is being carried out or is in progress, typically with more formal or planned actions. Meanings [verb] to carry out; to conduct; to undertake; to be in progress Example Sentences 会议正在进行中。 Huìyì zhèngzài jìnxíng zhōng. The meeting is currently in progress. 研究人员正在进行一项重要实验。 Yánjiū rényuán zhèngzài jìnxíng yī xiàng zhòngyào shíyàn. Researchers are conducting an important experiment. 比赛将在明天下午进行。 Bǐsài jiāng zài...
模型 (móxíng) — model; template
模型 (móxíng) 模型 refers to a model or template, either a physical small-scale replica or a conceptual framework used as a reference. Meanings [noun] model; template; a physical replica or conceptual framework serving as a reference or example Example Sentences 他做了一个飞机模型送给儿子。 Tā zuò le yī gè fēijī móxíng sòng gěi érzi. He made a model airplane to give to his son. 这个经济模型可以预测市场趋势。 Zhège jīngjì móxíng kěyǐ yùcè shìchǎng qūshì. This...
雨伞 (yǔsǎn) — umbrella
雨伞 (yǔsǎn) 雨伞 is the standard word for an umbrella used to protect against rain. 雨 means "rain" and 伞 means "umbrella / parasol." The measure word for an umbrella is 把 (bǎ), so one umbrella is 一把雨伞. A sunshade or parasol is 遮阳伞 (zhēyángsǎn). Meanings [noun] Umbrella; rain umbrella. Example Sentences 外面在下雨，别忘了带雨伞。 Wàimiàn zài xià yǔ, bié wàng le dài yǔsǎn. It is raining outside; don't forget to bring...
网络 (wǎngluò) — network; online
网络 (wǎngluò) 网络 literally means a net-like structure. In modern Chinese it refers to computer networks, the internet, and the online world in general. It is a broader and more versatile term than 互联网 (the global Internet) and can refer to any type of network. Meanings [noun] network (computer, social, transport, etc.) [noun] the internet; the online world (colloquially) [adjective] online; internet-based; cyber Example Sentences 网络谣言传播速度极快，往往在核实之前已造成严重社会影响。 Wǎngluò yáoyán chuánbō sùdù...
证明 (zhèngmíng) — to prove; proof; certificate
证明 (zhèngmíng) 证明 means to prove or verify something using evidence or reasoning. As a noun it refers to a proof, a piece of evidence, or an official certificate (such as an employment certificate or medical certificate). Meanings [verb] To prove; to demonstrate; to verify. [noun] Proof; evidence; certificate; certification. Example Sentences 科学家用实验证明了这个理论的正确性。 Kēxuéjiā yòng shíyàn zhèngmíng le zhège lǐlùn de zhèngquè xìng. Scientists used experiments to prove the correctness...
方向 (fāngxiàng) — direction; orientation
方向 (fāngxiàng) 方向 refers to a physical direction such as north or left, or a figurative direction such as the path of a career or project. Meanings [noun] Direction; orientation (a physical bearing or figurative course of action). Example Sentences 请问火车站在哪个方向？ Qǐngwèn huǒchēzhàn zài nǎge fāngxiàng? Excuse me, in which direction is the train station? 我们需要重新考虑公司的发展方向。 Wǒmen xūyào chóngxīn kǎolǜ gōngsī de fāzhǎn fāngxiàng. We need to reconsider the direction...
表扬 (biǎoyáng) — to praise
表扬 (biǎoyáng) 表扬 means to praise or commend someone for something positive they have done. Meanings [verb] to praise; to commend; to compliment [noun] praise; commendation Example Sentences 老师表扬了他的好表现。 Lǎoshī biǎoyáng le tā de hǎo biǎoxiàn. The teacher praised his good performance. 得到表扬会让孩子更有动力。 Dédào biǎoyáng huì ràng háizi gèng yǒu dònglì. Receiving praise will motivate children more. 他经常表扬努力工作的员工。 Tā jīngcháng biǎoyáng nǔlì gōngzuò de yuángōng. He often praises employees who...
立刻 (lìkè) — immediately; at once; right away
立刻 (lìkè) 立刻 describes an action happening immediately, without any delay, equivalent to "at once," "right away," or "immediately." Meanings [adverb] Immediately; at once; right away (no delay between trigger and action). Example Sentences 听到消息后，他立刻给家人打了电话。 Tīng dào xiāoxi hòu, tā lìkè gěi jiārén dǎ le diànhuà. After hearing the news, he immediately called his family. 老师一说开始，学生们立刻安静下来。 Lǎoshī yī shuō kāishǐ, xuéshengmen lìkè ānjìng xiàlái. As soon as the teacher said...
负责任的 (fùzérèn de) — accountable, responsible
负责任的 (fùzérèn de) 负责任的 describes a person, organization, or system that takes responsibility for its actions and their consequences. It implies both a willingness to answer for one's conduct and a moral commitment to doing what is right. Meanings [adj] accountable; responsible; willing to take responsibility for one's actions Example Sentences 负责任的政府必须对公民的需求做出回应。 Fùzérèn de zhèngfǔ bìxū duì gōngmín de xūqiú zuòchū huíyìng. A responsible government must respond to the needs...
礼物 (lǐwù) — gift
礼物 (lǐwù) 礼物 is the standard word for a gift or present — something given to someone as a gesture of affection, celebration, or gratitude. Meanings [noun] Gift; present. Example Sentences 我给她买了一件生日礼物。 Wǒ gěi tā mǎi le yī jiàn shēngrì lǐwù. I bought her a birthday gift. 谢谢你的礼物，我非常喜欢！ Xièxiè nǐ de lǐwù, wǒ fēicháng xǐhuān! Thank you for your gift; I like it very much! 他从中国带回来了很多礼物。 Tā cóng Zhōngguó dài...
不得不 (bùdébù) — have no choice but to; must; cannot but
不得不 (bùdébù) 不得不 is an adverbial expression meaning "have no choice but to" or "cannot help but," used when circumstances force someone to do something against their preference. Meanings [adverb / expression] have no choice but to; must; cannot but (indicates that the subject is compelled by circumstances to perform an action, implying reluctance or lack of alternatives) Usage Note 不得不 is placed before a verb and emphasizes that the...
共识 (gòngshí) — consensus
共识 (gòngshí) 共识 means consensus — a shared understanding, agreement, or common ground reached among two or more parties. It is a high-frequency term in diplomatic, political, academic, and deliberative contexts, where the process of building or breaking consensus is significant. Meanings [n] consensus, common ground (a shared view or agreement among multiple parties) Example Sentences 经过数轮磋商，两国代表团终于就核心议题达成了初步共识。 Jīngguò shù lún cuōshāng, liǎng guó dàibiǎotuán zhōngyú jiù héxīn yìtí dáchéng le...
韧性 (rènxìng) — resilience
韧性 (rènxìng) 韧性 originally referred to the physical toughness of a material — its ability to bend without breaking. In modern usage, it has expanded to describe psychological and social resilience: the capacity of a person, organization, or system to recover from setbacks and adapt to adversity. 韧性 is widely discussed in psychology, education, and business contexts. Meanings noun resilience, toughness, flexibility under stress; the capacity to recover from difficulty...
虽然 (suīrán) — although / even though
虽然 (suīrán) 虽然 is a conjunction that introduces a concessive clause, acknowledging one fact while contrasting it with another. Meanings [conjunction] although; even though; though; while Example Sentences 虽然很累，但他还是坚持完成了任务。 Suīrán hěn lèi, dàn tā háishi jiānchí wánchéng le rènwù. Although he was very tired, he still persisted and completed the task. 虽然这道菜看起来很普通，但味道非常好。 Suīrán zhè dào cài kànqǐlái hěn pǔtōng, dàn wèidào fēicháng hǎo. Although this dish looks ordinary, it tastes...
送 (sòng) — to give / send / see off
送 (sòng) 送 covers three related actions: giving something as a gift, delivering or sending something, and accompanying someone to the door or to their destination. Meanings [verb] To give as a gift; to present. [verb] To deliver; to send. [verb] To see someone off; to accompany to the door or station. Example Sentences 我送你一本书作为礼物。 Wǒ sòng nǐ yī běn shū zuòwéi lǐwù. I'll give you a book as a...
巩固 (gǒnggù) — to consolidate; to strengthen
巩固 (gǒnggù) To consolidate or strengthen means to make something more solid, stable, and secure, preventing it from weakening or being lost. Meanings [verb] to consolidate; to strengthen; to reinforce; to solidify; to make secure Example Sentences 学生需要通过反复练习来巩固所学的知识。 Xuéshēng xūyào tōngguò fǎnfù liànxí lái gǒnggù suǒ xué de zhīshi. Students need to consolidate what they have learned through repeated practice. 这次改革旨在巩固市场经济体制。 Zhè cì gǎigé zhǐ zài gǒnggù shìchǎng jīngjì tǐzhì....
综上所述 (zōng shàng suǒ shù) — in summary, to summarize
综上所述 (zōng shàng suǒ shù) 综上所述 is a formal written phrase used to signal the beginning of a summary or final conclusion, equivalent to "in summary," "to sum up," or "as stated above." Meanings [phrase] in summary, to sum up, as stated above, in conclusion Example Sentences 综上所述，我们可以得出这个方法是有效的。 Zōng shàng suǒ shù, wǒmen kěyǐ dé chū zhège fāngfǎ shì yǒuxiào de. In summary, we can conclude that this method is...
媒体 (méitǐ) — media; medium
媒体 (méitǐ) 媒体 refers to the media, including television, newspapers, the internet, and other channels used to communicate information to the public. Meanings [noun] the media; mass media; a medium of communication Example Sentences 媒体对这件事进行了大量报道。 Méitǐ duì zhè jiàn shì jìnxíngle dàliàng bàodào. The media covered this matter extensively. 社交媒体改变了人们的沟通方式。 Shèjiāo méitǐ gǎibiànle rénmen de gōutōng fāngshì. Social media has changed the way people communicate. 他在一家大型媒体公司工作。 Tā zài yī jiā...
方法 (fāngfǎ) — method
方法 (fāngfǎ) 方法 means a method or approach — a systematic or deliberate way of doing something. It is more structured than 办法 (bànfǎ — way to deal with something), which is more casual and practical. Meanings [noun] Method; way; approach; technique. Example Sentences 你有什么好的学习方法？ Nǐ yǒu shénme hǎo de xuéxí fāngfǎ? Do you have any good study methods? 这种方法效果很好。 Zhè zhǒng fāngfǎ xiàoguǒ hěn hǎo. This method is very...
除此之外 (chú cǐ zhī wài) — besides this; apart from this; in addition
除此之外 (chú cǐ zhī wài) 除此之外 is a formal conjunctive phrase meaning "besides this" or "in addition to this," used to introduce further points, items, or information after something has already been stated. Meanings [phrase] besides this; apart from this; in addition to the above; furthermore Example Sentences 他不仅精通英语，除此之外，还能流利地使用法语和西班牙语。 Tā bùjǐn jīngtōng yīngyǔ, chú cǐ zhī wài, hái néng liúlì de shǐyòng fǎyǔ hé xībānyáyǔ. He is not only proficient...
逐渐 (zhújiàn) — gradually; little by little; progressively
逐渐 (zhújiàn) 逐渐 is an adverb describing a process that happens slowly and incrementally over time, without sudden jumps or breaks. Meanings [adverb] gradually; little by little; progressively (placed before a verb or adjective to indicate slow, steady change) Usage Note 逐渐 is placed directly before the verb or adjective it modifies. It emphasizes the gradual nature of a change and often appears with verbs of change such as 变...
复杂化 (fùzáhuà) — to complicate; to become complicated
复杂化 (fùzáhuà) 复杂化 means to make something more complex or to cause a situation to become more complicated, often implying an undesirable increase in difficulty or intricacy. Meanings [verb] to complicate; to make complex; to become more complicated Example Sentences 他的介入反而使局势更加复杂化了。 Tā de jièrù fǎn'ér shǐ júshì gèngjiā fùzáhuà le. His intervention actually made the situation even more complicated. 不必要的繁文缛节只会使事情复杂化。 Bùbìyào de fánwén rùjié zhǐ huì shǐ shìqing fùzáhuà. Unnecessary...
微妙 (wēimiào) — subtle; delicate; nuanced
微妙 (wēimiào) Subtle or nuanced describes something that is so delicate and complex that it requires careful attention to perceive or understand, often involving fine distinctions or sensitive dynamics. Meanings [adjective] subtle; delicate; nuanced; sensitive; intricate; hard to pin down Example Sentences 两国之间的外交关系变得微妙而复杂。 Liǎng guó zhījiān de wàijiāo guānxi biàn dé wēimiào ér fùzá. The diplomatic relations between the two countries have become subtle and complex. 他注意到她表情中一个微妙的变化，知道她不高兴了。 Tā zhùyì dào...
用户 (yònghù) — user
用户 (yònghù) 用户 refers to someone who uses a service, product, or technology platform, and is an essential term in the digital economy and customer service sectors. Meanings [noun] user; customer; subscriber Example Sentences 这款应用程序目前拥有超过一亿活跃用户。 Zhè kuǎn yìngyòng chéngxù mùqián yōngyǒu chāoguò yī yì huóyuè yònghù. This application currently has more than 100 million active users. 平台需要保护用户的个人隐私数据。 Píngtái xūyào bǎohù yònghù de gèrén yǐnsī shùjù. The platform needs to protect...
贵 (guì) — expensive; precious; honorable
贵 (guì) 贵 primarily means expensive or costly. It is the opposite of 便宜 (piányí, cheap). Beyond price, 贵 appears in polite set phrases: 贵姓 (guì xìng, may I ask your surname) and 贵国 (guì guó, your honorable country), where it means "esteemed" or "honorable." Meanings [adjective] Expensive; costly. Describes something whose price is high. [adjective] Precious; valuable; esteemed. Used in polite address to honor the listener. Example Sentences 这件衣服太贵了，我买不起。...
内涵 (nèihán) — connotation, inner meaning
内涵 (nèihán) 内涵 refers to the inner substance, depth of meaning, or connotative richness of a concept, text, or person. When applied to a person, it means intellectual depth or cultural cultivation. When applied to a text or concept, it refers to the full range of connotations or inherent qualities. It is a prestige term in Chinese intellectual and cultural discourse. Meanings [n] connotation, inherent meaning (of a concept or...
发表 (fābiǎo) — to publish; to deliver
发表 (fābiǎo) 发表 means to publish an article or academic paper, or to deliver a speech, statement, or opinion in a formal public context, and is essential vocabulary for academic and official discourse. Meanings [verb] to publish (an article, paper, or commentary) [verb] to deliver (a speech); to make (a statement or announcement) Example Sentences 这位科学家在国际顶级期刊上发表了多篇论文。 Zhè wèi kēxuéjiā zài guójì dǐng jí qīkān shàng fābiǎole duō piān lùnwén. This...
批判 (pīpàn) — to criticize; to critique; criticism
批判 (pīpàn) 批判 means to critically examine and point out the faults, errors, or shortcomings of something or someone, often in a systematic and principled way; it can also refer to a formal critique or criticism in an academic or ideological context. Meanings [verb] to criticize; to critique; to condemn (especially in a systematic or principled way) [noun] criticism; critique; critical analysis Example Sentences 学术界对这篇论文的研究方法提出了严厉的批判，认为其数据采集存在明显缺陷。 Xuéshù jiè duì zhè piān...
推动 (tuīdòng) — to drive; to promote; to advance
推动 (tuīdòng) 推动 means to push something forward or drive it ahead, used metaphorically to describe forces, policies, people, or events that cause progress, development, or change to occur. Meanings [verb] to drive forward; to promote; to advance; to push ahead; to give impetus to Example Sentences 技术创新是推动经济增长和社会进步的核心动力。 Jìshù chuàngxīn shì tuīdòng jīngjì zēngzhǎng hé shèhuì jìnbù de héxīn dònglì. Technological innovation is the core driving force behind economic growth...
康复 (kāngfù) — to recover; rehabilitation
康复 (kāngfù) Recovery or rehabilitation refers to the process of returning to normal health and functioning after illness, injury, or a difficult period. Meanings [verb] to recover; to recuperate; to return to health [noun] recovery; rehabilitation; convalescence Example Sentences 经过三个月的治疗，他终于康复出院了。 Jīngguò sān gè yuè de zhìliáo, tā zhōngyú kāngfù chūyuànle. After three months of treatment, he finally recovered and was discharged from the hospital. 康复训练帮助他重新获得了行走能力。 Kāngfù xùnliàn bāngzhù tā chóngxīn...
濒危 (bīnwēi) — Endangered, on the verge of danger
濒危 (bīnwēi) 濒危 describes a state of being on the verge of a crisis or extinction -- most commonly used for endangered species, but also applicable to languages, cultures, or situations facing imminent collapse. Meanings [adj] endangered; on the brink of extinction; critically threatened Example Sentences 大熊猫曾经是濒危物种，经过多年保护，数量有所回升。 Dàxióngmāo céngjīng shì bīnwēi wùzhǒng, jīngguò duō nián bǎohù, shùliàng yǒu suǒ huíshēng. The giant panda was once an endangered species; after years...
尤其 (yóuqí) — especially; particularly
尤其 (yóuqí) Especially or particularly is used to single out a person, thing, or situation as more notable or relevant than others in the group being discussed. Meanings [adverb] especially; particularly; most of all; above all Example Sentences 他喜欢运动，尤其喜欢篮球。 Tā xǐhuān yùndòng, yóuqí xǐhuān lánqiú. He likes sports, especially basketball. 这本书内容丰富，尤其是第三章写得非常精彩。 Zhè běn shū nèiróng fēngfù, yóuqí shì dìsān zhāng xiě de fēicháng jīngcǎi. This book is rich in content,...
情况 (qíngkuàng) — situation; circumstances
情况 (qíngkuàng) 情况 is a versatile noun meaning situation, circumstances, or condition -- it describes the state of affairs at a given time or in a given context. Meanings [noun] situation; circumstances; condition; state of affairs Example Sentences 目前情况怎么样？ Mùqián qíngkuàng zěnmeyàng? How is the current situation? 在这种情况下，我们应该冷静。 Zài zhè zhǒng qíngkuàng xià, wǒmen yīnggāi lěngjìng. In this kind of situation, we should stay calm. 他的健康情况有所改善。 Tā de jiànkāng qíngkuàng...
系统 (xìtǒng) — system; systematic
系统 (xìtǒng) 系统 refers to an organized, interconnected set of parts working together, or describes an approach that is thorough and methodical. Meanings [noun] System; network; organized structure. [adjective] Systematic; thorough; methodical. Example Sentences 这套教育系统需要改革。 Zhè tào jiàoyù xìtǒng xūyào gǎigé. This education system needs reform. 电脑系统突然崩溃了。 Diànnǎo xìtǒng tūrán bēngkuì le. The computer system suddenly crashed. 我们需要系统地解决这个问题。 Wǒmen xūyào xìtǒng de jiějué zhège wèntí. We need to solve this...
农村 (nóngcūn) — countryside / rural area
农村 (nóngcūn) The rural area or countryside, as opposed to the city (城市 chéngshì), where farming and agriculture are the main activities. Meanings [noun] Countryside, rural area, village area. [noun] The rural regions of a country (as a societal concept). Example Sentences 他出生在农村，后来搬到了城市。 Tā chūshēng zài nóngcūn, hòulái bāndào le chéngshì. He was born in the countryside and later moved to the city. 农村的空气比城市新鲜。 Nóngcūn de kōngqì bǐ chéngshì xīnxiān....
累 (lèi) — tired
累 (lèi) An adjective describing physical or mental fatigue, the feeling of needing rest after exertion. Meanings [adjective] Tired, fatigued, worn out. [verb] To tire someone out; to make weary. Example Sentences 我走了很长时间，现在很累。 Wǒ zǒule hěn cháng shíjiān, xiànzài hěn lèi. I walked for a long time and I am very tired now. 你累了吗？休息一下吧。 Nǐ lèi le ma? Xiūxi yīxià ba. Are you tired? Get some rest. 工作一天以后，他很累。 Gōngzuò yītiān...
属性 (shǔxìng) — attribute, property
属性 (shǔxìng) 属性 refers to an inherent attribute or property that belongs to something as part of its nature, often used in philosophical, scientific, and technical contexts to describe what something fundamentally is or has. Meanings [noun] attribute, property, inherent quality [noun] (computing) attribute, parameter (of an object or element) Example Sentences 社会性是人类的基本属性之一。 Shèhuì xìng shì rénlèi de jīběn shǔxìng zhī yī. Sociality is one of the basic attributes of...
主要 (zhǔyào) — main / primary / major
主要 (zhǔyào) Describes something as the most important, primary, or dominant element in a group or situation. Meanings [adjective] Main, primary, major, principal. [adverb] Mainly, primarily, chiefly. Example Sentences 这本书的主要内容是什么？ Zhè běn shū de zhǔyào nèiróng shì shénme? What is the main content of this book? 她主要负责销售工作。 Tā zhǔyào fùzé xiāoshòu gōngzuò. She is mainly responsible for sales work. 这里的主要交通工具是自行车。 Zhèlǐ de zhǔyào jiāotōng gōngjù shì zìxíngchē. The main mode...
休闲 (xiūxián) — leisure, recreation
休闲 (xiūxián) 休闲 describes leisure time and recreational activities, as well as a casual, relaxed style or atmosphere. It is used both as a noun and as an adjective modifying clothing, venues, and lifestyles. Meanings n leisure, recreation, free time adj casual, leisure (as in clothing style) Example Sentences 周末我喜欢做一些休闲活动，比如看电影。 Zhōumò wǒ xǐhuān zuò yīxiē xiūxián huódòng, bǐrú kàn diànyǐng. On weekends I like to do leisure activities, such as...
号码 (hàomǎ) — number (phone/room)
号码 (hàomǎ) 号码 refers to an identifying number such as a phone number, room number, or ticket number. Meanings [noun] number; numeral used for identification (phone, room, seat, etc.) Example Sentences 你能把你的电话号码告诉我吗？ Nǐ néng bǎ nǐ de diànhuà hàomǎ gàosù wǒ ma? Can you tell me your phone number? 我的房间号码是三零六。 Wǒ de fángjiān hàomǎ shì sān líng liù. My room number is 306. 他忘了自己的银行卡号码。 Tā wàng le zìjǐ de yínhángkǎ...
重要 (zhòngyào) — important; significant
重要 (zhòngyào) 重要 is one of the most fundamental adjectives in Chinese, meaning important, significant, or crucial, and is used pervasively across all registers to describe people, things, decisions, or issues of great consequence. Meanings [adjective] important; significant; crucial; of great consequence Example Sentences 健康是人生中最重要的财富，没有健康就谈不上其他。 Jiànkāng shì rénshēng zhōng zuì zhòngyào de cáifù, méiyǒu jiànkāng jiù tán bu shàng qítā. Health is the most important wealth in life; without health,...
他们 (tāmen) — they, them
他们 (tāmen) The third-person plural pronoun used for groups of males or mixed-gender groups; for all-female groups, 她们 is preferred in writing, though both are spoken identically as tāmen. Meanings [pronoun] They (subject, masculine or mixed group). [pronoun] Them (object). [pronoun] Their (before 的: 他们的). Example Sentences 他们都是我的朋友。 Tāmen dōu shì wǒ de péngyou. They are all my friends. 我不认识他们。 Wǒ bú rènshi tāmen. I do not know them. 他们的学校在哪里？...
扩大 (kuòdà) — to expand; to enlarge; to extend
扩大 (kuòdà) 扩大 means to expand, enlarge, or extend something, making its scope, size, or scale greater than before. Meanings [verb] to expand; to enlarge; to extend; to broaden Example Sentences 公司计划扩大在亚洲的市场。 Gōngsī jìhuà kuòdà zài yàzhōu de shìchǎng. The company plans to expand its market in Asia. 我们需要扩大交流与合作的范围。 Wǒmen xūyào kuòdà jiāoliú yǔ hézuò de fànwéi. We need to expand the scope of exchange and cooperation. 这次活动扩大了他的社交圈。 Zhè cì...
同意 (tóngyì) — to agree
同意 (tóngyì) 同意 means to agree, consent, or approve. It expresses alignment with an opinion, plan, or request. It is the direct opposite of 反对 (to oppose). It can follow a subject directly and takes an object that is the thing agreed to. Meanings [verb] To agree; to consent; to approve. Example Sentences 我同意你的看法。 Wǒ tóngyì nǐ de kànfǎ. I agree with your view. 父母同意了他的计划。 Fùmǔ tóngyì le tā de...
顺利 (shùnlì) — smooth; without a hitch; successful
顺利 (shùnlì) 顺利 describes a process or event that goes smoothly, without unexpected problems or obstacles. Meanings [adjective] Smooth; without a hitch; going well; successful. Example Sentences 祝你旅途顺利！ Zhù nǐ lǚtú shùnlì! Wishing you a smooth journey! 会议进行得很顺利。 Huìyì jìnxíng de hěn shùnlì. The meeting went very smoothly. 他顺利地通过了面试。 Tā shùnlì de tōngguòle miànshì. He passed the interview without a hitch. 希望你的手术顺利。 Xīwàng nǐ de shǒushù shùnlì. I hope your...
条件 (tiáojiàn) — condition / requirement
条件 (tiáojiàn) 条件 means condition, requirement, or terms. It refers to the circumstances or prerequisites necessary for something to happen, or the terms of an agreement. It can also refer to one's personal circumstances or qualifications. A common phrase is 生活条件 (living conditions), which describes the quality of someone's daily life. Another is 条件好 (good conditions/circumstances), often used to describe a person with a good background or favorable situation. Meanings...
学历 (xuélì) — educational background; academic qualifications
学历 (xuélì) Educational background refers to the level of formal education a person has completed, typically indicated by the highest degree or diploma obtained. Meanings [noun] educational background; academic qualifications; level of formal schooling Example Sentences 这份工作要求应聘者具有本科及以上学历。 Zhè fèn gōngzuò yāoqiú yìngpìnzhě jùyǒu běnkē jí yǐshàng xuélì. This job requires applicants to have a bachelor's degree or above. 在中国，高学历往往意味着更好的就业机会。 Zài Zhōngguó, gāo xuélì wǎngwǎng yìwèizhe gèng hǎo de jiùyè jīhuì....
唱 (chàng) — to sing
唱 (chàng) A verb meaning "to sing." It describes using the voice to produce musical sound, whether in a song, at karaoke, or in a performance. In Chinese culture, karaoke (K歌) is hugely popular, making 唱歌 an everyday phrase. Meanings [verb] To sing (a song, a melody). Example Sentences 她唱歌唱得很好听。 Tā chànggē chàng de hěn hǎotīng. She sings beautifully. 我们一起去唱歌吧！ Wǒmen yīqǐ qù chànggē ba! Let's go sing together! 孩子在唱一首儿歌。...
在于 (zàiyú) — to lie in; to consist in; to depend on
在于 (zàiyú) 在于 expresses that the key factor or essence of something lies in a particular cause or condition, similar to "the point is" or "it all depends on." Meanings [verb] To lie in; to consist in; to depend on (indicates where the key factor is located). Example Sentences 成功的关键在于坚持不懈。 Chénggōng de guānjiàn zàiyú jiānchí bùxiè. The key to success lies in perseverance. 问题的根源在于缺乏沟通。 Wèntí de gēnyuán zàiyú quēfá gōutōng....
流媒体 (liú méitǐ) — streaming
流媒体 (liú méitǐ) 流媒体 refers to streaming media, meaning audio or video content that is delivered continuously over the internet rather than downloaded. It describes both the technology and services like streaming platforms for music and video. Meanings [noun] streaming; streaming media; continuous delivery of audio or video over the internet Example Sentences 越来越多的人选择流媒体而不买光盘。 Yuèlái yuè duō de rén xuǎnzé liú méitǐ ér bù mǎi guāngpán. More and more people...
收入 (shōurù) — income; revenue; earnings
收入 (shōurù) 收入 refers to income, revenue, or earnings, meaning money received from employment, business activities, or investments. Meanings [noun] income; revenue; earnings; receipts [verb] to receive (money); to take in (income) Example Sentences 他的月收入是五千元。 Tā de yuè shōurù shì wǔqiān yuán. His monthly income is five thousand yuan. 这家公司去年的收入大幅增长。 Zhè jiā gōngsī qùnián de shōurù dàfú zēngzhǎng. This company's revenue grew significantly last year. 提高低收入群体的生活水平是政府的目标。 Tígāo dī shōurù qúntǐ...
正常 (zhèngcháng) — normal; regular; usual
正常 (zhèngcháng) 正常 describes a state, condition, or behavior that falls within the expected, standard, or healthy range. Meanings [adjective] Normal; regular; usual; within the standard range. Example Sentences 他的体温很正常。 Tā de tǐwēn hěn zhèngcháng. His body temperature is quite normal. 今天一切都很正常。 Jīntiān yīqiè dōu hěn zhèngcháng. Everything is completely normal today. 这种担心是正常的。 Zhè zhǒng dānyōu shì zhèngcháng de. This kind of worry is normal. 火车运行正常，没有延误。 Huǒchē yùnxíng zhèngcháng, méiyǒu...
背景 (bèijǐng) — background; backdrop
背景 (bèijǐng) 背景 means background or backdrop in both the literal sense (the background of a photo or scene) and the figurative senses: the historical/social context of an event, or a person's family background and social connections. Meanings [noun] background; backdrop (visual or contextual) [noun] context; circumstances; background (of an event or issue) [noun] personal background; family connections; "connections" (informal) Example Sentences 了解这段历史的时代背景，有助于更深刻地理解当时人们的选择。 Liǎojiě zhè duàn lìshǐ de shídài bèijǐng,...
专业人士 (zhuānyè rénshì) — Professional / expert
专业人士 (zhuānyè rénshì) 专业人士 refers to a person who has specialized training or expertise in a particular field — a professional or expert. Meanings [noun] professional, expert, specialist (in a given field) Example Sentences 遇到法律问题，最好咨询专业人士。 Yùdào fǎlǜ wèntí, zuìhǎo zīxún zhuānyè rénshì. When you encounter legal issues, it is best to consult a professional. 这个项目需要很多不同领域的专业人士参与。 Zhège xiàngmù xūyào hěn duō bùtóng lǐngyù de zhuānyè rénshì cānyù. This project requires professionals...
高兴 (gāoxìng) — happy
高兴 (gāoxìng) An adjective describing a feeling of happiness or pleasure, typically in response to a specific event or situation. It refers to a cheerful, upbeat mood rather than deep contentment. Meanings [adjective] Happy, glad, pleased, in high spirits. [verb] To be glad to do something, to enjoy doing something. Example Sentences 见到你我很高兴。 Jiàn dào nǐ wǒ hěn gāoxìng. I am very happy to see you. 他考试考得很好，所以很高兴。 Tā kǎoshì kǎo...
公斤 (gōngjīn) — kilogram
公斤 (gōngjīn) 公斤 is the standard Chinese term for kilogram, the metric unit of mass. 公 indicates "metric/official" (from 公制, the metric system) and 斤 is the traditional Chinese unit of weight (approximately 500 grams). So 公斤 is literally "official jin," standardized to 1,000 grams. Meanings [measure word/noun] Kilogram (kg). Used to measure weight in the metric system. Example Sentences 这个西瓜有五公斤。 Zhège xīguā yǒu wǔ gōngjīn. This watermelon weighs five...
努力 (nǔlì) — work hard; diligent; effort
努力 (nǔlì) 努力 is a versatile word used as a verb (to work hard), adjective (diligent), or noun (effort). As a verb it often precedes another verb to show the manner of action: 努力学习 (study hard). As a noun it appears after 付出 (put in effort) or 经过 (through effort). Meanings [v/adj] Work hard; be diligent — exert great effort toward a goal. [n] Effort; hard work — the energy...
稳健 (wěnjiàn) — steady and sound; prudent
稳健 (wěnjiàn) 稳健 describes a quality of being steady, reliable, and sound in approach, commonly applied to management style, policy decisions, economic strategies, and personal conduct. Meanings [adjective] steady and sound; prudent; solid; well-grounded Example Sentences 央行采取了稳健的货币政策以防止通货膨胀。 Yāngháng cǎiqǔ le wěnjiàn de huòbì zhèngcè yǐ fángzhǐ tōnghuò péngzhàng. The central bank adopted a prudent monetary policy to prevent inflation. 这位投资者以稳健的风格著称，从不追逐短期热点。 Zhè wèi tóuzīzhě yǐ wěnjiàn de fēnggé zhùchēng, cóng bù...
乐观 (lèguān) — Optimistic
乐观 (lèguān) 乐观 describes a positive, hopeful attitude toward life or a situation — the Chinese equivalent of "optimistic." Meanings [adjective] optimistic, hopeful, positive (in outlook) Example Sentences 他总是很乐观，即使遇到困难也不放弃。 Tā zǒngshì hěn lèguān, jíshǐ yùdào kùnnan yě bù fàngqì. He is always very optimistic; even when he faces difficulties, he does not give up. 我们应该对未来保持乐观的态度。 Wǒmen yīnggāi duì wèilái bǎochí lèguān de tàidu. We should maintain an optimistic attitude toward...
设计 (shèjì) — to design; design; plan
设计 (shèjì) 设计 describes the intentional creation of a plan, structure, or aesthetic for a product, system, or experience, and works as both verb and noun. Meanings [verb] To design, to plan, to devise (a product, system, or scheme). [noun] Design, a design, a plan. Example Sentences 这款手机的外观设计简洁大方，深受年轻消费者的喜爱。 Zhè kuǎn shǒujī de wàiguān shèjì jiǎnjié dàfāng, shēn shòu niánqīng xiāofèizhě de xǐ'ài. The appearance design of this phone is sleek...
双 (shuāng) — pair; both; double (measure word)
双 (shuāng) 双 is the measure word for things that come in pairs: shoes, socks, gloves, chopsticks, eyes, and hands. It can also function as an adjective meaning "double" or "both." Compare it with 对 (duì), which is used for couples of people or matched sets like earrings. Meanings [mw] Pair — counts objects that naturally come in twos (shoes, socks, chopsticks). [adj] Double; both; twin — describes something that...
诊断 (zhěnduàn) — to diagnose
诊断 (zhěnduàn) 诊断 refers to the clinical process of identifying a disease, disorder, or condition through systematic evaluation of symptoms, test results, and medical history. At the C2 level, this term carries precise clinical weight: it implies not just naming a condition but applying evidence-based reasoning to differentiate between competing diagnoses. It is foundational in all branches of clinical medicine, pathology, and forensic science. Meanings verb to diagnose; to clinically...
喜欢 (xǐhuān) — to like, to enjoy
喜欢 (xǐhuān) 喜欢 means to like or to enjoy. It expresses a preference or fondness and is used before nouns (things you like) and before verbs (activities you enjoy doing). Meanings [verb] To like, to be fond of. [verb] To enjoy doing something (followed by another verb). Example Sentences 我很喜欢中国菜。 Wǒ hěn xǐhuān Zhōngguó cài. I really like Chinese food. 你喜欢做什么？ Nǐ xǐhuān zuò shénme? What do you like to...
教育 (jiàoyù) — Education
教育 (jiàoyù) 教育 refers to the broad system and process of educating people, or the act of teaching someone proper values and knowledge. Meanings [noun] education; schooling; upbringing [verb] to educate; to instruct; to teach (values or discipline) Example Sentences 教育是国家发展的基础。 Jiàoyù shì guójiā fāzhǎn de jīchǔ. Education is the foundation of a country's development. 父母要重视对孩子的早期教育。 Fùmǔ yào zhòngshì duì háizi de zǎoqī jiàoyù. Parents should pay attention to their...
反对 (fǎnduì) — to oppose
反对 (fǎnduì) 反对 means to oppose, object to, or be against something. It is the direct opposite of 同意 (to agree). It is used for disagreement with plans, ideas, decisions, or opinions. Meanings [verb] To oppose; to object to; to be against. Example Sentences 我反对这个计划。 Wǒ fǎnduì zhège jìhuà. I oppose this plan. 她的父母反对她出国留学。 Tā de fùmǔ fǎnduì tā chū guó liúxué. Her parents oppose her studying abroad. 你有没有人反对？ Nǐ...
组织 (zǔzhī) — to organize; organization
组织 (zǔzhī) 组织 means both to organize (the act of arranging things in a structured way) and an organization (a structured group of people with a shared purpose). It is used in political, social, professional, and everyday contexts. Meanings [verb] To organize; to arrange; to coordinate; to form. [noun] Organization; body; institution. Example Sentences 学校组织了一次参观博物馆的活动，深受同学们欢迎。 Xuéxiào zǔzhī le yī cì cānguān bówùguǎn de huódòng, shēn shòu tóngxuémen huānyíng. The school...
困难 (kùnnán) — difficult; trouble; hardship
困难 (kùnnán) 困难 describes something that is difficult or refers to a difficulty or hardship that one faces. Meanings [adjective] difficult, hard, or challenging [noun] a difficulty, problem, or hardship Example Sentences 学习一门新语言是困难的，但很有价值。 Xuéxí yī mén xīn yǔyán shì kùnnán de, dàn hěn yǒu jiàzhí. Learning a new language is difficult but very worthwhile. 面对困难，我们不能轻易放弃。 Miàn duì kùnnán, wǒmen bù néng qīngyì fàngqì. When facing difficulties, we should not easily...
观点 (guāndiǎn) — viewpoint; perspective
观点 (guāndiǎn) 观点 is one of the most essential nouns for academic and argumentative writing in Chinese, referring to a person's point of view, perspective, or opinion on a particular matter. Meanings [noun] viewpoint; point of view; perspective; standpoint Example Sentences 请分享一下你对这个问题的观点。 Qǐng fēnxiǎng yīxià nǐ duì zhège wèntí de guāndiǎn. Please share your viewpoint on this issue. 双方的观点截然不同，很难达成共识。 Shuāngfāng de guāndiǎn jiérán bùtóng, hěn nán dáchéng gòngshí. The two...
帽子 (màozi) — hat, cap
帽子 (màozi) 帽子 means hat or cap, any head covering. The 子 is a common noun suffix. It covers all types: baseball caps, winter hats, sun hats, etc. Meanings [noun] Hat, cap. Example Sentences 他戴着一顶红帽子。 Tā dài zhe yī dǐng hóng màozi. He is wearing a red hat. 外面很冷，记得戴帽子。 Wàimiàn hěn lěng, jìde dài màozi. It is very cold outside, remember to wear a hat. 这顶帽子多少钱？ Zhè dǐng màozi duōshao...
接 (jiē) — to pick up / answer / receive
接 (jiē) 接 is a versatile verb with several related meanings: to pick someone up (from a place), to answer a phone call, or to receive something passed to you. All meanings share the core idea of bringing something toward you or making a connection. Meanings [verb] To pick up a person; to go and collect someone. [verb] To answer (a phone call): 接电话. [verb] To receive or catch something...
工程师 (gōngchéngshī) — engineer
工程师 (gōngchéngshī) 工程师 refers to a professional engineer -- someone trained to design, build, or maintain systems and structures. Meanings [noun] engineer (professional title) Example Sentences 他是一名软件工程师。 Tā shì yī míng ruǎnjiàn gōngchéngshī. He is a software engineer. 工程师们正在设计新桥梁。 Gōngchéngshīmen zhèngzài shèjì xīn qiáoliáng. The engineers are designing a new bridge. 我想成为一名工程师。 Wǒ xiǎng chéngwéi yī míng gōngchéngshī. I want to become an engineer. 这位工程师解决了很多难题。 Zhè wèi gōngchéngshī jiějuéle hěn...
既然 (jìrán) — since
既然 (jìrán) 既然 means "since" or "now that" — it accepts an established fact or situation as a premise, then draws a logical or practical conclusion. It is paired with 就 (jiù) or 那就 (nà jiù) in the second clause. Meanings [conjunction] Since; now that; given that; seeing that (accepting a fact as a premise). Example Sentences 既然来了，就多待几天吧。 Jìrán lái le, jiù duō dāi jǐ tiān ba. Since you're already...
女儿 (nǚ'ér) — daughter
女儿 (nǚ'ér) 女儿 means daughter, a female child. 女 means "female/woman" and 儿 means "child/son," combining to mean "female child." Meanings [noun] Daughter, female child. Example Sentences 他们的女儿很聪明。 Tāmen de nǚ'ér hěn cōngmíng. Their daughter is very smart. 我女儿喜欢画画。 Wǒ nǚ'ér xǐhuān huàhuà. My daughter likes to draw. 你有女儿吗？ Nǐ yǒu nǚ'ér ma? Do you have a daughter? 女儿是爸爸的小棉袄。 Nǚ'ér shì bàba de xiǎo mián'ǎo. A daughter is her father's...
明白 (míngbai) — to understand, clear
明白 (míngbai) 明白 means to understand or to be clear about something, especially a situation, intention, or meaning. It often captures the moment of suddenly grasping something. Key contrast: 懂 (dǒng) is used for understanding a skill or subject (I understand Chinese grammar), while 明白 is for understanding a specific situation, message, or meaning. Meanings [verb] To understand, to realize (a situation or meaning). [adjective] Clear, obvious. Example Sentences 你明白我的意思吗？...
地区 (dìqū) — region; area; district
地区 (dìqū) 地区 refers to a geographical region, area, or district, often used to describe areas defined by location, climate, or administrative boundaries. Meanings [noun] a region, area, or district defined by geography or administration Example Sentences 这个地区的经济发展非常迅速。 Zhège dìqū de jīngjì fāzhǎn fēicháng xùnsù. The economic development of this region is very rapid. 不同地区的饮食文化差异很大。 Bùtóng dìqū de yǐnshí wénhuà chāyì hěn dà. Food culture varies greatly across different regions....
安排 (ānpái) — to arrange; to plan; arrangement
安排 (ānpái) 安排 refers to deliberately organizing people, events, or resources into a coherent plan, and can function as both the act of arranging and the resulting arrangement itself. Meanings [verb] To arrange, to plan, to schedule, to assign. [noun] An arrangement, a plan, a schedule. Example Sentences 经理已经安排好了明天的会议室。 Jīnglǐ yǐjīng ānpái hǎo le míngtiān de huìyìshì. The manager has already arranged tomorrow's meeting room. 请你提前安排好旅行中的每一个细节。 Qǐng nǐ tíqián ānpái...
做好 (zuò hǎo) — to do well; to finish properly
做好 (zuò hǎo) 做好 is a verb + result complement. 做 means "to do/make" and 好 here is not a stand-alone adjective but a result complement meaning "well / properly / to a satisfactory state." The combination means to complete something in a thorough, satisfactory way — not just finishing, but finishing well. The negative forms are 没做好 (didn't do it well) and 做不好 (can't do it well). Meanings [v+comp]...
代表 (dàibiǎo) — to represent; representative; delegation
代表 (dàibiǎo) 代表 can mean the act of representing (as a verb), a person who represents (as a noun), or a delegation or body of representatives. Meanings [verb] To represent, to stand for, to act on behalf of. [noun] A representative, a delegate. [noun] A delegation; a group of representatives. Example Sentences 她作为公司代表出席了本次国际贸易峰会。 Tā zuòwéi gōngsī dàibiǎo chūxí le běn cì guójì màoyì fēnghuì. She attended this international trade summit...
动词+不/得+结果 — verb + potential complement
动词+不/得+结果 (Verb + Potential Complement) The potential complement inserts 得 (de) or 不 (bù) between a verb and its result complement to express whether the action can or cannot achieve the intended result. 得 signals possibility; 不 signals impossibility. Structure Affirmative: Verb + 得 + Result Complement Negative: Verb + 不 + Result Complement Common result complements: 完 (wán, finish), 到 (dào, reach/attain), 了 (liǎo, manage to), 懂 (dǒng, understand),...
奶奶 (nǎinai) — paternal grandmother
奶奶 (nǎinai) 奶奶 specifically means your father's mother (paternal grandmother). Chinese family terms are precise about which side of the family a relative belongs to. The maternal grandmother is 外婆 (wàipó) or 姥姥 (lǎolao). Meanings [noun] Paternal grandmother (father's mother). Example Sentences 我奶奶住在北京。 Wǒ nǎinai zhù zài Běijīng. My grandmother lives in Beijing. 奶奶做的饺子最好吃。 Nǎinai zuò de jiǎozi zuì hǎochī. Grandma's dumplings are the most delicious. 我每个周末都去看奶奶。 Wǒ měi gè...
即便 (jíbiàn) — even if
即便 (jíbiàn) 即便 is a conjunction used to introduce a hypothetical or concessive condition, meaning "even if" or "even though," often paired with 也 in the result clause. Meanings [conjunction] even if; even though (introduces a concession) Example Sentences 即便下雨，比赛也会照常进行。 Jíbiàn xià yǔ, bǐsài yě huì zhàocháng jìnxíng. Even if it rains, the match will proceed as scheduled. 即便你不同意，这个决定已经做出了。 Jíbiàn nǐ bù tóngyì, zhège juédìng yǐjīng zuòchū le. Even if...
机遇 (jīyù) — opportunity / chance
机遇 (jīyù) 机遇 refers to a fortunate opportunity or favorable chance that arises at the right moment. Meanings [noun] opportunity; favorable chance; lucky break Example Sentences 这是一个难得的机遇。 Zhè shì yīgè nándé de jīyù. This is a rare opportunity. 我们要抓住这次机遇。 Wǒmen yào zhuāzhù zhè cì jīyù. We must seize this opportunity. 机遇总是留给有准备的人。 Jīyù zǒng shì liú gěi yǒu zhǔnbèi de rén. Opportunity always favors the prepared. 经济发展带来了新的机遇。 Jīngjì fāzhǎn dài lái...
反映 (fǎnyìng) — to reflect; to report; to mirror
反映 (fǎnyìng) 反映 has two main uses: it can mean that something reflects or mirrors a situation (as a mirror reflects light), and it can mean to report or convey information, especially problems or opinions, to a relevant person or authority. Meanings [verb] To reflect; to mirror (a condition or reality). [verb] To report; to convey; to relay (feedback or a complaint). Example Sentences 这部电影真实地反映了当时社会的状况。 Zhè bù diànyǐng zhēnshí de...
目标 (mùbiāo) — goal; target
目标 (mùbiāo) 目标 refers to a goal, target, or objective that one aims to achieve, whether in studies, work, or life. Meanings [noun] goal; objective; aim; target Example Sentences 我的目标是在一年内学会中文。 Wǒ de mùbiāo shì zài yī nián nèi xuéhuì Zhōngwén. My goal is to learn Chinese within one year. 你有没有明确的人生目标？ Nǐ yǒu méiyǒu míngquè de rénshēng mùbiāo? Do you have a clear life goal? 只要有目标，就有前进的方向。 Zhǐyào yǒu mùbiāo, jiù yǒu...
效率 (xiàolǜ) — efficiency; effectiveness
效率 (xiàolǜ) 效率 refers to efficiency, describing how well resources such as time and energy are used to achieve results, with minimal waste. Meanings [noun] efficiency; effectiveness; productivity Example Sentences 提高工作效率是每个员工的目标。 Tígāo gōngzuò xiàolǜ shì měi gè yuángōng de mùbiāo. Improving work efficiency is the goal of every employee. 这个新软件大大提高了数据处理的效率。 Zhège xīn ruǎnjiàn dàdà tígāole shùjù chǔlǐ de xiàolǜ. This new software greatly improved data processing efficiency. 开会太多会降低团队的工作效率。 Kāihuì tài...
受众 (shòuzhòng) — audience; target audience
受众 (shòuzhòng) 受众 refers to the intended audience or target group for media, advertising, publications, or any form of communication -- the people who receive and consume a message. Meanings [noun] audience; target audience; readership; viewership Example Sentences 这部电影的受众主要是年轻人。 Zhè bù diànyǐng de shòuzhòng zhǔyào shì niánqīngrén. The primary audience for this film is young people. 广告公司需要了解产品的目标受众。 Guǎnggào gōngsī xūyào liǎojiě chǎnpǐn de mùbiāo shòuzhòng. Advertising companies need to understand...
清楚 (qīngchu) — clear / clearly
清楚 (qīngchu) 清楚 means clear, distinct, or clearly understood. It describes something that is easy to perceive or understand, whether a sound, image, explanation, or situation. It can also mean to be clear about something as a verb. Its opposite is 模糊 (blurry, vague). Meanings [adjective] Clear; distinct; easy to perceive or understand. [verb] To be clear about; to understand clearly. Example Sentences 你说得不清楚，再说一遍。 Nǐ shuō de bù qīngchu, zài...
创造力 (chuàngzào lì) — creativity, creative power
创造力 (chuàngzào lì) 创造力 refers to the innate or cultivated ability to generate original ideas, solutions, or works -- the capacity to create something genuinely new and valuable. Meanings [noun] creativity, creative ability, creative power Example Sentences 孩子天生具有丰富的创造力，教育应该保护和激发这种能力。 Háizi tiānshēng jùyǒu fēngfù de chuàngzào lì, jiàoyù yīnggāi bǎohù hé jīfā zhè zhǒng nénglì. Children are born with rich creativity, and education should protect and stimulate this ability. 艺术家的创造力往往来源于对生活的深刻观察和感悟。 Yìshùjiā de...
老师 (lǎoshī) — teacher
老师 (lǎoshī) 老师 is the standard word for teacher in Chinese and is also used as a respectful form of address for educators at all levels. Meanings [noun] teacher, instructor, educator Example Sentences 她是一位非常受学生喜爱的老师。 Tā shì yī wèi fēicháng shòu xuéshēng xǐ'ài de lǎoshī. She is a teacher who is very well-liked by students. 老师鼓励我们勇于提问。 Lǎoshī gǔlì wǒmen yǒngyú tíwèn. The teacher encourages us to be bold in asking questions....
除非 (chúfēi) — unless; only if; except when
除非 (chúfēi) 除非 is a conjunction meaning "unless" or "only if," used to introduce the one and only condition that would change an outcome or serve as an exception to an otherwise absolute statement. Meanings [conjunction] unless; only if; except when (introduces the single exception or the only condition under which the main clause does not apply, or under which an otherwise impossible outcome becomes possible) Usage Note 除非 introduces...
审视 (shěnshì) — to scrutinize, to examine critically
审视 (shěnshì) 审视 means to scrutinize or examine something carefully, often with a critical or evaluative eye. It implies more than casual observation — the examiner is actively judging, assessing, or reconsidering. The word can be used for both physical examination (looking carefully at something) and intellectual scrutiny (critically reviewing an assumption or situation). Meanings [v] to scrutinize; to examine carefully and critically [v] to review; to reassess (an idea,...
会议 (huìyì) — meeting; conference; session
会议 (huìyì) 会议 refers to a formal meeting, conference, or session where people gather to discuss issues and make decisions. Meanings [noun] a meeting, conference, or formal session for discussion Example Sentences 公司每周都会召开一次会议。 Gōngsī měi zhōu dōu huì zhàokāi yī cì huìyì. The company holds a meeting every week. 这次国际会议吸引了来自各国的专家。 Zhè cì guójì huìyì xīyǐn le láizì gè guó de zhuānjiā. This international conference attracted experts from various countries. 会议室已经为明天的会议做好了准备。...
海平面 (hǎi píngmiàn) — Sea level
海平面 (hǎi píngmiàn) 海平面 refers to the average surface level of the world's oceans, used as a standard reference for measuring elevations and for discussing the effects of climate change on coastlines and low-lying areas. Meanings [noun] sea level; mean sea level Example Sentences 气候变化导致极地冰盖融化，海平面持续上升。 Qìhòu biànhuà dǎozhì jídì bīnggài rónghùa, hǎi píngmiàn chíxù shàngshēng. Climate change causes polar ice caps to melt, leading to a continuous rise in sea...
深入 (shēnrù) — Deep, in-depth, thorough
深入 (shēnrù) 深入 describes going deeply into something -- whether physically, intellectually, or analytically. It conveys thoroughness, depth of understanding, or the act of penetrating far into a place or subject. Meanings [adj] deep; in-depth; thorough; penetrating [verb] to go deep into; to penetrate; to delve into Example Sentences 这篇文章对该问题进行了深入的分析。 Zhè piān wénzhāng duì gāi wèntí jìnxíngle shēnrù de fēnxī. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the issue. 研究人员深入山区，收集第一手数据。...
固然 (gùrán) — of course, admittedly
固然 (gùrán) 固然 is a formal adverb used to concede a point — acknowledging that something is undeniably true — before introducing a qualification, contrast, or counterargument. It is structurally equivalent to "it is true that" or "granted that" in English. Like 诚然, it is a hallmark of nuanced, sophisticated argumentation in formal Chinese. Meanings [adv] of course, granted, admittedly (concessive, acknowledging truth before a qualification) [adv] naturally, undeniably (affirming...
限制 (xiànzhì) — to restrict; to limit; restriction
限制 (xiànzhì) 限制 means to impose or describe boundaries that prevent something from exceeding a certain level, quantity, or scope. Meanings [verb] To restrict, to limit, to constrain. [noun] A restriction, a limitation, a constraint. Example Sentences 年龄限制是申请这项奖学金的重要条件之一，申请者必须在三十五岁以下。 Niánlíng xiànzhì shì shēnqǐng zhè xiàng jiǎngxuéjīn de zhòngyào tiáojiàn zhī yī, shēnqǐng zhě bìxū zài sānshíwǔ suì yǐxià. The age restriction is one of the important conditions for applying for this...
咖啡 (kāfēi) — coffee
咖啡 (kāfēi) Coffee, the popular hot beverage made from roasted coffee beans. 咖啡 is a phonetic transliteration of the English word "coffee." Meanings [noun] Coffee. A hot drink made from roasted and ground coffee beans. Example Sentences 我喜欢喝咖啡。 Wǒ xǐhuān hē kāfēi. I like to drink coffee. 你要喝咖啡还是茶？ Nǐ yào hē kāfēi háishì chá? Do you want coffee or tea? 我每天早上喝一杯咖啡。 Wǒ měitiān zǎoshang hē yī bēi kāfēi. I drink...
落后 (luòhòu) — to fall behind; backward
落后 (luòhòu) To fall behind in development, progress, or competition is the core sense of 落后, a word used widely in economic, educational, and social contexts. Meanings [verb] to fall behind; to lag behind [adjective] backward; underdeveloped; outdated Example Sentences 他在比赛中落后了五分钟。 Tā zài bǐsài zhōng luòhòu le wǔ fēnzhōng. He fell five minutes behind in the race. 这个地区的经济发展相对落后。 Zhège dìqū de jīngjì fāzhǎn xiāngduì luòhòu. The economic development of this...
考虑 (kǎolǜ) — to consider
考虑 (kǎolǜ) 考虑 means to consider or think something over carefully. It implies deliberate reflection before making a decision, rather than a quick reaction. Meanings [verb] To consider; to think over; to take into account; to deliberate. Example Sentences 我需要考虑一下这个问题。 Wǒ xūyào kǎolǜ yīxià zhège wèntí. I need to think this problem over for a moment. 他考虑了很久才做出决定。 Tā kǎolǜ le hěn jiǔ cái zuòchū juédìng. He deliberated for a long...
只 (zhǐ) — only; just
只 (zhǐ) 只 narrows a statement to a single item, amount, or condition. It always sits before the verb or the element it restricts. Note: 只 is also a measure word for small animals (yī zhī māo — one cat), but that is a separate word with a different tone (zhī) and usage. Meanings [adv] Only; merely; just — limits quantity or scope. [adv] Used in patterns 只有…才… (only if…then…)...
公民 (gōngmín) — citizen
公民 (gōngmín) 公民 refers to a person who is a legally recognized member of a state, possessing both rights granted by the state and responsibilities toward it. Meanings [noun] citizen (of a country or state) Example Sentences 每位公民都有义务遵守国家的法律和法规。 Měi wèi gōngmín dōu yǒu yìwù zūnshǒu guójiā de fǎlǜ hé fǎguī. Every citizen has the obligation to abide by the laws and regulations of the country. 投票是公民参与民主政治的重要方式。 Tóupiào shì gōngmín cānyù...
教室 (jiàoshì) — classroom
教室 (jiàoshì) A noun meaning classroom. It combines 教 (teach) and 室 (room). It specifically refers to the room where teaching and learning take place, as opposed to other rooms in a school building. Meanings [noun] Classroom, a room for teaching. Example Sentences 同学们都在教室里学习。 Tóngxuémen dōu zài jiàoshì lǐ xuéxí. All the classmates are studying in the classroom. 我们的教室在三楼。 Wǒmen de jiàoshì zài sān lóu. Our classroom is on the...
甚至 (shènzhì) — even
甚至 (shènzhì) 甚至 means even or even to the point of. It introduces an extreme or surprising example that goes beyond what was already said, often to emphasize a degree or severity. Meanings [adverb] Even; as far as; going so far as. [conjunction] Even; used to connect a more extreme statement. Example Sentences 他太忙了，甚至没有时间吃饭。 Tā tài máng le, shènzhì méiyǒu shíjiān chīfàn. He is so busy that he doesn't even...
光纤 (guāngxiān) — fiber optics
光纤 (guāngxiān) 光纤 refers to thin, flexible strands of optically pure glass or plastic that transmit light signals over long distances with minimal loss. Fiber optic technology has revolutionized telecommunications by enabling high-bandwidth, low-latency data transmission and forms the backbone of modern internet infrastructure and long-haul communication networks. Meanings [noun] optical fiber; fiber optics; a thin transparent fiber through which light is transmitted for data communication Example Sentences 单模光纤在长距离高速通信中比多模光纤具有更低的信号衰减。 Dān...
不 (bù / bú) — not, no (negation)
不 (bù / bú) The primary negation word in Chinese. 不 negates actions in the present or future, habitual behaviors, states, and adjectives. It is pronounced bù in most contexts but changes to bú before fourth-tone syllables (tone sandhi). Meanings [adverb] Not. Negates verbs, adjectives, and auxiliary verbs in present, future, or general statements. 不 vs. 没: the critical distinction This is the most important grammar point for 不. Use...
文化 (wénhuà) — culture
文化 (wénhuà) 文化 refers to culture in a broad sense — the shared customs, traditions, arts, values, and knowledge of a people or civilization. It is also used for educational level in some contexts. Meanings [noun] Culture; civilization; cultural heritage. [noun] Education level; cultural background. Example Sentences 我对中国文化很感兴趣。 Wǒ duì Zhōngguó wénhuà hěn gǎn xìngqù. I am very interested in Chinese culture. 学语言的同时也要了解文化。 Xué yǔyán de tóngshí yě yào liǎojiě...
感冒 (gǎnmào) — to have a cold
感冒 (gǎnmào) 感冒 means to have a cold or the common cold. It is used as both a verb (to catch a cold) and a noun (a cold). It is one of the most common health-related words in everyday Chinese and often appears alongside 发烧 (to have a fever) and 头疼 (headache). Meanings [verb] To have a cold; to catch a cold. [noun] A cold; the common cold. Example Sentences...
轻松 (qīngsōng) — relaxed / easy
轻松 (qīngsōng) 轻松 describes a state of being relaxed, at ease, or free from burden. It can describe a person's mood (feeling relaxed), an atmosphere (a relaxed setting), or a task (an easy, effortless job). It functions as an adjective and stative verb; 很轻松 (very relaxed / very easy) is especially common. Meanings [adjective] Relaxed; at ease; free from stress or pressure. [adjective] Easy; effortless; not demanding. Example Sentences 周末我喜欢做一些轻松的事情。...
由于 (yóuyú) — due to; because of; owing to
由于 (yóuyú) 由于 means "due to," "because of," or "owing to." It introduces a cause or reason and is more formal and written than 因为. The result clause is often introduced by 所以, 因此, or 才. Meanings [preposition/conjunction] Due to; because of; owing to; as a result of — introduces the cause of a situation, often in formal or written contexts. Compare 由于 vs 因为 Word Style Notes 由于 Formal...
领导 (lǐngdǎo) — leader; leadership; to lead
领导 (lǐngdǎo) 领导 means "leader," "leadership," or "to lead" and refers to guiding or being in charge of a group, organization, or effort. Meanings [verb] to lead; to guide; to head [noun] leader; leadership; (a person in authority) Example Sentences 她被选为团队的领导。 Tā bèi xuǎn wéi tuánduì de lǐngdǎo. She was selected as the team leader. 好的领导要能够激励团队成员。 Hǎo de lǐngdǎo yào nénggòu jīlì tuánduì chéngyuán. A good leader must be able...
没关系 (méi guānxi) — it's okay; no problem
没关系 (méi guānxi) 没关系 means "it's okay," "no problem," or "never mind." It is the standard reassuring response when someone apologizes to you. Meanings [phrase] It's okay; no problem; don't worry about it; never mind (forgiving or reassuring the other person). Example Sentences A: 对不起！ B: 没关系！ A: Duìbuqǐ! B: Méi guānxi! A: Sorry! B: It's okay! 没关系，我不介意。 Méi guānxi, wǒ bù jièyì. It's fine, I don't mind. 你迟到了？没关系，我刚到。 Nǐ...
从来 (cónglái) — always; at all times (with negation: never)
从来 (cónglái) 从来 indicates that something has consistently been true from the past up to now. In positive sentences it means "always"; when negated with 不 or 没 it means "never." Meanings [adverb] Always; at all times (consistently true from the past to now). [adverb] Never (when used with negation 不 or 没). Example Sentences 她从来不迟到，总是准时到达。 Tā cónglái bù chídào, zǒngshì zhǔnshí dàodá. She never arrives late; she is always...
要求 (yāoqiú) — to require / requirement
要求 (yāoqiú) 要求 works as both a verb meaning to require or demand and a noun meaning a requirement or demand. It implies a specific expectation or condition that must be met. Meanings [verb] To require; to demand; to request; to ask (with expectation of compliance). [noun] Requirement; demand; request; condition. Example Sentences 老师要求我们每天写日记。 Lǎoshī yāoqiú wǒmen měitiān xiě rìjì. The teacher requires us to write a diary every day....
晚上 (wǎnshang) — evening, night
晚上 (wǎnshang) 晚上 means evening or night, covering the time from dusk until one goes to sleep. It is one of the most common time words in everyday Chinese conversation. Meanings [noun] Evening, night (approximately 18:00 onwards). Example Sentences 晚上我喜欢看电视。 Wǎnshang wǒ xǐhuān kàn diànshì. In the evening I like to watch TV. 今天晚上你有空吗？ Jīntiān wǎnshang nǐ yǒu kòng ma? Are you free this evening? 晚上好！ Wǎnshang hǎo! Good evening!...
同学 (tóngxué) — classmate
同学 (tóngxué) A noun meaning classmate or schoolmate. It refers to someone who studies at the same school or in the same class. It can also be used as a polite way to address a student you do not know. Meanings [noun] Classmate, schoolmate, fellow student. [address form] Used to politely address a student you do not know. Example Sentences 她是我的同学，我们在同一个班。 Tā shì wǒ de tóngxué, wǒmen zài tóng yīgè...
女 (nǚ) — female, woman
女 (nǚ) 女 means female or woman. It is used as an adjective before nouns (女生, 女朋友) or as a noun referring to a female person. Its opposite is 男 (nán), male. The character is one of the most recognizable in Chinese. Meanings [adjective] Female. [noun] A woman, a girl. Example Sentences 她是一个女生。 Tā shì yīgè nǚshēng. She is a female student / a girl. 女厕所在左边。 Nǚ cèsuǒ zài zuǒbiān....
推广 (tuīguǎng) — Promote
推广 (tuīguǎng) 推广 means to promote something widely or to extend its use to a broader audience or area. Meanings [verb] to promote; to popularize; to spread widely; to roll out Example Sentences 政府正在努力推广新能源汽车。 Zhèngfǔ zhèngzài nǔlì tuīguǎng xīn néngyuán qìchē. The government is working hard to promote new energy vehicles. 这项技术已经在全国范围内得到推广。 Zhè xiàng jìshù yǐjīng zài quánguó fànwéi nèi dédào tuīguǎng. This technology has been promoted and rolled out...
他 (tā) — he, him
他 (tā) The third-person singular pronoun for males (and mixed-gender groups in informal writing); 他, 她, and 它 are all pronounced tā but written differently to distinguish gender. Meanings [pronoun] He (subject). [pronoun] Him (object). [pronoun] His (before 的: 他的). Example Sentences 他是我的老师。 Tā shì wǒ de lǎoshī. He is my teacher. 我认识他。 Wǒ rènshi tā. I know him. 他的名字叫大卫。 Tā de míngzi jiào Dàwèi. His name is David. 他今天不来了。...
效果 (xiàoguǒ) — effect; result; impact
效果 (xiàoguǒ) 效果 refers to the effect, result, or impression that an action, plan, or treatment produces. Meanings [noun] Effect; result; outcome; impact. Example Sentences 这个治疗方法的效果很明显。 Zhège zhìliáo fāngfǎ de xiàoguǒ hěn míngxiǎn. The effect of this treatment is very noticeable. 这部电影的视觉效果令人印象深刻。 Zhè bù diànyǐng de shìjué xiàoguǒ lìng rén yìnxiàng shēnkè. The visual effects of this movie are impressive. 新政策取得了良好的效果。 Xīn zhèngcè qǔdéle liánghǎo de xiàoguǒ. The new policy...
千 (qiān) — thousand
千 (qiān) The word for one thousand; it behaves just like 百, requiring 零 for internal gaps (一千零五 = 1,005). In prices and everyday speech, 千 is extremely common since many goods cost in the hundreds or thousands of yuan. Meanings [number] Thousand, one thousand. [adjective] Innumerable, vast (in idioms: 千万, ten million; also "by all means / absolutely"). Example Sentences 这台电脑要三千块钱。 Zhè tái diànnǎo yào sān qiān kuài qián....
信用卡 (xìnyòngkǎ) — credit card
信用卡 (xìnyòngkǎ) A plastic payment card issued by a bank that allows the holder to borrow funds to make purchases, repaid later. Meanings [noun] Credit card, a bank-issued payment card on credit. Example Sentences 我可以用信用卡付款吗？ Wǒ kěyǐ yòng xìnyòngkǎ fùkuǎn ma? Can I pay with a credit card? 他的信用卡被盗用了。 Tā de xìnyòngkǎ bèi dào yòng le. His credit card was fraudulently used. 使用信用卡要注意不要过度消费。 Shǐyòng xìnyòngkǎ yào zhùyì bùyào guòdù xiāofèi....
大夫 (dàifu) — doctor
大夫 (dàifu) 大夫 means doctor or physician. Importantly, in this medical sense it is pronounced dàifu (not dàfū). It is the common spoken term in Northern China. The more formal and standard Mandarin word for doctor is 医生 (yīshēng), which is used across all regions and in writing. Meanings [noun] Doctor; physician (spoken, especially in Northern China). Example Sentences 大夫说我需要休息几天。 Dàifu shuō wǒ xūyào xiūxi jǐ tiān. The doctor said...
主动 (zhǔdòng) — active; take initiative
主动 (zhǔdòng) 主动 describes the quality of acting proactively, on one's own accord, rather than waiting to be told or prompted by others. Meanings [adjective] active; proactive; taking the lead [adverb] on one's own initiative; voluntarily; without being asked Example Sentences 她主动帮我搬家，我很感动。 Tā zhǔdòng bāng wǒ bānjiā, wǒ hěn gǎndòng. She proactively helped me move house, and I was very touched. 学生应该主动问问题。 Xuésheng yīnggāi zhǔdòng wèn wèntí. Students should actively...
既然…就 (jìrán…jiù) — Since...then
既然…就 (jìrán…jiù) 既然…就 is a grammar pattern that expresses a logical conclusion drawn from an already-established or accepted fact. It translates as "since (it is already the case that)...then..." Structure 既然 + [accepted premise/fact] + 就 + [logical conclusion or action] The 既然 clause introduces a fact or situation that is already accepted as true or has already happened. The 就 clause then draws a natural conclusion or recommended action...
框架 (kuàngjià) — framework, outline
框架 (kuàngjià) 框架 refers to a structural framework or outline that provides the basic organizing structure for a system, agreement, analysis, or construction, emphasizing the skeleton or boundary rather than the detailed content. Meanings [noun] framework, outline, skeleton structure [noun] frame (architectural or conceptual) Example Sentences 两国谈判已就合作协议的基本框架达成共识。 Liǎng guó tánpàn yǐ jiù hézuò xiéyì de jīběn kuàngjià dáchéng gòngshí. The negotiations between the two countries have reached consensus on the...
基础 (jīchǔ) — foundation; basis; groundwork
基础 (jīchǔ) 基础 refers to the foundational knowledge, skills, or physical structure upon which something more advanced is built. Meanings [noun] Foundation; basis; groundwork; base; fundamentals. Example Sentences 学好数学需要打好基础。 Xué hǎo shùxué xūyào dǎ hǎo jīchǔ. Learning mathematics well requires building a solid foundation. 这栋楼的基础非常牢固。 Zhè dòng lóu de jīchǔ fēicháng láogù. The foundation of this building is very solid. 没有良好的语言基础很难阅读专业文章。 Méiyǒu liánghǎo de yǔyán jīchǔ hěn nán yuèdú zhuānyè...
吧 (ba) — suggestion and assumption particle
吧 (ba) 吧 is a sentence-final particle with two main uses: making a soft suggestion ("let's...") and expressing a tentative assumption or seeking confirmation ("I suppose... right?"). Meanings [particle] Suggestion softener: turns a statement into a gentle proposal (let's go, shall we?). [particle] Assumption marker: expresses that the speaker assumes something is true and seeks confirmation. Example Sentences 我们走吧！ Wǒmen zǒu ba! Let's go! 你是学生吧？ Nǐ shì xuésheng ba? You...
通过 (tōngguò) — through; by means of; to pass
通过 (tōngguò) 通过 can mean "to pass through" a place, "to pass" an exam or vote, or "by means of" as a preposition indicating a method or channel. Meanings [preposition] Through; by means of; via (indicates the method or channel used). [verb] To pass (an exam, a law, a review); to go through. Example Sentences 他通过努力学习，终于考上了大学。 Tā tōngguò nǔlì xuéxí, zhōngyú kǎo shàng le dàxué. By studying hard, he finally...
推进 (tuījìn) — to advance, to push forward
推进 (tuījìn) To push something forward in a deliberate, organized way -- used for projects, reforms, and policies that require sustained effort over time. Meanings [verb] to advance, to push forward, to drive (a plan or process) Example Sentences 政府正在积极推进绿色能源改革。 Zhèngfǔ zhèngzài jījí tuījìn lǜsè néngyuán gǎigé. The government is actively pushing forward green energy reforms. 这个项目的推进速度超出了预期。 Zhège xiàngmù de tuījìn sùdù chāochūle yùqī. The pace at which this project...
弱化 (ruòhuà) — to weaken, to dilute
弱化 (ruòhuà) 弱化 means to weaken or dilute something, describing a process by which strength, intensity, or prominence is reduced, either deliberately or as a natural consequence. Meanings [verb] to weaken, to dilute, to reduce in strength or prominence [verb] to downplay, to de-emphasize (in discourse or policy) Example Sentences 这项政策可能会弱化地方政府的自主权。 Zhè xiàng zhèngcè kěnéng huì ruòhuà dìfāng zhèngfǔ de zìzhǔquán. This policy may weaken the autonomy of local governments....
算法推荐 (suànfǎ tuījiàn) — algorithmic recommendation
算法推荐 (suànfǎ tuījiàn) 算法推荐 refers to the technology by which platforms use data-driven algorithms to automatically push content, products, or information tailored to individual users based on their behaviour and preferences. Meanings [noun phrase] algorithmic recommendation; algorithm-based content or product suggestion Example Sentences 短视频平台依靠算法推荐吸引用户不断刷新内容。 Duǎn shìpín píngtái yīkào suànfǎ tuījiàn xīyǐn yònghù bùduàn shuāxīn nèiróng. Short-video platforms rely on algorithmic recommendation to keep users endlessly scrolling through content. 算法推荐在提高用户体验的同时也带来了信息茧房的隐患。 Suànfǎ...
超市 (chāoshì) — supermarket
超市 (chāoshì) A supermarket, a large self-service store selling food, household goods, and other everyday items. 超市 is short for 超级市场 (chāojí shìchǎng). Meanings [noun] Supermarket. A large retail store stocking a wide variety of goods including food and household products. Example Sentences 我每周去超市买东西。 Wǒ měi zhōu qù chāoshì mǎi dōngxi. I go to the supermarket every week to buy things. 超市里有苹果吗？ Chāoshì lǐ yǒu píngguǒ ma? Does the supermarket...
大家 (dàjiā) — everyone; everybody
大家 (dàjiā) 大家 means "everyone" or "everybody," referring to all members of a group present in the context. It is used both as a subject and as an object, and it is common in speeches, announcements, and group conversations. Meanings [pronoun] Everyone; everybody. Refers to all the people in a given group or context. Example Sentences 大家好！ Dàjiā hǎo! Hello everyone! 请大家安静一下。 Qǐng dàjiā ānjìng yīxià. Everyone please be quiet...
回 (huí) — to return / to go back
回 (huí) A verb meaning "to return" or "to go back" to a place you have been before. It always implies returning to a familiar or original location. It also appears in 回答 (huídá, to answer) and 回来 (huílái, to come back). Meanings [verb] To return, to go back, to come back to a place. Example Sentences 我想回家。 Wǒ xiǎng huí jiā. I want to go home. 他昨天回来了。 Tā zuótiān...
诚然 (chéngrán) — admittedly, of course
诚然 (chéngrán) 诚然 is a formal adverb used to concede a point or acknowledge that something is true before introducing a qualification, counterargument, or nuance. It is equivalent to "admittedly," "it is true that," or "to be sure" in English and is a hallmark of sophisticated argumentation in written Chinese. Meanings [adv] admittedly, it is true that (conceding a point) [adv] of course, certainly (affirming something as undeniably true) Example...
质量 (zhìliàng) — quality
质量 (zhìliàng) 质量 refers to the quality or standard of a product, service, or work, and in physics also means mass. Meanings [noun] quality; standard; level of excellence [noun] mass (in physics) Example Sentences 这家工厂生产的产品质量很高。 Zhè jiā gōngchǎng shēngchǎn de chǎnpǐn zhìliàng hěn gāo. The products made by this factory are of very high quality. 我们要提高工作质量，而不仅仅是速度。 Wǒmen yào tígāo gōngzuò zhìliàng, ér bù jǐnjǐn shì sùdù. We need to improve...
公共卫生 (gōnggòng wèishēng) — public health
公共卫生 (gōnggòng wèishēng) 公共卫生 refers to organized efforts by society and governments to protect, promote, and improve the health of entire populations, as opposed to individual medical care. Meanings [noun phrase] public health (the science and practice of protecting community health) Example Sentences 新冠疫情暴露了全球公共卫生体系的脆弱性。 Xīnguān yìqíng bàolù le quánqiú gōnggòng wèishēng tǐxì de cuìruò xìng. The COVID-19 pandemic exposed the fragility of global public health systems. 政府加大了对公共卫生基础设施的投资。 Zhèngfǔ jiādà le...
论点 (lùndiǎn) — thesis; argument; point
论点 (lùndiǎn) 论点 is the specific claim, proposition, or thesis that a writer or speaker sets out to prove, and is the centerpiece of any structured argument in Chinese. Meanings [noun] thesis; argument; point; proposition Example Sentences 这篇文章的中心论点是技术进步有利于社会发展。 Zhè piān wénzhāng de zhōngxīn lùndiǎn shì jìshù jìnbù yǒulì yú shèhuì fāzhǎn. The central thesis of this article is that technological progress benefits social development. 他的论点很有说服力，让听众信服。 Tā de lùndiǎn hěn yǒu...
钥匙 (yàoshi) — key
钥匙 (yàoshi) 钥匙 is the everyday word for a key — the physical object used to lock and unlock doors, cars, cabinets, and so on. The second character 匙 (spoon / key) carries a neutral tone in speech; the full word is pronounced yàoshi. It is also used metaphorically for the "key" to solving a problem. Meanings [noun] Key (for a lock); a physical key. [noun] Key (figurative) — the...
综上所述 (zōng shàng suǒ shù) — in summary; to summarise the above
综上所述 (zōng shàng suǒ shù) 综上所述 is a formal discourse marker used to introduce a concluding summary of all the arguments or evidence presented earlier. It is the standard Chinese equivalent of "in summary," "to sum up," or "in conclusion" in academic and formal writing. Meanings [discourse marker] in summary; to summarise the above; in conclusion (based on the foregoing) Example Sentences 综上所述，人工智能的发展既带来了机遇，也带来了挑战，需要社会各界共同应对。 Zōng shàng suǒ shù, rén gōng zhìnéng...
左边 (zuǒbiān) — left side; to the left
左边 (zuǒbiān) 左边 is a direction noun meaning "the left side." To say something is located to the left, use the structure 在 + [reference point] + 左边. When giving turn directions, use 向左 (turn left) or 往左走 (walk to the left) rather than 左边. Meanings [n] Left side; the left — location relative to a reference point or speaker. [n] On the left — used with 在 to place...
教材 (jiàocái) — teaching material, textbook
教材 (jiàocái) The printed, digital, or multimedia resources used in formal teaching -- broader than just textbooks and including all instructional content. Meanings [noun] teaching material, textbook, instructional resource Example Sentences 这套教材专为中级汉语学习者设计。 Zhè tào jiàocái zhuān wèi zhōngjí Hànyǔ xuéxízhě shèjì. This set of teaching materials is designed specifically for intermediate Chinese learners. 学校决定更新老化的数学教材以适应新课程标准。 Xuéxiào juédìng gēngxīn lǎohuà de shùxué jiàocái yǐ shìyìng xīn kèchéng biāozhǔn. The school decided to...
学生 (xuésheng) — student
学生 (xuésheng) A noun meaning student or pupil. It refers to anyone who is studying, from primary school children to university students. The word combines 学 (learn/study) and 生 (person/life). Meanings [noun] Student, pupil, learner. Example Sentences 我是一名汉语学生。 Wǒ shì yī míng Hànyǔ xuésheng. I am a Chinese language student. 这个班有二十个学生。 Zhège bān yǒu èrshí gè xuésheng. There are twenty students in this class. 学生们都很认真。 Xuéshengmen dōu hěn rènzhēn. All...
比如 (bǐrú) — for example
比如 (bǐrú) 比如 is used to introduce an example or illustration of a general statement. Meanings [conjunction] for example; for instance; such as Example Sentences 很多水果对身体好，比如苹果和橙子。 Hěn duō shuǐguǒ duì shēntǐ hǎo, bǐrú píngguǒ hé chéngzi. Many fruits are good for your health, for example apples and oranges. 你可以用多种方式学习，比如看书或者看视频。 Nǐ kěyǐ yòng duō zhǒng fāngshì xuéxí, bǐrú kànshū huòzhě kàn shìpín. You can learn in many ways, for example by...
直接 (zhíjiē) — directly
直接 (zhíjiē) 直接 means directly or in a straightforward manner, with no detours, intermediaries, or delays. It modifies verbs to indicate a no-nonsense, unmediated action. Meanings [adverb] Directly; straight; right away; without an intermediary. [adjective] Direct; straightforward. Example Sentences 有问题请直接问我。 Yǒu wèntí qǐng zhíjiē wèn wǒ. If you have questions, please ask me directly. 我们可以直接坐地铁去。 Wǒmen kěyǐ zhíjiē zuò dìtiě qù. We can go directly by subway. 他说话很直接，从不绕弯子。 Tā shuōhuà...
浪费 (làngfèi) — to waste; wasteful
浪费 (làngfèi) 浪费 means to use resources, time, or money carelessly, using more than is necessary. Meanings [verb/adj] to waste; to squander; wasteful Example Sentences 不要浪费食物，吃多少做多少。 Bùyào làngfèi shíwù, chī duōshao zuò duōshao. Don't waste food; only make as much as you will eat. 浪费时间就是浪费生命。 Làngfèi shíjiān jiùshì làngfèi shēngmìng. Wasting time is wasting your life. 买了不用的东西是一种浪费。 Mǎi le bùyòng de dōngxi shì yī zhǒng làngfèi. Buying things you won't...
广泛 (guǎngfàn) — widespread; extensive; broad
广泛 (guǎngfàn) 广泛 describes something that covers a wide range, affects many areas, or is spread across a large scope. It is used to modify nouns or to describe how extensively something is done. It carries a neutral to positive connotation of breadth and reach. Meanings [adjective] Widespread; extensive; broad; wide-ranging. Example Sentences 这项技术在医疗、教育和工业领域都得到了广泛应用。 Zhè xiàng jìshù zài yīliáo, jiàoyù hé gōngyè lǐngyù dōu dédào le guǎngfàn yìngyòng. This technology...
直播 (zhíbō) — live broadcast; to livestream
直播 (zhíbō) 直播 refers to broadcasting content in real time without pre-recording, a concept that has expanded dramatically with the rise of social media and e-commerce livestreaming in China. Meanings [verb] to broadcast live; to livestream [noun] live broadcast; livestream Example Sentences 这名主播每天晚上通过直播向粉丝展示新产品。 Zhè míng zhǔbō měitiān wǎnshang tōngguò zhíbō xiàng fěnsī zhǎnshì xīn chǎnpǐn. This streamer showcases new products to fans every evening through live broadcasts. 该体育赛事将在多个平台上进行全程直播。 Gāi tǐyù...
综述 (zōngshù) — to synthesize; review article
综述 (zōngshù) 综述 means to synthesize or provide a comprehensive review, especially of existing research or developments in a field. As a noun, it refers to a review article or literature review — a scholarly work that surveys and synthesizes the existing body of research on a topic. It is a fundamental term in Chinese academic writing and research methodology. Meanings [v] to synthesize; to provide a comprehensive review of...
困 (kùn) — sleepy; drowsy
困 (kùn) 困 describes the feeling of drowsiness and the need to sleep, especially during the day. Meanings [adj] sleepy; drowsy; tired and needing sleep Example Sentences 我昨晚没睡好，今天很困。 Wǒ zuówǎn méi shuì hǎo, jīntiān hěn kùn. I didn't sleep well last night and I'm very sleepy today. 下午两点是最容易困的时候。 Xiàwǔ liǎng diǎn shì zuì róngyì kùn de shíhou. Two in the afternoon is when it's easiest to feel sleepy. 他困得眼睛都睁不开了。 Tā...
被动 (bèidòng) — passive; reactive
被动 (bèidòng) 被动 means "passive" or "reactive" and describes a state in which someone or something is acted upon rather than taking initiative. Meanings [adjective] passive; not taking initiative [adjective] reactive; in a disadvantaged or responding position Example Sentences 他在工作中太被动了，需要主动一些。 Tā zài gōngzuò zhōng tài bèidòng le, xūyào zhǔdòng yīxiē. He is too passive at work and needs to take more initiative. 这个团队处于被动的局面。 Zhège tuánduì chǔyú bèidòng de júmiàn. This...
天气 (tiānqì) — weather
天气 (tiānqì) Weather. 天 means "sky" or "day," and 气 means "air," "breath," or "atmosphere." Together they describe the atmospheric conditions of the sky. Meanings [noun] Weather. The atmospheric conditions at a particular place and time, such as temperature, rain, and wind. Example Sentences 今天天气怎么样？ Jīntiān tiānqì zěnmeyàng? What is the weather like today? 明天天气很好。 Míngtiān tiānqì hěn hǎo. The weather tomorrow will be nice. 北京的天气很冷。 Běijīng de tiānqì hěn...
授权 (shòuquán) — to authorize; authorization
授权 (shòuquán) 授权 means to officially grant authority, permission, or power to someone to act on one's behalf or to do something, and can also refer to authorization as a noun. Meanings [verb] to authorize; to grant authority; to empower (someone to act) [noun] authorization; delegated authority; permission Example Sentences 经理授权销售团队在一定范围内自主决定折扣幅度，以提高成交效率。 Jīnglǐ shòuquán xiāoshòu tuánduì zài yīdìng fànwéi nèi zìzhǔ juédìng zhékòu fúdù, yǐ tígāo chéngjiao xiàolǜ. The manager authorized...
邀请 (yāoqǐng) — to invite / invitation
邀请 (yāoqǐng) 邀请 means to invite someone to attend an event or activity, or refers to the invitation itself. Meanings [verb] to invite; to request someone's presence [noun] invitation Example Sentences 她邀请我去她的生日派对。 Tā yāoqǐng wǒ qù tā de shēngrì pàiduì. She invited me to her birthday party. 我收到了一封婚礼邀请函。 Wǒ shōudào le yī fēng hūnlǐ yāoqǐng hán. I received a wedding invitation letter. 感谢您的邀请，我很乐意参加。 Gǎnxiè nín de yāoqǐng, wǒ hěn lèyì...
知识 (zhīshi) — knowledge
知识 (zhīshi) 知识 refers to knowledge gained through study, experience, or education, encompassing facts, skills, and understanding. Meanings [noun] knowledge, learning, education Example Sentences 读书可以增长知识。 Dúshū kěyǐ zēngzhǎng zhīshi. Reading books can increase your knowledge. 他的专业知识非常丰富。 Tā de zhuānyè zhīshi fēicháng fēngfù. His professional knowledge is very extensive. 学生应该把课堂上的知识用于实践。 Xuéshēng yīnggāi bǎ kètáng shàng de zhīshi yòng yú shíjiàn. Students should apply the knowledge learned in class to practice. 缺乏必要的知识会让工作变得困难。...
况且 (kuàngqiě) — moreover, besides
况且 (kuàngqiě) 况且 is a conjunction used to introduce an additional reason or consideration that reinforces a previous statement. It is equivalent to "moreover," "besides," or "what is more" in English. It signals that another, often stronger, argument is being added to an already stated one. It is more formal than 而且 and is characteristic of written argumentation. Meanings [conj] moreover, besides, what is more (adding a further strengthening reason)...
留 (liú) — to stay / to leave behind
留 (liú) 留 has two closely related core meanings: to stay or remain in a place, and to leave something behind or keep something. Context determines which sense is intended. Meanings [verb] To stay; to remain; to linger. [verb] To leave behind; to keep; to retain. [verb] To leave (a message, note, or trace). Example Sentences 请留下来吃饭吧。 Qǐng liú xialai chīfàn ba. Please stay and have dinner. 她给我留了一张纸条。 Tā gěi...
粗略 (cūlüè) — rough, approximate
粗略 (cūlüè) 粗略 describes something done or given in a rough, approximate, or cursory manner, without attention to detail or precision. Meanings [adjective] rough, approximate, cursory, not thorough Example Sentences 我只是粗略地看了一下这份报告。 Wǒ zhǐshì cūlüè de kàn le yīxià zhè fèn bàogào. I only skimmed through this report roughly. 他做了一个粗略的估计，认为需要三天完成。 Tā zuò le yīgè cūlüè de gūjì, rènwéi xūyào sān tiān wánchéng. He made a rough estimate that it would take...
食谱 (shípǔ) — recipe
食谱 (shípǔ) 食谱 is a recipe — a written or verbal guide describing the ingredients and steps needed to prepare a particular food or dish. It is widely used in cooking culture and education. Meanings noun recipe (instructions for preparing a dish) Example Sentences 她从网上找到了一个好食谱。 Tā cóng wǎngshàng zhǎodào le yī gè hǎo shípǔ. She found a good recipe online. 这本食谱里有很多传统菜肴。 Zhè běn shípǔ lǐ yǒu hěn duō chuántǒng càiyáo....
关心 (guānxīn) — to care about
关心 (guānxīn) 关心 means to care about or show concern for someone. It conveys warmth and personal investment, and is used in both family and social contexts. Meanings [verb] To care about; to show concern for; to be concerned with. Example Sentences 她非常关心她的学生。 Tā fēicháng guānxīn tā de xuésheng. She cares deeply about her students. 谢谢你关心我。 Xièxiè nǐ guānxīn wǒ. Thank you for caring about me. 父母总是关心孩子的健康。 Fùmǔ zǒngshì guānxīn...
胜利 (shènglì) — victory, win; to win
胜利 (shènglì) 胜利 expresses the idea of winning or achieving a triumphant outcome. It functions as both a noun ("victory") and a verb ("to win, to triumph"), and carries a more formal or heroic tone than the simple verb 赢 (yíng). Meanings n victory, triumph, win v to win, to triumph Example Sentences 球队赢得了比赛的胜利。 Qiúduì yíngdé le bǐsài de shènglì. The team won victory in the match. 他们经过艰苦努力终于取得了胜利。 Tāmen jīngguò...
警察 (jǐngchá) — police
警察 (jǐngchá) 警察 means police or police officer. It refers both to individual law enforcement officers and to the police as an institution. The measure word for one officer is 名 (míng) or 个 (gè). Meanings [noun] Police officer; policeman; policewoman. [noun] The police (as an institution or force). Example Sentences 快叫警察！ Kuài jiào jǐngchá! Call the police quickly! 那位警察帮助了迷路的孩子。 Nà wèi jǐngchá bāngzhù le mílù de háizi. That police...
把 (bǎ) — disposal marker
把 (bǎ) 把 is one of the most important grammatical words in Chinese. It moves the object before the verb to emphasize that something is disposed of, affected, or handled in a specific way. Meanings [preposition] Disposal marker: places the object before a verb that indicates a deliberate action with a clear result. [measure word] A handle; a bunch (e.g., 一把刀 yī bǎ dāo — one knife). Example Sentences 请把窗户打开。...
成功 (chénggōng) — success / to succeed
成功 (chénggōng) 成功 means success or to succeed. As a verb it describes the successful completion of a goal or action. As a noun it refers to the state or result of succeeding. It is one of the most motivating and frequently used words in Chinese culture. Meanings [verb] To succeed; to be successful. [noun] Success; achievement. Example Sentences 他终于成功了！ Tā zhōngyú chénggōng le! He finally succeeded! 成功需要努力和坚持。 Chénggōng xūyào...
借 (jiè) — to borrow / to lend
借 (jiè) A verb that means both "to borrow" (from someone) and "to lend" (to someone), depending on context. Direction is indicated by the surrounding words. Meanings [verb] To borrow (take temporarily from someone). [verb] To lend (give temporarily to someone). Example Sentences 我可以借一下你的笔吗？ Wǒ kěyǐ jiè yīxià nǐ de bǐ ma? May I borrow your pen for a moment? 他向图书馆借了几本书。 Tā xiàng túshūguǎn jiè le jǐ běn shū. He...
教授 (jiàoshòu) — Professor
教授 (jiàoshòu) 教授 refers to a university professor, or as a verb, the act of teaching and imparting knowledge. Meanings [noun] professor (academic title) [verb] to teach; to instruct; to impart (knowledge or skills) Example Sentences 这位教授在大学里教了三十年的历史。 Zhè wèi jiàoshòu zài dàxué lǐ jiāole sānshí nián de lìshǐ. This professor has taught history at the university for thirty years. 他是一位著名的经济学教授。 Tā shì yī wèi zhùmíng de jīngjìxué jiàoshòu. He is...
改革 (gǎigé) — reform; to reform
改革 (gǎigé) 改革 means reform — the process of making meaningful changes to a system, institution, or policy in order to improve it. It is used both as a noun and a verb. Meanings n reform v to reform, to carry out reforms Example Sentences 中国在1978年开始了重大的经济改革。 Zhōngguó zài 1978 nián kāishǐ le zhòngdà de jīngjì gǎigé. China began major economic reforms in 1978. 政府计划改革现有的教育制度。 Zhèngfǔ jìhuà gǎigé xiànyǒu de jiàoyù...
认知 (rènzhī) — cognition; to recognize and understand
认知 (rènzhī) 认知 covers both the process of knowing and understanding (cognition) and the resulting knowledge or awareness one holds, making it a central term in psychology, education, and social commentary. Meanings [noun] cognition; understanding; awareness [verb] to recognize; to perceive; to understand Example Sentences 人工智能研究离不开对人类认知的深入理解。 Réngōng zhìnéng yánjiū lí bù kāi duì rénlèi rènzhī de shēnrù lǐjiě. AI research cannot be separated from a deep understanding of human cognition....
任务 (rènwù) — task
任务 (rènwù) 任务 refers to a task, mission, or assignment that has been given to someone and must be completed. It carries a sense of duty or responsibility. Meanings [noun] Task; mission; assignment; duty. Example Sentences 他成功地完成了任务。 Tā chénggōng de wánchéng le rènwù. He successfully completed the task. 我有一项重要任务需要完成。 Wǒ yǒu yī xiàng zhòngyào rènwù xūyào wánchéng. I have an important task to complete. 老师给我们布置了一个新任务。 Lǎoshī gěi wǒmen bùzhì le...
程序 (chéngxù) — procedure; program
程序 (chéngxù) 程序 refers to either a formal sequence of steps or procedures that must be followed, or a computer program, making it a versatile term across legal, administrative, and technical contexts. Meanings [noun] procedure; process; formal steps [noun] computer program; software application Example Sentences 申请签证需要按照规定的程序提交相关材料。 Shēnqǐng qiānzhèng xūyào ànzhào guīdìng de chéngxù tíjiāo xiāngguān cáiliào. Applying for a visa requires submitting relevant documents following the prescribed procedures. 这个程序运行时占用大量内存，影响了电脑速度。 Zhège...
担任 (dānrèn) — to serve as; to hold (a position)
担任 (dānrèn) 担任 describes the formal holding of a position, role, or responsibility, often in an official or professional context. Meanings [verb] To serve as, to hold (a position or role), to take on (a responsibility). Example Sentences 他在这家公司担任首席财务官已有十年之久。 Tā zài zhè jiā gōngsī dānrèn shǒuxí cáiwùguān yǐ yǒu shí nián zhī jiǔ. He has served as Chief Financial Officer of this company for ten years. 她被邀请担任本届国际学术会议的主席。 Tā bèi yāoqǐng...
使命 (shǐmìng) — mission
使命 (shǐmìng) 使命 refers to a mission or calling — a duty of great significance that one is entrusted with or feels compelled to fulfill. It carries a sense of gravity and purpose beyond mere tasks or assignments, often appearing in contexts of historical responsibility, institutional purpose, or personal vocation. Meanings [n] mission, calling (a solemn duty of high significance) [n] mandate, charge (an official duty entrusted to a person...
诠释 (quánshì) — to interpret; to explain
诠释 (quánshì) 诠释 means to interpret or explain something in a thorough, often definitive way, and is used for interpreting texts, concepts, performances, or the meaning of experiences. Meanings [verb] to interpret; to explain thoroughly; to give an interpretation of [noun] interpretation; explanation Example Sentences 这位演员用精湛的表演诠释了这个角色。 Zhè wèi yǎnyuán yòng jīngzhàn de biǎoyǎn quánshì le zhège juésè. This actor gave a superb interpretation of the character through his brilliant performance....
开 (kāi) — to open / to turn on
开 (kāi) A versatile verb meaning "to open," "to turn on" (a device or light), and "to drive" (a vehicle). It covers the general idea of activating or opening something. Its antonym is 关 (guān), meaning "to close" or "to turn off." Meanings [verb] To open (a door, window, a book). [verb] To turn on (a light, TV, appliance). [verb] To drive (a car, vehicle). Example Sentences 请开门。 Qǐng kāi...
分配 (fēnpèi) — Allocate / distribute / assign
分配 (fēnpèi) 分配 means to allocate, distribute, or assign something — such as tasks, resources, time, or roles — among people or categories. Meanings [verb] to allocate, distribute, assign, apportion [noun] allocation, distribution, assignment Example Sentences 老师把任务分配给每个学生。 Lǎoshī bǎ rènwù fēnpèi gěi měi gè xuésheng. The teacher assigned tasks to each student. 合理分配时间对学习非常重要。 Hélǐ fēnpèi shíjiān duì xuéxí fēicháng zhòngyào. Reasonably allocating time is very important for studying. 公司把资源分配到最重要的项目上。 Gōngsī...
它 (tā) — it
它 (tā) The third-person singular pronoun for animals, objects, and abstract things; it sounds identical to 他 (he) and 她 (she) — all pronounced tā — but is written distinctly for clarity in text. Meanings [pronoun] It (subject or object, referring to non-human entities). [pronoun] Its (before 的: 它的). Example Sentences 这只猫很可爱，它叫小白。 Zhè zhī māo hěn kě'ài, tā jiào Xiǎo Bái. This cat is very cute; it is called Xiao...
三 (sān) — three
三 (sān) The number three; like other single-digit numbers, it pairs with a measure word when counting objects (三个, 三本, 三杯). Meanings [number] Three, the digit 3. [adjective] Several, a few (in idiomatic phrases: 三番五次, repeatedly). Example Sentences 我有三个好朋友。 Wǒ yǒu sān gè hǎo péngyou. I have three good friends. 他学中文学了三年了。 Tā xué Zhōngwén xuéle sān nián le. He has been studying Chinese for three years. 请等三分钟。 Qǐng děng sān...
首 (shǒu) — song; poem (measure word)
首 (shǒu) 首 is the measure word for songs (歌) and poems (诗). It counts each complete musical or poetic composition. While 首 literally means "head" (as in 首都 — capital city), as a measure word it is reserved for songs and poetry. Use 首 where English uses "a song" or "a poem." Meanings [mw] Song — counts individual songs as complete pieces. [mw] Poem — counts individual poems as...
注重 (zhùzhòng) — to attach importance to; to emphasize
注重 (zhùzhòng) 注重 means to consciously place emphasis on something, treating it as a priority worthy of care and attention. Meanings [verb] To attach importance to, to emphasize, to pay attention to, to value. Example Sentences 这家公司非常注重员工的职业发展，每年为员工提供大量培训机会。 Zhè jiā gōngsī fēicháng zhùzhòng yuángōng de zhíyè fāzhǎn, měi nián wèi yuángōng tígōng dàliàng péixùn jīhuì. This company places great emphasis on employees' professional development and provides extensive training opportunities each year....
解释 (jiěshì) — to explain; to interpret; explanation
解释 (jiěshì) 解释 means to explain by giving reasons, causes, or the meaning behind something. It is used when someone wants to justify an action, clarify a misunderstanding, or define a concept. As a noun it refers to an explanation or interpretation. Meanings [verb] To explain; to interpret; to account for; to justify. [noun] Explanation; interpretation. Example Sentences 他详细解释了迟到的原因，大家表示理解。 Tā xiángxì jiěshì le chídào de yuányīn, dàjiā biǎoshì lǐjiě. He...
出现 (chūxiàn) — to appear / to emerge / to occur
出现 (chūxiàn) To come into existence or view; used when something appears, emerges, or occurs where it was not before. Meanings [verb] To appear, to come into view, to show up. [verb] To occur, to arise, to emerge (of a problem or situation). Example Sentences 天空中出现了一道彩虹。 Tiānkōng zhōng chūxiàn le yī dào cǎihóng. A rainbow appeared in the sky. 最近出现了一种新病毒。 Zuìjìn chūxiàn le yī zhǒng xīn bìngdú. A new virus...
从 (cóng) — from; since
从 (cóng) 从 marks the starting point of a journey, a period of time, or a sequence of events. It is placed before the starting location or time, and the destination or end point usually follows later in the sentence. Meanings [preposition] From (a place). Marks the point of departure or origin in space. [preposition] From; since (a time). Marks the starting point of a time period. Example Sentences 我从北京来。...
义务 (yìwù) — duty; obligation
义务 (yìwù) 义务 refers to a moral, legal, or social duty or obligation that a person is required or expected to fulfill, often contrasted with 权利 (rights). Meanings [noun] duty; obligation; responsibility (something one is morally or legally required to do) [adjective] obligatory; free of charge; voluntary (in compounds like 义务教育) Example Sentences 纳税是每个公民应尽的义务，也是支持社会发展的重要方式。 Nàshuì shì měi gè gōngmín yīng jìn de yìwù, yě shì zhīchí shèhuì fāzhǎn de zhòngyào...
硬件 (yìngjiàn) — hardware
硬件 (yìngjiàn) 硬件 refers to the physical components of a computer system or electronic device, as opposed to software, and is also used figuratively to describe physical infrastructure or tangible resources. Meanings [noun] hardware (computer/electronic components) [noun] physical infrastructure; tangible equipment (figurative) Example Sentences 这台电脑的硬件配置已经无法满足现代游戏的要求。 Zhè tái diànnǎo de yìngjiàn pèizhì yǐjīng wúfǎ mǎnzú xiàndài yóuxì de yāoqiú. The hardware configuration of this computer can no longer meet the requirements...
听 (tīng) — to listen, to hear
听 (tīng) 听 means to listen or to hear. It covers both the active act of listening and the passive act of hearing. It pairs naturally with music, speech, and audio content. Meanings [verb] To listen to, to hear. Example Sentences 我喜欢听音乐。 Wǒ xǐhuān tīng yīnyuè. I like to listen to music. 请大家安静，听老师说。 Qǐng dàjiā ānjìng, tīng lǎoshī shuō. Please be quiet, everyone, and listen to the teacher. 你听到了吗？ Nǐ...
八 (bā) — eight
八 (bā) The number eight, considered the luckiest number in Chinese culture because bā sounds similar to 发 (fā, to prosper/get rich); license plates, phone numbers, and addresses containing 八 command premium prices. Meanings [number] Eight, the digit 8. Example Sentences 我每天睡八个小时。 Wǒ měitiān shuì bā gè xiǎoshí. I sleep eight hours every day. 他用八万块钱买了一辆车。 Tā yòng bā wàn kuài qián mǎile yī liàng chē. He bought a car for...
退化 (tuìhuà) — degeneration; to degenerate; to deteriorate
退化 (tuìhuà) 退化 describes the process of declining, weakening, or degenerating to a more primitive or inferior state, used in biology, medicine, and broader metaphorical contexts. Meanings [verb/noun] degeneration; to degenerate (biological or evolutionary) [verb/noun] deterioration; to deteriorate; to regress Example Sentences 长期缺乏锻炼会导致肌肉退化，影响身体健康。 Chángqī quēfá duànliàn huì dǎozhì jīròu tuìhuà, yǐngxiǎng shēntǐ jiànkāng. Long-term lack of exercise can cause muscle degeneration and affect physical health. 穴居鱼类因为长期生活在黑暗中，眼睛逐渐退化。 Xuéjū yúlèi yīnwèi chángqī...
身体 (shēntǐ) — body, health
身体 (shēntǐ) Refers to the physical body or to one's state of health. It is commonly used in greetings and well-wishes to inquire about or comment on someone's health. Meanings [noun] The physical body. [noun] Health, physical condition. Example Sentences 你身体好吗？ Nǐ shēntǐ hǎo ma? How is your health? 多运动对身体有好处。 Duō yùndòng duì shēntǐ yǒu hǎochu. Exercising more is good for the body. 他身体很好，每天跑步。 Tā shēntǐ hěn hǎo, měi tiān...
还是 (háishì) — or (in questions)
还是 (háishì) 还是 is used to present two alternatives in a question, asking which one applies. This is a KEY learner confusion: 还是 belongs in questions, while 或者 (huòzhě) belongs in statements. Never swap them. Meanings [conjunction] Or (used in questions offering a choice between A and B). [adverb] Still, nevertheless (in a different usage: 还是来吧, "you should still come"). Example Sentences 你喝茶还是咖啡？ Nǐ hē chá háishì kāfēi? Do you...
累 (lèi) — tired; exhausted
累 (lèi) 累 describes the state of being tired or exhausted, whether from physical activity, mental effort, or a long day. Meanings [adj] tired; exhausted; fatigued; worn out Example Sentences 工作了一整天，我真的很累。 Gōngzuò le yī zhěng tiān, wǒ zhēn de hěn lèi. After working a whole day, I am really tired. 你看起来很累，早点休息吧。 Nǐ kàn qǐlái hěn lèi, zǎodiǎn xiūxi ba. You look very tired; get some rest early. 爬山之后，大家都累坏了。 Páshān zhīhòu,...
目的 (mùdì) — purpose; objective; aim
目的 (mùdì) 目的 means the purpose, objective, or aim of an action, describing the intended goal behind doing something. Meanings [noun] purpose; objective; aim; the intended result or goal of an action Example Sentences 我们学习的目的是为了增长知识。 Wǒmen xuéxí de mùdì shì wèile zēngzhǎng zhīshì. The purpose of our learning is to increase knowledge. 他此行的目的是拜访老朋友。 Tā cǐ xíng de mùdì shì bàifǎng lǎo péngyǒu. The purpose of his trip is to visit...
灭绝 (mièjué) — Extinction, to exterminate
灭绝 (mièjué) 灭绝 refers to the complete dying out or elimination of a species, language, or group -- the point of no return where something ceases to exist entirely. Meanings [verb] to become extinct; to exterminate completely; to wipe out [noun] extinction; extermination Example Sentences 恐龙在大约六千五百万年前灭绝了。 Kǒnglóng zài dàyuē liù qiān wǔ bǎi wàn nián qián mièjué le. Dinosaurs went extinct approximately 65 million years ago. 人类的过度猎杀导致了许多动物物种的灭绝。 Rénlèi de guòdù...
可持续发展 (kě chíxù fāzhǎn) — sustainable development
可持续发展 (kě chíxù fāzhǎn) 可持续发展 is the Chinese term for "sustainable development," referring to growth that meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. Meanings [noun phrase] sustainable development (development that balances economic, social, and environmental needs) Example Sentences 可持续发展是当今世界面临的重要课题。 Kě chíxù fāzhǎn shì dāngjīn shìjiè miànlín de zhòngyào kètí. Sustainable development is an important issue facing the world today. 联合国提出了17项可持续发展目标。 Liánhéguó tíchū le 17...
比喻 (bǐyù) — metaphor; to use a metaphor
比喻 (bǐyù) 比喻 is the umbrella term in Chinese for figurative comparison, covering both simile (明喻, míngyù) and metaphor (暗喻, ànyù). As a verb it means to describe or explain something by comparing it to something else; as a noun it refers to the comparison itself. It is a fundamental rhetorical device taught in Chinese language education and appears frequently in literary analysis and everyday speech. Meanings [n] metaphor; simile;...
记得 (jìde) — to remember
记得 (jìde) 记得 means to remember or to recall something. 记 means "to record/memorize" and 得 here is a resultative complement indicating success: you recorded it and it stuck. The opposite is 忘了 (wàng le), to forget. Meanings [verb] To remember, to recall. Example Sentences 我记得你说过这句话。 Wǒ jìde nǐ shuō guò zhè jù huà. I remember you said that. 你记得他的名字吗？ Nǐ jìde tā de míngzi ma? Do you remember his...
领域 (lǐngyù) — field; domain; realm
领域 (lǐngyù) 领域 means "field," "domain," or "realm" and refers to a specific area of knowledge, activity, or expertise. Meanings [noun] field; domain; area; realm Example Sentences 他在医学领域做出了重大贡献。 Tā zài yīxué lǐngyù zuòchū le zhòngdà gòngxiàn. He made major contributions in the field of medicine. 人工智能是一个发展迅速的领域。 Réngōng zhìnéng shì yīgè fāzhǎn xùnsù de lǐngyù. Artificial intelligence is a rapidly developing field. 她在艺术领域非常有才华。 Tā zài yìshù lǐngyù fēicháng yǒu cáihuá. She...
其实 (qíshí) — actually, in fact
其实 (qíshí) 其实 is an adverb meaning "actually" or "in fact." It typically introduces a statement that corrects a misunderstanding, reveals a truth, or contrasts with what someone assumed. It often appears at the start of a clause. Meanings [adverb] Actually, in fact (introduces a correction or revelation). Example Sentences 他看起来很严格，其实很好相处。 Tā kàn qǐlái hěn yángé, qíshí hěn hǎo xiāngchǔ. He looks very strict, but actually he is easy to...
福利 (fúlì) — welfare; benefits
福利 (fúlì) 福利 refers to benefits, services, or programs designed to improve people's well-being, including both government social welfare and employee benefits provided by employers. Meanings [noun] welfare; benefits; well-being provisions Example Sentences 该公司提供了完善的员工福利，包括医疗保险和带薪假期。 Gāi gōngsī tígōng le wánshàn de yuángōng fúlì, bāokuò yīliáo bǎoxiǎn hé dài xīn jiàqī. The company offers comprehensive employee benefits including health insurance and paid leave. 政府加大了对低收入家庭的社会福利支持力度。 Zhèngfǔ jiādà le duì dīshōurù jiātíng de shèhuì...
探讨 (tàntǎo) — to explore, to probe into
探讨 (tàntǎo) 探讨 means to explore or probe into a topic, typically through discussion, research, or inquiry. It suggests an open-ended, investigative approach rather than a definitive conclusion. The word implies intellectual curiosity and collaborative or scholarly investigation. It is commonly used in academic papers, seminar titles, and research proposals. Meanings [v] to explore; to investigate through inquiry or discussion [v] to probe into; to delve into a question or...
融合 (rónghé) — to merge, to integrate, fusion
融合 (rónghé) 融合 describes the blending or integration of distinct elements into a unified whole, where the original components lose their sharp boundaries and become part of something new and cohesive. Meanings [verb] to merge, to fuse, to integrate, to blend together [noun] fusion, integration, blending (of cultures, ideas, or elements) Example Sentences 这种音乐风格融合了东西方的音乐元素。 Zhè zhǒng yīnyuè fēnggé rónghé le dōng xīfāng de yīnyuè yuánsù. This musical style fuses elements...
秩序 (zhìxù) — order; social order
秩序 (zhìxù) 秩序 refers to a state of orderly arrangement and proper functioning, whether in social conduct, public spaces, legal systems, or international relations. Meanings [noun] order; orderliness; social order; discipline Example Sentences 维护公共秩序是每个公民的基本义务。 Wéihù gōnggòng zhìxù shì měi gè gōngmín de jīběn yìwù. Maintaining public order is a basic obligation of every citizen. 法律是保障社会秩序的重要工具。 Fǎlǜ shì bǎozhàng shèhuì zhìxù de zhòngyào gōngjù. Law is an important tool for ensuring...
可爱 (kě'ài) — cute; lovely
可爱 (kě'ài) 可爱 describes something or someone that is cute, adorable, or charming in an endearing way. Meanings [adj] cute; adorable; lovely; charming Example Sentences 这只小狗真可爱！ Zhè zhī xiǎogǒu zhēn kě'ài! This little dog is so cute! 她的女儿长得很可爱，人人都喜欢她。 Tā de nǚ'ér zhǎng de hěn kě'ài, rén rén dōu xǐhuān tā. Her daughter is very cute and everyone likes her. 你画的小熊猫看起来很可爱。 Nǐ huà de xiǎo xióngmāo kàn qǐlái hěn kě'ài. The...
导游 (dǎoyóu) — tour guide
导游 (dǎoyóu) 导游 means tour guide. It refers to a person whose job is to lead tourists and explain sites of interest. It can also function as a verb meaning to guide tourists, though the noun use is far more common at this level. Meanings [noun] Tour guide; a person who leads and informs tourists. Example Sentences 我们的导游说话很有趣。 Wǒmen de dǎoyóu shuōhuà hěn yǒuqù. Our tour guide is very interesting...
记者 (jìzhě) — journalist / reporter
记者 (jìzhě) 记者 refers to a journalist or reporter who gathers and writes news for media outlets. Meanings [noun] journalist; reporter; news correspondent Example Sentences 这位记者报道了很多重要新闻。 Zhè wèi jìzhě bàodào le hěn duō zhòngyào xīnwén. This journalist has reported many important news stories. 记者在现场采访了事故目击者。 Jìzhě zài xiànchǎng cǎifǎng le shìgù mùjīzhě. The reporter interviewed eyewitnesses at the scene of the accident. 她从大学毕业后就成为了一名记者。 Tā cóng dàxué bìyè hòu jiù chéngwéi le...
传染病 (chuánrǎnbìng) — infectious disease; contagious disease
传染病 (chuánrǎnbìng) 传染病 refers to diseases caused by pathogens that can spread from one person to another through various modes of transmission, including airborne, contact, and vector-borne routes. Meanings [noun] infectious disease; communicable disease; contagious disease (illness that can be transmitted from person to person) Example Sentences 新冠肺炎是近年来影响最广泛的传染病之一，导致全球数百万人死亡。 Xīnguān fèiyán shì jìn nián lái yǐngxiǎng zuì guǎngfàn de chuánrǎnbìng zhī yī, dǎozhì quánqiú shùbǎi wàn rén sǐwáng. COVID-19 is one...
实现 (shíxiàn) — to realize; to achieve
实现 (shíxiàn) 实现 means to realize or achieve something, particularly a goal, dream, or plan, by turning it into reality through action. Meanings [verb] to realize; to achieve; to make real; to fulfill Example Sentences 他终于实现了自己的梦想。 Tā zhōngyú shíxiànle zìjǐ de mèngxiǎng. He finally realized his dream. 通过努力，我们可以实现目标。 Tōngguò nǔlì, wǒmen kěyǐ shíxiàn mùbiāo. Through hard work, we can achieve our goals. 这个计划很难在短期内实现。 Zhège jìhuà hěn nán zài duǎnqī nèi...
论据 (lùnjù) — evidence, grounds
论据 (lùnjù) 论据 refers to the evidence, grounds, or supporting material used to prove or substantiate a 论点 (argument/thesis). It encompasses factual evidence, statistics, examples, expert opinion, and logical reasoning. In formal Chinese argumentation, strong 论据 is considered as important as the 论点 itself. Meanings [n] evidence, grounds (material used to support an argument) [n] basis, justification (the factual or logical foundation of a claim) Example Sentences 一篇优秀的议论文不仅需要鲜明的论点，更需要翔实的论据。 Yī piān...
格外 (géwài) — especially; particularly; unusually
格外 (géwài) 格外 is an adverb meaning "especially," "particularly," or "unusually," used when something stands out as noticeably beyond the ordinary or expected level. Meanings [adverb] especially; particularly; unusually (indicates a quality is markedly beyond what is normal or expected in the current context) Usage Note 格外 is placed before an adjective or verb and implies a comparison with a baseline. It emphasizes that in this particular situation, the quality...
充足 (chōngzú) — sufficient; adequate; ample
充足 (chōngzú) 充足 describes a quantity or amount that is fully sufficient, adequate, or more than enough for a particular purpose or need. Meanings [adjective] sufficient; adequate; ample; plentiful (fully meeting needs or requirements) Example Sentences 充足的睡眠对于维持身体健康和提高工作效率都非常重要。 Chōngzú de shuìmián duìyú wéichí shēntǐ jiànkāng hé tígāo gōngzuò xiàolǜ dōu fēicháng zhòngyào. Adequate sleep is very important for maintaining physical health and improving work efficiency. 这个项目的成功实施需要充足的资金支持和专业团队的协作。 Zhège xiàngmù de chénggōng shíshī...
什么 (shénme) — what
什么 (shénme) The most versatile interrogative word in Chinese, used to ask "what" about anything: things, names, types, reasons, and more; it occupies the same sentence position as the noun it replaces. Meanings [pronoun] What (asking about identity or type of a thing). [determiner] What kind of (before a noun: 什么 + noun). [pronoun] Anything, whatever (in a negative or open-ended context). Example Sentences 你叫什么名字？ Nǐ jiào shénme míngzi? What...
长远 (chángyuǎn) — long-term; far-reaching
长远 (chángyuǎn) 长远 describes something that extends over a long time span or far into the future, and is widely used in planning, strategy, and policy contexts at B2 level to contrast immediate gains with durable, lasting goals. Meanings [adjective] long-term; long-range; far-reaching (of plans, interests, or benefits) Example Sentences 为了长远发展，公司决定加大对研发的投入。 Wèile chángyuǎn fāzhǎn, gōngsī juédìng jiādà duì yánfā de tóurù. For the sake of long-term development, the company decided...
与其…不如 (yǔqí… bùrú) — Rather than… it's better to
与其…不如 (yǔqí… bùrú) This paired grammar pattern expresses a preference: rather than doing the first thing, it is better to do the second. It implies the second option is clearly superior. Meanings [conjunction pattern] rather than (A), it is better to (B); used to express a preference or recommendation Example Sentences 与其在家抱怨，不如出去想办法解决问题。 Yǔqí zài jiā bàoyuàn, bùrú chūqù xiǎng bànfǎ jiějué wèntí. Rather than staying home and complaining, it is...
专业 (zhuānyè) — major; professional; specialized
专业 (zhuānyè) 专业 refers to a field of specialized study or professional expertise, and as an adjective it describes something done with high skill and expertise at a professional level. Meanings [noun] major; academic discipline; field of study or work [adjective] professional; specialized; expert-level Example Sentences 她大学选择了计算机科学专业，毕业后进入了一家知名科技公司。 Tā dàxué xuǎnzéle jìsuànjī kēxué zhuānyè, bìyè hòu jìnrùle yī jiā zhīmíng kējì gōngsī. She chose computer science as her major in college...
形成 (xíngchéng) — to form; to develop; to take shape
形成 (xíngchéng) 形成 means to form, develop, or take shape, describing the process by which something new comes into existence or a pattern becomes established over time. Meanings [verb] to form; to develop; to take shape; to come into being Example Sentences 这条河是由冰川融水形成的。 Zhè tiáo hé shì yóu bīngchuān róng shuǐ xíngchéng de. This river was formed by glacial meltwater. 他渐渐形成了自己独特的写作风格。 Tā jiànjiàn xíngchéngle zìjǐ dútè de xiězuò fēnggé. He...
块 (kuài) — measure word for chunks and yuan
块 (kuài) A measure word used for chunks, lumps, or pieces of things, and also the spoken form of the Chinese currency unit yuan (元). 块 is extremely common in everyday speech. Meanings [measure word] Classifier for chunks, pieces, or lumps of solid material. [measure word] Spoken form of yuan (RMB currency unit). In speech, 块 replaces the formal 元. What 块 counts 块 is used with: 西瓜 (xīguā): watermelon...
奖学金 (jiǎngxuéjīn) — scholarship
奖学金 (jiǎngxuéjīn) A scholarship is a financial grant awarded to a student on the basis of academic achievement or other criteria, helping them fund their studies. Meanings [noun] scholarship; academic grant; bursary awarded for merit or need Example Sentences 她凭优异的成绩获得了全额奖学金。 Tā píng yōuyì de chéngjì huòdéle quán'é jiǎngxuéjīn. She received a full scholarship based on her outstanding academic results. 申请奖学金需要提交成绩单和推荐信。 Shēnqǐng jiǎngxuéjīn xūyào tíjiāo chéngjìdān hé tuījiànxìn. Applying for a...
都 (dōu) — all, both
都 (dōu) An adverb meaning "all" or "both." 都 indicates that a statement applies to every member of a group. It always comes before the verb, and the subject must be plural or refer to multiple things. Meanings [adverb] All, both. Applies the action or description collectively to every member of a group. 都 vs. 也: the key contrast 都 collects all subjects into one sweeping statement: "All of them...
现代 (xiàndài) — modern; contemporary
现代 (xiàndài) 现代 refers to the modern era as a noun, or describes something as modern and contemporary as an adjective. Meanings [noun] the modern era; modern times; the contemporary period [adjective] modern; contemporary; up-to-date Example Sentences 现代科技极大地改变了我们的生活。 Xiàndài kējì jídà de gǎibiàn le wǒmen de shēnghuó. Modern technology has greatly changed our lives. 她喜欢现代风格的家具。 Tā xǐhuān xiàndài fēnggé de jiājù. She likes modern-style furniture. 现代社会中，竞争越来越激烈。 Xiàndài shèhuì zhōng, jìngzhēng...
问题 (wèntí) — question / problem
问题 (wèntí) A noun with two important uses. It means both "question" (something you ask) and "problem" (something that needs solving). Context makes the meaning clear. In a classroom, 有问题吗 means "any questions?" In daily life, 有问题 means "there is a problem." Meanings [noun] Question, inquiry. [noun] Problem, issue, difficulty. Example Sentences 老师，我有一个问题。 Lǎoshī, wǒ yǒu yīgè wèntí. Teacher, I have a question. 这道题的问题在哪里？ Zhè dào tí de wèntí zài...
病毒 (bìngdú) — virus
病毒 (bìngdú) 病毒 refers to both biological viruses that cause disease and computer viruses that damage digital systems, making it a versatile term across medical and technological contexts. Meanings [noun] virus (biological) [noun] virus (computer/digital) Example Sentences 流感病毒每年在全球范围内导致大量死亡。 Liúgǎn bìngdú měi nián zài quánqiú fànwéi nèi dǎozhì dàliàng sǐwáng. The influenza virus causes large numbers of deaths worldwide every year. 科学家发现了一种新型病毒，并正在研究其传播方式。 Kēxuéjiā fāxiàn le yī zhǒng xīnxíng bìngdú, bìng zhèngzài...
物联网 (wù lián wǎng) — Internet of Things (IoT)
物联网 (wù lián wǎng) 物联网 refers to the Internet of Things (IoT) -- the vast network of physical objects embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity that allows them to collect and exchange data over the internet. Meanings [noun] Internet of Things (IoT); the network connecting physical objects via the internet Example Sentences 物联网技术正在改变人们的日常生活和工业生产方式。 Wù lián wǎng jìshù zhèngzài gǎibiàn rénmen de rìcháng shēnghuó hé gōngyè shēngchǎn fāngshì. Internet of Things...
公民 (gōngmín) — citizen
公民 (gōngmín) 公民 refers to a citizen — a person who is a legally recognized member of a country and who holds certain rights and responsibilities under its laws. Meanings n citizen, national Example Sentences 每位公民都有权利参与民主选举。 Měi wèi gōngmín dōu yǒu quánlì cānyù mínzhǔ xuǎnjǔ. Every citizen has the right to participate in democratic elections. 公民有责任遵守国家的法律。 Gōngmín yǒu zérèn zūnshǒu guójiā de fǎlǜ. Citizens have a responsibility to obey the...
谋划 (móuhuà) — to scheme; to plan strategically
谋划 (móuhuà) 谋划 means to plan carefully and strategically, often implying calculated, deliberate thought about how to achieve a significant goal -- it can be neutral (strategic planning) or subtly negative (scheming). Meanings [verb] to plan strategically; to scheme; to devise Example Sentences 领导层正在谋划公司下一阶段的发展战略。 Lǐngdǎocéng zhèngzài móuhuà gōngsī xià yī jiēduàn de fāzhǎn zhànlüè. The leadership is strategically planning the company's development strategy for the next phase. 他精心谋划了这次商业并购行动。 Tā jīngxīn...
严格 (yángé) — strict
严格 (yángé) 严格 describes a person, rule, or standard that is strict and allows no deviation. It implies high expectations enforced consistently. It can be used for people (a strict teacher), standards (strict requirements), or behavior (strict discipline). Meanings [adjective] Strict; rigorous; demanding; exacting. Example Sentences 我的老师对我们非常严格。 Wǒ de lǎoshī duì wǒmen fēicháng yángé. My teacher is very strict with us. 这里的规定很严格，必须遵守。 Zhèlǐ de guīdìng hěn yángé, bìxū zūnshǒu. The...
有机 (yǒujī) — organic
有机 (yǒujī) 有机 means organic — whether referring to food grown without synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, or to organic chemistry. In everyday HSK-level usage, it most commonly describes organic food products. Meanings adjective organic (grown or produced without synthetic chemicals; also relating to organic compounds in chemistry) Example Sentences 有机蔬菜比普通蔬菜贵一些。 Yǒujī shūcài bǐ pǔtōng shūcài guì yīxiē. Organic vegetables are a bit more expensive than regular ones. 越来越多的人选择购买有机食品。 Yuè lái...
谦虚 (qiānxū) — humble / modest
谦虚 (qiānxū) 谦虚 describes the quality of being humble or modest, not boasting about one's achievements or abilities. Meanings [adjective] humble; modest; unassuming Example Sentences 他虽然很有才华，但总是非常谦虚。 Tā suīrán hěn yǒu cáihuá, dàn zǒng shì fēicháng qiānxū. Although he is very talented, he is always very humble. 谦虚的人更容易受到大家的尊重。 Qiānxū de rén gèng róngyì shòudào dàjiā de zūnzhòng. Humble people are more likely to earn everyone's respect. 面对赞美，她谦虚地说自己还需要进步。 Miànduì zànměi, tā qiānxū...
勤奋 (qínfèn) — diligent; hardworking; industrious
勤奋 (qínfèn) 勤奋 describes the quality of being consistently hardworking, putting in regular and dedicated effort over time. Meanings [adj] diligent; hardworking; industrious; assiduous Example Sentences 她非常勤奋，每天学习十个小时。 Tā fēicháng qínfèn, měitiān xuéxí shí gè xiǎoshí. She is very diligent and studies ten hours every day. 勤奋的人即使不聪明，也会成功。 Qínfèn de rén jíshǐ bù cōngmíng, yě huì chénggōng. Even if a hardworking person is not smart, they will succeed. 他用勤奋弥补了天赋上的不足。 Tā yòng qínfèn...
面对 (miànduì) — to face / to confront
面对 (miànduì) 面对 means to face or confront a situation, challenge, or person directly. Meanings [verb] to face; to confront; to deal with; to be faced with Example Sentences 我们必须勇敢地面对困难。 Wǒmen bìxū yǒnggǎn de miànduì kùnnán. We must bravely face difficulties. 面对失败，她没有放弃。 Miànduì shībài, tā méiyǒu fàngqì. Faced with failure, she did not give up. 他不敢面对现实。 Tā bù gǎn miànduì xiànshí. He does not dare to face reality. 我们要积极面对生活中的挑战。 Wǒmen...
领导 (lǐngdǎo) — to lead; leader; leadership
领导 (lǐngdǎo) 领导 functions as both a verb meaning to lead or guide an organisation, and as a noun referring to a leader or the leadership of an organisation, and is one of the most common words in Chinese organisational and political vocabulary. Meanings [verb] to lead; to guide; to head (an organisation or group) [noun] leader; leaders; leadership; those in charge Example Sentences 她被任命为新部门的负责人，领导一支由三十人组成的团队。 Tā bèi rènmìng wéi xīn...
主权 (zhǔquán) — sovereignty
主权 (zhǔquán) 主权 refers to the supreme authority of a state to govern itself and its territory without external interference, a fundamental concept in international relations and political science. Meanings [noun] sovereignty; sovereign authority (the supreme power of a state over its territory and people) [noun] sovereign rights (in specific domains, e.g., maritime sovereignty) Example Sentences 国家主权是国际关系的基本原则，任何国家都不应干涉他国内政。 Guójiā zhǔquán shì guójì guānxi de jīběn yuánzé, rènhé guójiā dōu bù yīng...
说服 (shuōfú) — to persuade; to convince
说服 (shuōfú) 说服 means to use words and reasoning to change someone's mind or win their agreement, and is one of the most important verbs for describing communication and influence in Chinese. Meanings [verb] to persuade; to convince; to talk someone into something Example Sentences 他花了很长时间才说服父母同意他出国留学。 Tā huā le hěn cháng shíjiān cái shuōfú fùmǔ tóngyì tā chūguó liúxué. It took him a long time to persuade his parents to...
可以 (kěyǐ) — can, may (permission or possibility)
可以 (kěyǐ) 可以 expresses permission ("you may") or general possibility ("it is okay to"). Key contrast: 能 (néng) expresses physical ability or learned skill ("I can swim"), while 可以 expresses whether something is allowed or feasible ("you can leave now"). Meanings [modal verb] May, can (permission: you are allowed to). [modal verb] Can, be able to (possibility: it is feasible). Example Sentences 你可以在这里停车。 Nǐ kěyǐ zài zhèlǐ tíng chē. You...
特别 (tèbié) — Special, especially, particularly
特别 (tèbié) 特别 means special, extraordinary, or out of the ordinary as an adjective, and "especially" or "particularly" as an adverb emphasizing degree. Meanings [adj] special; extraordinary; unusual; out of the ordinary [adv] especially; particularly; in particular; very Example Sentences 今天是个特别的日子，我永远不会忘记。 Jīntiān shì gè tèbié de rìzi, wǒ yǒngyuǎn bù huì wàngjì. Today is a special day that I will never forget. 我特别喜欢在秋天去山里爬山。 Wǒ tèbié xǐhuān zài qiūtiān qù shānlǐ...
推广 (tuīguǎng) — to promote; to spread; to popularize
推广 (tuīguǎng) 推广 means to promote something so that it reaches a wider audience or is adopted more broadly, whether it is a technology, practice, language, product, or policy. Meanings [verb] to promote; to popularize; to spread; to roll out (to a wider audience or larger scale) Example Sentences 政府积极推广普通话教育，使不同方言地区的人们能够顺畅交流。 Zhèngfǔ jījí tuīguǎng pǔtōnghuà jiàoyù, shǐ bùtóng fāngyán dìqū de rénmen néng gòu shùnchàng jiāoliú. The government has actively promoted...
倒 (dào) — on the contrary; but actually; unexpectedly
倒 (dào) 倒 (in the neutral or falling tone, dào, distinct from 倒 dǎo "to fall/pour") is a concessive or contrastive adverb. It signals that what actually happens is the reverse of, or contrary to, what was expected. It can carry a tone of mild surprise, irony, or gentle pushback. Meanings [adverb] On the contrary; but actually; unexpectedly — contrasts reality with expectation, often with a slight air of irony...
有必要 (yǒu bìyào) — it is necessary
有必要 (yǒu bìyào) 有必要 expresses that something is necessary or that there is a need to do something. Meanings [phrase] it is necessary; there is a need (to do something) Example Sentences 有必要提前准备。 Yǒu bìyào tíqián zhǔnbèi. It is necessary to prepare in advance. 我觉得有必要解释一下。 Wǒ juéde yǒu bìyào jiěshì yīxià. I think it is necessary to give an explanation. 有没有必要开这个会议？ Yǒu méiyǒu bìyào kāi zhège huìyì? Is it necessary...
按时 (ànshí) — on time
按时 (ànshí) 按时 means on time or punctually, in accordance with the scheduled or agreed time. 按 means according to or in line with, and 时 means time. It emphasizes doing something exactly when it is supposed to be done. A related adverb is 准时 (zhǔnshí), which also means on time. Both are used in similar contexts, but 按时 slightly emphasizes following a set schedule, while 准时 emphasizes punctuality in...
理解力 (lǐjiělì) — comprehension ability
理解力 (lǐjiělì) Strong comprehension ability is essential for reading complex academic texts at the B2 level. Meanings [noun] comprehension ability; the power to understand Example Sentences 他的理解力非常强，一遍就能学会新概念。 Tā de lǐjiělì fēicháng qiáng, yī biàn jiù néng xuéhuì xīn gàiniàn. His comprehension ability is very strong; he can grasp new concepts in one pass. 阅读训练可以有效提高学生的理解力。 Yuèdú xùnliàn kěyǐ yǒuxiào tígāo xuéshēng de lǐjiělì. Reading practice can effectively improve students' comprehension ability....
核实 (héshí) — to verify, to confirm
核实 (héshí) To investigate and confirm whether information, a claim, or a set of facts is accurate -- a critical step in journalism, law, science, and official procedures. Meanings [verb] to verify, to confirm, to authenticate, to check the facts Example Sentences 记者在发表报道前必须核实所有信息的真实性。 Jìzhě zài fābiǎo bàodào qián bìxū héshí suǒyǒu xìnxī de zhēnshí xìng. Journalists must verify the authenticity of all information before publishing a report. 警方正在核实目击者的证词是否与监控录像相符。 Jǐngfāng zhèngzài...
表示 (biǎoshì) — to indicate; to express; to show
表示 (biǎoshì) 表示 means to express, indicate, or show something through words, actions, or symbols. It is used when conveying attitudes, emotions, opinions, or when one thing represents or symbolizes another. Meanings [verb] To indicate; to express; to show; to mean; to signify. Example Sentences 她微笑着表示对这个决定的支持。 Tā wēixiào zhe biǎoshì duì zhège juédìng de zhīchí. She smiled to express her support for this decision. 红灯表示禁止通行，绿灯表示可以通行。 Hóngdēng biǎoshì jìnzhǐ tōngxíng, lǜdēng...
满足 (mǎnzú) — to satisfy; to meet; satisfied
满足 (mǎnzú) 满足 means either to fulfill or meet a need or standard (as a verb), or to feel contentment and satisfaction with what one has (as an adjective). Meanings [verb] To satisfy, to meet, to fulfill (a need, condition, or requirement). [adjective] Satisfied, content, fulfilled. Example Sentences 这家公司努力满足客户不断变化的需求，赢得了良好的口碑。 Zhè jiā gōngsī nǔlì mǎnzú kèhù bùduàn biànhuà de xūqiú, yíngdé le liánghǎo de kǒubēi. This company works hard to meet...
解决 (jiějué) — to solve
解决 (jiějué) 解决 means to resolve a problem or difficulty completely. The action implies bringing a situation to a satisfactory conclusion, not just addressing it temporarily. Meanings [verb] To solve; to resolve; to settle; to deal with (a problem). Example Sentences 我们一起来解决这个问题。 Wǒmen yīqǐ lái jiějué zhège wèntí. Let's solve this problem together. 这个问题很快就解决了。 Zhège wèntí hěn kuài jiù jiějué le. This problem was resolved very quickly. 他想了很多办法来解决困难。 Tā xiǎng...
虚伪 (xūwěi) — hypocritical / false
虚伪 (xūwěi) 虚伪 describes behavior or a person that is hypocritical, insincere, or putting on a false front. Meanings [adjective] hypocritical; false; insincere; two-faced Example Sentences 他的笑容很虚伪，让人感觉不舒服。 Tā de xiàoróng hěn xūwěi, ràng rén gǎnjué bù shūfú. His smile is insincere and makes people feel uncomfortable. 人们不喜欢虚伪的人。 Rénmen bù xǐhuān xūwěi de rén. People do not like hypocritical people. 不要虚伪，要诚实地说出自己的想法。 Bùyào xūwěi, yào chénshí de shuō chū zìjǐ de xiǎngfǎ....
生物多样性 (shēngwù duōyàngxìng) — biodiversity
生物多样性 (shēngwù duōyàngxìng) 生物多样性 refers to the richness of different species, genes, and ecosystems in a region, and is a key concept in environmental conservation at the B2 level. Meanings [noun] biodiversity; the variety and variability of living organisms Example Sentences 热带雨林拥有极为丰富的生物多样性。 Rèdài yǔlín yǒngyǒu jíwéi fēngfù de shēngwù duōyàngxìng. Tropical rainforests possess extremely rich biodiversity. 保护生物多样性是应对气候危机的重要措施。 Bǎohù shēngwù duōyàngxìng shì yìngduì qìhòu wēijī de zhòngyào cuòshī. Protecting biodiversity is...
基础 (jīchǔ) — foundation, basis
基础 (jīchǔ) 基础 refers to the foundation or basis upon which something is built, whether physical, intellectual, or institutional, implying the indispensable groundwork that supports everything above it. Meanings [noun] foundation, basis, groundwork (physical or abstract) [adjective] basic, foundational (as in 基础教育, basic education) Example Sentences 扎实的理论基础是进行高水平研究的前提。 Zhāshí de lǐlùn jīchǔ shì jìnxíng gāo shuǐpíng yánjiū de qiántí. A solid theoretical foundation is a prerequisite for conducting high-level research. 诚信是社会文明的重要基础。...
点 (diǎn) — o'clock; a bit; point
点 (diǎn) 点 is essential for telling time in Chinese. After a number it means "o'clock." It also appears in 一点 (yīdiǎn, "a little") and as a standalone noun meaning "point" or "dot." Meanings [noun/measure word] O'clock (used after a number to state the hour). [noun] A dot, a point. [adverb] A little, a bit (in 一点 or 有点). Example Sentences 现在三点了。 Xiànzài sān diǎn le. It is three o'clock...
汉语 (Hànyǔ) — Chinese language (spoken)
汉语 (Hànyǔ) The Chinese language, specifically referring to the spoken form of Mandarin Chinese. 汉 refers to the Han people (the dominant ethnic group of China), and 语 means "language" or "speech." Compare with 中文 (zhōngwén), which more often refers to written Chinese. Meanings [noun] Chinese language. The spoken form of Mandarin Chinese, the official language of China. Example Sentences 我在学汉语。 Wǒ zài xué Hànyǔ. I am studying Chinese. 他的汉语说得很好。...
股票 (gǔpiào) — stock; share
股票 (gǔpiào) 股票 refers to a share or stock, a financial instrument representing partial ownership in a company. When someone buys 股票, they become a shareholder entitled to dividends and capital gains. It is the standard term in Chinese finance and investment discourse. Meanings [noun] stock; share; equity security Example Sentences 他把大部分积蓄投入股票市场，希望通过投资实现财务自由。 Tā bǎ dàbùfèn jīxù tóurù gǔpiào shìchǎng, xīwàng tōngguò tóuzī shíxiàn cáiwù zìyóu. He put most of his...
根据 (gēnjù) — according to; based on; basis
根据 (gēnjù) 根据 introduces the source, evidence, or basis upon which an action or conclusion rests, and also functions as a noun meaning a foundation or grounds. Meanings [preposition] According to, based on, in accordance with. [noun] Basis, grounds, evidence, foundation. Example Sentences 根据最新的调查报告，超过半数的受访者对现有的医疗服务不满意。 Gēnjù zuìxīn de diàochá bàogào, chāoguò bànshù de shòufǎng zhě duì xiànyǒu de yīliáo fúwù bù mǎnyì. According to the latest survey report, more than half...
拿 (ná) — to take, to hold, to carry
拿 (ná) 拿 means to take, hold, or carry something with the hand. It implies using your hand to pick up or hold an object. It is a physical, hands-on action. Meanings [verb] To take, to pick up, to hold (with the hand). [verb] To carry, to bring. Example Sentences 你能帮我拿一下这个吗？ Nǐ néng bāng wǒ ná yīxià zhège ma? Can you help me hold this for a moment? 她手里拿着一本书。 Tā...
总之 (zǒngzhī) — in short; in a word
总之 (zǒngzhī) 总之 is a discourse marker used to introduce a summary or conclusion after listing several points, equivalent to "in short," "in a word," or "to sum up." Meanings [conjunction/adverb] in short; in a word; to sum up; in summary Example Sentences 总之，这件事很复杂。 Zǒngzhī, zhè jiàn shì hěn fùzá. In short, this matter is very complicated. 他聪明、努力、善良，总之是个好人。 Tā cōngmíng, nǔlì, shànliáng, zǒngzhī shì gè hǎorén. He is smart, hardworking,...
骄傲 (jiāoào) — proud / arrogant
骄傲 (jiāoào) 骄傲 carries two contrasting meanings depending on context. Used with 为 (on behalf of someone), it expresses the positive feeling of being proud of another person's achievement. Used without that structure, it most often describes a person as arrogant or conceited. Tone and context determine which sense is intended. Meanings [adjective] Proud (positive) — feeling pride in someone or something. [adjective] Arrogant; conceited; self-important (negative) — thinking too...
认识 (rènshi) — to know / to recognize
认识 (rènshi) 认识 means to know or be acquainted with a person, or to recognize and understand something. Meanings [verb] to know (a person); to be acquainted with; to recognize [noun] understanding; cognition; knowledge Example Sentences 我认识他已经三年了。 Wǒ rènshi tā yǐjīng sān nián le. I have known him for three years already. 很高兴认识你！ Hěn gāoxìng rènshi nǐ! Very pleased to meet you! 她对这个问题有深刻的认识。 Tā duì zhège wèntí yǒu shēnkè de...
诉讼 (sùsòng) — lawsuit; litigation
诉讼 (sùsòng) 诉讼 refers to formal legal proceedings in court, encompassing both civil and criminal litigation, and is the standard term in Chinese legal and journalistic writing for lawsuits and court cases. Meanings [noun] lawsuit; litigation; legal proceedings Example Sentences 这场诉讼历时两年才最终判决。 Zhè chǎng sùsòng lìshí liǎng nián cái zuìzhōng pànjué. This lawsuit took two years before a final verdict was reached. 公司因违反合同而面临诉讼风险。 Gōngsī yīn wéifǎn hétong ér miànlín sùsòng fēngxiǎn....
不仅如此 (bù jǐn rúcǐ) — not only that; moreover
不仅如此 (bù jǐn rúcǐ) 不仅如此 is a formal conjunction used to add further information or escalate a point, meaning "not only that" or "what is more," commonly found in written Chinese and formal speech. Meanings [conjunction] not only that; moreover; what is more (introduces an additional, often stronger point) Example Sentences 他精通英语和法语，不仅如此，他还能流利地说日语。 Tā jīngtōng Yīngyǔ hé Fǎyǔ, bù jǐn rúcǐ, tā hái néng liúlì de shuō Rìyǔ. He is proficient...
及时 (jíshí) — timely; in time
及时 (jíshí) 及时 means timely or in time, describing an action that is done promptly when needed, without unnecessary delay. Meanings [adjective/adverb] timely, in time, done at the right moment without delay Example Sentences 他及时发现了问题并采取了措施。 Tā jíshí fāxiàn le wèntí bìng cǎiqǔ le cuòshī. He identified the problem in time and took action. 医生的及时救治挽救了他的生命。 Yīshēng de jíshí jiùzhì wǎnjiù le tā de shēngmìng. The doctor's timely treatment saved his life....
通气 (tōngqì) — to ventilate
通气 (tōngqì) 通气 in clinical medicine refers to ventilation — the movement of air or respiratory gases into and out of the lungs, whether spontaneous or mechanically assisted. At the C2 level, it encompasses a spectrum from basic bag-mask ventilation to advanced mechanical ventilation strategies in ICU settings. It is a cornerstone concept in respiratory medicine, critical care, anesthesia, and emergency medicine. Meanings verb to ventilate; to support or facilitate...
利益 (lìyì) — interest, benefit, profit
利益 (lìyì) 利益 refers to a broad range of advantages, gains, or benefits -- material or non-material -- that serve the welfare or goals of an individual, group, or country. Meanings [noun] interest, benefit, profit, gain (used broadly for material and non-material advantages) Example Sentences 国家利益是外交政策制定的核心出发点。 Guójiā lìyì shì wàijiāo zhèngcè zhìdìng de héxīn chūfādiǎn. National interest is the core starting point for formulating foreign policy. 这项协议对双方都有利，符合共同利益。 Zhè xiàng xiéyì...
安全 (ānquán) — safe / safety
安全 (ānquán) 安全 means safe or safety. As an adjective it describes a person, place, or situation as free from danger. As a noun it refers to the concept of safety or security. It is a high-frequency word in everyday life and public announcements. Meanings [adjective] Safe; secure; free from danger. [noun] Safety; security. Example Sentences 过马路要注意安全。 Guò mǎlù yào zhùyì ānquán. Pay attention to safety when crossing the road....
告诉 (gàosu) — to tell; to inform
告诉 (gàosu) 告诉 means to tell or to inform someone of something. The structure is: 告诉 + person + content. The person told is placed directly after 告诉, and the information comes after that person. It is a double-object verb. Meanings [verb] To tell; to inform; to let someone know. Communicates a piece of information to a specific person. Example Sentences 请告诉我你的名字。 Qǐng gàosu wǒ nǐ de míngzi. Please tell...
支出 (zhīchū) — expenditure; spending; outlay
支出 (zhīchū) 支出 refers to expenditure or spending, describing money that is paid out or disbursed for goods, services, or operations, used in both financial and everyday contexts. Meanings [noun] expenditure; spending; outlay; expenses [verb] to spend; to disburse; to pay out Example Sentences 今年公司的总支出比去年增加了百分之十。 Jīnnián gōngsī de zǒng zhīchū bǐ qùnián zēngjiāle bǎifēnzhī shí. The company's total expenditure this year increased by ten percent compared to last year. 政府增加了在教育方面的支出。...
分 (fēn) — minute / point / fraction
分 (fēn) A versatile word: a unit of time equal to one minute, a scoring unit (point), or a fraction of one-tenth of a basic unit. Meanings [noun / measure word] Minute (unit of time, 1/60 of an hour). [noun] Point, score (in an exam or competition). [noun] Fraction, one-tenth unit (of yuan, etc.). Example Sentences 现在是三点四十五分。 Xiànzài shì sān diǎn sìshíwǔ fēn. It is now 3:45 (three forty-five). 他考试得了九十五分。...
微处理器 (wēi chǔlǐqì) — microprocessor
微处理器 (wēi chǔlǐqì) 微处理器 is a miniaturized digital computer central processing unit fabricated on a single semiconductor integrated circuit. It executes stored instructions and is the computational core of computers, smartphones, embedded systems, and virtually all modern digital devices. Microprocessor performance and architecture are central topics in computer science and hardware engineering. Meanings [noun] microprocessor; a single-chip integrated circuit that performs the functions of a central processing unit Example Sentences...
安静 (ānjìng) — quiet; peaceful
安静 (ānjìng) 安静 describes an environment or person that is quiet, calm, and free from noise or disturbance. Meanings [adjective] quiet; peaceful; calm; still Example Sentences 图书馆里很安静，大家都在认真读书。 Túshūguǎn lǐ hěn ānjìng, dàjiā dōu zài rènzhēn dú shū. The library is very quiet; everyone is reading seriously. 请安静，考试开始了。 Qǐng ānjìng, kǎoshì kāishǐ le. Please be quiet; the exam has started. 她喜欢住在安静的地方。 Tā xǐhuān zhù zài ānjìng de dìfang. She likes to...
瓶 (píng) — measure word for bottles
瓶 (píng) A measure word used for bottles and their contents. 瓶 also functions as a noun meaning "bottle." It is used whenever you count or refer to something contained in a bottle. Meanings [measure word] Classifier for bottles and bottled contents. [noun] Bottle. A narrow-necked container for liquids. What 瓶 counts 瓶 is used with: 水 (shuǐ): water — 一瓶水 (one bottle of water) 酒 (jiǔ): alcohol — 一瓶酒...
别 (bié) — don't (imperative)
别 (bié) 别 is the negative imperative adverb meaning "don't." It precedes a verb to tell someone not to perform that action. The key distinction: 别 is a command or strong request directed at a person, while 不 simply states a factual negative. Use 别 when you want to stop or warn someone. Meanings [adverb] Don't (imperative). Commands or urges someone not to do something. Compare: 别走 (don't go —...
坏 (huài) — bad, broken, spoiled
坏 (huài) 坏 means bad, broken, or spoiled. It is the opposite of 好 (hǎo). It can describe a person's character, the quality of something, or a physical object that has stopped working or gone off. Meanings [adjective] Bad, wicked (character or quality). [adjective] Broken, out of order, spoiled (physical state). Example Sentences 这个苹果坏了，不能吃。 Zhège píngguǒ huài le, bù néng chī. This apple has gone bad, you can't eat it....
灵活 (línghuó) — flexible; agile; adaptable
灵活 (línghuó) 灵活 describes the quality of being flexible, agile, or adaptable — able to move, think, or respond quickly and easily in response to changing conditions. It is used for people (quick-thinking), schedules (flexible hours), and methods (versatile approaches). Meanings [adjective] Flexible; agile; nimble; adaptable; versatile. Example Sentences 公司为员工提供了灵活的工作时间安排，有助于提高工作积极性。 Gōngsī wèi yuángōng tígōng le línghuó de gōngzuò shíjiān ānpái, yǒu zhù yú tígāo gōngzuò jījí xìng. The company offers...
吧 (ba) — suggestion and assumption particle
吧 (ba) 吧 is a versatile sentence-final particle. At HSK 2 level, it appears in three main roles: making suggestions, softening assumptions, and forming tag questions. It always carries a neutral tone (ba). Meanings [particle] Suggestion or invitation: "let's..." or "shall we...?" Placed at the end of a proposal to make it sound friendly rather than commanding. [particle] Assumption or inference: "I suppose..." or "probably..." Used when the speaker thinks...
风险 (fēngxiǎn) — risk
风险 (fēngxiǎn) 风险 refers to risk or the possibility of something going wrong, particularly in business, health, or decision-making. Meanings [noun] risk; danger; hazard; potential loss Example Sentences 投资有风险，决策需谨慎。 Tóuzī yǒu fēngxiǎn, juécè xū jǐnshèn. Investment involves risks; decisions must be made carefully. 医生提醒病人手术存在一定的风险。 Yīshēng tíxǐng bìngrén shǒushù cúnzài yīdìng de fēngxiǎn. The doctor reminded the patient that surgery carries certain risks. 创业者要学会承担风险。 Chuàngyèzhě yào xuéhuì chéngdān fēngxiǎn. Entrepreneurs need...
舒服 (shūfu) — comfortable; at ease
舒服 (shūfu) 舒服 describes a feeling of physical or emotional comfort. It is commonly used for how the body feels (身体不舒服 — feeling unwell) or how an environment feels (这把椅子很舒服 — this chair is comfortable). The negative 不舒服 is one of the most useful phrases for expressing that you feel sick or unwell. Meanings [adj] Comfortable; at ease — physically relaxed and pleasant. [adj] Feeling well — the body is...
广泛 (guǎngfàn) — extensive; widespread; broad
广泛 (guǎngfàn) Extensive or widespread describes something that covers a large range, affects many people or areas, or involves many different kinds of things or subjects. Meanings [adjective] extensive; widespread; broad; wide-ranging [adverb] extensively; widely; broadly Example Sentences 这种技术已经在各个行业得到了广泛应用。 Zhè zhǒng jìshù yǐjīng zài gège hángyè dédàole guǎngfàn yìngyòng. This technology has already been widely applied across various industries. 该事件引起了社会各界的广泛关注。 Gāi shìjiàn yǐnqǐle shèhuì gèjiè de guǎngfàn guānzhù. The incident...
前沿 (qiányán) — frontier, cutting edge
前沿 (qiányán) 前沿 literally means "front edge" and is used both in military contexts (front line) and, more commonly in modern usage, to describe the cutting edge or forefront of a field of knowledge, technology, or culture. It conveys a sense of being at the most advanced, uncharted territory of a discipline. Meanings [n] frontier, cutting edge, forefront (of a field or discipline) [n] front line, forward position (military) Example...
本 (běn) — measure word for books
本 (běn) A measure word used specifically for books, notebooks, and other bound volumes. 本 also means "root," "origin," or "this" in other contexts, but as a measure word it always refers to bound materials. Meanings [measure word] Classifier for books, notebooks, and bound volumes. [noun] Root, origin, fundamental. Used in other compound words. What 本 counts 本 is used with: 书 (shū): books — 一本书 (one book) 杂志 (zázhì):...
新 (xīn) — new
新 (xīn) An adjective meaning "new," "fresh," or "modern." It describes things that are recently made, acquired, or encountered. Its antonym is 旧 (jiù), meaning "old" (for objects, not people). For people, the antonym is 老 (lǎo). Meanings [adjective] New, fresh, recently made or acquired. Example Sentences 他买了一辆新车。 Tā mǎi le yī liàng xīn chē. He bought a new car. 我认识了一个新朋友。 Wǒ rènshi le yīgè xīn péngyou. I made a...
示范 (shìfàn) — to demonstrate; to set an example
示范 (shìfàn) 示范 means to demonstrate a skill or behavior as a model for others to observe and follow, widely used in education, policy, and professional training. Meanings [verb] to demonstrate; to set an example; to model [noun] demonstration; model example Example Sentences 体育老师亲自示范了正确的跳远姿势。 Tǐyù lǎoshī qīnzì shìfàn le zhèngquè de tiào yuǎn zīshì. The PE teacher personally demonstrated the correct long-jump posture. 这个试点城市将作为绿色发展的示范，供全国学习借鉴。 Zhège shìdiǎn chéngshì jiāng zuòwéi lǜsè...
问题 (wèntí) — question, problem, issue
问题 (wèntí) Covers both a question someone asks and a problem or issue that needs to be addressed. In everyday speech it is one of the most versatile nouns, used in education, work, and daily conversation. Meanings [noun] Question (something asked). [noun] Problem, issue, matter needing attention. Example Sentences 你有什么问题吗？ Nǐ yǒu shénme wèntí ma? Do you have any questions? 这个问题很难回答。 Zhège wèntí hěn nán huídá. This question is very...
授权 (shòuquán) — to authorize; authorization
授权 (shòuquán) 授权 means to authorize or grant authority, referring to the act of giving someone official permission or delegating power to act on one's behalf. Meanings [verb] to authorize; to grant permission; to delegate authority [noun] authorization; granted permission Example Sentences 经理授权他处理这个紧急项目。 Jīnglǐ shòuquán tā chǔlǐ zhège jǐnjí xiàngmù. The manager authorized him to handle this urgent project. 没有授权，不能访问这些文件。 Méiyǒu shòuquán, bù néng fǎngwèn zhèxiē wénjiàn. Without authorization, these...
只 (zhī) — measure word for animals
只 (zhī) A measure word used for animals and for one of a pair of objects. 只 is pronounced zhī when used as a measure word. It is the standard classifier for most animals, including pets. Meanings [measure word] Classifier for animals (most types). [measure word] Classifier for one of a pair (one hand, one ear, one shoe). What 只 counts 只 is used with: 猫 (māo): cat — 一只猫...
拒绝 (jùjué) — to refuse / reject
拒绝 (jùjué) 拒绝 means to refuse, reject, or decline. It expresses a firm unwillingness to accept or do something. It is more direct and stronger than 不要 (do not want), often used for formal refusals or deliberate rejection. Its natural antonym is 接受 (to accept). Together, 接受 and 拒绝 cover the two fundamental responses to any offer, request, or proposal. Meanings [verb] To refuse; to reject; to decline a request,...
社会影响 (shèhuì yǐngxiǎng) — social influence
社会影响 (shèhuì yǐngxiǎng) 社会影响 refers to the ways in which the presence, behavior, or attitudes of other people affect an individual's own thoughts, feelings, and actions. It is a fundamental concept in social psychology and sociology. 社会影响 can be direct, such as peer pressure, or indirect, such as cultural norms. Meanings noun social influence, the impact of society or social groups on individual behavior Example Sentences 社会影响对青少年的行为有重要作用。 Shèhuì yǐngxiǎng duì...
刻板印象 (kèbǎn yìnxiàng) — stereotype
刻板印象 (kèbǎn yìnxiàng) 刻板印象 refers to a fixed and oversimplified generalization about a particular group of people. It is a key concept in social psychology and discussions about discrimination and identity. Unlike 偏见 (prejudice), which is emotional, 刻板印象 is primarily cognitive — it is about how people categorize and simplify social information. Meanings noun stereotype, fixed image, oversimplified generalization about a group Example Sentences 刻板印象往往忽视了个体差异。 Kèbǎn yìnxiàng wǎngwǎng hūshì le...
现在 (xiànzài) — now, currently
现在 (xiànzài) 现在 means now or currently, referring to the present moment. It is placed at the beginning of a sentence or directly before the verb. Meanings [adverb/noun] Now, at present, currently. Example Sentences 现在几点了？ Xiànzài jǐ diǎn le? What time is it now? 我现在很忙。 Wǒ xiànzài hěn máng. I am very busy right now. 现在我们开始上课。 Xiànzài wǒmen kāishǐ shàngkè. Now let's start class. 你现在在哪里？ Nǐ xiànzài zài nǎlǐ? Where...
铸造 (zhùzào) — to cast; to forge; casting
铸造 (zhùzào) 铸造 refers to the process of casting or forging metal objects by melting and pouring into moulds, and is also used metaphorically to describe the shaping or forging of character, culture, or history. Meanings [verb/noun] to cast; casting (of metal or other materials) [verb] to forge; to shape; to create (metaphorical, of character or achievement) Example Sentences 这座铜像由古代工匠精心铸造而成，至今保存完好。 Zhè zuò tóngxiàng yóu gǔdài gōngjiàng jīngxīn zhùzào ér chéng,...
知识 (zhīshì) — knowledge
知识 (zhīshì) 知识 refers to the body of facts, principles, and understanding gained through experience or education, a fundamental concept in learning, science, and philosophy. Meanings [noun] knowledge; information; learning Example Sentences 掌握扎实的基础知识是进一步深造的前提。 Zhǎngwò zhāshi de jīchǔ zhīshì shì jìnyībù shēnzào de qiántí. Mastering solid foundational knowledge is a prerequisite for further advanced study. 互联网使人们获取知识的方式发生了根本性变化。 Hùliánwǎng shǐ rénmen huòqǔ zhīshì de fāngshì fāshēng le gēnběnxìng biànhuà. The internet has fundamentally...
公正 (gōngzhèng) — just, impartial
公正 (gōngzhèng) 公正 refers to impartial and morally upright conduct, especially in making judgments or decisions, free from personal bias or favoritism. Meanings [adjective] just, impartial, fair-minded, unbiased [noun] justice, impartiality Example Sentences 法官必须保持公正，不受任何外部压力的干扰。 Fǎguān bìxū bǎochí gōngzhèng, bù shòu rènhé wàibù yālì de gānrǎo. A judge must remain impartial and not be influenced by any external pressure. 历史将以公正的眼光评价这位领导人的功过。 Lìshǐ jiāng yǐ gōngzhèng de yǎnguāng píngjià zhè wèi lǐngdǎorén de...
开展 (kāizhǎn) — to carry out; to launch; to develop
开展 (kāizhǎn) 开展 means to carry out, launch, or develop an activity, project, or campaign, especially one that is organized and purposeful. Meanings [verb] to carry out; to launch; to develop; to unfold (activities) Example Sentences 学校开展了一系列环保活动。 Xuéxiào kāizhǎnle yī xìliè huánbǎo huódòng. The school launched a series of environmental protection activities. 公司正在开展新的培训项目。 Gōngsī zhèngzài kāizhǎn xīn de péixùn xiàngmù. The company is carrying out new training programs. 政府开展了一场反腐败运动。 Zhèngfǔ...
组建 (zǔjiàn) — to establish; to form
组建 (zǔjiàn) 组建 means to form or establish an organised group, team, institution, or structure from scratch. It implies deliberate assembly of people or elements into a new functional unit. Meanings [verb] to form; to establish; to set up; to build (a team, organisation, or structure) Example Sentences 政府决定组建一支专业的应急救援队伍，应对各类自然灾害。 Zhèngfǔ juédìng zǔjiàn yī zhī zhuānyè de yīngjí jiùyuán duìwǔ, yìngduì gè lèi zìrán zāihài. The government decided to form a...
引领 (yǐnlǐng) — to lead; to pioneer; to show the way
引领 (yǐnlǐng) To lead or pioneer means to go ahead and show the way, inspiring or guiding others to follow, often used for innovation, trends, or social progress. Meanings [verb] to lead; to pioneer; to guide forward; to show the way; to set the trend for Example Sentences 中国正在努力引领全球新能源技术的发展。 Zhōngguó zhèngzài nǔlì yǐnlǐng quánqiú xīn néngyyuán jìshù de fāzhǎn. China is working hard to lead the development of global new...
树 (shù) — tree
树 (shù) 树 means tree. It is one of the most basic nature words in Chinese. It also appears in compounds related to planting or establishing something, reflecting the idea that a tree is planted and grows over time. Meanings [noun] Tree; a tall woody plant. [verb] To plant; to establish; to set up (in formal or written use). Example Sentences 公园里有很多大树。 Gōngyuán lǐ yǒu hěn duō dà shù. There...
偶尔 (ǒu'ěr) — occasionally / once in a while
偶尔 (ǒu'ěr) An adverb meaning something happens from time to time, but not regularly — infrequently or on rare occasions. Meanings [adverb] Occasionally, once in a while, now and then. [adverb] Seldom, rarely (but not never). Example Sentences 我偶尔去看电影放松一下。 Wǒ ǒu'ěr qù kàn diànyǐng fàngsōng yīxià. I occasionally go to watch movies to relax. 他平时不喝酒，偶尔喝一点儿。 Tā píngshí bù hējiǔ, ǒu'ěr hē yīdiǎnr. He doesn't usually drink, but occasionally has a...
没必要 (méi bìyào) — no need / unnecessary
没必要 (méi bìyào) 没必要 expresses that something is unnecessary or that there is no need to do a particular thing. Meanings [phrase] there is no need; it is unnecessary; no need to Example Sentences 没必要那么担心。 Méi bìyào nàme dānxīn. There is no need to worry so much. 这件事没必要告诉所有人。 Zhè jiàn shì méi bìyào gàosù suǒyǒu rén. There is no need to tell everyone about this matter. 你没必要亲自来，发邮件就可以了。 Nǐ méi bìyào...
比较 (bǐjiào) — to compare / relatively
比较 (bǐjiào) 比较 functions both as a verb meaning "to compare" and as an adverb meaning "relatively" or "fairly." Meanings [verb] to compare; to contrast [adverb] relatively; fairly; rather; comparatively Example Sentences 我们来比较一下这两个方案。 Wǒmen lái bǐjiào yīxià zhè liǎng gè fāng'àn. Let us compare these two plans. 这道题比较难。 Zhè dào tí bǐjiào nán. This problem is relatively difficult. 比较起来，这个方法更简单。 Bǐjiào qǐlái, zhège fāngfǎ gèng jiǎndān. Comparatively speaking, this method is...
联系 (liánxì) — to contact; to get in touch; connection
联系 (liánxì) 联系 covers both the act of contacting someone and the abstract idea of a connection or relationship between things. Meanings [verb] To contact, to get in touch with, to reach out to. [noun] Contact, connection, link, relationship. Example Sentences 毕业后我们虽然各奔东西，但始终保持着密切的联系。 Bìyè hòu wǒmen suīrán gè bèn dōngxī, dàn shǐzhōng bǎochí zhe mìqiē de liánxì. After graduation we all went our separate ways, but we have always maintained close...
立场 (lìchǎng) — standpoint; position
立场 (lìchǎng) 立场 refers to a person's or organization's fundamental viewpoint or position on an issue, especially in political, diplomatic, or ideological debates. Meanings [noun] standpoint; position; stance; point of view Example Sentences 政府在这一问题上的立场十分明确，不会做出妥协。 Zhèngfǔ zài zhè yī wèntí shàng de lìchǎng shífēn míngquè, bù huì zuò chū tuǒxié. The government's position on this issue is very clear and will not compromise. 双方在谈判中坚守各自的立场，导致协议迟迟未能达成。 Shuāngfāng zài tánpàn zhōng jiānshǒu gèzì de...
资金 (zījīn) — funds; capital; funding
资金 (zījīn) 资金 means "funds," "capital," or "funding" and refers to money available or allocated for a specific purpose such as investment, a project, or running an organization. Meanings [noun] funds; capital; financial resources; funding Example Sentences 公司正在寻求新的投资资金。 Gōngsī zhèngzài xúnqiú xīn de tóuzī zījīn. The company is seeking new investment funds. 这个项目需要大量资金支持。 Zhège xiàngmù xūyào dàliàng zījīn zhīchí. This project needs substantial funding support. 政府为小企业提供了专项资金。 Zhèngfǔ wèi xiǎo qǐyè...
实际 (shíjì) — practical; actual; realistic
实际 (shíjì) 实际 means practical, actual, or realistic, referring to what is real and concrete rather than theoretical or idealistic. As a noun it means "reality" or "actual conditions." It is commonly used to contrast what is ideal with what is actually happening. Meanings [adjective] Practical; actual; realistic; concrete. [noun] Reality; actual conditions; practice. Example Sentences 计划听起来不错，但实际上执行起来面临很多困难。 Jìhuà tīng qǐlái búcuò, dàn shíjì shàng zhíxíng qǐlái miànlín hěn duō kùnnán....
健康 (jiànkāng) — healthy; health
健康 (jiànkāng) 健康 functions both as an adjective (healthy) and a noun (health). As an adjective it modifies people and lifestyles: 你身体很健康 (you are in good health). As a noun it follows 为了 (for the sake of) or 注意 (pay attention to): 注意健康 (take care of your health). Meanings [adj] Healthy; in good health — physically or mentally well. [n] Health — one's state of physical or mental well-being. Example...
云计算 (yún jìsuàn) — cloud computing
云计算 (yún jìsuàn) 云计算 refers to the delivery of computing services including storage, processing power, and software over the internet, allowing users to access resources without local hardware. Meanings [noun] cloud computing (the delivery of computing services via the internet, including storage, processing, and software) Example Sentences 云计算技术使企业能够以更低的成本获取强大的计算资源。 Yún jìsuàn jìshù shǐ qǐyè nénggòu yǐ gèng dī de chéngběn huòqǔ qiángdà de jìsuàn zīyuán. Cloud computing technology enables businesses to...
表述 (biǎoshù) — to describe, to formulate
表述 (biǎoshù) 表述 means to describe, express, or formulate something in words, particularly in a clear and systematic manner. It is more formal than 说 or 表达, and implies structured, deliberate articulation of ideas, positions, or facts. It is widely used in academic writing, legal documents, and official communication. Meanings [v] to describe; to articulate; to formulate in words [v] to state or present (an argument, position, or finding) Example...
迷惑 (míhuò) — to confuse; to bewilder; confused
迷惑 (míhuò) 迷惑 describes either the act of deceiving or bewildering someone, or the state of being confused and disoriented, and is used in both psychological and social contexts at B2 level. Meanings [verb] to confuse; to mislead; to bewilder; to deceive [adjective] confused; bewildered; disoriented Example Sentences 虚假广告常常迷惑消费者，让他们做出错误的购买决定。 Xūjiǎ guǎnggào chángcháng míhuò xiāofèizhě, ràng tāmen zuòchū cuòwù de gòumǎi juédìng. False advertising often confuses consumers and leads them to...
刚才 (gāngcái) — just now; a moment ago
刚才 (gāngcái) 刚才 means "just now" or "a moment ago" and always refers to a completed action in the past. Compare with 刚 (gāng), which means "just" and focuses on actions that are very recent but can still be ongoing or present: 他刚来 (He just arrived, he's here now) vs. 他刚才来了 (He came a moment ago, he may have left). 刚才 is only past tense; 刚 can be used for...
科学 (kēxué) — science
科学 (kēxué) 科学 means science as a noun and scientific as an adjective. It encompasses both the natural sciences and the general idea of rational, evidence-based thinking. Meanings [noun] Science; the natural sciences. [adjective] Scientific; rational; evidence-based. Example Sentences 科学对人类的发展很重要。 Kēxué duì rénlèi de fāzhǎn hěn zhòngyào. Science is very important for human development. 这种方法不太科学。 Zhè zhǒng fāngfǎ bú tài kēxué. This method is not very scientific. 她从小就对科学很感兴趣。 Tā cóng...
意义 (yìyì) — meaning; significance; purpose
意义 (yìyì) 意义 refers to the deeper meaning, significance, or value of something, going beyond simple dictionary definitions to encompass purpose and importance. Meanings [noun] Meaning; significance; purpose (the deeper value or importance of something). Example Sentences 这项工作对社会有重要的意义。 Zhè xiàng gōngzuò duì shèhuì yǒu zhòngyào de yìyì. This work has important significance for society. 他认为旅行的意义在于了解不同文化。 Tā rènwéi lǚxíng de yìyì zàiyú liǎojiě bùtóng wénhuà. He believes the meaning of travel...
指标 (zhǐbiāo) — indicator; target; index
指标 (zhǐbiāo) 指标 refers to a specific measurable indicator, metric, or target figure used to assess performance, evaluate progress, or measure a specific condition, widely used in business, economics, healthcare, and government planning. Meanings [noun] indicator; metric; index; target figure (a quantifiable measure of performance or status) Example Sentences 国内生产总值是衡量一个国家经济规模的重要指标，但不能完全反映民众的生活质量。 Guónèi shēngchǎn zǒngzhí shì héngliáng yī gè guójiā jīngjì guīmó de zhòngyào zhǐbiāo, dàn bù néng wánquán fǎnyìng mínzhòng de...
改革 (gǎigé) — reform, to reform
改革 (gǎigé) Refers to deliberate, systematic changes made to institutions, policies, or systems in order to improve them -- a cornerstone word in Chinese political and social discourse. Meanings [noun] reform [verb] to reform, to restructure Example Sentences 中国自1978年起推行了一系列经济改革。 Zhōngguó zì 1978 nián qǐ tuīxíngle yī xìliè jīngjì gǎigé. China has implemented a series of economic reforms since 1978. 教育改革的目标是减轻学生的课业负担。 Jiàoyù gǎigé de mùbiāo shì jiǎnqīng xuéshēng de kèyè fùdān....
承认 (chéngrèn) — to admit; to acknowledge; to recognize
承认 (chéngrèn) 承认 covers two related senses: admitting something (often a fault or uncomfortable truth) and officially recognizing something (such as a government or credential). Meanings [verb] To admit, to confess (a fault or truth one might prefer to hide). [verb] To acknowledge, to recognize, to accept as valid or legitimate. Example Sentences 他终于承认自己在这件事上犯了一个严重的错误。 Tā zhōngyú chéngrèn zìjǐ zài zhè jiàn shì shàng fàn le yī gè yánzhòng de cuòwù....
讨论 (tǎolùn) — to discuss
讨论 (tǎolùn) 讨论 means to discuss or talk something over with one or more people, usually to reach an understanding, make a decision, or explore different views. Meanings [verb] To discuss; to talk over; to debate. [noun] A discussion; a debate. Example Sentences 我们来讨论一下这个问题。 Wǒmen lái tǎolùn yīxià zhège wèntí. Let's discuss this problem. 经过讨论，大家达成了一致意见。 Jīngguò tǎolùn, dàjiā dáchéng le yīzhì yìjiàn. After the discussion, everyone reached a consensus. 老师请同学们分组讨论。...
程序 (chéngxù) — program, procedure
程序 (chéngxù) 程序 has two main senses: in computing, it means a program or piece of software; in general usage, it means a procedure, process, or set of steps to follow. Both meanings are common in formal and everyday Chinese. Meanings [noun] program; a set of instructions for a computer [noun] procedure; a sequence of steps or formal process Example Sentences 这个程序运行速度很快。 Zhège chéngxù yùnxíng sùdù hěn kuài. This program...
咸 (xián) — salty
咸 (xián) 咸 describes food or liquid that contains a noticeable amount of salt. It is one of the five core tastes in Chinese culinary vocabulary and is the opposite of 淡 (dàn, bland/mild). Meanings adjective salty (having the taste characteristic of salt) Example Sentences 这道汤太咸了，能加点水吗？ Zhè dào tāng tài xián le, néng jiā diǎn shuǐ ma? This soup is too salty. Can you add some water? 沿海地区的菜口味偏咸。 Yán hǎi...
流行 (liúxíng) — popular; fashionable; in vogue
流行 (liúxíng) 流行 describes something that is widely spread among people, whether a trend, style, or disease. Meanings [adj/verb] popular; fashionable; in vogue; to spread widely Example Sentences 这首歌现在非常流行。 Zhè shǒu gē xiànzài fēicháng liúxíng. This song is very popular right now. 短视频在年轻人中越来越流行。 Duǎn shìpín zài niánqīngrén zhōng yuèláiyuè liúxíng. Short videos are becoming more and more popular among young people. 这种颜色今年很流行。 Zhè zhǒng yánsè jīnnián hěn liúxíng. This color...
分配 (fēnpèi) — to allocate, to distribute
分配 (fēnpèi) 分配 refers to the systematic allocation or distribution of resources, tasks, roles, or benefits among multiple recipients according to some plan or principle. Meanings [verb] to allocate, to distribute, to assign [noun] allocation, distribution, assignment Example Sentences 公司需要合理分配资源，以提高整体运营效率。 Gōngsī xūyào hélǐ fēnpèi zīyuán, yǐ tígāo zhěngtǐ yùnyíng xiào lǜ. The company needs to allocate resources reasonably to improve overall operational efficiency. 政府正在研究如何更公平地分配社会财富。 Zhèngfǔ zhèngzài yánjiū rúhé gèng gōngpíng...
城市 (chéngshì) — city
城市 (chéngshì) 城市 means city or urban area. It refers to any large, populated settlement with developed infrastructure, as opposed to countryside (农村 nóngcūn). Meanings [noun] City; urban area; town (large). Example Sentences 北京是中国最大的城市之一。 Běijīng shì Zhōngguó zuì dà de chéngshì zhī yī. Beijing is one of the largest cities in China. 他从农村来到城市工作。 Tā cóng nóngcūn láidào chéngshì gōngzuò. He came from the countryside to work in the city. 这个城市的交通非常方便。...
创伤 (chuāngshāng) — trauma, wound
创伤 (chuāngshāng) 创伤 refers to both physical wounds and, increasingly, psychological trauma resulting from deeply distressing experiences. In medical contexts it means an injury or wound, while in psychology it refers to lasting emotional damage from events such as abuse, loss, or disaster. The word bridges the physical and emotional dimensions of suffering. Meanings noun trauma, wound; a physical injury or a deep psychological scar Example Sentences 战争给许多人留下了难以愈合的创伤。 Zhànzhēng gěi...
味道 (wèidào) — flavor, taste
味道 (wèidào) 味道 describes the flavor or taste of food and drink, and can also be used figuratively to describe the "feel" or impression of a situation or experience. Meanings noun flavor, taste (sensation perceived when eating or smelling food) Example Sentences 这道菜的味道真好！ Zhè dào cài de wèidào zhēn hǎo! This dish tastes really good! 她尝了一口，觉得味道有点咸。 Tā cháng le yī kǒu, juéde wèidào yǒudiǎn xián. She took a bite and...
表达 (biǎodá) — to express
表达 (biǎodá) 表达 means to express or communicate thoughts, feelings, or ideas through words or actions. Meanings [verb] to express; to convey; to communicate (ideas or feelings) Example Sentences 他不善于表达自己的感情。 Tā bù shànyú biǎodá zìjǐ de gǎnqíng. He is not good at expressing his feelings. 请用汉语表达你的想法。 Qǐng yòng Hànyǔ biǎodá nǐ de xiǎngfǎ. Please express your thoughts in Chinese. 她用鲜花表达了对妈妈的感谢。 Tā yòng xiānhuā biǎodá le duì māma de gǎnxiè. She...
冲突 (chōngtū) — conflict, clash
冲突 (chōngtū) 冲突 refers to a clash, disagreement, or collision between opposing forces, interests, values, or people, ranging from personal disputes to international conflicts. Meanings [noun] conflict, clash, confrontation [verb] to conflict with, to clash Example Sentences 两国之间的边境冲突已持续了数月。 Liǎng guó zhī jiān de biānjìng chōngtū yǐ chíxù le shù yuè. The border conflict between the two countries has lasted for several months. 他的个人价值观与公司文化产生了严重冲突。 Tā de gèrén jiàzhíguān yǔ gōngsī wénhuà...
单位 (dānwèi) — work unit; organization
单位 (dānwèi) 单位 commonly refers to one's work unit or employer organization in China, and can also mean a unit of measurement. Meanings [noun] work unit; organization; employer [noun] unit (of measurement) Example Sentences 他的单位在市中心。 Tā de dānwèi zài shì zhōngxīn. His workplace is in the city center. 你在哪个单位工作？ Nǐ zài nǎge dānwèi gōngzuò? Which organization do you work for? 这道数学题要注意单位的换算。 Zhè dào shùxué tí yào zhùyì dānwèi de huànsuàn....
选择 (xuǎnzé) — to choose
选择 (xuǎnzé) 选择 means to choose or select from available options. It functions as both a verb and a noun, covering everyday decisions and formal selections alike. Meanings [verb] To choose; to select; to pick. [noun] A choice; a selection; an option. Example Sentences 你选择哪个答案？ Nǐ xuǎnzé nǎge dá'àn? Which answer do you choose? 这是你自己的选择。 Zhè shì nǐ zìjǐ de xuǎnzé. This is your own choice. 我选择留在这里工作。 Wǒ xuǎnzé liú...
辛苦 (xīnkǔ) — hard; toilsome; to work hard
辛苦 (xīnkǔ) 辛苦 describes work or effort that is tiring, demanding, or difficult. It is also commonly used as a polite expression to acknowledge and appreciate someone's hard work. Meanings [adjective] hard; toilsome; physically or mentally exhausting [verb] to work hard; to go through hardship and toil Example Sentences 你辛苦了，快来休息一下。 Nǐ xīnkǔ le, kuài lái xiūxi yīxià. You have worked hard; come and rest for a bit. 农民的工作很辛苦，要每天在田里劳动。 Nóngmín de...
硬件 (yìngjiàn) — hardware
硬件 (yìngjiàn) 硬件 refers to the physical components of a computer or electronic system, such as the processor, memory, and screen. It is the counterpart of 软件 (software) and is used in both technical and general conversation. Meanings [noun] hardware; the physical parts and components of a computer or device Example Sentences 这台电脑的硬件配置很高。 Zhè tái diànnǎo de yìngjiàn pèizhì hěn gāo. This computer has high hardware specifications. 硬件损坏了，需要维修。 Yìngjiàn sǔnhuài...
复杂 (fùzá) — complicated
复杂 (fùzá) 复杂 describes something that is complex or complicated, involving many interwoven parts, factors, or relationships that make it hard to understand or deal with. Meanings [adjective] Complex; complicated; intricate. Example Sentences 这个问题很复杂，需要时间解决。 Zhège wèntí hěn fùzá, xūyào shíjiān jiějué. This problem is very complicated and requires time to solve. 情况比我想象的更复杂。 Qíngkuàng bǐ wǒ xiǎngxiàng de gèng fùzá. The situation is more complicated than I imagined. 汉字的书写规则比较复杂。 Hànzì de...
错误 (cuòwù) — mistake / error
错误 (cuòwù) 错误 refers to a mistake, error, or fault — something done incorrectly. As a noun it names the error itself; as an adjective it describes something as wrong or mistaken. It is slightly more formal than 错 alone and is common in written and spoken Chinese. Meanings [noun] Mistake; error; fault; incorrect action. [adjective] Wrong; incorrect; mistaken. Example Sentences 我犯了一个很严重的错误。 Wǒ fàn le yīgè hěn yánzhòng de cuòwù....
由此 (yóucǐ) — from this; thus; hence
由此 (yóucǐ) 由此 is a formal connective used to draw a conclusion or logical inference from information that has just been presented, common in academic writing and formal speech. Meanings [adverb] from this; thus; hence; therefore; as a result of this Example Sentences 数据显示销量持续下降，由此可以看出市场需求正在萎缩。 Shùjù xiǎnshì xiāoliàng chíxù xiàjiàng, yóucǐ kěyǐ kàn chū shìchǎng xūqiú zhèngzài wěisuō. Data shows sales continue to fall; hence it can be seen that market...
敏感 (mǐngǎn) — sensitive
敏感 (mǐngǎn) Describes something or someone that reacts strongly to stimuli, emotions, or social pressures -- or a topic that requires delicacy because it can easily cause offense or controversy. Meanings [adjective] sensitive (physically, emotionally, or socially/politically) Example Sentences 她皮肤很敏感，用普通化妆品容易过敏。 Tā pífū hěn mǐngǎn, yòng pǔtōng huàzhuāngpǐn róngyì guòmǐn. Her skin is very sensitive, and ordinary cosmetics easily cause allergic reactions. 记者被提醒不要触碰某些政治上的敏感话题。 Jìzhě bèi tíxǐng bùyào chùpèng mǒuxiē zhèngzhì shàng...
从 (cóng) — from
从 (cóng) 从 is a preposition meaning "from." It marks the starting point of a journey, a time span, or a source, and is typically paired with 到 (dào, to) to indicate origin and destination together. Meanings [preposition] From (a place, a time, or a source — marking the starting point). Example Sentences 我从北京来。 Wǒ cóng Běijīng lái. I come from Beijing. 从家到学校要二十分钟。 Cóng jiā dào xuéxiào yào èrshí fēnzhōng....
帮 (bāng) — to help
帮 (bāng) A common verb meaning "to help" or "to assist." It is used when one person does something for another's benefit. The fuller form 帮助 (bāngzhù) is also common, but 帮 alone is standard in everyday speech. Meanings [verb] To help, to assist, to do something for someone. Example Sentences 你能帮我吗？ Nǐ néng bāng wǒ ma? Can you help me? 妈妈帮我做作业。 Māma bāng wǒ zuò zuòyè. Mom helps me...
监控 (jiānkòng) — to monitor; surveillance
监控 (jiānkòng) 监控 refers to the act of continuously watching, tracking, or controlling something or someone, widely used in security, technology, and public administration contexts. Meanings [verb] to monitor; to surveil; to keep under surveillance [noun] monitoring; surveillance; a surveillance system Example Sentences 城市各处安装了监控摄像头以保障公共安全。 Chéngshì gèchù ānzhuāng le jiānkòng shèxiàngtóu yǐ bǎozhàng gōnggòng ānquán. Surveillance cameras have been installed throughout the city to ensure public safety. 工程师对服务器的运行状态进行全天候监控。 Gōngchéngshī duì fúwùqì...
除了 (chúle) — except / besides / in addition to
除了 (chúle) 除了 is a preposition with two contrasting functions. With 以外/之外 and a negative, it means "except" (excluding something from a group). With 以外/之外 and 还/也, it means "besides / in addition to" (adding something extra). Recognizing which pattern is used is key to understanding the meaning. Meanings [preposition] Except; apart from; excluding (paired with negatives like 不/没). [preposition] Besides; in addition to; other than (paired with 还 or...
名字 (míngzi) — name
名字 (míngzi) A noun meaning name. It refers to a person's full name or given name. The most important phrase built around this word is 你叫什么名字 (what is your name), one of the first questions in any Chinese conversation. Meanings [noun] Name (personal name, full name, or nickname). Example Sentences 你叫什么名字？ Nǐ jiào shénme míngzi? What is your name? 我的名字叫李明。 Wǒ de míngzi jiào Lǐ Míng. My name is Li...
边缘化的 (biānyuánhuà de) — marginalized
边缘化的 (biānyuánhuà de) 边缘化的 describes groups, voices, or issues that have been pushed to the periphery of society, excluded from power, resources, or mainstream discourse. It is widely used in sociology, human rights, and policy discussions. Meanings [adj] marginalized; pushed to the margins; excluded from mainstream society or power structures Example Sentences 边缘化的群体往往难以获得平等的教育和就业机会。 Biānyuánhuà de qúntǐ wǎngwǎng nányǐ huòdé píngděng de jiàoyù hé jiùyè jīhuì. Marginalized groups often have difficulty...
威权主义 (wēiquán zhǔyì) — authoritarianism
威权主义 (wēiquán zhǔyì) 威权主义 refers to a political ideology or system in which power is concentrated in a single authority with limited political freedoms and civil liberties. It is commonly contrasted with democracy and liberalism in political discourse. Meanings [noun] authoritarianism; a system of governance that prioritizes centralized control over individual freedoms Example Sentences 威权主义政府通常限制公民的言论自由。 Wēiquán zhǔyì zhèngfǔ tōngcháng xiànzhì gōngmín de yánlùn zìyóu. Authoritarian governments typically restrict citizens' freedom...
了解 (liǎojiě) — to understand; to find out; knowledge
了解 (liǎojiě) 了解 means to understand something by actively learning about it or gathering information. It implies a deeper familiarity than simply knowing a fact (知道 zhīdào), suggesting that you have taken steps to inquire, observe, or research in order to grasp the full picture. Meanings [verb] To understand; to find out; to learn about; to get to know. [noun] Understanding; knowledge; familiarity. Example Sentences 我想进一步了解这家公司的文化和发展方向。 Wǒ xiǎng jìnyībù liǎojiě...
启发 (qǐfā) — to inspire; inspiration
启发 (qǐfā) 启发 means to inspire, enlighten, or stimulate someone's thinking, and as a noun it refers to the inspiration or insight gained, often used in educational and intellectual contexts. Meanings [verb] to inspire; to enlighten; to stimulate thinking [noun] inspiration; enlightenment; insight Example Sentences 老师的一番话深深启发了他。 Lǎoshī de yī fān huà shēnshēn qǐfā le tā. The teacher's words deeply inspired him. 这本书给了我很大的启发。 Zhè běn shū gěi le wǒ hěn dà...
数字化 (shùzìhuà) — digitalization, to digitize
数字化 (shùzìhuà) The transformation of processes, content, or industries through digital technology -- a defining trend of 21st-century business and governance. Meanings [verb] to digitize, to digitalize [noun] digitalization, digitization Example Sentences 企业数字化转型已成为全球商业的核心议题。 Qǐyè shùzìhuà zhuǎnxíng yǐ chéngwéi quánqiú shāngyè de héxīn yìtí. Corporate digital transformation has become a core issue in global business. 政府正在推进政务服务的全面数字化。 Zhèngfǔ zhèngzài tuījìn zhèngwù fúwù de quánmiàn shùzìhuà. The government is pushing for comprehensive digitalization...
好吃 (hǎochī) — delicious
好吃 (hǎochī) An adjective meaning delicious or tasty. It literally combines 好 (good) and 吃 (eat), making it one of the most transparent and memorable compounds in Chinese. Meanings [adjective] Delicious, tasty, good to eat. Example Sentences 这个菜真好吃！ Zhège cài zhēn hǎochī! This dish is truly delicious! 妈妈做的饭最好吃了。 Māma zuò de fàn zuì hǎochī le. The food Mom makes is the most delicious. 你觉得这个蛋糕好吃吗？ Nǐ juéde zhège dàngāo hǎochī ma?...
志愿者 (zhìyuànzhě) — volunteer
志愿者 (zhìyuànzhě) 志愿者 refers to a volunteer, a person who freely offers their time and effort to help others without expecting payment. Meanings [noun] a volunteer; someone who helps willingly without payment Example Sentences 他是一名社区志愿者，每周帮助老人。 Tā shì yī míng shèqū zhìyuànzhě, měi zhōu bāngzhù lǎorén. He is a community volunteer who helps elderly people every week. 这次活动需要招募五十名志愿者。 Zhè cì huódòng xūyào zhāomù wǔshí míng zhìyuànzhě. This event needs to recruit...
口 (kǒu) — mouth / measure word for mouths and bites
口 (kǒu) The mouth, and a measure word used for mouthfuls, bites, sips, and by extension, the number of people in a family. 口 is one of the oldest and most frequently used Chinese characters. Meanings [noun] Mouth. The opening in the face used for eating and speaking. [measure word] Classifier for bites, sips, or mouthfuls of food or drink. [measure word] Classifier for people in a family unit. What...
换乘 (huànchéng) — to transfer (transit)
换乘 (huànchéng) 换乘 means to transfer or change from one mode of transport to another during a journey, such as switching subway lines, buses, or trains. 换 means to change or switch, and 乘 means to ride or board a vehicle. Meanings [verb] To transfer; to change vehicles, lines, or modes of transportation mid-journey. Example Sentences 在这里换乘二号线。 Zài zhèlǐ huànchéng èr hào xiàn. Transfer to Line 2 here. 我需要在北京换乘火车。 Wǒ...
专业 (zhuānyè) — professional; specialized
专业 (zhuānyè) 专业 refers to a specific field of study or work, and can describe something as professional or specialized in nature. Meanings [noun] a field of study, major, or profession [adjective] professional, specialized, or expert-level Example Sentences 他学的专业是计算机科学。 Tā xué de zhuānyè shì jìsuànjī kēxué. His major is computer science. 我们需要专业的意见来解决这个问题。 Wǒmen xūyào zhuānyè de yìjiàn lái jiějué zhège wèntí. We need professional advice to solve this problem. 她的专业技能让公司非常满意。...
您 (nín) — you (formal)
您 (nín) The formal, polite form of "you," used when addressing elders, teachers, customers, or anyone deserving extra respect; it always stays singular and has no plural form. Meanings [pronoun] You (formal/respectful singular). Example Sentences 您好，请问您贵姓？ Nín hǎo, qǐngwèn nín guìxìng? Hello, may I ask your surname? 老师，您辛苦了。 Lǎoshī, nín xīnkǔ le. Teacher, you have worked hard. 您请坐。 Nín qǐng zuò. Please have a seat. 感谢您的帮助。 Gǎnxiè nín de bāngzhù....
症状 (zhèngzhuàng) — symptom
症状 (zhèngzhuàng) 症状 refers to the observable or felt signs of a disease or medical condition, a key term in medical consultations, public health communication, and patient-doctor interactions. Meanings [noun] symptom; clinical sign of a disease or disorder Example Sentences 患者出现了发烧、咳嗽和疲劳等典型症状。 Huànzhě chūxiàn le fāshāo, késòu hé píláo děng diǎnxíng zhèngzhuàng. The patient developed typical symptoms including fever, cough, and fatigue. 医生根据患者的症状做出了初步诊断。 Yīshēng gēnjù huànzhě de zhèngzhuàng zuò chū le...
进程 (jìnchéng) — progress; process; course
进程 (jìnchéng) 进程 means "progress," "process," or "course" and refers to the forward movement or development of an ongoing situation, often at a larger or more formal scale. Meanings [noun] progress; course; development; process (often large-scale) Example Sentences 历史的进程不可阻挡。 Lìshǐ de jìnchéng bùkě zǔdǎng. The course of history cannot be stopped. 改革的进程比预期的要慢。 Gǎigé de jìnchéng bǐ yùqī de yào màn. The progress of reform is slower than expected. 科技的进程加速了社会变化。 Kējì...
卖 (mài) — to sell
卖 (mài) 卖 means to sell. It is the opposite of 买 (mǎi, to buy). The two characters look alike. 卖 has an extra element on top of 买, representing the additional layer of "sending goods out" to a buyer. Meanings [verb] To sell, to offer for sale. Example Sentences 这家店卖很多种水果。 Zhè jiā diàn mài hěn duō zhǒng shuǐguǒ. This store sells many kinds of fruit. 他想卖掉他的旧车。 Tā xiǎng mài...
深 (shēn) — deep / dark
深 (shēn) 深 means deep. It has both a physical sense (a deep lake or well) and an abstract sense (a profound idea or deep feeling). It also describes dark shades of color, such as 深色 (dark color) and 深蓝 (dark blue). Its opposite is 浅 (shallow or light-colored). Meanings [adjective] Deep; extending far down or inward (physical measurement). [adjective] Profound; strong; intense (abstract meaning). [adjective] Dark (color shade). Example...
而且 (érqiě) — moreover
而且 (érqiě) 而且 adds a further point to what was just said, often strengthening or extending the previous statement. It is commonly paired with 不但 (búdàn — not only) to form the "not only... but also..." pattern. Meanings [conjunction] Moreover; furthermore; in addition; and also; what's more. Example Sentences 他聪明，而且很努力。 Tā cōngming, érqiě hěn nǔlì. He is smart and also very hardworking. 这本书不但好看，而且有用。 Zhè běn shū búdàn hǎokàn, érqiě yǒuyòng....
自己 (zìjǐ) — oneself; myself/yourself/himself
自己 (zìjǐ) 自己 is a reflexive pronoun meaning "oneself." Unlike English, the same form works for all persons: 我自己 (myself), 你自己 (yourself), 他自己 (himself). It emphasizes that the subject performs the action independently, without help. It can follow the subject for emphasis or replace a pronoun object. Meanings [pron] Oneself — reflexive, referring back to the subject of the sentence. [pron] By oneself; on one's own — stressing independence or...
研讨 (yántǎo) — to discuss; to deliberate
研讨 (yántǎo) 研讨 means to conduct research-based discussion or deliberation on a topic, and is most associated with formal academic, professional, or policy-making contexts like seminars and workshops. Meanings [verb] to research and discuss; to deliberate; to examine through seminar-style discourse [verb] to workshop; to collectively analyze and debate (a problem or topic) Example Sentences 各国代表聚集一堂，研讨气候变化的应对策略。 Gèguó dàibiǎo jùjí yītáng, yántǎo qìhòu biànhuà de yìngduì cèlüè. Representatives from various countries...
印象 (yìnxiàng) — impression
印象 (yìnxiàng) 印象 refers to the impression or mental image left by a person, event, or experience. It is commonly used in phrases about good or bad impressions. Meanings [noun] Impression; the image or feeling left in one's mind. Example Sentences 她给我留下了很好的印象。 Tā gěi wǒ liúxia le hěn hǎo de yìnxiàng. She left a very good impression on me. 我对这个城市的印象很深。 Wǒ duì zhège chéngshì de yìnxiàng hěn shēn. I have...
形成 (xíngchéng) — to form; to take shape
形成 (xíngchéng) 形成 means to come into being or take shape gradually, often through a natural or long-term process, and is one of the most commonly used formal verbs in Chinese. Meanings [verb] to form; to take shape; to come into being [verb] to develop into; to result in (a pattern, habit, or situation) Example Sentences 经过长期的历史发展，这一地区形成了独特的文化传统。 Jīngguò chángqī de lìshǐ fāzhǎn, zhè yī dìqū xíngchéngle dútè de wénhuà chuántǒng....
解说 (jiěshuō) — to explain; to comment; to narrate
解说 (jiěshuō) 解说 means "to explain," "to comment," or "to narrate" and is often used for providing spoken commentary or interpretation of events, exhibits, or broadcasts. Meanings [verb] to explain; to interpret; to provide commentary [noun] commentary; narration; explanation Example Sentences 导游正在解说这座古建筑的历史。 Dǎoyóu zhèngzài jiěshuō zhè zuò gǔ jiànzhú de lìshǐ. The tour guide is explaining the history of this ancient building. 比赛时有专业解说员为观众讲解。 Bǐsài shí yǒu zhuānyè jiěshuō yuán wèi...
修辞 (xiūcí) — rhetoric, rhetorical device
修辞 (xiūcí) 修辞 covers both the broad art of rhetoric (using language effectively and persuasively) and specific rhetorical devices such as metaphor, parallelism, and personification. In Chinese language arts education, 修辞 is a core curriculum topic. It is more technical than simply saying "figures of speech" and implies a systematic study of how language choices affect meaning and impact. Meanings [n] rhetoric; the art of effective language use; a rhetorical...
规则 (guīzé) — rule / regulation
规则 (guīzé) 规则 refers to a rule, regulation, or established norm that governs behavior or procedure. Meanings [noun] rule; regulation; norm; standard Example Sentences 每个游戏都有自己的规则。 Měi gè yóuxì dōu yǒu zìjǐ de guīzé. Every game has its own rules. 我们必须遵守交通规则。 Wǒmen bìxū zūnshǒu jiāotōng guīzé. We must obey traffic regulations. 违反规则会受到惩罚。 Wéifǎn guīzé huì shòudào chéngfá. Breaking the rules will result in punishment. 制定清晰的规则对团队非常重要。 Zhìdìng qīngxī de guīzé duì tuánduì...
站 (zhàn) — to stand / station
站 (zhàn) A word used both as a verb meaning "to stand" and as a noun meaning a bus stop or train station. In everyday speech, both uses are frequent. Meanings [verb] To stand, to be standing. [noun] A stop, a station (for buses, trains, metro). Example Sentences 老师让我们站起来。 Lǎoshī ràng wǒmen zhàn qǐlái. The teacher asked us to stand up. 下一站是火车站。 Xià yī zhàn shì huǒchēzhàn. The next stop...
热爱 (rè'ài) — to love deeply
热爱 (rè'ài) 热爱 expresses a deep, passionate love for something, stronger than 喜欢 (xǐhuān) or 爱 (ài) alone. Meanings [verb] to love deeply; to be passionate about something Example Sentences 我热爱音乐，每天都要练习。 Wǒ rè'ài yīnyuè, měitiān dōu yào liànxí. I am passionate about music and practice every day. 他热爱自己的工作，从不感到累。 Tā rè'ài zìjǐ de gōngzuò, cóng bù gǎndào lèi. He deeply loves his work and never feels tired. 她从小热爱绘画，长大后成了画家。 Tā cóng xiǎo...
媒体 (méitǐ) — media
媒体 (méitǐ) Media refers to the main means of mass communication -- broadcasting, publishing, and the internet -- considered collectively as a powerful social force. Meanings [noun] media; mass media; press and broadcasting organizations Example Sentences 媒体在塑造公众舆论方面发挥着重要作用。 Méitǐ zài sùzào gōngzhòng yúlùn fāngmiàn fāhuīzhe zhòngyào zuòyòng. The media plays an important role in shaping public opinion. 社交媒体改变了人们获取信息的方式。 Shèjiāo méitǐ gǎibiànle rénmen huòqǔ xìnxī de fāngshì. Social media has changed the...
顺序 (shùnxù) — order / sequence
顺序 (shùnxù) 顺序 refers to the order or sequence of things — the arrangement in which steps, people, or events follow each other. It implies a proper or intended flow, often used when giving instructions, describing procedures, or talking about queues and rankings. Meanings [noun] Order; sequence; arrangement; the correct or logical order of steps or items. Example Sentences 请按顺序回答问题。 Qǐng àn shùnxù huídá wèntí. Please answer the questions in...
坚持 (jiānchí) — to insist; to persist; to stick to
坚持 (jiānchí) 坚持 means to persist in or stick to something, continuing despite challenges or pressure to stop, and also to insist on a particular position. Meanings [verb] to persist in, stick to, or insist on something with determination Example Sentences 他坚持每天早起锻炼身体。 Tā jiānchí měi tiān zǎoqǐ duànliàn shēntǐ. He persists in getting up early every day to exercise. 无论多难，你都要坚持下去。 Wúlùn duō nán, nǐ dōu yào jiānchí xiàqù. No matter...
短 (duǎn) — short (in length)
短 (duǎn) An adjective meaning "short" in length or duration. It is used for physical dimensions (a short rope) and time (a short period). Its antonym is 长 (cháng), meaning "long." Do not confuse with 矮 (ǎi), which means short in height (of a person). Meanings [adjective] Short (in physical length or time duration). Example Sentences 这条裙子太短了。 Zhè tiáo qúnzi tài duǎn le. This skirt is too short. 他的头发很短。 Tā...
案例 (ànlì) — case, case study
案例 (ànlì) A specific, documented instance or example -- used in legal, medical, academic, or business contexts for analysis, learning, or illustration. Meanings [noun] case, case study, example instance Example Sentences 法学院学生通过分析经典案例来理解法律原则。 Fǎxuéyuàn xuéshēng tōngguò fēnxī jīngdiǎn ànlì lái lǐjiě fǎlǜ yuánzé. Law school students understand legal principles by analyzing classic cases. 这个公司的成功案例被写入了多所商学院的教材。 Zhège gōngsī de chénggōng ànlì bèi xiě rùle duō suǒ shāngxuéyuàn de jiàocái. This company's success story...
感激 (gǎnjī) — to be grateful
感激 (gǎnjī) 感激 expresses a deep sense of gratitude, stronger and more formal than simply saying thank you. Meanings [verb] to be grateful; to feel gratitude; to appreciate deeply Example Sentences 我非常感激您对我的帮助。 Wǒ fēicháng gǎnjī nín duì wǒ de bāngzhù. I am deeply grateful for your help. 她感激地看着老师，说不出话来。 Tā gǎnjī de kànzhe lǎoshī, shuō bù chū huà lái. She looked at the teacher with gratitude, unable to say a word....
经济 (jīngjì) — economy; economics; financial
经济 (jīngjì) 经济 refers to the economy or the study of economics, and can also function as an adjective meaning economical or affordable. Meanings [noun] economy; economics — the system of production, trade, and consumption of goods and services [adjective] financial; economical — relating to finance, or cost-effective Example Sentences 中国经济发展很快。 Zhōngguó jīngjì fāzhǎn hěn kuài. China's economy is developing very quickly. 他学习经济学。 Tā xuéxí jīngjìxué. He studies economics. 这个方案更经济实惠。...
活跃 (huóyuè) — active; lively; dynamic
活跃 (huóyuè) 活跃 describes someone or something that is active, lively, and dynamic, or it can be used as a verb meaning to enliven or animate. Meanings [adjective] active; lively; dynamic; full of energy and participation [verb] to make lively; to animate; to enliven Example Sentences 他是班里最活跃的学生。 Tā shì bān lǐ zuì huóyuè de xuéshēng. He is the most active student in the class. 这个市场最近非常活跃。 Zhège shìchǎng zuìjìn fēicháng huóyuè....
模型 (móxíng) — model
模型 (móxíng) A representation -- whether physical, mathematical, or conceptual -- that captures the essential features of a system, object, or process for purposes of understanding, prediction, or communication. Meanings [noun] model (physical scale model, mathematical model, conceptual framework, AI model) Example Sentences 科学家建立了一个气候变化的数学模型来预测未来趋势。 Kēxuéjiā jiànlìle yī gè qìhòu biànhuà de shùxué móxíng lái yùcè wèilái qūshì. Scientists have built a mathematical model of climate change to predict future trends....
相关 (xiāngguān) — related; relevant; associated
相关 (xiāngguān) 相关 means related to or connected with a particular subject, person, or issue. It is widely used in formal and academic writing to indicate that something is pertinent or relevant, and also in everyday speech to mean "related." Meanings [adjective] Related; relevant; associated; correlated; pertaining to. Example Sentences 请提供与申请职位相关的工作经历和证书。 Qǐng tígōng yǔ shēnqǐng zhíwèi xiāngguān de gōngzuò jīnglì hé zhèngshū. Please provide work experience and certificates relevant to...
正确 (zhèngquè) — correct
正确 (zhèngquè) 正确 means correct or accurate in the sense of conforming to fact, logic, or established standards. It is more precise than 对 (duì), which also means "correct" but is used more informally. Meanings [adjective] Correct; right; accurate; proper. Example Sentences 你的答案是正确的。 Nǐ de dá'àn shì zhèngquè de. Your answer is correct. 请用正确的方法做这道题。 Qǐng yòng zhèngquè de fāngfǎ zuò zhè dào tí. Please use the correct method to solve...
适合 (shìhé) — to suit; suitable; appropriate
适合 (shìhé) 适合 describes the quality of fitting or being suited to a particular person, purpose, or situation, implying a good match between two things. Meanings [verb] to suit; to be appropriate for; to fit well [adjective] suitable; appropriate; fitting Example Sentences 这件衣服很适合你。 Zhè jiàn yīfu hěn shìhé nǐ. This piece of clothing suits you very well. 这个工作适合喜欢和人交流的人。 Zhège gōngzuò shìhé xǐhuan hé rén jiāoliú de rén. This job is...
结果 (jiéguǒ) — result
结果 (jiéguǒ) 结果 refers to the final result or outcome of an action or process. It can also function as a conjunction meaning "as a result" to link cause and outcome in narrative. Meanings [noun] Result; outcome; conclusion. [conjunction] As a result; consequently; in the end. Example Sentences 考试结果出来了吗？ Kǎoshì jiéguǒ chūlái le ma? Have the exam results come out? 他努力学习，结果考了满分。 Tā nǔlì xuéxí, jiéguǒ kǎo le mǎnfēn. He studied...
回答 (huídá) — to answer, to reply
回答 (huídá) 回答 means to answer or reply, especially in response to a direct question. 回 means "return" and 答 means "reply," together forming "returning a reply." Meanings [verb] To answer, to reply (a question). [noun] An answer, a reply. Example Sentences 请回答我的问题。 Qǐng huídá wǒ de wèntí. Please answer my question. 他的回答很好。 Tā de huídá hěn hǎo. His answer was very good. 我不知道怎么回答。 Wǒ bù zhīdào zěnme huídá. I...
火车 (huǒchē) — train
火车 (huǒchē) A train. 火 means "fire" and 车 means "vehicle," a reference to the steam-powered locomotives of early railway history. Today it refers to any train. Meanings [noun] Train. A series of connected railway cars pulled by a locomotive. Example Sentences 我坐火车去上海。 Wǒ zuò huǒchē qù Shànghǎi. I am taking the train to Shanghai. 火车几点到？ Huǒchē jǐ diǎn dào? What time does the train arrive? 火车票比飞机票便宜。 Huǒchē piào bǐ...
决定 (juédìng) — to decide; to determine; decision
决定 (juédìng) 决定 means to decide or make a decision, and can also be used as a noun referring to the decision itself. Meanings [verb] to decide, to determine, or to resolve on a course of action [noun] a decision or resolution that has been made Example Sentences 我决定明年去中国留学。 Wǒ juédìng míngnián qù Zhōngguó liúxué. I have decided to study in China next year. 这个决定对公司的未来非常重要。 Zhège juédìng duì gōngsī de...
承受 (chéngshòu) — to bear; to endure; to withstand
承受 (chéngshòu) 承受 means to bear, endure, or withstand something, typically referring to pressure, pain, hardship, loss, or responsibility that requires emotional or physical strength to tolerate. Meanings [verb] to bear; to endure; to withstand; to sustain (pressure, pain, hardship, weight, etc.) Example Sentences 失去至亲的痛苦是难以承受的，但时间和家人的陪伴会帮助她慢慢走出悲伤。 Shīqù zhì qīn de tòngkǔ shì nányǐ chéngshòu de, dàn shíjiān hé jiārén de péibàn huì bāngzhù tā mànmàn zǒuchū bēishāng. The pain of losing...
烹饪 (pēngrèn) — to cook, cooking
烹饪 (pēngrèn) 烹饪 refers to the act or art of cooking — applying techniques and heat to prepare food. It is a somewhat formal term compared to the colloquial 做饭 (zuò fàn). Meanings verb/noun to cook; cooking (the preparation of food using heat and technique) Example Sentences 她对烹饪很感兴趣。 Tā duì pēngrèn hěn gǎn xìngqù. She is very interested in cooking. 烹饪课越来越受年轻人欢迎。 Pēngrèn kè yuè lái yuè shòu niánqīngrén huānyíng. Cooking...
客人 (kèrén) — guest
客人 (kèrén) 客人 means guest or visitor. It refers to anyone who comes to your home as an invited visitor or a customer arriving at a business. Chinese culture places great importance on hospitality toward 客人. Meanings [noun] Guest; visitor; customer. Example Sentences 我们家今天有客人来。 Wǒmen jiā jīntiān yǒu kèrén lái. We have guests coming to our home today. 要好好招待客人。 Yào hǎohǎo zhāodài kèrén. We should take good care of our...
盐 (yán) — salt
盐 (yán) 盐 means salt. It refers to the common mineral used in cooking and food seasoning, as well as in broader chemical contexts meaning salts. Meanings [noun] Salt; table salt; sodium chloride. Example Sentences 这道菜放的盐太多了。 Zhè dào cài fàng de yán tài duō le. This dish has too much salt in it. 做汤的时候要加一点儿盐。 Zuò tāng de shíhou yào jiā yīdiǎnr yán. When making soup you need to add a...
能源 (néngyyuán) — energy; energy resources
能源 (néngyuán) 能源 refers to energy resources -- the natural sources from which power can be extracted, such as coal, oil, natural gas, solar, wind, and nuclear power. It is the standard term in environmental, economic, and policy discussions about power and fuel. Meanings [noun] energy; energy resources; power supply Example Sentences 全球能源转型是应对气候变化、实现碳中和目标的关键举措。 Quánqiú néngyuán zhuǎnxíng shì yìngduì qìhòu biànhuà, shíxiàn tàn zhōnghé mùbiāo de guānjiàn jǔcuò. The global energy...
词语 (cíyǔ) — word; phrase; expression
词语 (cíyǔ) 词语 refers to individual words or set phrases in the Chinese language, often used in the context of vocabulary study. Meanings [noun] word; phrase; expression — a unit of vocabulary, including single words and fixed multi-character expressions Example Sentences 这个词语很难记。 Zhège cíyǔ hěn nán jì. This word is hard to remember. 请用这个词语造一个句子。 Qǐng yòng zhège cíyǔ zào yī gè jùzi. Please make a sentence using this word. 学习新词语需要多练习。...
数字 (shùzì) — number; digit
数字 (shùzì) 数字 refers to a written numeral or digit, and can also refer to any numerical figure or statistic. Meanings [noun] number; numeral; digit; figure Example Sentences 这个数字太大了，我数不清。 Zhège shùzì tài dà le, wǒ shǔ bù qīng. This number is too large; I cannot count it. 请在这里填写你的手机号码数字。 Qǐng zài zhèlǐ tiánxiě nǐ de shǒujī hàomǎ shùzì. Please write your mobile phone number digits here. 那个公司的销售数字每年都在增长。 Nàgè gōngsī de xiāoshòu...
证明 (zhèngmíng) — to prove; proof; certificate
证明 (zhèngmíng) 证明 is both the act of proving something through reasoning or evidence and a formal document that certifies a fact, making it a versatile word in legal, academic, and everyday administrative contexts. Meanings [verb] to prove; to demonstrate; to certify [noun] proof; certificate; certification document Example Sentences 他的成功证明了努力终将得到回报。 Tā de chénggōng zhèngmíng le nǔlì zhōng jiāng dédào huíbào. His success proves that hard work will eventually be rewarded....
条约 (tiáoyuē) — treaty
条约 (tiáoyuē) A formally negotiated and ratified agreement between two or more sovereign states, binding under international law -- the highest form of international legal commitment. Meanings [noun] treaty, international agreement, pact Example Sentences 两国正式签署了自由贸易条约。 Liǎng guó zhèngshì qiānshǔle zìyóu màoyì tiáoyuē. The two countries formally signed a free trade treaty. 这项条约在第二次世界大战结束后对国际秩序的重建发挥了重要作用。 Zhè xiàng tiáoyuē zài dì èr cì shìjiè dàzhàn jiéshù hòu duì guójì zhìxù de chóngjiàn fāhuīle zhòngyào...
苦恼 (kǔnǎo) — troubled; distressed
苦恼 (kǔnǎo) 苦恼 describes the feeling of being troubled, worried, or emotionally distressed, especially by problems that are difficult to resolve. It implies a combination of suffering and frustration that lingers. Meanings [adjective] troubled; distressed; tormented; vexed [verb] to trouble; to torment; to cause distress Example Sentences 他为找不到合适的工作而感到十分苦恼，情绪一直很低落。 Tā wèi zhǎo bùdào héshì de gōngzuò ér gǎndào shífēn kǔnǎo, qíngxù yīzhí hěn dīluò. He was deeply troubled by his inability...
随着 (suízhe) — along with; following; as
随着 (suízhe) 随着 means "along with" or "as (something changes/develops)." It introduces a driving factor or accompanying change, with the main clause describing what happens as a result. It highlights a parallel development between two things. Meanings [preposition] Along with; following; as — introduces a changing condition that is accompanied by a corresponding change in the main clause. Pattern 随着 + [changing factor] + [corresponding result/change] Example Sentences 随着科技的发展，人们的生活越来越方便。 Suízhe...
营销 (yíngxiāo) — marketing
营销 (yíngxiāo) 营销 is the standard Chinese term for marketing -- the activities involved in promoting and selling products or services, including research, advertising, and brand management. Meanings [noun] marketing [verb] to market; to promote and sell Example Sentences 内容营销是当前最受品牌青睐的数字营销策略之一。 Nèiróng yíngxiāo shì dāngqián zuì shòu pínpái qīnglài de shùzì yíngxiāo cèlüè zhī yī. Content marketing is currently one of the most favoured digital marketing strategies among brands. 这家初创公司凭借精准的社交媒体营销，以极低的成本迅速打开了市场。 Zhè...
关键 (guānjiàn) — key; crucial; pivotal; the crux
关键 (guānjiàn) 关键 refers to the most critical factor or turning point in a situation, and can also serve as an adjective meaning crucial or decisive. Meanings [noun] the key; the crux — the most important or decisive element [adjective] key; crucial; pivotal — critically important Example Sentences 关键是要坚持下去。 Guānjiàn shì yào jiānchí xiàqù. The key is to keep persisting. 这是一个关键时刻。 Zhè shì yī gè guānjiàn shíkè. This is a...
贵 (guì) — expensive
贵 (guì) An adjective meaning "expensive" or "costly" when describing prices, and "precious" or "honorable" in more formal contexts. In daily shopping conversations, 贵 is one of the most practical adjectives to know. Its antonym is 便宜 (piányí), meaning "cheap." Meanings [adjective] Expensive, costly (in price). [adjective] Precious, valuable, honored (in formal use). Example Sentences 这件衣服太贵了。 Zhè jiàn yīfu tài guì le. This piece of clothing is too expensive. 这家餐厅的菜很贵。...
程度 (chéngdù) — degree; level; extent
程度 (chéngdù) 程度 refers to the degree, level, or extent to which something occurs or exists. Meanings [noun] degree; level; extent; measure Example Sentences 他的汉语水平已经达到了很高的程度。 Tā de Hànyǔ shuǐpíng yǐjīng dádào le hěn gāo de chéngdù. His Chinese has already reached a very high level. 这件事的严重程度超出了我们的预期。 Zhè jiàn shì de yánzhòng chéngdù chāochū le wǒmen de yùqī. The severity of this matter exceeded our expectations. 你了解这个问题到什么程度？ Nǐ liǎojiě zhège wèntí...
东西 (dōngxi) — thing; stuff
东西 (dōngxi) 东西 literally combines East (东) and West (西) but in everyday Mandarin it simply means "thing" or "stuff." It is the go-to word for any physical object when you do not know or need to specify its exact name. Note the neutral tone on 西 in this compound: dōngxi, not dōngxī. Meanings [noun] Thing; stuff; object. Refers to any concrete item or possession. Example Sentences 你买了什么东西？ Nǐ mǎi...
竞争力 (jìngzhēnglì) — competitiveness
竞争力 (jìngzhēnglì) 竞争力 refers to competitiveness, the ability or strength to compete effectively in a market, workplace, or other competitive environment. Meanings [noun] competitiveness; competitive strength; the capacity to compete effectively Example Sentences 提高产品质量是增强竞争力的关键。 Tígāo chǎnpǐn zhìliàng shì zēngqiáng jìngzhēnglì de guānjiàn. Improving product quality is the key to enhancing competitiveness. 他不断学习新技能，以保持竞争力。 Tā bùduàn xuéxí xīn jìnéng, yǐ bǎochí jìngzhēnglì. He continually learns new skills in order to maintain his...
紧张 (jǐnzhāng) — nervous
紧张 (jǐnzhāng) 紧张 means nervous or tense in an emotional sense, but also describes a tight, busy, or strained situation — a shortage of time, resources, or a pressured environment. Meanings [adjective] Nervous; anxious; tense (emotional state). [adjective] Tight; strained; pressed (for time, resources, etc.). Example Sentences 考试前我非常紧张。 Kǎoshì qián wǒ fēicháng jǐnzhāng. I am very nervous before exams. 别紧张，你一定能做好。 Bié jǐnzhāng, nǐ yīdìng néng zuò hǎo. Don't be nervous;...
审核 (shěnhé) — to review; to audit; to verify
审核 (shěnhé) To review or audit something means to carefully examine it against standards or criteria to verify its accuracy, completeness, or compliance. Meanings [verb] to review; to audit; to verify; to scrutinize; to approve after examination Example Sentences 所有申请材料都需要经过严格的审核。 Suǒyǒu shēnqǐng cáiliào dōu xūyào jīngguò yángé de shěnhé. All application materials need to go through strict review. 财务部门每季度对账目进行一次审核。 Cáiwù bùmén měi jìdù duì zhàngmù jìnxíng yīcì shěnhé. The finance...
文明 (wénmíng) — civilization; civilized
文明 (wénmíng) 文明 refers to civilization as a noun, or to civilized and cultured behavior as an adjective. Meanings [noun] civilization; a stage of human social development with advanced culture and society [adjective] civilized; cultured; well-mannered Example Sentences 中国有着悠久的文明历史。 Zhōngguó yǒuzhe yōujiǔ de wénmíng lìshǐ. China has a long history of civilization. 请文明使用公共设施。 Qǐng wénmíng shǐyòng gōnggòng shèshī. Please use public facilities in a civilized manner. 古代文明对现代社会影响很大。 Gǔdài wénmíng duì...
假日 (jiàrì) — holiday / day off
假日 (jiàrì) A day that is designated as a holiday or a day free from work or school, either officially or personally. Meanings [noun] Holiday, day off, non-working day. [noun] Public holiday, festival day. Example Sentences 今天是假日，商店关门了。 Jīntiān shì jiàrì, shāngdiàn guānmén le. Today is a holiday; the stores are closed. 假日里我喜欢去爬山。 Jiàrì lǐ wǒ xǐhuān qù pá shān. On holidays, I like to go hiking. 春节是中国最重要的假日。 Chūnjié shì Zhōngguó...
乃至 (nǎizhì) — even; even up to; and even
乃至 (nǎizhì) 乃至 is a formal conjunction used to extend a range or escalate a statement, meaning "and even" or "ranging up to," often introducing an extreme or unexpected endpoint of a scale. Meanings [conjunction] even; and even; up to and including (extends a range to an extreme or surprising endpoint) [conjunction] ranging from ... to ... (marks the upper or outer limit of a range) Example Sentences 这一政策影响了整个地区乃至全国的经济发展。 Zhè...
态度 (tàidu) — attitude
态度 (tàidu) 态度 refers to attitude — the way someone approaches, behaves toward, or feels about a person, task, or situation. It includes both emotional stance and behavioral manner. Meanings [noun] Attitude; manner; approach; stance. Example Sentences 他学习的态度非常认真。 Tā xuéxí de tàidu fēicháng rènzhēn. His attitude toward studying is very serious. 服务员的态度很好，我很满意。 Fúwùyuán de tàidu hěn hǎo, wǒ hěn mǎnyì. The waiter's manner is very good; I am very satisfied....
统一 (tǒngyī) — unification, unified, to unify
统一 (tǒngyī) 统一 refers to the act of unifying or standardizing, bringing diverse elements together into a single coherent whole, and can describe both political unification and conceptual or operational standardization. Meanings [verb] to unify, to unite, to standardize [adjective] unified, uniform, standard [noun] unification, unity Example Sentences 秦始皇统一了六国，建立了中国历史上第一个中央集权国家。 Qín shǐ huáng tǒngyī le liù guó, jiànlì le Zhōngguó lìshǐ shàng dì yīgè zhōngyāng jíquán guójiā. Qin Shi Huang unified...
帮助 (bāngzhù) — to help; help
帮助 (bāngzhù) 帮助 means to help or assist someone, and can also function as a noun meaning help or assistance. Meanings [verb] to help; to assist [noun] help; assistance Example Sentences 谢谢你帮助我。 Xièxiè nǐ bāngzhù wǒ. Thank you for helping me. 他的帮助对我很重要。 Tā de bāngzhù duì wǒ hěn zhòngyào. His help is very important to me. 我需要你的帮助。 Wǒ xūyào nǐ de bāngzhù. I need your help. 她帮助了很多人找到工作。 Tā bāngzhùle hěn...
演化 (yǎnhuà) — to evolve (biologically), to develop
演化 (yǎnhuà) 演化 refers primarily to biological evolution or the natural developmental processes by which organisms or systems change over long periods, and is the standard term for Darwinian evolution in Chinese scientific discourse. Meanings [verb] to evolve (biologically), to develop naturally over time [noun] (biological) evolution, natural development Example Sentences 人类是由古猿演化而来的。 Rénlèi shì yóu gǔyuán yǎnhuà ér lái de. Humans evolved from ancient apes. 生物的演化是一个漫长而复杂的过程。 Shēngwù de yǎnhuà shì...
重要 (zhòngyào) — important; significant
重要 (zhòngyào) 重要 describes something that carries great weight, consequence, or significance. Meanings [adjective] Important; significant; crucial. Example Sentences 健康是最重要的事情。 Jiànkāng shì zuì zhòngyào de shìqíng. Health is the most important thing. 这次会议非常重要，请不要缺席。 Zhè cì huìyì fēicháng zhòngyào, qǐng bùyào quēxí. This meeting is very important; please do not be absent. 学好外语对未来很重要。 Xué hǎo wàiyǔ duì wèilái hěn zhòngyào. Learning a foreign language well is very important for the future....
明确 (míngquè) — clear, explicit; to clarify
明确 (míngquè) Describes something that is clear, definite, and leaves no room for ambiguity -- also used as a verb meaning to state or establish something clearly. Meanings [adjective] clear, explicit, definite, unambiguous [verb] to clarify, to define clearly, to make explicit Example Sentences 合同中应明确双方的权利和义务。 Hétong zhōng yīng míngquè shuāngfāng de quánlì hé yìwù. The contract should clearly specify the rights and obligations of both parties. 领导明确表示，这项决定不会更改。 Lǐngdǎo míngquè biǎoshì,...
制裁 (zhìcái) — sanction, to sanction
制裁 (zhìcái) 制裁 refers to official coercive measures -- typically economic, political, or legal -- imposed by a state, organization, or authority to punish violations and compel compliance. Meanings [noun] sanction, punitive measure [verb] to sanction, to impose penalties on, to punish Example Sentences 联合国安理会通过决议，对该国实施经济制裁。 Liánhéguó ān lǐ huì tōngguò juéyì, duì gāi guó shíshī jīngjì zhìcái. The UN Security Council passed a resolution to impose economic sanctions on the...
推动 (tuīdòng) — to push forward; to promote; to drive
推动 (tuīdòng) 推动 means to cause something to advance, develop, or progress, either physically or figuratively, equivalent to "to push forward," "to promote," or "to drive." Meanings [verb] To push forward; to promote; to drive; to propel (to cause advancement or development). Example Sentences 科技的发展推动了社会的进步。 Kējì de fāzhǎn tuīdòng le shèhuì de jìnbù. The development of technology has driven social progress. 政府出台了新政策来推动经济发展。 Zhèngfǔ chūtái le xīn zhèngcè lái tuīdòng jīngjì...
解读 (jiědú) — to interpret; to decode
解读 (jiědú) 解读 means to interpret or decode the meaning of a text, policy, event, or signal, and is widely used in media commentary, academic analysis, and critical discourse. Meanings [verb] to interpret; to decode; to read the meaning of [noun] an interpretation; a reading of meaning Example Sentences 专家们对这项新政策提出了不同的解读。 Zhuānjiāmen duì zhè xiàng xīn zhèngcè tíchūle bùtóng de jiědú. Experts offered different interpretations of this new policy. 这首诗可以从多个角度进行解读。 Zhè...
传统 (chuántǒng) — tradition; traditional
传统 (chuántǒng) 传统 refers to customs, beliefs, and practices that have been inherited and passed down through generations. As an adjective it means "traditional." It carries a generally positive connotation of cultural continuity, though it can also imply something outdated in certain contexts. Meanings [noun] Tradition; convention; heritage. [adjective] Traditional; conventional; classic. Example Sentences 春节是中国最重要的传统节日，有着几千年的历史。 Chūnjié shì Zhōngguó zuì zhòngyào de chuántǒng jiérì, yǒuzhe jǐ qiān nián de lìshǐ. The...
冷静 (lěngjìng) — calm; cool-headed; composed
冷静 (lěngjìng) 冷静 describes the ability to stay calm, rational, and composed, especially under pressure or in an emotional situation. Meanings [adj] calm; cool-headed; composed; collected; not easily flustered Example Sentences 遇到紧急情况，要保持冷静。 Yù dào jǐnjí qíngkuàng, yào bǎochí lěngjìng. In an emergency, you must stay calm. 她很冷静地分析了整个问题。 Tā hěn lěngjìng de fēnxī le zhěnggè wèntí. She calmly analyzed the entire problem. 生气的时候最好先冷静一下，再说话。 Shēngqì de shíhou zuìhǎo xiān lěngjìng yīxià, zài...
回答 (huídá) — to answer / to reply
回答 (huídá) A verb and noun meaning "to answer" or "an answer." 回 (huí) means "to return" and 答 (dá) means "to respond." Together they capture the idea of sending a response back. Its counterpart is 问 (wèn), meaning "to ask." Meanings [verb] To answer, to reply to (a question). [noun] An answer, a reply. Example Sentences 请回答我的问题。 Qǐng huídá wǒ de wèntí. Please answer my question. 他回答得很好。 Tā huídá...
少 (shǎo) — few / little / a small amount
少 (shǎo) An adjective meaning "few," "a little," or "not many." It describes small quantities. Its antonym is 多 (duō), meaning "many." Note: 少 (shǎo, few) is different from 小 (xiǎo, small in size). Meanings [adjective] Few, a small number of (for countable things). [adjective] A little, a small amount of (for uncountable things). Example Sentences 今天来的人很少。 Jīntiān lái de rén hěn shǎo. Very few people came today. 我只有一点点时间，时间很少。 Wǒ...
不得不 (bùdébù) — Have no choice but to / must
不得不 (bùdébù) 不得不 expresses that someone has no alternative but to do something, conveying a sense of reluctant necessity or compulsion. Meanings [adverb] have no choice but to; cannot but; must (reluctantly) Example Sentences 下雨了，我不得不取消野餐计划。 Xià yǔ le, wǒ bùdébù qǔxiāo yěcān jìhuà. It rained, so I had no choice but to cancel the picnic plan. 因为生病，他不得不请假。 Yīnwèi shēngbìng, tā bùdébù qǐngjià. Because he was sick, he had no choice...
遏制 (èzhì) — to restrain, to curb
遏制 (èzhì) 遏制 means to restrain, curb, or check the growth or spread of something, especially something negative like inflation, disease, conflict, or undesirable behavior. It implies active effort to hold something back or keep it under control. It is a formal word used primarily in political, economic, and security discourse. Meanings [v] to restrain; to curb; to check; to hold back [v] to suppress the spread or growth of...
大方 (dàfang) — generous; natural and poised
大方 (dàfang) 大方 has two related senses: being generous with money or resources, and behaving in a natural, composed, and graceful manner without shyness. Meanings [adj] generous; open-handed with money or gifts [adj] natural and poised; graceful; composed; not awkward or shy Example Sentences 他非常大方，总是请朋友吃饭。 Tā fēicháng dàfang, zǒng shì qǐng péngyou chīfàn. He is very generous and always treats his friends to meals. 她站在台上举止大方，一点都不紧张。 Tā zhàn zài tái shàng...
系统 (xìtǒng) — system; systematic
系统 (xìtǒng) 系统 refers to an organised set of interconnected components that function as a whole. As an adjective it means systematic or comprehensive. It is one of the most productive words in formal Chinese, appearing across science, technology, medicine, education, and management. Meanings [noun] system (biological, technological, social, administrative, etc.) [adjective] systematic; comprehensive; well-organised Example Sentences 人体的免疫系统是抵御疾病入侵的第一道防线。 Réntǐ de miǎnyì xìtǒng shì dǐyù jíbìng rùqīn de dì yī dào...
来源 (láiyuán) — source, origin
来源 (láiyuán) The origin or source from which something comes -- whether information, funds, goods, or ideas. Meanings [noun] source, origin, provenance [verb] to originate from, to come from Example Sentences 记者有义务核实新闻信息的来源。 Jìzhě yǒu yìwù héshí xīnwén xìnxī de láiyuán. Journalists have an obligation to verify the sources of news information. 这笔资金的来源目前尚不明确。 Zhè bǐ zījīn de láiyuán mùqián shàng bù míngquè. The source of these funds is currently unclear. 这个词语来源于古代汉语，有着悠久的历史。...
慢性病 (mànxìngbìng) — chronic disease; chronic illness
慢性病 (mànxìngbìng) 慢性病 refers to chronic diseases or long-term health conditions that persist over an extended period, typically develop slowly, and often cannot be fully cured, such as diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease. Meanings [noun] chronic disease; chronic illness; non-communicable disease (NCD) Example Sentences 随着生活水平的提高，慢性病的发病率也在不断上升，成为公共卫生的重大挑战。 Suízhe shēnghuó shuǐpíng de tígāo, mànxìngbìng de fābìnglǜ yě zài bùduàn shàngshēng, chéngwéi gōnggòng wèishēng de zhòngdà tiǎozhàn. As living standards have improved, the incidence...
劣势 (lièshì) — Disadvantage
劣势 (lièshì) 劣势 refers to a position of weakness or inferiority compared to a competitor or rival. Meanings [noun] disadvantage; inferior position; the weaker side Example Sentences 我们在价格方面处于劣势。 Wǒmen zài jiàgé fāngmiàn chǔyú lièshì. We are at a disadvantage in terms of price. 了解自己的劣势才能改进。 Liǎojiě zìjǐ de lièshì cái néng gǎijìn. Only by understanding your disadvantages can you improve. 这支球队在体力上有明显劣势。 Zhè zhī qiúduì zài tǐlì shàng yǒu míngxiǎn lièshì. This...
尤其 (yóuqí) — especially; particularly; in particular
尤其 (yóuqí) 尤其 highlights one item or situation as standing out above others, equivalent to "especially" or "particularly" in English. Meanings [adverb] Especially; particularly; in particular (singles out one thing as most notable). Example Sentences 我喜欢中国菜，尤其是四川菜。 Wǒ xǐhuān Zhōngguó cài, yóuqí shì Sìchuān cài. I like Chinese food, especially Sichuan cuisine. 这里夏天很热，尤其是七月和八月。 Zhèlǐ xiàtiān hěn rè, yóuqí shì qīyuè hé bāyuè. It is very hot here in summer, particularly in...
精炼 (jīngliàn) — to refine; concise
精炼 (jīngliàn) 精炼 means both to refine (as a process) and to be concise/refined (as a quality of expression). As a verb, it refers to refining materials to a high degree of purity. As an adjective, it describes language, writing, or thinking that is concise, precise, and free of unnecessary elements — the opposite of verbose. It is a valued quality in Chinese rhetoric and literary criticism. Meanings [v] to...
去 (qù) — to go
去 (qù) 去 means "to go," indicating movement away from the speaker's current position toward a destination. It contrasts with 来 (lái), which means movement toward the speaker. Use 去 when you are heading away; use 来 when you or someone else is heading to where the speaker is. Meanings [verb] To go (movement away from the speaker). Example Sentences 我要去超市买东西。 Wǒ yào qù chāoshì mǎi dōngxi. I want to...
焦虑 (jiāolǜ) — Anxiety, anxious
焦虑 (jiāolǜ) 焦虑 describes the emotional state of anxiety, worry, and unease -- a persistent feeling of apprehension about uncertain outcomes or future events. Meanings [noun] anxiety; worry; apprehension [adj] anxious; worried; uneasy Example Sentences 考试前夕，很多学生都会感到焦虑。 Kǎoshì qiányè, hěn duō xuéshēng dōu huì gǎndào jiāolǜ. On the eve of an exam, many students feel anxious. 长期的工作压力让她产生了严重的焦虑情绪。 Chángqī de gōngzuò yālì ràng tā chǎnshēngle yánzhòng de jiāolǜ qíngxù. Long-term work pressure...
东西 (dōngxi) — thing / stuff
东西 (dōngxi) A noun meaning things or stuff. In its idiomatic sense (neutral tone on 西: dōngxi), it refers to objects, items, or stuff in general. In its literal sense (both syllables fully toned: dōng xī), it means "east and west," the two compass directions. The idiomatic meaning is by far the more common at HSK 1. Meanings [noun] Things, stuff, objects, items (idiomatic, very common). [noun] East and west,...
应该 (yīnggāi) — should, ought to
应该 (yīnggāi) A modal verb expressing what is expected, appropriate, or right to do — translating as "should" or "ought to." Key contrasts: 应该 = should (moral/practical expectation), 要 = need to / going to (intention or necessity), 必须 = must (strict obligation). Meanings [modal verb] Should, ought to (expressing expectation or moral/practical appropriateness). Example Sentences 你应该早点睡觉。 Nǐ yīnggāi zǎo diǎn shuìjiào. You should go to sleep earlier. 我们应该帮助有困难的人。 Wǒmen...
差不多 (chàbuduō) — almost; about the same
差不多 (chàbuduō) 差不多 is used to say that two things are about the same, or that something is nearly complete or approximately true. Meanings [adjective] about the same; similar; nearly equal [adverb] almost; nearly; approximately Example Sentences 这两件衣服的价格差不多。 Zhè liǎng jiàn yīfu de jiàgé chàbuduō. The prices of these two pieces of clothing are about the same. 他差不多每天都来这里运动。 Tā chàbuduō měitiān dōu lái zhèlǐ yùndòng. He comes here to exercise...
整合 (zhěnghé) — to integrate, to consolidate
整合 (zhěnghé) 整合 means to integrate or consolidate — to bring together separate, possibly diverse elements and combine them into a unified, coherent whole. It implies more than just gathering; it suggests reorganizing and optimizing the combined result. It is widely used in business (mergers), education (curriculum integration), and policy (resource consolidation). Meanings [v] to integrate; to consolidate; to merge into a unified whole [v] to reorganize and optimize by...
鸡蛋 (jīdàn) — egg
鸡蛋 (jīdàn) A chicken egg. 鸡 means "chicken" and 蛋 means "egg." While 蛋 alone can mean any egg, 鸡蛋 specifically refers to hen's eggs, which are the most common in Chinese cooking. Meanings [noun] Chicken egg. The egg laid by a hen, used widely in Chinese cooking. Example Sentences 我每天早上吃一个鸡蛋。 Wǒ měitiān zǎoshang chī yī gè jīdàn. I eat one egg every morning. 冰箱里有鸡蛋吗？ Bīngxiāng lǐ yǒu jīdàn ma?...
我们 (wǒmen) — we, us
我们 (wǒmen) The first-person plural pronoun formed by adding 们 (men, a pluralizing suffix) to 我; it covers "we" as subject and "us" as object. Meanings [pronoun] We (subject). [pronoun] Us (object). [pronoun] Our (before 的: 我们的). Example Sentences 我们都是学生。 Wǒmen dōu shì xuésheng. We are all students. 老师喜欢我们。 Lǎoshī xǐhuan wǒmen. The teacher likes us. 我们的学校很大。 Wǒmen de xuéxiào hěn dà. Our school is very big. 我们一起去吧！ Wǒmen yīqǐ...
仲裁 (zhòngcái) — arbitration
仲裁 (zhòngcái) 仲裁 refers to the process of resolving disputes outside of court through a neutral third party, whose decision is usually binding on the parties involved, commonly used in commercial, labor, and international disputes. Meanings [noun] arbitration (a method of dispute resolution using a neutral third party) [verb] to arbitrate; to settle a dispute through arbitration Example Sentences 两家公司因合同纠纷提交国际仲裁，最终由仲裁庭作出裁决。 Liǎng jiā gōngsī yīn hétong jiūfēn tíjiāo guójì zhòngcái, zuìzhōng...
耐心 (nàixīn) — patient; patience
耐心 (nàixīn) 耐心 describes the ability to remain calm and composed while waiting or dealing with something slow or difficult. Meanings [adj/noun] patient; patience; the ability to endure delay or difficulty without losing composure Example Sentences 老师很耐心地给我们解释每一道题。 Lǎoshī hěn nàixīn de gěi wǒmen jiěshì měi yī dào tí. The teacher patiently explained every question to us. 做这份工作需要很大的耐心。 Zuò zhè fèn gōngzuò xūyào hěn dà de nàixīn. This job requires a...
米饭 (mǐfàn) — cooked rice
米饭 (mǐfàn) Cooked rice, the staple food of Chinese cuisine. 米 refers to uncooked rice grains, and 饭 means cooked food or a meal. Together they specifically mean steamed or boiled rice. Meanings [noun] Cooked rice, steamed rice. The prepared rice served as the main staple of a Chinese meal. Example Sentences 我想吃米饭。 Wǒ xiǎng chī mǐfàn. I want to eat rice. 你吃米饭还是面条？ Nǐ chī mǐfàn háishì miàntiáo? Do you...
形态 (xíngtài) — form, shape, mode
形态 (xíngtài) 形态 refers to the outward form, configuration, or mode of existence of something — whether physical, social, ideological, or linguistic. It is the standard term for morphology in linguistics and biology, and in social science it refers to how something is organized or manifested. It is closely related to German "Gestalt" in its philosophical usage. Meanings [n] form, shape, configuration (outward appearance or structure) [n] mode, state (the...
市场份额 (shìchǎng fèn'é) — market share
市场份额 (shìchǎng fèn'é) Market share refers to the percentage of a market's total sales or revenue that is earned by a particular company, product, or brand over a specified period. Meanings [noun phrase] market share; the portion of market controlled by a company or product Example Sentences 该公司在智能手机市场的份额已超过30%。 Gāi gōngsī zài zhìnéng shǒujī shìchǎng de fèn'é yǐ chāoguò 30%. The company's share of the smartphone market has exceeded 30%. 两家企业激烈竞争，争夺国内市场份额。...
背景 (bèijǐng) — background; context; backdrop
背景 (bèijǐng) 背景 means "background" or "context" and can refer to the visual background of a scene, the historical or social context of an event, or a person's personal background. Meanings [noun] background; backdrop (visual) [noun] context; background (of an event or situation) [noun] personal background; connections; backing Example Sentences 这张照片的背景非常漂亮。 Zhè zhāng zhàopiàn de bèijǐng fēicháng piàoliang. The background of this photo is very beautiful. 了解历史背景有助于理解这部电影。 Liǎojiě lìshǐ bèijǐng...
分 (fēn) — minute; to divide; part
分 (fēn) 分 is used after a number to express minutes when telling the time. It also means "to divide" or "a portion," and appears in many compound words. Meanings [noun] Minute (unit of time, used after a number). [verb] To divide, to separate. [noun] A part, a portion, a score (in exams). Example Sentences 现在八点二十分。 Xiànzài bā diǎn èrshí fēn. It is now eight twenty. 我们还有五分钟。 Wǒmen hái yǒu...
漂亮 (piàoliang) — pretty; beautiful
漂亮 (piàoliang) 漂亮 describes something or someone that is visually beautiful or attractive. It can also describe an action done impressively well. Meanings [adjective] pretty; beautiful; attractive in appearance [adjective] well done; impressive; excellent (describing an action or result) Example Sentences 她穿了一条漂亮的裙子来参加聚会。 Tā chuān le yī tiáo piàoliang de qúnzi lái cānjiā jùhuì. She wore a pretty dress to the party. 这幅画画得真漂亮。 Zhè fú huà huà de zhēn piàoliang. This...
设计 (shèjì) — to design; design
设计 (shèjì) 设计 encompasses the full range of design activities -- from graphic and product design to architectural planning and the design of systems or experiments -- making it indispensable in creative and technical contexts. Meanings [verb] to design; to plan; to devise [noun] design; a plan; a blueprint Example Sentences 这座建筑由著名建筑师设计，风格独特。 Zhè zuò jiànzhú yóu zhùmíng jiànzhùshī shèjì, fēnggé dútè. This building was designed by a famous architect and...
继续 (jìxù) — to continue
继续 (jìxù) 继续 means to continue doing something or to carry on without stopping, picking up where one left off. Meanings [verb] to continue; to go on; to carry on; to keep doing Example Sentences 请继续说，我在听。 Qǐng jìxù shuō, wǒ zài tīng. Please continue speaking; I am listening. 休息一下，然后继续工作。 Xiūxi yīxià, ránhòu jìxù gōngzuò. Take a rest, then continue working. 尽管很难，他还是继续努力了。 Jǐnguǎn hěn nán, tā háishi jìxù nǔlì le. Even...
演变 (yǎnbiàn) — to evolve, to develop gradually
演变 (yǎnbiàn) 演变 describes the gradual evolution or development of something over time, typically used for historical, cultural, or social processes that unfold across extended periods. Meanings [verb] to evolve, to develop gradually, to change over time [noun] evolution, gradual development, historical change Example Sentences 汉字经过几千年的演变，形成了今天的样貌。 Hànzì jīngguò jǐ qiān nián de yǎnbiàn, xíngchéng le jīntiān de yànmào. Chinese characters evolved over thousands of years to take on their present...
请假 (qǐngjià) — to ask for leave / take time off
请假 (qǐngjià) 请假 is a verb meaning to formally request time off from work, school, or another obligation. 请 means "to request" and 假 here means "leave / time off" (not "fake"). It is used any time you need to notify a supervisor or teacher that you will be absent. Meanings [verb] To ask for leave; to request time off; to take a day off (with permission). Example Sentences 我明天要请假去看医生。...
文章 (wénzhāng) — article; essay
文章 (wénzhāng) 文章 refers to a piece of written work, such as a newspaper article, essay, or composition. Meanings [noun] article; essay; composition; written piece Example Sentences 他写了一篇关于环境保护的文章。 Tā xiě le yī piān guānyú huánjìng bǎohù de wénzhāng. He wrote an article about environmental protection. 这篇文章写得很好，逻辑清晰。 Zhè piān wénzhāng xiě de hěn hǎo, luójí qīngxī. This article is very well written and logically clear. 老师要求我们每周写一篇文章。 Lǎoshī yāoqiú wǒmen měi zhōu...
传播 (chuánbō) — to spread; to disseminate; to transmit
传播 (chuánbō) 传播 means to spread or disseminate information, ideas, culture, or disease from one person or place to another, and as a noun it refers to the act or process of such transmission. Meanings [verb] to spread; to disseminate; to propagate (information, culture, disease, etc.) [noun] dissemination; transmission; communication (the process of spreading) Example Sentences 互联网大大加速了信息的传播速度，使新闻能在几秒钟内传遍全球。 Hùliánwǎng dàdà jiāsùle xìnxī de chuánbō sùdù, shǐ xīnwén néng zài jǐ miǎozhōng...
干旱 (gānhàn) — drought; arid
干旱 (gānhàn) A drought is a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall that causes a serious shortage of water, threatening agriculture, ecosystems, and communities. Meanings [noun] drought; prolonged dry period with water shortage [adjective] arid; dry; drought-affected Example Sentences 严重的干旱导致农作物大量减产。 Yánzhòng de gānhàn dǎozhì nóngzuòwù dàliàng jiǎnchǎn. The severe drought caused a large reduction in crop yields. 这个地区长期干旱，水资源极度匮乏。 Zhège dìqū chángqī gānhàn, shuǐ zīyuán jídù kuìfá. This region is long...
传媒 (chuánméi) — media; mass media
传媒 (chuánméi) 传媒 refers to media organizations and platforms that transmit information to the public, encompassing print, broadcast, and digital media, and is used as both a general term for "the media" and in industry-specific contexts. Meanings [noun] media; mass media (organizations and platforms for mass communication) [noun] the communications or media industry Example Sentences 传媒行业正经历深刻变革，传统报纸和电视台面临来自新媒体的巨大冲击。 Chuánméi hángyè zhèng jīnglì shēnkè biàngé, chuántǒng bàozhǐ hé diànshìtái miànlín láizì xīn méitǐ...
遗憾 (yíhàn) — regret; to regret; regrettable
遗憾 (yíhàn) 遗憾 expresses regret, disappointment, or sorrow over something that did not happen, was lost, or went wrong, and is used across personal, official, and literary contexts at B2 level. Meanings [noun] regret; a sense of loss or disappointment [verb] to regret; to feel sorry about [adjective] regrettable; unfortunate Example Sentences 他感到非常遗憾，因为错过了这次难得的机会。 Tā gǎndào fēicháng yíhàn, yīnwèi cuòguòle zhè cì nándé de jīhuì. He felt very regretful because he...
处方 (chǔfāng) — prescription
处方 (chǔfāng) 处方 is the written instruction from a doctor telling a pharmacist which medicine to give a patient. It is an essential word for talking about medical consultations and pharmacy visits. Meanings [noun] prescription; a doctor's written order specifying medication and dosage Example Sentences 没有处方，药店不卖这种药。 Méiyǒu chǔfāng, yàodiàn bù mài zhè zhǒng yào. Without a prescription, the pharmacy will not sell this medicine. 医生给我开了一张处方。 Yīshēng gěi wǒ kāi le...
热情 (rèqíng) — enthusiasm, warmth
热情 (rèqíng) 热情 describes a warm, enthusiastic attitude toward people or activities, and is one of the highest compliments you can give someone's personality in Chinese. Meanings [adjective] enthusiastic, warm, passionate [noun] enthusiasm, warmth, passion Example Sentences 她对工作非常热情。 Tā duì gōngzuò fēicháng rèqíng. She is very enthusiastic about her work. 他热情地欢迎了每一位客人。 Tā rèqíng de huānyíng le měi yī wèi kèrén. He warmly welcomed every guest. 老师的热情影响了全班同学。 Lǎoshī de rèqíng yǐngxiǎng...
界面 (jièmiàn) — interface
界面 (jièmiàn) 界面 refers to a shared boundary or point of interaction, most commonly used in technology to describe the visual and interactive layer between software and its user. Meanings [noun] interface; surface boundary between two systems or entities Example Sentences 这款软件的用户界面设计简洁直观。 Zhè kuǎn ruǎnjiàn de yònghù jièmiàn shèjì jiǎnjié zhíguān. This software's user interface design is clean and intuitive. 设计师花了数月时间优化产品的界面体验。 Shèjìshī huā le shù yuè shíjiān yōuhuà chǎnpǐn de...
可再生 (kě zàishēng) — renewable
可再生 (kě zàishēng) 可再生 means "renewable" and is primarily used to describe energy sources and natural resources that can be naturally replenished, as opposed to finite fossil fuels. Meanings [adjective] renewable; regenerable (describing resources or energy that can be naturally replenished) Example Sentences 太阳能和风能都是可再生能源。 Tàiyángnéng hé fēngnéng dōu shì kě zàishēng néngyuán. Solar energy and wind energy are both renewable energy sources. 发展可再生能源是应对气候变化的关键措施。 Fāzhǎn kě zàishēng néngyuán shì yìngduì qìhòu...
拿出去 (ná chūqu) — take out (away)
拿出去 (ná chūqu) 拿出去 is a verb with a compound directional complement. 拿 (to take / hold) is the base verb; 出去 (go out / exit, away from the speaker) shows that the object moves from inside to outside and away from the current location. Compare 拿出来 (take out here, toward the speaker). Structure 拿 (take / hold) + 出去 (directional complement: out and away) = take something out (away...
标准 (biāozhǔn) — standard / criterion
标准 (biāozhǔn) 标准 means standard, criterion, or norm. As a noun it refers to a benchmark or rule used for evaluation. As an adjective it means standardized or proper. 标准答案 is a model answer, and 标准普通话 refers to standard Mandarin pronunciation. Meanings [noun] Standard; criterion; norm; benchmark. [adjective] Standard; standardized; conforming to a norm. Example Sentences 她的普通话发音非常标准。 Tā de Pǔtōnghuà fāyīn fēicháng biāozhǔn. Her Mandarin pronunciation is very standard. 这道题没有标准答案。...
观点 (guāndiǎn) — viewpoint; perspective; standpoint
观点 (guāndiǎn) 观点 refers to a person's point of view, perspective, or standpoint on a topic, especially in discussion or debate. Meanings [noun] Viewpoint; perspective; standpoint (a personal position on a topic). Example Sentences 我们应该尊重不同人的观点。 Wǒmen yīnggāi zūnzhòng bùtóng rén de guāndiǎn. We should respect the viewpoints of different people. 从我的观点来看，这个决定是正确的。 Cóng wǒ de guāndiǎn lái kàn, zhège juédìng shì zhèngquè de. From my perspective, this decision is correct. 他的观点很有意思，值得认真考虑。...
可能 (kěnéng) — possible / maybe
可能 (kěnéng) 可能 works both as an adjective meaning possible and as an adverb meaning maybe or possibly. When used as an adjective it follows 是 or describes a noun. When used as an adverb it precedes a verb or verb phrase to express uncertainty. Meanings [adjective] Possible; that can happen. [adverb] Maybe; possibly; perhaps. [noun] Possibility; chance. Example Sentences 他可能今天不来了。 Tā kěnéng jīntiān bù lái le. He possibly will...
知道 (zhīdào) — to know (a fact)
知道 (zhīdào) 知道 means to know a fact, a piece of information, or a situation. It is used for knowing that something is true or knowing about something. Compare with 认识 (rènshi): 认识 is for knowing people or being familiar with something through experience, while 知道 is for knowing facts and information. Meanings [verb] To know (a fact, information, a situation). Example Sentences 你知道他住在哪里吗？ Nǐ zhīdào tā zhù zài nǎlǐ...
文体 (wéntǐ) — literary genre, style
文体 (wéntǐ) 文体 refers to the stylistic form or genre of a piece of writing, encompassing both its structural conventions and its expressive register. It is distinct from 风格 (fēnggé), which focuses on an individual author's personal style. 文体 is used in academic and educational contexts to classify texts by type, such as argumentative, narrative, or expository writing. Meanings [n] literary genre or style; the formal type and register of...
她们 (tāmen) — they, them (all female)
她们 (tāmen) The third-person plural pronoun for an exclusively female group; it is spoken identically to 他们 (tāmen) and 它们 (tāmen) — the distinction only appears in writing. Meanings [pronoun] They (subject, all-female group). [pronoun] Them (object, all-female group). [pronoun] Their (before 的: 她们的). Example Sentences 她们是我的同学。 Tāmen shì wǒ de tóngxué. They are my classmates. 我很喜欢她们。 Wǒ hěn xǐhuan tāmen. I like them very much. 她们的歌唱得很好听。 Tāmen de gē...
视频通话 (shìpín tōnghuà) — video call
视频通话 (shìpín tōnghuà) 视频通话 refers to a video call, where participants can see and hear each other in real time over the internet. It is widely used through apps like WeChat (微信) and has become a common way to stay in touch with family and friends. Meanings [noun] video call; a real-time call that transmits both audio and video Example Sentences 我每周都和父母进行视频通话。 Wǒ měi zhōu dōu hé fùmǔ jìnxíng shìpín...
扩大 (kuòdà) — to expand, to enlarge
扩大 (kuòdà) 扩大 means to expand or enlarge the scope, scale, or size of something, typically implying a deliberate or significant widening of reach or capacity. Meanings [verb] to expand, to enlarge, to extend, to broaden (scope, scale, influence) [noun] expansion, enlargement (in compound structures) Example Sentences 公司计划扩大在亚洲市场的业务范围。 Gōngsī jìhuà kuòdà zài Yàzhōu shìchǎng de yèwù fànwéi. The company plans to expand its business scope in the Asian market. 政府采取措施扩大就业，缓解失业压力。...
命题 (mìngtí) — proposition; to set a topic
命题 (mìngtí) 命题 has two related uses. As a noun, it means a proposition — a statement that can be evaluated as true or false (in logic) or a central thesis (in rhetoric). As a verb, it means to set or formulate a topic for an examination, essay, or debate. The word is used in logic, philosophy, education, and academic writing. Meanings [n] proposition (a statement evaluable as true or...
评价 (píngjià) — to evaluate; evaluation
评价 (píngjià) 评价 means to assess or judge the value, quality, or significance of something, and is widely used in academic, critical, and professional discourse. Meanings [verb] to evaluate; to assess; to appraise [noun] evaluation; assessment; judgment Example Sentences 这部电影获得了观众的高度评价。 Zhè bù diànyǐng huòdéle guānzhòng de gāodù píngjià. This film received high praise from audiences. 我们应该客观地评价历史人物。 Wǒmen yīnggāi kèguān de píngjià lìshǐ rénwù. We should evaluate historical figures objectively. 老师对他的作文给出了详细的评价。...
体验 (tǐyàn) — to experience; experience
体验 (tǐyàn) 体验 means to experience something personally and directly, or the personal knowledge and understanding gained through such direct experience, often emphasizing the subjective, firsthand nature of the encounter. Meanings [verb] to experience firsthand; to feel personally; to go through something directly [noun] (personal) experience; user experience; sense of experience Example Sentences 他利用暑假去农村体验了一个月的农耕生活，深刻感受到了农民的艰辛。 Tā lìyòng shǔjià qù nóngcūn tǐyànle yī gè yuè de nónggēng shēnghuó, shēnkè gǎnshòudào le nóngmín...
她 (tā) — she, her
她 (tā) The third-person singular pronoun for females; it is pronounced identically to 他 (he) and 它 (it) — all are tā — so gender is only visible in writing. Meanings [pronoun] She (subject). [pronoun] Her (object). [pronoun] Her (before 的: 她的). Example Sentences 她是我的朋友。 Tā shì wǒ de péngyou. She is my friend. 我爱她。 Wǒ ài tā. I love her. 她的中文说得很好。 Tā de Zhōngwén shuō de hěn hǎo. She...
姐姐 (jiějiě) — older sister
姐姐 (jiějiě) 姐姐 means older sister. Like 哥哥, it specifically refers to a sister who is older than the speaker. Meanings [noun] Older sister, elder sister. Example Sentences 我姐姐在上海读书。 Wǒ jiějiě zài Shànghǎi dúshū. My older sister is studying in Shanghai. 姐姐比我大三岁。 Jiějiě bǐ wǒ dà sān suì. My older sister is three years older than me. 你的姐姐漂亮吗？ Nǐ de jiějiě piàoliang ma? Is your older sister beautiful? 姐姐每天都打电话给我。 Jiějiě...
承担 (chéngdān) — to bear; to undertake; to shoulder
承担 (chéngdān) 承担 means to bear, undertake, or shoulder a responsibility, cost, or burden, implying a willing or necessary acceptance of something significant. Meanings [verb] to bear; to undertake; to shoulder; to take on (responsibility) Example Sentences 他愿意承担这个项目的全部责任。 Tā yuànyì chéngdān zhège xiàngmù de quánbù zérèn. He is willing to take full responsibility for this project. 父母为孩子承担了很多压力。 Fùmǔ wèi háizi chéngdānle hěn duō yālì. Parents bear a lot of pressure...
叫 (jiào) — to be called; to call out; to ask
叫 (jiào) 叫 is most commonly used to introduce a name: 我叫... (My name is...). It also means to call out or shout, and to tell or ask someone to do something. Meanings [verb] To be called, to have the name of (我叫 wǒ jiào = my name is). [verb] To call out, to shout, to cry out. [verb] To ask or tell (someone to do something). Example Sentences 我叫李明，你叫什么名字？...
疾病 (jíbìng) — disease; illness
疾病 (jíbìng) 疾病 is the standard formal term for disease or illness, used in medical, public health, and academic contexts to refer to any disorder affecting the body or mind. Meanings [noun] disease; illness; sickness Example Sentences 慢性疾病的预防比治疗更为重要。 Mànxìng jíbìng de yùfáng bǐ zhìliáo gèng wéi zhòngyào. Prevention of chronic diseases is more important than treatment. 传染性疾病可以通过多种途径在人群中传播。 Chuánrǎnxìng jíbìng kěyǐ tōngguò duō zhǒng tújìng zài rénqún zhōng chuánbō. Infectious diseases...
外在 (wàizài) — external; outward
外在 (wàizài) 外在 means external or outward, describing qualities, factors, or appearances that belong to the outside as opposed to the inner or intrinsic nature of something. Meanings [adjective] external; outward; superficial; extrinsic (contrasted with inner/intrinsic) Example Sentences 外在的美貌不如内在的品质重要。 Wàizài de měimào bùrú nèizài de pǐnzhì zhòngyào. External beauty is not as important as inner qualities. 成功不仅仅取决于外在条件，更取决于个人的努力。 Chénggōng bù jǐnjǐn qǔjué yú wàizài tiáojiàn, gèng qǔjué yú gèrén de nǔlì....
机遇 (jīyù) — opportunity, chance
机遇 (jīyù) A favorable window of opportunity that arises from external circumstances -- more formal and weighty than 机会, often implying a historically significant or rare chance. Meanings [noun] opportunity, chance, favorable juncture Example Sentences 全球化为发展中国家提供了前所未有的发展机遇。 Quánqiú huà wèi fāzhǎn zhōng guójiā tígōngle qián suǒ wèi yǒu de fāzhǎn jīyù. Globalization has provided developing countries with unprecedented development opportunities. 他抓住了这次千载难逢的机遇，一举成名。 Tā zhuāzhùle zhè cì qiān zài nán féng de jīyù,...
假设 (jiǎshè) — to assume, to hypothesize; hypothesis
假设 (jiǎshè) 假设 means to assume or hypothesize — to posit something as true for the purposes of argument or investigation. As a noun, it means a hypothesis or assumption. It is central to scientific research, philosophical argumentation, and mathematical proof. It implies a provisional claim that needs to be tested or proven rather than a stated fact. Meanings [v] to assume; to suppose; to hypothesize [n] hypothesis; assumption; supposition...
时代 (shídài) — era; age; times
时代 (shídài) 时代 describes a broad period of time defined by particular social, cultural, or technological characteristics, larger in scope than 时间 (shíjiān). Meanings [noun] era; age; period; times Example Sentences 我们生活在一个信息时代。 Wǒmen shēnghuó zài yīgè xìnxī shídài. We live in an information age. 那是一个非常重要的历史时代。 Nà shì yīgè fēicháng zhòngyào de lìshǐ shídài. That was a very important era in history. 时代变了，年轻人的想法也不一样了。 Shídài biàn le, niánqīngrén de xiǎngfǎ yě bù...
熟悉 (shúxī) — familiar with
熟悉 (shúxī) 熟悉 means to be familiar with something through repeated contact, practice, or experience. It is the feeling of knowing something well enough that it no longer feels foreign. Meanings [verb] To know well; to be familiar with; to be acquainted with. [adjective] Familiar; well-known (to oneself). Example Sentences 我对这个城市很熟悉。 Wǒ duì zhège chéngshì hěn shúxī. I am very familiar with this city. 他熟悉这里的环境，可以带我们参观。 Tā shúxī zhèlǐ de huánjìng,...
供应链 (gōngyìngliàn) — supply chain
供应链 (gōngyìngliàn) 供应链 refers to the entire network of individuals, organizations, resources, activities, and technology involved in the creation and sale of a product, from raw material sourcing through to delivery to the end consumer. Meanings [noun] supply chain (the entire network of production and distribution from raw materials to end consumer) Example Sentences 新冠疫情严重扰乱了全球供应链，导致许多行业出现零部件短缺和交货延迟。 Xīnguān yìqíng yánzhòng rǎoluànle quánqiú gōngyìngliàn, dǎozhì xǔduō hángyè chūxiàn língbùjiàn duǎnquē hé jiāohuò yánchí....
反映 (fǎnyìng) — to reflect; to report
反映 (fǎnyìng) 反映 has two distinct uses: to reflect or mirror a situation (as in a text or artwork reflecting social reality), and to report or convey information or complaints to a higher authority. Meanings [verb] to reflect; to mirror; to represent (a situation or reality) [verb] to report; to convey (feedback, complaints, or information to someone in authority) Example Sentences 这部小说深刻地反映了二十世纪初的社会现实。 Zhè bù xiǎoshuō shēnkè de fǎnyìngle èrshí shìjì...
流行病 (liúxíngbìng) — epidemic, pandemic
流行病 (liúxíngbìng) 流行病 refers to an epidemic or pandemic — a disease that spreads rapidly and widely among a population. It became especially prominent in global vocabulary after recent health crises. Meanings [noun] epidemic; pandemic; a widely spreading infectious disease Example Sentences 这次流行病在全世界范围内造成了很大的影响。 Zhè cì liúxíngbìng zài quán shìjiè fànwéi nèi zàochéng le hěn dà de yǐngxiǎng. This epidemic had a huge impact across the world. 历史上出现过许多严重的流行病。 Lìshǐ shàng chūxiàn...
接受 (jiēshòu) — to accept; to receive; to take
接受 (jiēshòu) 接受 means to accept or receive, implying a willingness to take something offered, whether an object, idea, criticism, or invitation. Meanings [verb] to accept; to receive; to take; to agree to Example Sentences 她接受了公司的录用通知。 Tā jiēshòule gōngsī de lùyòng tōngzhī. She accepted the company's job offer. 他很难接受失败，总是想着再试一次。 Tā hěn nán jiēshòu shībài, zǒngshì xiǎngzhe zài shì yī cì. He has difficulty accepting failure and always thinks about trying...
体制 (tǐzhì) — system, institutional structure
体制 (tǐzhì) 体制 refers to the overarching institutional structure or organizational system, especially in the context of government, political, or large-scale social organization, often implying the fundamental framework within which institutions operate. Meanings [noun] system, institutional structure (especially political or administrative) [noun] system of organization or governance at a macro level Example Sentences 改革开放以来，中国的经济体制发生了根本性变化。 Gǎigé kāifàng yǐlái, Zhōngguó de jīngjì tǐzhì fāshēng le gēnběn xìng biànhuà. Since reform and opening...
完成 (wánchéng) — to complete
完成 (wánchéng) 完成 means to complete or accomplish something fully. It emphasizes that a task or goal has been carried through to its finish, not merely started or partially done. Meanings [verb] To complete; to finish; to accomplish. [verb] To fulfill (a duty, mission, or requirement). Example Sentences 我已经完成了作业。 Wǒ yǐjīng wánchéng le zuòyè. I have already finished my homework. 他成功地完成了这项任务。 Tā chénggōng de wánchéng le zhè xiàng rènwù. He...
词典 (cídiǎn) — dictionary
词典 (cídiǎn) 词典 is the standard word for a dictionary, particularly one organized around words and their definitions. It differs slightly from 字典 (zìdiǎn), which focuses on individual characters. In everyday speech 词典 and 字典 are often used interchangeably. Meanings [noun] Dictionary; lexicon (a reference book of words and meanings). Example Sentences 我不认识这个词，去查一下词典。 Wǒ bù rènshi zhège cí, qù chá yīxià cídiǎn. I don't know this word; let me look...
赞同 (zàntóng) — to agree; to approve
赞同 (zàntóng) 赞同 expresses active agreement with or approval of someone's opinion, proposal, or plan, and is widely used in formal discussion, debate, and written argument at B2 level. Meanings [verb] to agree with; to approve of; to endorse [noun] agreement; approval; endorsement Example Sentences 我完全赞同你的观点，这个方案非常合理。 Wǒ wánquán zàntóng nǐ de guāndiǎn, zhège fāng'àn fēicháng hélǐ. I fully agree with your view; this plan is very reasonable. 大多数委员投票赞同这项新规定。 Dàduōshù wěiyuán...
观众 (guānzhòng) — audience; spectators
观众 (guānzhòng) 观众 means "audience" or "spectators" and refers to people who watch a performance, broadcast, sports event, or other public show. Meanings [noun] audience; spectators; viewers Example Sentences 今天晚上的音乐会吸引了很多观众。 Jīntiān wǎnshang de yīnyuèhuì xīyǐn le hěn duō guānzhòng. Tonight's concert attracted a large audience. 观众们热烈鼓掌，表示欢迎。 Guānzhòngmen rèliè gǔzhǎng, biǎoshì huānyíng. The audience applauded warmly to show their welcome. 这个电视节目有几百万观众。 Zhège diànshì jiémù yǒu jǐ bǎi wàn guānzhòng. This TV...
提炼 (tíliàn) — to refine, to extract the essence
提炼 (tíliàn) 提炼 means to refine or extract — to process raw material (literal or figurative) to obtain the most valuable or essential elements, discarding the rest. Literally, it refers to refining metals or chemicals. Figuratively, it means to distill the essence of ideas, language, or experience into something pure and concentrated. Meanings [v] to refine; to extract the essence; to distill [v] to process and purify (material or abstract...
方法论 (fānfǎlùn) — methodology
方法论 (fāngfǎlùn) 方法论 refers to methodology -- the systematic study, framework, or set of principles governing the methods used in a particular discipline or field of inquiry. Meanings [noun] methodology (the study of or framework for methods) [noun] methodological approach (guiding principles behind how one works) Example Sentences 社会科学的研究方法论与自然科学存在显著差异。 Shèhuì kēxué de yánjiū fāngfǎlùn yǔ zìrán kēxué cúnzài xiǎnzhù chāyì. The research methodology of social sciences differs significantly from that...
深入 (shēnrù) — in-depth; thorough; penetrating
深入 (shēnrù) 深入 means in-depth or thorough as an adjective, or to go deep into something as a verb, describing a penetrating engagement with a topic or place. Meanings [adjective] in-depth; thorough; penetrating; going beyond the surface [verb] to go deep into; to penetrate; to immerse oneself in Example Sentences 我们需要对这个问题进行深入研究。 Wǒmen xūyào duì zhège wèntí jìnxíng shēnrù yánjiū. We need to conduct an in-depth study of this problem. 记者深入农村，了解当地的生活情况。...
花 (huā) — flower; to spend (money/time)
花 (huā) 花 has two core uses: as a noun it means flower, and as a verb it means to spend money or time. Context makes the meaning clear. Both uses are common in everyday speech. Meanings [noun] Flower, blossom. [verb] To spend (money or time). Example Sentences 桌子上有一束花。 Zhuōzi shàng yǒu yī shù huā. There is a bunch of flowers on the table. 这件衣服花了我很多钱。 Zhè jiàn yīfu huā le...
次 (cì) — time; occurrence; order
次 (cì) 次 is the measure word for occurrences or instances of an action — equivalent to "time" as in "three times." It differs from 遍 (biàn), which emphasizes completing the full course of an action, while 次 simply counts how many times something happened. Meanings [measure word] Time; occurrence. Counts how many times an action takes place. [noun/adjective] Order; sequence; second (in rank). Used in compounds like 次序 (order)...
语境 (yǔjìng) — context, linguistic environment
语境 (yǔjìng) 语境 refers to the context — linguistic, situational, social, or cultural — in which a word, sentence, or text is used. Understanding 语境 is essential for interpreting meaning correctly, since many Chinese words and expressions change significantly in meaning depending on context. It is a core concept in linguistics, translation, and language pedagogy. Meanings [n] linguistic context (the surrounding text that clarifies meaning) [n] situational/cultural context (the broader...
明显 (míngxiǎn) — obvious; evident; clear; marked
明显 (míngxiǎn) 明显 describes something that is easy to notice, clearly visible, or unmistakably apparent. Meanings [adjective] obvious; evident; clear; marked — readily apparent or noticeably distinguishable Example Sentences 他的进步非常明显。 Tā de jìnbù fēicháng míngxiǎn. His progress is very obvious. 这两个方案有明显的区别。 Zhè liǎng gè fāng'àn yǒu míngxiǎn de qūbié. There is a clear difference between these two plans. 她明显不高兴。 Tā míngxiǎn bù gāoxìng. She is obviously unhappy. 质量有了明显的提高。 Zhìliàng yǒu...
生态 (shēngtài) — ecology; ecological
生态 (shēngtài) 生态 describes the ecological balance and state of a natural environment, and is increasingly used in modern Chinese to describe sustainable or healthy systems beyond biology. Meanings [noun] ecology; the ecological state of an environment [adjective] ecological; eco- (used as a modifier) Example Sentences 保护生态环境是每个公民的责任。 Bǎohù shēngtài huánjìng shì měi gè gōngmín de zérèn. Protecting the ecological environment is every citizen's responsibility. 这片森林的生态保持得非常好。 Zhè piàn sēnlín de shēngtài...
表现 (biǎoxiàn) — to show; performance
表现 (biǎoxiàn) 表现 refers to how someone behaves or performs, and can also mean to display or show something. Meanings [verb] to show; to display; to demonstrate [noun] performance; behavior; showing Example Sentences 这个学生在课堂上表现得很好。 Zhège xuéshēng zài kètáng shàng biǎoxiàn de hěn hǎo. This student performs very well in class. 她的表现让老师非常满意。 Tā de biǎoxiàn ràng lǎoshī fēicháng mǎnyì. Her performance made the teacher very satisfied. 他想通过努力工作来表现自己的能力。 Tā xiǎng tōngguò nǔlì...
辛辣 (xīnlà) — spicy, pungent
辛辣 (xīnlà) 辛辣 describes a sharp, pungent, or spicy taste typically caused by chili peppers, ginger, or other strong spices. It can also describe sharp, biting language or criticism. Meanings adjective spicy, pungent (having a hot or sharp flavor; also used figuratively for sharp criticism) Example Sentences 四川菜以辛辣著名。 Sìchuān cài yǐ xīnlà zhùmíng. Sichuan cuisine is famous for being spicy. 她不能吃太辛辣的食物。 Tā bù néng chī tài xīnlà de shíwù. She...
到处 (dàochù) — everywhere
到处 (dàochù) 到处 means everywhere or all over — no place is excluded. It emphasizes the exhaustive range of a search or the wide distribution of something. Meanings [adverb] Everywhere; all over; in every place. Example Sentences 我到处找，都找不到钥匙。 Wǒ dàochù zhǎo, dōu zhǎo bu dào yàoshi. I looked everywhere but couldn't find the key. 节日期间，到处都是人。 Jiérì qījiān, dàochù dōu shì rén. During the holiday, there are people everywhere. 他去过很多国家，到处旅行。 Tā...
经济 (jīngjì) — economy; economics
经济 (jīngjì) 经济 refers to the economy of a country or region, the field of economics, or colloquially something that is economical or cost-effective. Meanings [noun] Economy; economics; financial situation. [adjective] Economical; cost-effective; thrifty. Example Sentences 中国的经济近年来发展迅速。 Zhōngguó de jīngjì jìnnián lái fāzhǎn xùnsù. China's economy has developed rapidly in recent years. 全球经济正面临很多不确定因素。 Quánqiú jīngjì zhèng miànlín hěn duō bù quèdìng yīnsù. The global economy is currently facing many uncertainties....
信任 (xìnrèn) — to trust; trust; confidence
信任 (xìnrèn) 信任 means to have confidence in someone's reliability, honesty, or ability, and can describe both the act of trusting and the relationship of trust itself. Meanings [verb] To trust, to have confidence in, to rely on (someone's character or ability). [noun] Trust, confidence, faith (in a person or institution). Example Sentences 多年的合作让双方建立了深厚的互信关系，信任是这段伙伴关系的基石。 Duō nián de hézuò ràng shuāngfāng jiànlì le shēnhòu de hùxìn guānxi, xìnrèn shì zhè duàn...
必要 (bìyào) — necessary; essential; indispensable
必要 (bìyào) 必要 means necessary or essential, describing something that is required or cannot be avoided in a given situation. Meanings [adjective] necessary; essential; indispensable; required Example Sentences 有必要在会议前准备好材料。 Yǒu bìyào zài huìyì qián zhǔnbèi hǎo cáiliào. It is necessary to prepare materials before the meeting. 沟通是解决问题的必要条件。 Gōutōng shì jiějué wèntí de bìyào tiáojiàn. Communication is a necessary condition for solving problems. 这次手术是必要的，不能推迟。 Zhè cì shǒushù shì bìyào de, bù...
速度 (sùdù) — speed; pace; velocity
速度 (sùdù) 速度 refers to the rate of movement or change, covering physical speed as well as the pace of development or progress. Meanings [noun] Speed; pace; velocity; rate. Example Sentences 这列高铁的速度超过三百公里每小时。 Zhè liè gāotiě de sùdù chāoguò sānbǎi gōnglǐ měi xiǎoshí. The speed of this high-speed train exceeds 300 kilometers per hour. 请说话慢一点，你的速度太快了。 Qǐng shuōhuà màn yīdiǎn, nǐ de sùdù tài kuài le. Please speak more slowly; your pace...
正确 (zhèngquè) — correct / right
正确 (zhèngquè) 正确 means correct, right, or accurate, used to evaluate answers, methods, attitudes, and decisions. Meanings [adjective] correct; right; accurate; proper Example Sentences 你的答案是正确的。 Nǐ de dá'àn shì zhèngquè de. Your answer is correct. 我们需要用正确的方法解决问题。 Wǒmen xūyào yòng zhèngquè de fāngfǎ jiějué wèntí. We need to use the correct method to solve the problem. 他的判断非常正确。 Tā de pànduàn fēicháng zhèngquè. His judgment was very accurate. 保持正确的态度很重要。 Bǎochí zhèngquè de...
在 (zài) — to be at; at/in (location)
在 (zài) 在 expresses location. It functions both as a main verb meaning "to be at/in" and as a preposition meaning "at/in" placed before a location to set the scene for an action. Meanings [verb] To be at; to be in; to be present (main verb indicating existence at a location). [preposition] At; in; on (before a location word, indicating where an action takes place). Example Sentences 我在家。 Wǒ zài...
昨天 (zuótiān) — yesterday
昨天 (zuótiān) 昨天 means yesterday, the day before today. It is placed at the beginning of a sentence or before the verb as a time expression. Meanings [noun/adverb] Yesterday, the previous day. Example Sentences 昨天我去了图书馆。 Zuótiān wǒ qù le túshūguǎn. Yesterday I went to the library. 她昨天没有来上课。 Tā zuótiān méiyǒu lái shàngkè. She did not come to class yesterday. 你昨天晚上做什么了？ Nǐ zuótiān wǎnshang zuò shénme le? What did you do...
必须 (bìxū) — must
必须 (bìxū) 必须 expresses a strong obligation or necessity. It means "must" or "have to," and is stronger than 应该 (yīnggāi — should). The negative form is 不必 (bùbì — don't need to) rather than 不必须. Meanings [modal verb] Must; have to; it is necessary to. Example Sentences 你必须按时交作业。 Nǐ bìxū ànshí jiāo zuòyè. You must hand in your homework on time. 进入这里必须出示证件。 Jìnrù zhèlǐ bìxū chūshì zhèngjiàn. You must...
结果 (jiéguǒ) — result; outcome; as a result
结果 (jiéguǒ) 结果 refers to the final outcome or result of a process, and it also functions as a connective meaning "as a result" or "in the end." Meanings [noun] Result; outcome; conclusion. [conjunction] As a result; consequently; in the end. Example Sentences 考试结果明天才能知道。 Kǎoshì jiéguǒ míngtiān cái néng zhīdào. We won't know the exam results until tomorrow. 他努力工作，结果获得了晋升。 Tā nǔlì gōngzuò, jiéguǒ huòdéle jìnshēng. He worked hard, and as...
具体 (jùtǐ) — specific, concrete
具体 (jùtǐ) 具体 describes something that is clearly defined, detailed, and tangible rather than vague, general, or abstract, often implying practical specificity. Meanings [adjective] specific, concrete, detailed [adverb] specifically, concretely, in detail Example Sentences 请你具体说明一下这个计划的实施步骤。 Qǐng nǐ jùtǐ shuōmíng yīxià zhège jìhuà de shíshī bùzhòu. Please explain the implementation steps of this plan in specific detail. 你的建议太抽象了，能给出一些具体的例子吗？ Nǐ de jiànyì tài chōuxiàng le, néng gěi chū yīxiē jùtǐ de lìzi...
信封 (xìnfēng) — envelope
信封 (xìnfēng) A paper container used for mailing letters, folded and sealed to enclose written correspondence. Meanings [noun] Envelope, a paper casing for sending letters. Example Sentences 请把信放进信封里，再寄出去。 Qǐng bǎ xìn fàng jìn xìnfēng lǐ, zài jì chūqù. Please put the letter into the envelope, then mail it. 桌上有几个空的信封。 Zhuō shàng yǒu jǐ gè kōng de xìnfēng. There are a few empty envelopes on the table. 他在信封上写了收件人的地址。 Tā zài xìnfēng...
决定 (juédìng) — to decide
决定 (juédìng) 决定 means to decide or make a decision. It can function as both a verb and a noun, covering personal choices and formal resolutions. Meanings [verb] To decide; to determine; to resolve. [noun] A decision; a resolution. Example Sentences 我决定去北京工作。 Wǒ juédìng qù Běijīng gōngzuò. I decided to go to Beijing to work. 你有没有做决定？ Nǐ yǒu méiyǒu zuò juédìng? Have you made a decision? 老师决定推迟考试。 Lǎoshī juédìng tuīchí...
刻画 (kèhuà) — to portray; to delineate
刻画 (kèhuà) 刻画 means to portray or delineate a character, image, or scene with precision and depth, as if carving it into sharp relief, and is especially used in literary and artistic criticism. Meanings [verb] to portray; to delineate; to depict with precision [verb] to characterize (a person or role) with skillful detail Example Sentences 作家用精准的笔法刻画了一个复杂而真实的人物形象。 Zuòjiā yòng jīngzhǔn de bǐfǎ kèhuàle yī gè fùzá ér zhēnshí de rénwù xíngxiàng....
网络 (wǎngluò) — network; internet
网络 (wǎngluò) 网络 refers to any kind of interconnected network, including computer networks and the internet, as well as social or organizational networks. Meanings [noun] network; internet — a system of interconnected elements, especially a computer network or the internet Example Sentences 这里的网络信号很差。 Zhèlǐ de wǎngluò xìnhào hěn chà. The network signal here is very poor. 网络让世界变得更小了。 Wǎngluò ràng shìjiè biàn de gèng xiǎo le. The internet has made the...
找到 (zhǎo dào) — to find; to successfully locate
找到 (zhǎo dào) 找到 is a verb + result complement. 找 means "to look for / search" and 到 is the result complement indicating that the searching action reached its goal — you actually found it. Without 到, 找 is just the act of searching (outcome unknown). 找不到 means "can't find" and 没找到 means "searched but didn't find." Meanings [v+comp] Find; locate — the search was successful. [v+comp] Track down;...
让 (ràng) — let, make, allow
让 (ràng) A pivotal verb used in the pattern 让 + person + verb, meaning "let someone do" or "make someone do." It can express permission, request, or causation. In informal speech it also functions as a passive marker meaning "by." Meanings [verb] To let, to allow (someone to do something). [verb] To make, to cause (someone to do or feel something). [verb] To yield, to give way to someone....
第一 (dìyī) — first
第一 (dìyī) The ordinal number "first," formed by placing the prefix 第 (dì) before any cardinal number; this pattern applies to all ordinals (第二 = second, 第三 = third, etc.) and is used in sequences, rankings, and lists. Meanings [ordinal number] First, number one in a sequence or ranking. [adjective] Primary, most important (第一重要 = of primary importance). Example Sentences 她是我们班第一名。 Tā shì wǒmen bān dìyī míng. She is first...
框架 (kuàngjià) — framework, structure
框架 (kuàngjià) 框架 refers to a framework, structure, or skeleton — the essential structural elements that define and support a system, plan, argument, or building. In intellectual and policy discourse, it often refers to conceptual frameworks, theoretical structures, or institutional arrangements. It is metaphorically extended from the physical meaning (frame of a building or picture). Meanings [n] framework, structure (the organizational skeleton of a system or argument) [n] frame, skeleton...
再 (zài) — again (future), then, more
再 (zài) An adverb meaning "again" for future or hypothetical repetition. Key contrast with 又 (yòu): 再 is used for actions that will happen again or are being requested, while 又 describes repetition that has already occurred. Meanings [adv] Again (future repetition), one more time. [adv] Then (after something else happens first). [adv] More, further (with adjectives or longer). Example Sentences 请再说一遍。 Qǐng zài shuō yī biàn. Please say it...
感性 (gǎnxìng) — emotional; perceptual; sensory
感性 (gǎnxìng) 感性 describes someone or something that is emotional, intuitive, or driven by feeling and perception rather than logic and reason; it can also refer to sensory or perceptual knowledge as opposed to rational/analytical thinking. Meanings [adjective] emotional; feeling-driven; intuitive; sentimental [noun] emotionality; perceptual knowledge; sensory cognition (philosophy) Example Sentences 她是一个非常感性的人，看电影时经常会被感人的情节感动得流泪。 Tā shì yī gè fēicháng gǎnxìng de rén, kàn diànyǐng shí jīngcháng huì bèi gǎnrén de qíngjié gǎndòng...
一点儿 (yīdiǎnr) — a little; a bit
一点儿 (yīdiǎnr) 一点儿 means "a little" or "a bit." It softens statements about degree or quantity and is one of the most common hedging expressions in Mandarin. Meanings [adverb] A little; slightly (modifying an adjective or verb to reduce intensity). [noun phrase] A small amount of (before a noun to indicate a small quantity). Example Sentences 我会说一点儿汉语。 Wǒ huì shuō yīdiǎnr Hànyǔ. I can speak a little Chinese. 这个菜有一点儿辣。 Zhège...
餐厅 (cāntīng) — restaurant, dining room
餐厅 (cāntīng) 餐厅 refers to a restaurant or dining hall where people go to eat prepared meals. It covers everything from casual eateries to formal dining establishments. Meanings noun restaurant, dining room (a place where meals are prepared and served) Example Sentences 这家餐厅的服务非常好。 Zhè jiā cāntīng de fúwù fēicháng hǎo. The service at this restaurant is excellent. 我们周末去一家新餐厅试试吧。 Wǒmen zhōumò qù yī jiā xīn cāntīng shì shì ba. Let's try...
紧张 (jǐnzhāng) — tense; nervous; tight; in short supply
紧张 (jǐnzhāng) 紧张 covers both the internal feeling of nervousness or anxiety and the external state of tension, tightness, or scarcity. Meanings [adjective] Nervous; anxious (about a person's mental state). [adjective] Tense; strained (about a situation or relationship). [adjective] In short supply; tight (about resources or time). Example Sentences 考试前我总是很紧张。 Kǎoshì qián wǒ zǒng shì hěn jǐnzhāng. I am always very nervous before exams. 两国之间的关系十分紧张。 Liǎng guó zhījiān de guānxi...
弟弟 (dìdi) — younger brother
弟弟 (dìdi) 弟弟 means younger brother. It refers specifically to a male sibling who is younger than the speaker. Meanings [noun] Younger brother, little brother. Example Sentences 我弟弟今年八岁。 Wǒ dìdi jīnnián bā suì. My younger brother is eight years old this year. 弟弟喜欢玩游戏。 Dìdi xǐhuān wán yóuxì. My younger brother likes to play games. 你有弟弟吗？ Nǐ yǒu dìdi ma? Do you have a younger brother? 我要照顾好我的弟弟。 Wǒ yào zhàogù hǎo...
介绍 (jièshào) — to introduce / introduction
介绍 (jièshào) To introduce a person to others or to present information about something; also used as a noun meaning "introduction." Meanings [verb] To introduce (a person or topic). [noun] Introduction, presentation, description. Example Sentences 请介绍一下你自己。 Qǐng jièshào yīxià nǐ zìjǐ. Please introduce yourself. 他向大家介绍了这个新项目。 Tā xiàng dàjiā jièshào le zhège xīn xiàngmù. He introduced the new project to everyone. 这本书的介绍很有趣。 Zhè běn shū de jièshào hěn yǒuqù. The introduction...
态度 (tàidu) — attitude
态度 (tàidu) 态度 refers to a person's attitude, stance, or manner, including their mental approach, emotional response, or behavioral disposition toward a person, thing, or situation. Meanings [noun] attitude; stance; manner; approach Example Sentences 他对工作的态度非常认真。 Tā duì gōngzuò de tàidu fēicháng rènzhēn. His attitude toward work is very serious. 面对挑战，要保持积极的态度。 Miànduì tiǎozhàn, yào bǎochí jījí de tàidu. When facing challenges, you should maintain a positive attitude. 她对客户的态度总是很礼貌。 Tā duì kèhù...
规避 (guībì) — to circumvent, to evade
规避 (guībì) 规避 means to evade or circumvent — to deliberately avoid something, especially risks, legal obligations, or regulations. It implies a strategic, planned avoidance rather than accidental evasion. In legal and financial contexts, it often refers to exploiting loopholes or using legitimate means to avoid obligations. It can be neutral (risk avoidance) or negative (evading responsibility). Meanings [v] to circumvent; to evade; to avoid (risks, rules, or obligations) strategically...
重要 (zhòngyào) — important
重要 (zhòngyào) 重要 is one of the most common adjectives in Chinese, meaning "important" or "significant." It describes anything that carries weight or consequence — a task, a person, a date, a decision. It can modify a noun (重要的事 — an important thing) or follow a verb (很重要 — very important). Meanings [adjective] Important; significant; essential; of great consequence. Example Sentences 健康是最重要的事情。 Jiànkāng shì zuì zhòngyào de shìqíng. Health is...
洪水 (hóngshuǐ) — Flood, floodwater
洪水 (hóngshuǐ) 洪水 refers to an overflow of a large amount of water beyond its normal confines, especially onto dry land -- a natural disaster that can cause widespread damage to communities and ecosystems. Meanings [noun] flood; floodwater; inundation Example Sentences 连日暴雨导致河流决堤，洪水淹没了整个村庄。 Lián rì bàoyǔ dǎozhì héliú juédī, hóngshuǐ yānmòle zhěnggè cūnzhuāng. Continuous heavy rain caused the river to burst its banks, and the flood submerged the entire village. 气候变化使洪水发生的频率和强度都在增加。...
换言之 (huàn yán zhī) — in other words; that is to say
换言之 (huàn yán zhī) 换言之 is a formal discourse marker used to introduce a restatement or clarification of something just said, equivalent to "in other words" or "that is to say" in English. Meanings [discourse marker] in other words; that is to say; to put it another way Example Sentences 这项政策对所有纳税人都适用，换言之，任何有收入的公民都必须遵守这一规定。 Zhè xiàng zhèngcè duì suǒyǒu nàshuì rén dōu shìyòng, huàn yán zhī, rènhé yǒu shōurù de gōngmín dōu bìxū...
再者 (zàizhě) — furthermore, moreover
再者 (zàizhě) 再者 is a formal discourse connector used to introduce an additional supporting point, typically the last or a later item in a series of reasons or arguments. Meanings [conjunction] furthermore, moreover, besides, what is more (used to add a further point) Example Sentences 这个项目耗资巨大，再者工期太长，我们决定放弃。 Zhège xiàngmù hào zī jùdà, zàizhě gōngqī tài cháng, wǒmen juédìng fàngqì. This project requires enormous funds; furthermore, the construction period is too long,...
根基 (gēnjī) — foundation, basis
根基 (gēnjī) 根基 combines the ideas of roots (根) and foundation (基) to refer to the deep, fundamental base upon which something rests. It is used both concretely (the structural foundation of a building) and metaphorically (the intellectual, moral, or social foundation of a system or person). It implies something deeply embedded and difficult to shake. Meanings [n] foundation, basis (the underlying support on which something depends) [n] roots, grounding...
商店 (shāngdiàn) — shop, store
商店 (shāngdiàn) A shop or store where goods are sold to customers. This word refers to any general retail establishment. Meanings [noun] Shop, store. A place where goods are sold commercially. Example Sentences 商店几点开门？ Shāngdiàn jǐ diǎn kāimén? What time does the shop open? 这个商店很大。 Zhège shāngdiàn hěn dà. This store is very large. 我在商店买了水。 Wǒ zài shāngdiàn mǎile shuǐ. I bought water at the store. 商店里有很多东西。 Shāngdiàn lǐ yǒu...
治理 (zhìlǐ) — Govern, governance, manage
治理 (zhìlǐ) 治理 means to govern, administer, or manage in a systematic and controlled way. It is used both for political governance and for the management of complex issues such as environmental problems. Meanings [verb] to govern; to administer; to manage; to bring under control [noun] governance; administration; management Example Sentences 良好的国家治理是社会稳定的基础。 Liánghǎo de guójiā zhìlǐ shì shèhuì wěndìng de jīchǔ. Good national governance is the foundation of social stability....
况且 (kuàngqiě) — moreover, besides, what is more
况且 (kuàngqiě) 况且 is a conjunction that introduces an additional reason or consideration that reinforces or strengthens a preceding argument, often implying that the added point makes the conclusion even more certain. Meanings [conjunction] moreover, besides, furthermore, what is more (with an emphatic or reinforcing tone) Example Sentences 我今天太累了，况且外面还在下雨，就不出去了。 Wǒ jīntiān tài lèi le, kuàngqiě wàimiàn hái zài xià yǔ, jiù bù chūqù le. I am too tired today; moreover,...
包括 (bāokuò) — to include
包括 (bāokuò) 包括 means to include or to comprise. It is used to list what is contained within a set, group, or scope. It often appears at the start of a list introduced by a general statement. Meanings [verb] To include; to comprise; to consist of. Example Sentences 这个价格包括早餐。 Zhège jiàgé bāokuò zǎocān. This price includes breakfast. 我们班包括三十个学生。 Wǒmen bān bāokuò sānshí gè xuésheng. Our class includes thirty students. 他的工作包括很多内容。...
出口 (chūkǒu) — export; exit
出口 (chūkǒu) 出口 has two main meanings: the export of goods from a country to foreign markets, and a physical exit or way out of a building, road, or enclosed space. Meanings [noun/verb] export; to export (goods to other countries) [noun] exit, way out (a physical opening through which one leaves) Example Sentences 中国是全球最大的商品出口国之一。 Zhōngguó shì quánqiú zuìdà de shāngpǐn chūkǒu guó zhī yī. China is one of the world's...
传统 (chuántǒng) — tradition; traditional
传统 (chuántǒng) 传统 refers to customs, values, and practices handed down from earlier generations, and describes things that are rooted in such heritage. Meanings [noun] tradition; heritage; custom passed down through generations [adj] traditional; conventional Example Sentences 春节是中国最重要的传统节日。 Chūnjié shì Zhōngguó zuì zhòngyào de chuántǒng jiérì. Spring Festival is the most important traditional holiday in China. 他很尊重家族的传统。 Tā hěn zūnzhòng jiāzú de chuántǒng. He has great respect for his family's...
冷静 (lěngjìng) — Calm / cool-headed
冷静 (lěngjìng) 冷静 describes a state of being calm, composed, and rational — especially when under pressure or in a difficult situation. Meanings [adjective] calm, cool-headed, composed, level-headed Example Sentences 遇到紧急情况时，一定要保持冷静。 Yùdào jǐnjí qíngkuàng shí, yīdìng yào bǎochí lěngjìng. When you encounter an emergency, you must stay calm. 他在压力下依然很冷静，处理问题很有条理。 Tā zài yālì xià yīrán hěn lěngjìng, chǔlǐ wèntí hěn yǒu tiáolǐ. He remained very calm under pressure and handled problems...
稳定 (wěndìng) — stable; to stabilize
稳定 (wěndìng) 稳定 describes a state of being free from significant change, disruption, or fluctuation, and is used extensively in political, economic, social, and scientific contexts. Meanings [adjective] stable; steady; unchanged [verb] to stabilize; to make stable Example Sentences 政治稳定是经济持续发展的重要前提条件。 Zhèngzhì wěndìng shì jīngjì chíxù fāzhǎn de zhòngyào qiántí tiáojiàn. Political stability is an important prerequisite for sustained economic development. 这段时间股市波动较大，尚未恢复稳定。 Zhè duàn shíjiān gǔshì bōdòng jiào dà, shàng wèi...
迟到 (chídào) — to be late; to arrive late
迟到 (chídào) 迟到 is a verb-object compound: 迟 (chí) means "late/slow" and 到 (dào) means "to arrive." Together they express arriving or showing up after the expected time. Because it is a verb-object compound, time expressions and 了 attach after the whole word. Meanings [verb] To be late; to arrive late. Used for being late to a scheduled event, class, meeting, or appointment. Example Sentences 对不起，我迟到了。 Duìbuqǐ, wǒ chídào le....
比赛 (bǐsài) — competition
比赛 (bǐsài) 比赛 is the standard word for a competition, match, or contest. It is used for sports, academic contests, and any formal competitive event. It can also function as a verb meaning "to compete." Meanings [noun] Competition; match; contest; race. [verb] To compete; to have a match. Example Sentences 他参加了学校的演讲比赛。 Tā cānjiā le xuéxiào de yǎnjiǎng bǐsài. He participated in the school speech competition. 今天下午有一场足球比赛。 Jīntiān xiàwǔ yǒu yī...
椅子 (yǐzi) — chair
椅子 (yǐzi) A noun meaning chair or seat. Like 桌子 (table), it takes the common 子 (zi) suffix. 椅子 refers to any standard chair with a back. The measure word is 把 (bǎ). Meanings [noun] Chair, seat with a back. Example Sentences 请坐，这把椅子是你的。 Qǐng zuò, zhè bǎ yǐzi shì nǐ de. Please sit down, this chair is yours. 她把椅子搬到窗边。 Tā bǎ yǐzi bān dào chuāng biān. She moved the chair...
地方 (dìfang) — place; region
地方 (dìfang) 地方 refers to a place, location, or region. It can be physical or abstract, used in both specific and general contexts. Meanings [noun] place; location; region; area Example Sentences 这个地方风景非常美。 Zhège dìfang fēngjǐng fēicháng měi. The scenery of this place is very beautiful. 你来自什么地方？ Nǐ láizì shénme dìfang? Where do you come from? 我找不到那本书放在什么地方了。 Wǒ zhǎo bù dào nà běn shū fàng zài shénme dìfang le. I cannot...
是的 (shì de) — yes; that's right; indeed
是的 (shì de) 是的 means "yes," "that's right," or "indeed." It confirms or affirms that a stated fact is correct. Meanings [phrase] Yes; that's right; correct; indeed (factual affirmation). Example Sentences A: 你是老师吗？ B: 是的，我是老师。 A: Nǐ shì lǎoshī ma? B: Shì de, wǒ shì lǎoshī. A: Are you a teacher? B: Yes, I am a teacher. A: 他是你的朋友吗？ B: 是的。 A: Tā shì nǐ de péngyou ma? B: Shì...
了 (le) — completion and change-of-state particle
了 (le) 了 is not a simple past tense marker. It has two positions and two related functions: post-verb 了 marks the completion of an action, while sentence-final 了 marks a change of state or a currently relevant new situation. Meanings [particle — post-verb] Marks that an action has been completed (perfective aspect). [particle — sentence-final] Marks a new situation or change of state; also used for emphasis or to...
英语 (Yīngyǔ) — English language
英语 (Yīngyǔ) The English language. 英 is the phonetic approximation of "Eng-" (from "England") and also conveniently means "outstanding" or "hero" in Chinese. 语 means "language." Meanings [noun] English language. The language originating from England, widely used internationally. Example Sentences 你会说英语吗？ Nǐ huì shuō Yīngyǔ ma? Can you speak English? 我在学英语。 Wǒ zài xué Yīngyǔ. I am studying English. 他的英语说得很好。 Tā de Yīngyǔ shuō de hěn hǎo. He speaks English...
尤其 (yóuqí) — especially; particularly; in particular
尤其 (yóuqí) 尤其 is an adverb meaning "especially" or "in particular," used to highlight one specific element within a broader set as being more notable, extreme, or deserving of attention than the others. Meanings [adverb] especially; particularly; in particular (used to single out one specific item or aspect from a broader group, emphasizing it as the most notable member) Usage Note 尤其 typically introduces the item being highlighted, which comes...
学习 (xuéxí) — study; to study, to learn
学习 (xuéxí) 学习 works as both a noun meaning "study" or "learning" and a verb meaning "to study" or "to learn." 学 (xué) means to learn or imitate, and 习 (xí) means to practice repeatedly. Together they capture the cycle of learning and practicing. Meanings [noun] Study, learning. [verb] To study, to learn (through practice and repetition). Example Sentences 我每天学习两个小时的汉语。 Wǒ měitiān xuéxí liǎng gè xiǎoshí de Hànyǔ. I study...
医院 (yīyuàn) — hospital
医院 (yīyuàn) 医院 refers to a healthcare institution that provides medical diagnosis, treatment, and care to patients, ranging from small community hospitals to large specialist medical centers. Meanings [noun] hospital, medical center Example Sentences 他在那次严重的交通事故后被紧急送往最近的医院救治。 Tā zài nà cì yánzhòng de jiāotōng shìgù hòu bèi jǐnjí sòng wǎng zuìjìn de yīyuàn jiùzhì. After that serious traffic accident, he was urgently sent to the nearest hospital for treatment. 这家三甲医院在心脏外科领域享有极高的声誉。 Zhè jiā...
资质 (zīzhì) — qualification; aptitude
资质 (zīzhì) 资质 refers to a person's innate ability, natural talent, or formally verified qualification, and is commonly used in professional, academic, and HR contexts at B2 level. Meanings [noun] qualification; credential; certification [noun] aptitude; natural ability; endowment Example Sentences 他的资质完全符合这个职位的要求。 Tā de zīzhì wánquán fúhé zhège zhíwèi de yāoqiú. His qualifications fully meet the requirements of this position. 这家公司拥有国家级的建筑资质。 Zhè jiā gōngsī yōngyǒu guójiājí de jiànzhù zīzhì. This company...
学期 (xuéqī) — school term; semester
学期 (xuéqī) 学期 refers to a term or semester, one of the divisions of the school or academic year. Meanings [noun] school term; semester; academic term Example Sentences 这学期你选了哪些课？ Zhè xuéqī nǐ xuǎn le nǎxiē kè? Which courses did you choose this semester? 下学期我想多参加课外活动。 Xià xuéqī wǒ xiǎng duō cānjia kèwài huódòng. Next semester I want to participate in more extracurricular activities. 这学期我们要学很多新内容。 Zhè xuéqī wǒmen yào xué hěn duō...
病人 (bìngrén) — patient, sick person
病人 (bìngrén) 病人 refers to someone who is sick or who is receiving medical care. It is one of the most common words in medical contexts and is used in both formal and everyday speech. Meanings [noun] patient; a sick person receiving or needing medical treatment Example Sentences 医院里有很多病人在等待治疗。 Yīyuàn lǐ yǒu hěn duō bìngrén zài děngdài zhìliáo. There are many patients in the hospital waiting for treatment. 护士每天要照顾几十个病人。 Hùshi...
有效 (yǒuxiào) — effective, valid
有效 (yǒuxiào) Describes something that works as intended and produces real results -- or something that is legally or formally in force. Meanings [adjective] effective, efficacious (producing results) [adjective] valid, in force (legally or formally binding) Example Sentences 这种药物对治疗失眠非常有效。 Zhè zhǒng yàowù duì zhìliáo shīmián fēicháng yǒuxiào. This medication is very effective for treating insomnia. 请在有效期内使用您的优惠券。 Qǐng zài yǒuxiào qī nèi shǐyòng nín de yōuhuìquàn. Please use your coupon within...
醋 (cù) — vinegar / jealousy
醋 (cù) 醋 is primarily the condiment vinegar, essential in Chinese cooking for its sharp, sour flavor. Colloquially, 吃醋 (eat vinegar) means to feel jealous, especially in a romantic relationship — a vivid metaphor for the sour feeling of envy. Meanings [noun] Vinegar (the condiment). [noun / colloquial] Jealousy (romantic), in the phrase 吃醋. Example Sentences 做饺子的时候可以蘸醋吃。 Zuò jiǎozi de shíhòu kěyǐ zhàn cù chī. When eating dumplings you can...
论点 (lùndiǎn) — argument, thesis
论点 (lùndiǎn) 论点 is the central claim or thesis put forward in an argument, essay, or debate. It is the position being defended or proved, as distinct from 论据 (the evidence supporting it) and 论证 (the process of argumentation). It is essential vocabulary for academic writing, debate, and critical analysis at C1 level. Meanings [n] argument, thesis, main point (in an essay or debate) [n] proposition, claim (a position advanced...
顾虑 (gùlǜ) — concern; misgiving; worry
顾虑 (gùlǜ) 顾虑 refers to a concern, reservation, or worry that causes hesitation, particularly a concern about potential consequences or side effects that prevents one from acting freely. Meanings [noun] concern; misgiving; reservation; scruple [verb] to worry about; to have reservations about; to be held back by concerns Example Sentences 他想提出自己的想法，但有些顾虑，担心会得罪同事。 Tā xiǎng tíchū zìjǐ de xiǎngfǎ, dàn yǒuxiē gùlǜ, dānxīn huì dézuì tóngshì. He wanted to put forward his...