Introduction to Kanji

Introduction to learning Japanese kanji: the Joyo list, reading types, JLPT distribution, top 50 most common kanji, and choosing a learning method.

Kanji (漢字) are Chinese-derived logographic characters that form the backbone of written Japanese. This page introduces the kanji system and the top most common characters. For the complete kanji skills guide, see Kanji Skills.

Quick Facts

  • Joyo kanji (常用漢字): 2,136 characters — the official "standard use" list for adults
  • Kyoiku kanji (教育漢字): 1,026 — taught in elementary school grades 1–6
  • JLPT requirement: N5=103, N4≈284, N3≈651, N2≈1,651, N1≈2,000+
  • Readings: Each kanji has on'yomi (Chinese-derived) and/or kun'yomi (native Japanese)
  • Structure: Each kanji contains one or more radicals (部首 bushu) — components that hint at meaning

Top 50 Most Frequent Kanji

These kanji appear most frequently in Japanese text. Mastering these first provides the highest ROI:

Rank Kanji On'yomi Kun'yomi Primary meaning
1 ニチ、ジツ ひ、か sun; day
2 イチ、イツ ひと one
3 コク くに country
4 ジン、ニン ひと person
5 ネン とし year
6 ダイ、タイ おお big
7 ジュウ とお ten
8 ふた two
9 ホン もと book; origin; real
10 チュウ なか middle; inside
11 チョウ なが long; leader
12 シュツ で、だ exit; emerge
13 サン み、みっ three
14 とき time
15 コウ、ぎょう い、おこな go; conduct
16 ケン see
17 ゲツ、ガツ つき moon; month
18 ゴ、コウ あと、のち after; behind
19 ゼン まえ before; front
20 セイ、ショウ い、う、なま life; birth; raw
21 いつ five
22 カン、ケン あいだ、ま between; space
23 ジョウ うえ、あ above; up
24 トウ ひがし east
25 よ、よん four
26 コン、キン いま now
27 キン、コン かね gold; money
28 キュウ、ク ここの nine
29 ニュウ い、はい enter
30 ガク まな study; learn
31 コウ たか tall; expensive
32 エン まる yen; circle
33 シ、ス child
34 ガイ、ゲ そと、はず outside
35 ハチ eight
36 ロク six
37 カ、ゲ した、くだ below; under
38 ライ く、き come
39 キ、ケ spirit; energy
40 ショウ ちい、こ small
41 シチ なな seven
42 サン やま mountain
43 はな talk; story
44 ジョ、ニョ おんな woman
45 ホク きた north
46 noon (午後 = PM)
47 ヒャク もも hundred
48 ショ write; book
49 セン さき previous; ahead
50 メイ、ミョウ name

How Kanji Work in Words

Standalone kanji (usually kun'yomi)

  • 山 (やま, yama) — mountain
  • 水 (みず, mizu) — water
  • 日 (ひ, hi) — sun; day

Kanji + okurigana (kun'yomi)

  • 食べ (たべる, taberu) — to eat
  • 大き (おおきい, ookii) — big
  • (かく, kaku) — to write

Kanji compounds (usually on'yomi)

  • 電車 (でんしゃ, densha) — electric train
  • 日本語 (にほんご, nihongo) — Japanese language
  • 学校 (がっこう, gakkou) — school
  • 東京 (とうきょう, Tōkyō) — Tokyo

Kanji Learning Methods

For absolute beginners (N5 kanji)

Start with the 103 N5 kanji using one of:

  1. WaniKani: Guided mnemonic-based system; free for levels 1–3 then ~$9/mo
  2. Anki + RTK deck: Remembering the Kanji; meaning-focused first
  3. Jisho + vocabulary: Learn kanji through N5 vocabulary words

For intermediate learners (N4–N3 kanji)

As vocabulary grows, kanji knowledge compounds:

  • Learn 5–10 kanji per day through vocabulary context
  • Use Core 2K/6K Anki deck with sentence context
  • Read NHK Web Easy with Yomichan — look up kanji in natural reading

For advanced learners (N2–N1 kanji)

At N2+, reading is the most efficient kanji acquisition method:

  • Extensive reading (newspapers, light novels, manga without furigana)
  • Sentence mining: add unknown kanji/words to Anki from reading
  • JPDB.io: analyze media you want to consume; pre-study its vocabulary

Kanji Radicals

All kanji contain radicals (部首, bushu). Knowing the 50 most common radicals dramatically speeds up recognition. Key radicals:

Radical Meaning Example kanji
人 (亻) person 休 rest, 作 make
mouth 言 say, 話 talk
tree 林 woods, 森 forest
水 (氵) water 海 sea, 泳 swim
火 (灬) fire 焼 burn, 熱 heat
心 (忄) heart 悲 sad, 思 think
手 (扌) hand 持 hold, 押 push

Full radical reference →

Further Reading