Katakana
Complete katakana guide: all 46 base characters, variants, combination characters, and loanword spelling rules. Full chart with romaji, mnemonics, and practice strategy.
Katakana (カタカナ) is the second Japanese phonetic syllabary. It encodes the same sounds as hiragana but with distinct, angular shapes. It is used primarily for foreign loanwords, foreign names, technical terms, and emphasis — and it appears constantly in modern Japanese, especially in food, technology, and pop culture contexts.
The Katakana Gojuuon Chart
| a | i | u | e | o | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ∅ | ア a | イ i | ウ u | エ e | オ o |
| k | カ ka | キ ki | ク ku | ケ ke | コ ko |
| s | サ sa | シ shi | ス su | セ se | ソ so |
| t | タ ta | チ chi | ツ tsu | テ te | ト to |
| n | ナ na | ニ ni | ヌ nu | ネ ne | ノ no |
| h | ハ ha | ヒ hi | フ fu | ヘ he | ホ ho |
| m | マ ma | ミ mi | ム mu | メ me | モ mo |
| y | ヤ ya | — | ユ yu | — | ヨ yo |
| r | ラ ra | リ ri | ル ru | レ re | ロ ro |
| w | ワ wa | — | — | — | ヲ wo |
| n | ン n |
Total base characters: 46 (same count as hiragana)
Katakana Dakuten (゛) and Handakuten (゜)
Same as hiragana — voiced and p-sounds:
| ga | gi | gu | ge | go | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ガ | ギ | グ | ゲ | ゴ |
| za | ji | zu | ze | zo | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ザ | ジ | ズ | ゼ | ゾ |
| da | ji | zu | de | do | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ダ | ヂ | ヅ | デ | ド |
| ba | bi | bu | be | bo | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| バ | ビ | ブ | ベ | ボ |
| pa | pi | pu | pe | po | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| パ | ピ | プ | ペ | ポ |
Combination Characters (Yōon)
Same structure as hiragana — small ヤ, ユ, ヨ after i-column characters:
| ya | yu | yo | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ki | キャ kya | キュ kyu | キョ kyo |
| shi | シャ sha | シュ shu | ショ sho |
| chi | チャ cha | チュ chu | チョ cho |
| ni | ニャ nya | ニュ nyu | ニョ nyo |
| hi | ヒャ hya | ヒュ hyu | ヒョ hyo |
| mi | ミャ mya | ミュ myu | ミョ myo |
| ri | リャ rya | リュ ryu | リョ ryo |
| gi | ギャ gya | ギュ gyu | ギョ gyo |
| ji | ジャ ja | ジュ ju | ジョ jo |
| bi | ビャ bya | ビュ byu | ビョ byo |
| pi | ピャ pya | ピュ pyu | ピョ pyo |
Katakana-Only Special Characters
Katakana has several characters used exclusively for foreign word transcription:
| Character | Romaji | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| ヴ | vu | ヴィオリン (violin), ヴァイオリン |
| ファ | fa | ファン (fan), ファイル (file) |
| フィ | fi | フィルム (film), フィンランド (Finland) |
| フェ | fe | フェリー (ferry) |
| フォ | fo | フォーク (fork), フォルダ (folder) |
| ティ | ti | ティッシュ (tissue), パーティー (party) |
| ディ | di | ディスク (disk), ディズニー (Disney) |
| トゥ | tu | トゥー (two) |
| ドゥ | du | ドゥーブル (double) |
| ウィ | wi | ウィキ (wiki) |
| ウェ | we | ウェブ (web), ウェールズ (Wales) |
| ウォ | wo | ウォッカ (vodka), ウォレット (wallet) |
| ヴァ | va | ヴァニラ (vanilla) |
| チェ | che | チェック (check), チェス (chess) |
| シェ | she | シェフ (chef) |
The Long Vowel Mark: ー
In katakana (and in hiragana writing of loanwords), a horizontal dash ー extends the previous vowel:
- コーヒー (kōhī) = coffee
- ビール (bīru) = beer
- サービス (sābisu) = service
- ケーキ (kēki) = cake
In hiragana, long vowels are written with an additional vowel character: おう (ou = ō), おお (oo = ō), uu (uu = ū), etc.
Common Confusable Pairs
Katakana has several character pairs that look similar in print — these trip up almost every learner:
| Pair | How to distinguish |
|---|---|
| ソ (so) vs ン (n) | ソ has a diagonal stroke going down-right from left; ン goes from top-right curving down-left |
| シ (shi) vs ツ (tsu) | シ has two short strokes pointing right, one going down; ツ has two strokes going down, one going right |
| ア (a) vs マ (ma) | ア has the horizontal stroke crossing the angled stroke; マ has the horizontal at top with a curved tail |
| ウ (u) vs ワ (wa) | ウ has a vertical stroke in the middle; ワ has an angled crossing |
| テ (te) vs チ (chi) | テ has a simple T with a slight curve; チ has an added bottom curve |
| ロ (ro) vs ロ | ロ looks like a rectangle; watch the size — also commonly confused with 口 (mouth kanji) |
| リ (ri) vs ソ (so) | リ has two parallel strokes; ソ has one curved and one angled |
Tip: Practice these pairs specifically. Write them in sets of 5 alternating pairs.
Loanword Spelling Patterns
Japanese katakana transcription of English follows regular patterns:
Terminal consonants
English words ending in consonants add a vowel (usually ウ or ク):
- cake → ケーキ (kēki)
- check → チェック (chekku)
- milk → ミルク (miruku)
- test → テスト (tesuto)
- computer → コンピューター (konpyūtā)
Double consonants
Represented by small ッ (small tsu):
- butter → バター (batā) — or バッター (battā, batter/baseball)
- pizza → ピザ (piza) — or ピッツァ (pittsa, more precise)
- pocket → ポケット (poketto)
L and R merge
Japanese doesn't distinguish L and R — both become ラ/リ/ル/レ/ロ:
- rice → ライス (raisu)
- like → ライク (raiku)
- library → ライブラリー (raibararī)
- rock → ロック (rokku)
V sounds
ヴ (vu) is used for V, but many speakers still use バ/ビ/ブ/ベ/ボ:
- violin → バイオリン (baiorin) or ヴァイオリン (vaiorin)
- video → ビデオ (bideo)
th sounds
Japanese has no "th" — it becomes サ/ス/ズ/ソ depending on context:
- theme → テーマ (tēma) [t + ema]
- third → サード (sādo)
Word lengthening
Many English words are shortened in Japanese loanwords:
- personal computer → パソコン (pasokon) [pa-so-ko-n]
- smart phone → スマホ (sumaho) [su-ma-ho]
- air conditioner → エアコン (eakon)
- remote control → リモコン (rimokon)
Sample Katakana Vocabulary
| Katakana | Romaji | Original | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| テレビ | terebi | television | TV |
| コーヒー | kōhī | coffee | coffee |
| アイスクリーム | aisukurīmu | ice cream | ice cream |
| パソコン | pasokon | personal computer | PC |
| スマホ | sumaho | smartphone | smartphone |
| インターネット | intānetto | internet | internet |
| レストラン | resutoran | restaurant | restaurant |
| ホテル | hoteru | hotel | hotel |
| バス | basu | bus | bus |
| タクシー | takushī | taxi | taxi |
| アメリカ | Amerika | America | USA |
| フランス | Furansu | France | France |
| チョコレート | chokoreeto | chocolate | chocolate |
| アイスクリーム | aisukurīmu | ice cream | ice cream |
| マクドナルド | Makudonarudo | McDonald's | McDonald's |
| ゲーム | gēmu | game | game |
| アニメ | anime | anime | anime (from アニメーション) |
| マンガ | manga | manga | manga |
| カラオケ | karaoke | karaoke | karaoke |
Learning Strategy
Week 3 (after hiragana)
Day 1–2: Vowels + カ-row + サ-row
- ア イ ウ エ オ + カ キ ク ケ コ + サ シ ス セ ソ
Day 3–4: タ-row + ナ-row + ハ-row
- タ チ ツ テ ト + ナ ニ ヌ ネ ノ + ハ ヒ フ ヘ ホ
Day 5–6: マ-row + ヤ-row + ラ-row + ワ-row + ン
- マ ミ ム メ モ + ヤ ユ ヨ + ラ リ ル レ ロ + ワ ヲ ン
Week 4: Voiced/semi-voiced + combinations + confusable pairs
Katakana-specific practice tips
- Read menus: Japanese restaurant menus are full of katakana (foreign food names)
- Read product labels: Imported goods, cosmetics, electronics — all katakana-dense
- Guess English words: When you see an unknown katakana word, try to decode the English original — this is a fun puzzle and reinforces learning
- Confusable pairs drill: Specifically drill ソ/ン and シ/ツ — these are the hardest
- Write loanwords you know: バスケットボール (basketball), ハンバーガー (hamburger) — familiar sounds in new shapes
After Katakana
With both hiragana and katakana mastered, you are ready to:
- Read any word in Japanese that has furigana (hiragana reading above kanji)
- Understand most product names, menu items, and loanwords
- Begin kanji study — the long-term project
- Follow your grammar textbook without needing romaji
- Read N5 vocabulary lists and grammar guides in their Japanese forms