HSK 4 Vocabulary (1,000 New Words)
Complete HSK 4 vocabulary reference: approximately 1,000 new words at B1 level, organized by semantic category with pinyin, English, part of speech, and usage notes.
HSK 4 (B1) introduces approximately 1,000 new words, bringing the cumulative total to around 1,200. At this level learners can discuss abstract topics, express opinions, handle most everyday situations, and begin reading straightforward expository text. The vocabulary below is organized by semantic category.
Verbs: Actions and Operations (动作动词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 安排 | ānpái | to arrange, to plan | v | Used for scheduling events or assigning tasks: 安排会议 (arrange a meeting) |
| 保持 | bǎochí | to maintain, to keep | v | Collocates with states: 保持联系 (keep in touch), 保持健康 (stay healthy) |
| 保护 | bǎohù | to protect, to guard | v | 保护环境 (protect the environment), 保护隐私 (protect privacy) |
| 表达 | biǎodá | to express | v | 表达意见 (express an opinion), 表达感情 (express feelings) |
| 参考 | cānkǎo | to refer to, to consult | v | 参考资料 (reference material); also used as noun |
| 承认 | chéngrèn | to admit, to acknowledge | v | 承认错误 (admit a mistake), 承认事实 (acknowledge a fact) |
| 吃惊 | chījīng | to be surprised, to be shocked | v | Usually used in 让人吃惊 (surprising) or 感到吃惊 (feel shocked) |
| 处理 | chǔlǐ | to handle, to deal with | v | 处理问题 (handle a problem), 处理事务 (handle affairs) |
| 代表 | dàibiǎo | to represent; representative | v/n | 代表公司 (represent the company); also a noun: 公司代表 |
| 打扰 | dǎrǎo | to disturb, to bother | v | Polite formula: 打扰一下 (excuse me / sorry to bother you) |
| 担任 | dānrèn | to serve as, to hold (a position) | v | 担任经理 (serve as manager), 担任主席 (hold the position of chair) |
| 丰富 | fēngfù | to enrich; rich, abundant | v/adj | 丰富经验 (enrich experience); 内容丰富 (rich in content) |
| 负责 | fùzé | to be responsible for | v | 负责项目 (be responsible for a project); 负责人 (person in charge) |
| 改变 | gǎibiàn | to change, to alter | v | 改变想法 (change one's mind), 改变现状 (change the status quo) |
| 根据 | gēnjù | according to, based on | prep/v | 根据情况 (according to the situation); also a noun: 以此为根据 |
| 号召 | hàozhào | to call on, to appeal to | v | 号召大家 (call on everyone to), often used in formal/public contexts |
| 互相 | hùxiāng | mutually, each other | adv | 互相帮助 (help each other), 互相理解 (understand each other) |
| 交流 | jiāoliú | to exchange, to communicate | v | 交流经验 (exchange experience), 文化交流 (cultural exchange) |
| 控制 | kòngzhì | to control, to manage | v | 控制情绪 (control emotions), 控制成本 (control costs) |
| 联系 | liánxì | to contact, to get in touch | v | 保持联系 (keep in touch), 与...联系 (contact...) |
| 满足 | mǎnzú | to satisfy; satisfied | v/adj | 满足需求 (meet needs), 感到满足 (feel satisfied) |
| 努力 | nǔlì | to work hard; diligent | v/adj | 努力学习 (study hard), 很努力 (very hardworking) |
| 排队 | páiduì | to queue, to line up | v | 排队等候 (wait in line), 请排队 (please queue) |
| 批评 | pīpíng | to criticize; criticism | v/n | 批评错误 (criticize mistakes), 接受批评 (accept criticism) |
| 评论 | pínglùn | to comment on; commentary | v/n | 发表评论 (post a comment), 新闻评论 (news commentary) |
| 认可 | rènkě | to approve, to recognize | v | 得到认可 (gain recognition), 上级认可 (approved by superiors) |
| 容纳 | róngnà | to hold, to accommodate | v | 容纳500人 (accommodate 500 people), 容纳不同意见 (accommodate different views) |
| 商量 | shāngliang | to discuss, to consult | v | 商量一下 (let's discuss), 跟家人商量 (consult with family) |
| 设计 | shèjì | to design; design | v/n | 设计方案 (design a plan), 产品设计 (product design) |
| 实现 | shíxiàn | to realize, to achieve | v | 实现目标 (achieve a goal), 实现梦想 (realize a dream) |
| 推动 | tuīdòng | to push forward, to promote | v | 推动发展 (drive development), 推动改革 (push forward reform) |
| 完善 | wánshàn | to improve, to perfect; perfect | v/adj | 完善制度 (improve the system), 制度完善 (the system is perfect) |
| 吸引 | xīyǐn | to attract | v | 吸引注意 (attract attention), 吸引游客 (attract tourists) |
| 限制 | xiànzhì | to restrict, to limit; restriction | v/n | 限制速度 (limit speed), 没有限制 (no restriction) |
| 信任 | xìnrèn | to trust; trust | v/n | 信任他人 (trust others), 建立信任 (build trust) |
| 要求 | yāoqiú | to require, to demand; requirement | v/n | 提出要求 (make a demand), 达到要求 (meet requirements) |
| 依赖 | yīlài | to rely on, to depend on | v | 依赖父母 (rely on parents), 过度依赖 (overly dependent) |
| 影响 | yǐngxiǎng | to influence; influence | v/n | 影响健康 (affect health), 产生影响 (have an influence) |
| 引起 | yǐnqǐ | to cause, to give rise to | v | 引起注意 (attract attention), 引起问题 (cause problems) |
| 拥有 | yōngyǒu | to possess, to own | v | 拥有财富 (possess wealth), 拥有机会 (have an opportunity) |
| 支持 | zhīchí | to support; support | v/n | 支持决定 (support a decision), 得到支持 (receive support) |
| 注重 | zhùzhòng | to attach importance to, to emphasize | v | 注重质量 (emphasize quality), 注重细节 (pay attention to detail) |
Verbs: Cognition and Communication (认知与交际动词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 分析 | fēnxī | to analyze; analysis | v/n | 分析原因 (analyze reasons), 数据分析 (data analysis) |
| 反映 | fǎnyìng | to reflect, to report | v | 反映问题 (report a problem), 反映现实 (reflect reality) |
| 强调 | qiángdiào | to emphasize, to stress | v | 强调重要性 (emphasize importance), 反复强调 (repeatedly stress) |
| 说明 | shuōmíng | to explain; explanation | v/n | 说明原因 (explain the reason), 使用说明 (instruction manual) |
| 证明 | zhèngmíng | to prove; proof | v/n | 证明能力 (prove one's ability), 有力证明 (strong proof) |
| 了解 | liǎojiě | to understand, to find out | v | 了解情况 (understand the situation), 进一步了解 (find out more) |
| 判断 | pànduàn | to judge; judgment | v/n | 判断形势 (judge the situation), 做出判断 (make a judgment) |
| 建议 | jiànyì | to suggest; suggestion | v/n | 提出建议 (offer a suggestion), 建议你... (I suggest you...) |
| 解释 | jiěshì | to explain, to interpret | v | 解释原因 (explain the reason), 解释不清 (unable to explain clearly) |
| 确认 | quèrèn | to confirm, to verify | v | 确认信息 (confirm information), 请确认 (please confirm) |
| 讨论 | tǎolùn | to discuss; discussion | v/n | 讨论问题 (discuss a problem), 开展讨论 (hold a discussion) |
| 调查 | diàochá | to investigate; survey | v/n | 调查情况 (investigate the situation), 市场调查 (market survey) |
| 表示 | biǎoshì | to indicate, to express | v | 表示同意 (indicate agreement), 表示感谢 (express thanks) |
Verbs: Social and Professional Actions (社会与职业动词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 参与 | cānyù | to participate in | v | 参与活动 (participate in an activity), 积极参与 (actively participate) |
| 合作 | hézuò | to cooperate; cooperation | v/n | 合作项目 (cooperative project), 加强合作 (strengthen cooperation) |
| 竞争 | jìngzhēng | to compete; competition | v/n | 市场竞争 (market competition), 激烈竞争 (fierce competition) |
| 管理 | guǎnlǐ | to manage; management | v/n | 管理团队 (manage a team), 企业管理 (business management) |
| 组织 | zǔzhī | to organize; organization | v/n | 组织活动 (organize an event), 社会组织 (social organization) |
| 举办 | jǔbàn | to hold, to host | v | 举办比赛 (hold a competition), 举办会议 (hold a conference) |
| 实施 | shíshī | to implement, to carry out | v | 实施计划 (implement a plan), 实施政策 (carry out a policy) |
| 提供 | tígōng | to provide, to offer | v | 提供服务 (provide service), 提供帮助 (offer help) |
| 投资 | tóuzī | to invest; investment | v/n | 投资项目 (invest in a project), 吸引投资 (attract investment) |
Adjectives: Quality and Character (性质形容词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 标准 | biāozhǔn | standard; up to standard | n/adj | 达到标准 (meet the standard), 标准答案 (standard answer) |
| 传统 | chuántǒng | traditional; tradition | adj/n | 传统文化 (traditional culture), 保持传统 (maintain traditions) |
| 独特 | dútè | unique, distinctive | adj | 独特风格 (unique style), 独特视角 (distinctive perspective) |
| 复杂 | fùzá | complex, complicated | adj | 情况复杂 (the situation is complex), 关系复杂 (complicated relationship) |
| 广泛 | guǎngfàn | widespread, extensive | adj | 广泛影响 (widespread influence), 广泛应用 (extensive application) |
| 合理 | hélǐ | reasonable, rational | adj | 合理安排 (reasonable arrangement), 合理要求 (reasonable request) |
| 积极 | jījí | positive, active, proactive | adj | 积极参与 (actively participate), 积极态度 (positive attitude) |
| 简单 | jiǎndān | simple, easy | adj | 简单方法 (simple method), 不简单 (not simple, impressive) |
| 可靠 | kěkào | reliable, dependable | adj | 可靠来源 (reliable source), 可靠的人 (dependable person) |
| 灵活 | línghuó | flexible, agile | adj | 灵活应对 (respond flexibly), 灵活安排 (flexible arrangement) |
| 明显 | míngxiǎn | obvious, evident | adj | 明显进步 (obvious progress), 效果明显 (the effect is evident) |
| 全面 | quánmiàn | comprehensive, all-around | adj | 全面了解 (comprehensive understanding), 全面发展 (all-around development) |
| 深刻 | shēnkè | deep, profound | adj | 深刻印象 (deep impression), 深刻理解 (profound understanding) |
| 实际 | shíjì | practical, actual | adj | 实际情况 (actual situation), 从实际出发 (proceed from reality) |
| 特定 | tèdìng | specific, particular | adj | 特定条件 (specific conditions), 特定情况 (particular circumstances) |
| 完整 | wánzhěng | complete, intact | adj | 完整信息 (complete information), 保持完整 (remain intact) |
| 相关 | xiāngguān | related, relevant | adj | 相关信息 (relevant information), 相关部门 (relevant departments) |
| 严重 | yánzhòng | serious, severe | adj | 严重问题 (serious problem), 后果严重 (serious consequences) |
| 有效 | yǒuxiào | effective, valid | adj | 有效方法 (effective method), 有效期 (validity period) |
| 正常 | zhèngcháng | normal, regular | adj | 正常情况 (normal situation), 恢复正常 (return to normal) |
| 主要 | zhǔyào | main, primary | adj | 主要原因 (main reason), 主要内容 (main content) |
Adjectives: Evaluation and Degree (评价与程度形容词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 充分 | chōngfèn | sufficient, full, ample | adj | 充分准备 (ample preparation), 充分利用 (make full use of) |
| 具体 | jùtǐ | specific, concrete | adj | 具体情况 (specific situation), 具体说明 (specific explanation) |
| 普遍 | pǔbiàn | universal, widespread | adj | 普遍现象 (common phenomenon), 普遍认为 (generally believed) |
| 严格 | yángé | strict, rigorous | adj | 严格要求 (strict requirements), 严格管理 (strict management) |
| 重要 | zhòngyào | important | adj | 重要任务 (important task), 非常重要 (very important) |
| 紧张 | jǐnzhāng | tense, nervous, tight | adj | 关系紧张 (tense relations), 时间紧张 (tight on time) |
| 顺利 | shùnlì | smooth, successful | adj | 顺利完成 (complete successfully), 进展顺利 (progress smoothly) |
| 突出 | tūchū | prominent, outstanding | adj | 突出贡献 (outstanding contribution), 问题突出 (prominent problem) |
Nouns: Society and Organization (社会与组织名词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 部门 | bùmén | department, section | n | 相关部门 (relevant departments), 政府部门 (government departments) |
| 城市 | chéngshì | city, urban area | n | 大城市 (large city), 城市发展 (urban development) |
| 成员 | chéngyuán | member | n | 团队成员 (team members), 家庭成员 (family members) |
| 措施 | cuòshī | measure, step | n | 采取措施 (take measures), 有效措施 (effective measures) |
| 方案 | fāng'àn | plan, scheme, program | n | 制定方案 (formulate a plan), 最优方案 (optimal plan) |
| 服务 | fúwù | service | n | 提供服务 (provide service), 服务质量 (service quality) |
| 规律 | guīlǜ | law, rule, regularity | n | 自然规律 (law of nature), 遵循规律 (follow the law) |
| 行业 | hángyè | industry, sector | n | 各行各业 (all walks of life), 金融行业 (financial sector) |
| 技术 | jìshù | technology, technique, skill | n | 高新技术 (high technology), 技术水平 (technical level) |
| 经济 | jīngjì | economy, economics | n | 经济发展 (economic development), 国家经济 (national economy) |
| 能力 | nénglì | ability, capability | n | 工作能力 (working ability), 提高能力 (improve capability) |
| 平台 | píngtái | platform | n | 学习平台 (learning platform), 提供平台 (provide a platform) |
| 企业 | qǐyè | enterprise, company | n | 国有企业 (state-owned enterprise), 企业管理 (enterprise management) |
| 情绪 | qíngxù | mood, emotion | n | 控制情绪 (control emotions), 情绪稳定 (stable mood) |
| 任务 | rènwù | task, mission | n | 完成任务 (complete a task), 重要任务 (important task) |
| 社会 | shèhuì | society | n | 社会发展 (social development), 社会问题 (social issues) |
| 速度 | sùdù | speed, pace | n | 发展速度 (pace of development), 提高速度 (increase speed) |
| 态度 | tàidu | attitude | n | 工作态度 (work attitude), 积极态度 (positive attitude) |
| 团队 | tuánduì | team | n | 团队合作 (teamwork), 建立团队 (build a team) |
| 系统 | xìtǒng | system | n | 管理系统 (management system), 系统分析 (systematic analysis) |
| 现象 | xiànxiàng | phenomenon | n | 社会现象 (social phenomenon), 正常现象 (normal phenomenon) |
| 信息 | xìnxī | information, data | n | 获取信息 (obtain information), 信息技术 (information technology) |
| 需求 | xūqiú | demand, need | n | 市场需求 (market demand), 满足需求 (meet needs) |
| 压力 | yālì | pressure, stress | n | 工作压力 (work pressure), 减轻压力 (reduce stress) |
| 优势 | yōushì | advantage, strength | n | 发挥优势 (leverage advantages), 具有优势 (have an advantage) |
| 原因 | yuányīn | reason, cause | n | 主要原因 (main reason), 分析原因 (analyze reasons) |
Nouns: Personal Life and Relationships (个人生活名词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 机会 | jīhuì | opportunity, chance | n | 把握机会 (seize an opportunity), 难得的机会 (rare opportunity) |
| 目标 | mùbiāo | goal, target | n | 实现目标 (achieve a goal), 明确目标 (set a clear goal) |
| 经历 | jīnglì | experience; to experience | n/v | 工作经历 (work experience), 经历困难 (experience difficulties) |
| 习惯 | xíguàn | habit; to be used to | n/v | 生活习惯 (living habits), 习惯了 (gotten used to it) |
| 关系 | guānxi | relationship, connection | n | 人际关系 (interpersonal relationships), 有关系 (related, connected) |
| 环境 | huánjìng | environment, surroundings | n | 工作环境 (work environment), 保护环境 (protect the environment) |
| 条件 | tiáojiàn | condition, requirement | n | 基本条件 (basic conditions), 生活条件 (living conditions) |
| 问题 | wèntí | problem, question | n | 解决问题 (solve a problem), 提出问题 (raise a question) |
Nouns: Abstract Concepts (抽象名词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 标准 | biāozhǔn | standard, criterion | n | 国际标准 (international standard), 评判标准 (evaluation criterion) |
| 观点 | guāndiǎn | viewpoint, perspective | n | 表达观点 (express a viewpoint), 不同观点 (different viewpoints) |
| 价值 | jiàzhí | value, worth | n | 人生价值 (life value), 有价值 (valuable) |
| 意义 | yìyì | meaning, significance | n | 重要意义 (important significance), 有意义 (meaningful) |
| 效果 | xiàoguǒ | effect, result | n | 取得效果 (achieve an effect), 效果明显 (obvious effect) |
| 基础 | jīchǔ | foundation, basis | n | 打好基础 (lay a good foundation), 在...基础上 (on the basis of) |
| 方向 | fāngxiàng | direction, orientation | n | 发展方向 (direction of development), 确定方向 (determine a direction) |
| 结果 | jiéguǒ | result, outcome | n | 最终结果 (final result), 取得结果 (obtain a result) |
Adverbs and Function Words (副词与功能词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 尤其 | yóuqí | especially, particularly | adv | 尤其是... (especially...), 尤其重要 (especially important) |
| 逐渐 | zhújiàn | gradually | adv | 逐渐改变 (gradually change), 逐渐适应 (gradually adapt) |
| 显然 | xiǎnrán | obviously, clearly | adv | 显然不对 (obviously wrong), 这显然很重要 (this is clearly important) |
| 大约 | dàyuē | approximately, about | adv | 大约三天 (approximately three days), 大约一百人 (about a hundred people) |
| 此外 | cǐwài | in addition, besides | conj | 此外还有... (in addition there is...) |
| 因此 | yīncǐ | therefore, as a result | conj | 因此我们决定... (therefore we decided...) |
| 对于 | duìyú | regarding, with respect to | prep | 对于这个问题 (regarding this issue) |
| 通过 | tōngguò | through, by means of; to pass | prep/v | 通过努力 (through hard work), 通过考试 (pass an exam) |
| 按照 | ànzhào | according to, in accordance with | prep | 按照规定 (according to regulations), 按照计划 (according to plan) |
| 在于 | zàiyú | to lie in, to consist in | v | 关键在于... (the key lies in...), 问题在于... (the issue is...) |
| 无论 | wúlùn | no matter, regardless of | conj | 无论如何 (no matter what), 无论是...还是... (whether...or...) |
| 既然 | jìrán | since, given that | conj | 既然如此 (since that's the case), 既然你同意... (since you agree...) |
| 宁可 | nìngkě | would rather, prefer | adv | 宁可...也不... (would rather...than...) |
| 尽管 | jǐnguǎn | although, even though | conj | 尽管困难 (although it's difficult), 尽管如此 (even so) |
| 况且 | kuàngqiě | moreover, besides | conj | 况且时间不多了 (moreover, time is short) |
Time and Manner Expressions (时间与方式词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 及时 | jíshí | timely, in time | adj/adv | 及时处理 (handle in time), 及时通知 (notify promptly) |
| 立刻 | lìkè | immediately, at once | adv | 立刻出发 (leave immediately), 立刻回复 (reply at once) |
| 往往 | wǎngwǎng | often, frequently | adv | 往往如此 (often like this), 往往需要... (often requires...) |
| 曾经 | céngjīng | once, formerly, used to | adv | 曾经去过 (have been there before), 曾经是... (used to be...) |
| 按时 | ànshí | on time, punctually | adv | 按时完成 (complete on time), 按时到达 (arrive on time) |
| 当时 | dāngshí | at that time, then | adv | 当时的情况 (the situation at that time) |
| 从来 | cónglái | always, at all times (with negation: never) | adv | 从来不迟到 (never late), 从来没有 (have never) |
| 总共 | zǒnggòng | in total, altogether | adv | 总共三十人 (thirty people in total) |
Verbs: Professional and Academic (职业学术动词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 申请 | shēnqǐng | to apply (for); application | v | 申请工作 (apply for a job), 申请签证 (apply for a visa) |
| 面试 | miànshì | interview; to interview | n/v | 参加面试 (attend an interview), 面试通过 (pass the interview) |
| 毕业 | bìyè | to graduate; graduation | v | 大学毕业 (graduate from university), 毕业典礼 (graduation ceremony) |
| 演讲 | yǎnjiǎng | speech; to give a speech | n/v | 发表演讲 (give a speech), 演讲比赛 (speech competition) |
| 报告 | bàogào | report; to report | n/v | 工作报告 (work report), 提交报告 (submit a report) |
| 授权 | shòuquán | to authorize; authorization | v | 被授权 (be authorized), 授权代表 (authorized representative) |
| 承担 | chéngdān | to bear; to undertake; to shoulder | v | 承担责任 (bear responsibility), 承担风险 (take on risks) |
| 挑战 | tiǎozhàn | to challenge; challenge | v/n | 面对挑战 (face challenges), 接受挑战 (accept a challenge) |
| 克服 | kèfú | to overcome; to surmount | v | 克服困难 (overcome difficulties), 克服障碍 (overcome obstacles) |
| 实现 | shíxiàn | to realize; to achieve | v | 实现目标 (achieve a goal), 实现梦想 (realize a dream) |
| 开展 | kāizhǎn | to carry out; to launch; to develop | v | 开展活动 (carry out activities), 开展合作 (develop cooperation) |
| 展示 | zhǎnshì | to display; to show; to demonstrate | v | 展示才能 (display talent), 展示结果 (show results) |
| 记录 | jìlù | to record; record; to document | v/n | 做记录 (keep records), 历史记录 (historical record) |
| 总结 | zǒngjié | to summarize; summary | v/n | 工作总结 (work summary), 进行总结 (carry out a summary) |
| 修改 | xiūgǎi | to revise; to modify; to amend | v | 修改方案 (revise a plan), 修改错误 (correct an error) |
| 维护 | wéihù | to maintain; to uphold; to defend | v | 维护权益 (defend rights), 维护秩序 (maintain order) |
| 利用 | lìyòng | to use; to make use of; to utilize | v | 充分利用 (make full use of), 利用资源 (utilize resources) |
| 节省 | jiéshěng | to save; to economize | v | 节省时间 (save time), 节省费用 (save costs) |
| 解决 | jiějué | to solve; to resolve; to settle | v | 解决问题 (solve a problem), 彻底解决 (resolve thoroughly) |
| 举例 | jǔlì | to give an example; to cite | v | 举例说明 (illustrate with examples) |
Verbs: Learning and Cognition (学习与认知动词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 理解 | lǐjiě | to understand; to comprehend | v | 深刻理解 (deeply understand), 难以理解 (hard to understand) |
| 学习 | xuéxí | to study; to learn | v | 认真学习 (study diligently), 学习经验 (learn from experience) |
| 记忆 | jìyì | to memorize; memory | v/n | 增强记忆 (enhance memory), 记忆力强 (strong memory) |
| 注意 | zhùyì | to pay attention; attention | v/n | 注意安全 (pay attention to safety), 引起注意 (attract attention) |
| 理论 | lǐlùn | theory; in theory | n | 理论研究 (theoretical research), 理论与实践 (theory and practice) |
| 创新 | chuàngxīn | to innovate; innovation | v/n | 鼓励创新 (encourage innovation), 技术创新 (technological innovation) |
| 掌握 | zhǎngwò | to master; to grasp; to command | v | 掌握技能 (master a skill), 充分掌握 (fully grasp) |
| 积累 | jīlěi | to accumulate; to build up | v | 积累经验 (accumulate experience), 积累知识 (accumulate knowledge) |
| 培养 | péiyǎng | to cultivate; to train; to develop | v | 培养能力 (develop ability), 培养习惯 (cultivate habits) |
| 探索 | tànsuǒ | to explore; to probe | v | 探索未知 (explore the unknown), 勇于探索 (be bold in exploring) |
Nouns: Work and Business (工作与商业名词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 会议 | huìyì | meeting; conference; session | n | 召开会议 (hold a meeting), 参加会议 (attend a meeting) |
| 合同 | hétong | contract; agreement | n | 签合同 (sign a contract), 违反合同 (violate a contract) |
| 项目 | xiàngmù | project; item; program | n | 负责项目 (be in charge of a project), 项目管理 (project management) |
| 市场 | shìchǎng | market; marketplace | n | 国际市场 (international market), 市场竞争 (market competition) |
| 资金 | zījīn | funds; capital; funding | n | 筹集资金 (raise funds), 资金不足 (insufficient funds) |
| 数据 | shùjù | data; figures; statistics | n | 分析数据 (analyze data), 数据显示 (data shows) |
| 资料 | zīliào | material; data; reference | n | 查阅资料 (consult materials), 收集资料 (collect materials) |
| 文件 | wénjiàn | document; file; official paper | n | 处理文件 (handle documents), 签署文件 (sign documents) |
| 网站 | wǎngzhàn | website; web page | n | 官方网站 (official website), 建立网站 (build a website) |
| 模式 | móshì | model; pattern; mode | n | 发展模式 (development model), 商业模式 (business model) |
| 策略 | cèlüè | strategy; tactic; approach | n | 制定策略 (formulate a strategy), 竞争策略 (competitive strategy) |
| 效率 | xiàolǜ | efficiency; effectiveness | n | 提高效率 (improve efficiency), 工作效率 (work efficiency) |
| 收入 | shōurù | income; revenue; earnings | n | 增加收入 (increase income), 月收入 (monthly income) |
| 支出 | zhīchū | expenditure; spending; outlay | n | 减少支出 (reduce expenditure), 日常支出 (daily expenses) |
| 预算 | yùsuàn | budget; to budget | n/v | 制定预算 (set a budget), 超出预算 (exceed budget) |
| 费用 | fèiyòng | fee; cost; expense | n | 生活费用 (living expenses), 降低费用 (reduce costs) |
| 证书 | zhèngshū | certificate; credential | n | 获得证书 (obtain a certificate), 专业证书 (professional certificate) |
| 成果 | chéngguǒ | achievement; result; fruit (of effort) | n | 研究成果 (research achievement), 取得成果 (achieve results) |
| 优势 | yōushì | advantage; strength; edge | n | 发挥优势 (leverage advantages), 竞争优势 (competitive advantage) |
| 挑战 | tiǎozhàn | challenge | n | 面临挑战 (face challenges), 克服挑战 (overcome challenges) |
Nouns: Society and Culture (社会文化名词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 政策 | zhèngcè | policy; government policy | n | 政府政策 (government policy), 制定政策 (formulate policies) |
| 制度 | zhìdù | system; institution; regime | n | 建立制度 (establish a system), 完善制度 (improve the system) |
| 观念 | guānniàn | concept; idea; notion | n | 更新观念 (update concepts), 传统观念 (traditional ideas) |
| 文明 | wénmíng | civilization; civilized; cultured | n/adj | 人类文明 (human civilization), 文明行为 (civilized behavior) |
| 历史 | lìshǐ | history; historical | n | 了解历史 (understand history), 历史事件 (historical event) |
| 科技 | kējì | technology; science and technology | n | 科技发展 (development of technology), 高科技 (high technology) |
| 互联网 | hùliánwǎng | internet; web | n | 互联网时代 (internet age), 利用互联网 (use the internet) |
| 媒体 | méitǐ | media; medium | n | 社交媒体 (social media), 新闻媒体 (news media) |
| 调查 | diàochá | investigation; survey | n | 开展调查 (conduct a survey), 市场调查 (market survey) |
| 研究 | yánjiū | research; study | n | 科学研究 (scientific research), 深入研究 (in-depth research) |
| 活动 | huódòng | activity; event; campaign | n | 举办活动 (hold an event), 公益活动 (public welfare activity) |
| 环境 | huánjìng | environment; surroundings; setting | n | 保护环境 (protect the environment), 工作环境 (work environment) |
| 发展 | fāzhǎn | development; to develop | n/v | 经济发展 (economic development), 可持续发展 (sustainable development) |
| 影响 | yǐngxiǎng | influence; impact | n | 产生影响 (have an impact), 深远影响 (far-reaching influence) |
| 问题 | wèntí | problem; issue; question | n | 面临问题 (face problems), 讨论问题 (discuss issues) |
| 主题 | zhǔtí | theme; topic; subject | n | 会议主题 (conference theme), 主题活动 (themed activity) |
| 标准 | biāozhǔn | standard; criterion | n | 制定标准 (set standards), 达到标准 (meet standards) |
| 形式 | xíngshì | form; format; formality | n | 各种形式 (various forms), 形式多样 (diverse formats) |
| 方法 | fāngfǎ | method; way; approach | n | 学习方法 (learning method), 有效方法 (effective method) |
| 原则 | yuánzé | principle; rule; tenet | n | 坚持原则 (uphold principles), 基本原则 (basic principles) |
Adjectives: Advanced Descriptions (高级描述形容词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 积极 | jījí | positive; proactive; enthusiastic | adj | 积极态度 (positive attitude), 积极参与 (actively participate) |
| 消极 | xiāojí | negative; passive; pessimistic | adj | 消极影响 (negative influence), 消极态度 (passive attitude) |
| 理性 | lǐxìng | rational; reasonable | adj | 理性思考 (rational thinking), 理性判断 (rational judgment) |
| 客观 | kèguān | objective; impartial | adj | 客观评价 (objective evaluation), 保持客观 (remain objective) |
| 主观 | zhǔguān | subjective; personal | adj | 主观看法 (subjective view), 不要太主观 (don't be too subjective) |
| 直接 | zhíjiē | direct; straightforward | adj/adv | 直接回答 (answer directly), 直接方式 (direct approach) |
| 间接 | jiànjiē | indirect; roundabout | adj/adv | 间接影响 (indirect influence), 间接方式 (indirect approach) |
| 正式 | zhèngshì | formal; official; proper | adj | 正式场合 (formal occasion), 正式文件 (official document) |
| 非正式 | fēizhèngshì | informal; unofficial | adj | 非正式会议 (informal meeting), 非正式交流 (informal exchange) |
| 主动 | zhǔdòng | active; proactive; initiative | adj | 主动学习 (proactively learn), 主动帮忙 (take the initiative to help) |
| 被动 | bèidòng | passive; reactive | adj | 被动局面 (passive situation), 被动应对 (react passively) |
| 系统 | xìtǒng | systematic; comprehensive | adj | 系统学习 (systematic learning), 系统分析 (systematic analysis) |
| 科学 | kēxué | scientific; systematic | adj | 科学方法 (scientific method), 科学管理 (scientific management) |
| 专业 | zhuānyè | professional; specialized | adj | 专业人员 (professional staff), 专业知识 (specialized knowledge) |
| 创新 | chuàngxīn | innovative; creative | adj | 创新思维 (innovative thinking), 创新能力 (creative ability) |
| 传统 | chuántǒng | traditional; conventional | adj | 传统方式 (traditional approach), 传统文化 (traditional culture) |
| 现代 | xiàndài | modern; contemporary | adj | 现代技术 (modern technology), 现代社会 (modern society) |
| 复杂 | fùzá | complex; complicated | adj | 复杂情况 (complex situation), 关系复杂 (complex relationships) |
| 简洁 | jiǎnjié | concise; brief; succinct | adj | 语言简洁 (concise language), 简洁明了 (clear and concise) |
| 深入 | shēnrù | in-depth; thorough; penetrating | adj/adv | 深入研究 (in-depth research), 深入了解 (thoroughly understand) |
Verbs: Communication and Expression (沟通表达动词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 提出 | tíchū | to propose; to put forward; to raise | v | 提出问题 (raise a question), 提出建议 (put forward a suggestion) |
| 提到 | tídào | to mention; to bring up | v | 提到过 (have mentioned), 没有提到 (didn't mention) |
| 描述 | miáoshù | to describe; to depict | v | 描述情况 (describe the situation), 准确描述 (accurately describe) |
| 解说 | jiěshuō | to explain; to comment; to narrate | v | 解说比赛 (commentate a match) |
| 通报 | tōngbào | to notify; to brief; to inform | v | 通报情况 (brief on the situation) |
| 表明 | biǎomíng | to indicate; to make clear; to show | v | 表明立场 (state one's position), 表明决心 (show determination) |
| 声明 | shēngmíng | to declare; to state; declaration | v/n | 发表声明 (issue a statement), 正式声明 (formal declaration) |
| 否认 | fǒurèn | to deny; to negate | v | 否认事实 (deny the facts), 坚决否认 (firmly deny) |
| 强调 | qiángdiào | to emphasize; to stress; to highlight | v | 反复强调 (repeatedly emphasize) |
| 补充 | bǔchōng | to supplement; to add; to complement | v | 补充说明 (add an explanation), 互相补充 (complement each other) |
Verbs: Thinking and Decision (思考与决策动词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 考虑 | kǎolǜ | to consider; to think over | v | 认真考虑 (carefully consider), 考虑清楚 (think it through) |
| 认为 | rènwéi | to think; to believe; to consider | v | 普遍认为 (generally considered), 我认为 (I think) |
| 判断 | pànduàn | to judge; to determine | v | 做出判断 (make a judgment), 正确判断 (correct judgment) |
| 预计 | yùjì | to expect; to estimate; to anticipate | v | 预计完成 (expected to complete), 据预计 (as estimated) |
| 预测 | yùcè | to predict; to forecast | v | 预测结果 (predict results), 难以预测 (hard to predict) |
| 决定 | juédìng | to decide; to determine; decision | v/n | 做出决定 (make a decision), 共同决定 (decide together) |
| 选择 | xuǎnzé | to choose; to select; choice | v/n | 自由选择 (free choice), 做出选择 (make a choice) |
| 放弃 | fàngqì | to give up; to abandon | v | 不能放弃 (cannot give up), 主动放弃 (voluntarily give up) |
| 坚持 | jiānchí | to insist; to persist; to stick to | v | 坚持原则 (uphold principles), 坚持到底 (persist to the end) |
| 接受 | jiēshòu | to accept; to receive; to take | v | 接受意见 (accept opinions), 无法接受 (cannot accept) |
Verbs: Movement and Change (运动变化动词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 移动 | yídòng | to move; to shift; mobile | v | 移动设备 (mobile device), 向前移动 (move forward) |
| 转变 | zhuǎnbiàn | to transform; to change; transition | v/n | 角色转变 (role transformation), 思想转变 (change in thinking) |
| 扩大 | kuòdà | to expand; to enlarge; to extend | v | 扩大规模 (expand scale), 扩大影响 (expand influence) |
| 缩小 | suōxiǎo | to narrow; to reduce; to shrink | v | 缩小差距 (narrow the gap), 缩小范围 (narrow the scope) |
| 提升 | tíshēng | to improve; to upgrade; to promote | v | 提升能力 (improve ability), 提升质量 (upgrade quality) |
| 下降 | xiàjiàng | to decline; to fall; to drop | v | 销售下降 (sales decline), 温度下降 (temperature drop) |
| 上升 | shàngshēng | to rise; to go up; to ascend | v | 物价上升 (prices rise), 迅速上升 (rise rapidly) |
| 出现 | chūxiàn | to appear; to emerge; to occur | v | 突然出现 (suddenly appear), 出现问题 (problems arise) |
| 消失 | xiāoshī | to disappear; to vanish | v | 逐渐消失 (gradually disappear), 彻底消失 (completely disappear) |
| 形成 | xíngchéng | to form; to develop; to take shape | v | 形成习惯 (form a habit), 形成共识 (develop a consensus) |
Nouns: People and Roles (人物与角色名词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 领导 | lǐngdǎo | leader; leadership; to lead | n/v | 公司领导 (company leadership), 领导能力 (leadership ability) |
| 员工 | yuángōng | employee; staff; worker | n | 公司员工 (company employees), 对待员工 (treat employees) |
| 志愿者 | zhìyuànzhě | volunteer | n | 招募志愿者 (recruit volunteers), 志愿者活动 (volunteer activity) |
| 专家 | zhuānjiā | expert; specialist | n | 行业专家 (industry expert), 邀请专家 (invite an expert) |
| 观众 | guānzhòng | audience; spectators | n | 吸引观众 (attract an audience), 广大观众 (a wide audience) |
| 消费者 | xiāofèizhě | consumer | n | 保护消费者 (protect consumers), 消费者需求 (consumer needs) |
| 顾客 | gùkè | customer; client | n | 吸引顾客 (attract customers), 服务顾客 (serve customers) |
| 竞争对手 | jìngzhēng duìshǒu | competitor; rival | n | 了解竞争对手 (understand competitors) |
| 合伙人 | héhuǒrén | partner; business partner | n | 寻找合伙人 (look for a partner) |
| 管理者 | guǎnlǐzhě | manager; administrator | n | 优秀管理者 (outstanding manager) |
Nouns: Time and Process (时间过程名词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 阶段 | jiēduàn | stage; phase; period | n | 不同阶段 (different stages), 发展阶段 (development stage) |
| 过程 | guòchéng | process; course; procedure | n | 学习过程 (learning process), 整个过程 (the whole process) |
| 期间 | qījiān | period; duration; during | n | 活动期间 (during the event), 假期期间 (during the holiday) |
| 期限 | qīxiàn | deadline; time limit | n | 在期限内 (within the deadline), 超过期限 (exceed the deadline) |
| 进程 | jìnchéng | progress; process; course | n | 推进进程 (advance the process) |
| 历程 | lìchéng | course; journey; process | n | 发展历程 (course of development), 奋斗历程 (course of struggle) |
| 周期 | zhōuqī | cycle; period | n | 产品周期 (product cycle), 一个周期 (one cycle) |
| 规律 | guīlǜ | rule; regularity; pattern | n | 遵循规律 (follow the pattern), 掌握规律 (grasp the pattern) |
| 趋势 | qūshì | trend; tendency | n | 发展趋势 (development trend), 总体趋势 (overall trend) |
| 背景 | bèijǐng | background; context; backdrop | n | 历史背景 (historical background), 了解背景 (understand the context) |
Nouns: Places and Facilities (地点设施名词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 机构 | jīgòu | institution; organization; agency | n | 政府机构 (government institution), 相关机构 (relevant agencies) |
| 设施 | shèshī | facility; installation; infrastructure | n | 基础设施 (infrastructure), 公共设施 (public facilities) |
| 场所 | chǎngsuǒ | place; venue; premises | n | 公共场所 (public places), 活动场所 (activity venue) |
| 地区 | dìqū | region; area; district | n | 不同地区 (different regions), 所在地区 (the area where it is located) |
| 位置 | wèizhì | position; location; place | n | 重要位置 (important position), 确定位置 (determine the location) |
| 范围 | fànwéi | range; scope; extent | n | 在范围内 (within the scope), 扩大范围 (expand the scope) |
| 空间 | kōngjiān | space; room; area | n | 个人空间 (personal space), 发展空间 (room for development) |
| 领域 | lǐngyù | field; domain; realm | n | 专业领域 (professional field), 各个领域 (all fields) |
| 区域 | qūyù | area; zone; region | n | 特定区域 (specific area), 区域发展 (regional development) |
| 现场 | xiànchǎng | site; scene; on the spot | n | 到达现场 (arrive at the scene), 现场报道 (on-the-spot report) |
Nouns: Abstract Concepts II (抽象概念名词II)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 机制 | jīzhì | mechanism; system | n | 运行机制 (operating mechanism), 建立机制 (establish a mechanism) |
| 模型 | móxíng | model; template | n | 建立模型 (build a model), 数学模型 (mathematical model) |
| 特征 | tèzhēng | characteristic; feature; trait | n | 主要特征 (main characteristic), 基本特征 (basic feature) |
| 本质 | běnzhì | essence; nature; intrinsic | n/adj | 问题的本质 (the essence of the problem), 本质区别 (essential difference) |
| 目的 | mùdì | purpose; objective; aim | n | 达到目的 (achieve the purpose), 明确目的 (clarify the objective) |
| 动机 | dòngī | motive; motivation | n | 了解动机 (understand motivation), 工作动机 (work motivation) |
| 关系 | guānxi | relationship; connection | n | 建立关系 (establish a relationship), 改善关系 (improve relations) |
| 影响力 | yǐngxiǎnglì | influence; clout | n | 提升影响力 (increase influence), 广泛影响力 (wide influence) |
| 竞争力 | jìngzhēnglì | competitiveness | n | 提高竞争力 (enhance competitiveness), 核心竞争力 (core competitiveness) |
| 创造力 | chuàngzàolì | creativity; creative power | n | 激发创造力 (inspire creativity), 培养创造力 (cultivate creativity) |
Adjectives: Quality and State III (品质状态形容词III)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 合适 | héshì | suitable; appropriate; fitting | adj | 合适的人 (suitable person), 时机合适 (timing is appropriate) |
| 必要 | bìyào | necessary; essential; indispensable | adj | 必要的准备 (necessary preparation), 采取必要措施 (take necessary measures) |
| 可能 | kěnéng | possible; maybe; likely | adj/adv | 可能性大 (high possibility), 尽可能 (as much as possible) |
| 困难 | kùnnán | difficult; trouble; hardship | adj/n | 克服困难 (overcome difficulties), 面临困难 (face difficulties) |
| 顺利 | shùnlì | smooth; successful | adj | 进展顺利 (progress smoothly), 顺利完成 (complete successfully) |
| 稳定 | wěndìng | stable; steady; to stabilize | adj/v | 经济稳定 (economic stability), 保持稳定 (maintain stability) |
| 平衡 | pínghéng | balanced; to balance | adj/v/n | 保持平衡 (maintain balance), 工作与生活的平衡 (work-life balance) |
| 活跃 | huóyuè | active; lively; dynamic | adj | 思维活跃 (active thinking), 市场活跃 (active market) |
| 成熟 | chéngshú | mature; ripe; well-developed | adj | 技术成熟 (mature technology), 想法成熟 (mature idea) |
| 先进 | xiānjìn | advanced; cutting-edge | adj | 先进技术 (advanced technology), 学习先进经验 (learn from advanced experience) |
Adverbs and Connectors II (副词与连接词II)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 因此 | yīncǐ | therefore; thus; as a result | conj | 因此决定 (therefore decided), 因此需要 (thus it is necessary) |
| 然而 | rán'ér | however; but; nevertheless | conj | 然而问题在于 (however the issue is), 然而不同 (but different) |
| 同时 | tóngshí | at the same time; simultaneously | adv | 同时进行 (proceed simultaneously), 同时考虑 (consider at the same time) |
| 另外 | lìngwài | in addition; besides; additionally | adv | 另外需要注意 (additionally, note that...) |
| 总体 | zǒngtǐ | overall; in general; on the whole | adj/adv | 总体来说 (overall speaking), 总体效果 (overall effect) |
| 相对 | xiāngduì | relatively; comparatively | adj/adv | 相对容易 (relatively easy), 相对而言 (relatively speaking) |
| 绝对 | juéduì | absolutely; absolutely; definite | adj/adv | 绝对不行 (absolutely not), 绝对正确 (absolutely correct) |
| 基本上 | jīběnshàng | basically; fundamentally; essentially | adv | 基本上完成 (basically complete), 基本上同意 (basically agree) |
| 主要 | zhǔyào | mainly; primarily; chiefly | adv | 主要是因为 (mainly because), 主要表现在 (mainly reflected in) |
| 分别 | fēnbié | separately; respectively; apart | adv | 分别讨论 (discuss separately), 分别介绍 (introduce respectively) |
Verbs: Communication and Expression II (表达动词II)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 表扬 | biǎoyáng | to praise, to commend | v | 受到表扬 (receive praise), 表扬学生 (praise students) |
| 批准 | pīzhǔn | to approve, to ratify | v | 批准申请 (approve an application), 获得批准 (obtain approval) |
| 收集 | shōují | to collect, to gather | v | 收集资料 (collect materials), 收集信息 (gather information) |
| 协调 | xiétiáo | to coordinate, to harmonize | v | 协调工作 (coordinate work), 协调各方 (coordinate all parties) |
| 评估 | pínggū | to evaluate, to assess | v | 评估风险 (assess risks), 进行评估 (conduct an evaluation) |
| 宣传 | xuānchuán | to publicize, to promote | v | 宣传政策 (publicize policies), 宣传活动 (promotional activity) |
| 推广 | tuīguǎng | to promote, to spread, to popularize | v | 推广产品 (promote a product), 推广经验 (spread experience) |
| 汇报 | huìbào | to report (to superiors), to brief | v | 汇报工作 (report on work), 定期汇报 (report regularly) |
| 表现 | biǎoxiàn | to perform, to show; performance | v/n | 表现出色 (perform excellently), 工作表现 (work performance) |
| 面对 | miànduì | to face, to confront | v | 面对困难 (face difficulties), 面对现实 (face reality) |
| 处于 | chǔyú | to be in (a state/situation) | v | 处于困境 (be in a difficult situation), 处于优势 (be in an advantageous position) |
| 引导 | yǐndǎo | to guide, to lead, to direct | v | 引导学生 (guide students), 引导方向 (guide direction) |
| 统计 | tǒngjì | to count, to compile statistics; statistics | v/n | 统计数据 (compile statistics), 数据统计 (data statistics) |
| 分配 | fēnpèi | to distribute, to allocate, to assign | v | 分配任务 (assign tasks), 合理分配 (allocate reasonably) |
| 应对 | yìngduì | to cope with, to respond to | v | 应对挑战 (cope with challenges), 应对危机 (respond to a crisis) |
Verbs: Social and Interpersonal II (社交动词II)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 安慰 | ānwèi | to comfort, to console | v | 安慰朋友 (comfort a friend), 给予安慰 (offer comfort) |
| 鼓励 | gǔlì | to encourage, to motivate | v | 鼓励学生 (encourage students), 互相鼓励 (encourage each other) |
| 威胁 | wēixié | to threaten; threat | v/n | 威胁安全 (threaten security), 受到威胁 (be threatened) |
| 接触 | jiēchù | to contact, to come into contact with | v | 广泛接触 (have wide contact), 接触新事物 (come into contact with new things) |
| 比较 | bǐjiào | to compare; comparatively | v/adv | 进行比较 (make a comparison), 比较好 (comparatively good) |
| 尊重 | zūnzhòng | to respect; respect | v/n | 尊重他人 (respect others), 相互尊重 (mutual respect) |
| 反对 | fǎnduì | to oppose, to object to | v | 表示反对 (express opposition), 坚决反对 (firmly oppose) |
| 同意 | tóngyì | to agree, to consent | v | 表示同意 (express agreement), 完全同意 (completely agree) |
| 拒绝 | jùjué | to refuse, to reject | v | 礼貌拒绝 (politely refuse), 拒绝邀请 (decline an invitation) |
| 邀请 | yāoqǐng | to invite; invitation | v/n | 邀请朋友 (invite friends), 接受邀请 (accept an invitation) |
| 参加 | cānjiā | to join, to take part in | v | 参加活动 (take part in an activity), 参加比赛 (join a competition) |
| 帮助 | bāngzhù | to help, to assist; help | v/n | 互相帮助 (help each other), 寻求帮助 (seek help) |
Verbs: Cognitive and Mental (认知动词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 想象 | xiǎngxiàng | to imagine; imagination | v/n | 难以想象 (hard to imagine), 发挥想象 (use one's imagination) |
| 思考 | sīkǎo | to think, to ponder, to reflect | v | 深入思考 (think deeply), 独立思考 (think independently) |
| 推测 | tuīcè | to infer, to speculate, to conjecture | v | 合理推测 (reasonable speculation), 无法推测 (unable to speculate) |
| 怀疑 | huáiyí | to doubt, to suspect | v | 产生怀疑 (have doubts), 怀疑结果 (doubt the result) |
| 否定 | fǒudìng | to negate, to deny; negative | v/adj | 否定观点 (negate a viewpoint), 持否定态度 (have a negative attitude) |
| 认识 | rènshi | to know, to recognize; understanding | v/n | 认识朋友 (get to know friends), 加深认识 (deepen understanding) |
| 明白 | míngbai | to understand, to realize; clear | v/adj | 完全明白 (completely understand), 说明白 (make it clear) |
| 知道 | zhīdào | to know, to be aware of | v | 不知道 (don't know), 应该知道 (should know) |
| 学会 | xuéhuì | to learn (how to do), to master | v | 学会技能 (learn a skill), 逐渐学会 (gradually learn) |
| 思维 | sīwéi | thinking, thought; way of thinking | n | 逻辑思维 (logical thinking), 创新思维 (innovative thinking) |
Nouns: Knowledge and Education (知识教育名词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 经验 | jīngyàn | experience, expertise | n | 积累经验 (accumulate experience), 丰富经验 (rich experience) |
| 技能 | jìnéng | skill, ability, technique | n | 专业技能 (professional skills), 培养技能 (develop skills) |
| 知识 | zhīshi | knowledge | n | 专业知识 (professional knowledge), 积累知识 (accumulate knowledge) |
| 教育 | jiàoyù | education; to educate | n/v | 接受教育 (receive education), 教育水平 (education level) |
| 培训 | péixùn | training; to train | n/v | 参加培训 (attend training), 职业培训 (vocational training) |
| 结论 | jiélùn | conclusion | n | 得出结论 (reach a conclusion), 最终结论 (final conclusion) |
| 方式 | fāngshì | way, manner, mode | n | 生活方式 (lifestyle), 表达方式 (way of expression) |
| 质量 | zhìliàng | quality; mass (physics) | n | 提高质量 (improve quality), 产品质量 (product quality) |
| 作用 | zuòyòng | role, function, effect | n | 发挥作用 (play a role), 重要作用 (important role) |
| 功能 | gōngnéng | function, feature | n | 基本功能 (basic function), 新增功能 (new feature) |
| 特点 | tèdiǎn | characteristic, feature, trait | n | 主要特点 (main characteristic), 个人特点 (personal trait) |
| 规则 | guīzé | rule, regulation | n | 遵守规则 (follow the rules), 制定规则 (make rules) |
Nouns: People and Relationships (人际名词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 同学 | tóngxué | classmate, schoolmate | n | 老同学 (old classmate), 和同学合作 (cooperate with classmates) |
| 同事 | tóngshì | colleague, coworker | n | 与同事合作 (cooperate with colleagues), 同事关系 (colleague relationships) |
| 老板 | lǎobǎn | boss, owner, employer | n | 向老板汇报 (report to the boss), 老板要求 (boss's requirements) |
| 客户 | kèhù | client, customer | n | 服务客户 (serve clients), 客户需求 (client needs) |
| 对手 | duìshǒu | opponent, rival, adversary | n | 强劲对手 (strong opponent), 了解对手 (understand the rival) |
| 朋友 | péngyou | friend | n | 交朋友 (make friends), 好朋友 (good friend) |
| 家人 | jiārén | family member(s) | n | 关心家人 (care for family), 家人支持 (family support) |
| 老师 | lǎoshī | teacher | n | 尊重老师 (respect teachers), 向老师请教 (consult the teacher) |
| 学生 | xuésheng | student, pupil | n | 指导学生 (guide students), 优秀学生 (outstanding student) |
| 医生 | yīshēng | doctor, physician | n | 看医生 (see a doctor), 医生建议 (doctor's advice) |
| 律师 | lǜshī | lawyer, attorney | n | 聘请律师 (hire a lawyer), 咨询律师 (consult a lawyer) |
| 工程师 | gōngchéngshī | engineer | n | 软件工程师 (software engineer), 经验丰富的工程师 (experienced engineer) |
| 设计师 | shèjìshī | designer | n | 平面设计师 (graphic designer), 优秀设计师 (outstanding designer) |
| 记者 | jìzhě | journalist, reporter | n | 采访记者 (interviewing journalist), 新闻记者 (news reporter) |
| 研究员 | yánjiūyuán | researcher | n | 高级研究员 (senior researcher), 科研研究员 (scientific researcher) |
| 教授 | jiàoshòu | professor | n | 大学教授 (university professor), 邀请教授 (invite a professor) |
| 专业人士 | zhuānyè rénshì | professional, expert | n | 行业专业人士 (industry professionals) |
Nouns: Abstract Concepts III (抽象名词III)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 情况 | qíngkuàng | situation, condition, circumstances | n | 了解情况 (understand the situation), 具体情况 (specific situation) |
| 风险 | fēngxiǎn | risk, danger | n | 降低风险 (reduce risks), 承担风险 (take on risks) |
| 危机 | wēijī | crisis | n | 应对危机 (respond to a crisis), 经济危机 (economic crisis) |
| 劣势 | lièshì | disadvantage, weakness | n | 克服劣势 (overcome weaknesses), 转劣势为优势 (turn disadvantage into advantage) |
| 进步 | jìnbù | progress; to make progress | n/v | 取得进步 (make progress), 明显进步 (obvious progress) |
| 变化 | biànhuà | change, variation | n | 发生变化 (changes occur), 适应变化 (adapt to changes) |
| 计划 | jìhuà | plan; to plan | n/v | 制定计划 (make a plan), 按计划进行 (proceed according to plan) |
| 战略 | zhànlüè | strategy, strategic plan | n | 制定战略 (formulate a strategy), 长期战略 (long-term strategy) |
| 机遇 | jīyù | opportunity, favorable chance | n | 抓住机遇 (seize the opportunity), 难得的机遇 (a rare opportunity) |
Adjectives: Character and Quality (性质形容词II)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 认真 | rènzhēn | serious, earnest, conscientious | adj | 认真工作 (work seriously), 态度认真 (earnest attitude) |
| 仔细 | zǐxì | careful, meticulous, attentive | adj | 仔细检查 (carefully check), 仔细阅读 (read carefully) |
| 耐心 | nàixīn | patient; patience | adj/n | 耐心等待 (wait patiently), 缺乏耐心 (lack patience) |
| 热情 | rèqíng | enthusiastic, warm; enthusiasm | adj/n | 热情接待 (enthusiastic reception), 充满热情 (full of enthusiasm) |
| 乐观 | lèguān | optimistic, positive | adj | 保持乐观 (remain optimistic), 乐观态度 (optimistic attitude) |
| 悲观 | bēiguān | pessimistic, negative | adj | 不要悲观 (don't be pessimistic), 悲观情绪 (pessimistic mood) |
| 自信 | zìxìn | confident; self-confidence | adj/n | 充满自信 (full of confidence), 自信心强 (strong self-confidence) |
| 谦虚 | qiānxū | modest, humble | adj | 谦虚学习 (learn with humility), 为人谦虚 (a humble person) |
| 勤奋 | qínfèn | diligent, hardworking, industrious | adj | 勤奋学习 (study diligently), 工作勤奋 (hardworking) |
| 懒惰 | lǎnduò | lazy, idle, indolent | adj | 不能懒惰 (cannot be lazy), 克服懒惰 (overcome laziness) |
| 诚实 | chéngshí | honest, truthful | adj | 诚实回答 (answer honestly), 为人诚实 (an honest person) |
| 虚伪 | xūwěi | hypocritical, fake, insincere | adj | 虚伪的人 (a hypocritical person), 不要虚伪 (don't be insincere) |
| 友好 | yǒuhǎo | friendly, amicable | adj | 友好态度 (friendly attitude), 友好合作 (friendly cooperation) |
| 礼貌 | lǐmào | polite, courteous; politeness | adj/n | 讲礼貌 (be polite), 礼貌用语 (polite expressions) |
| 粗鲁 | cūlǔ | rude, impolite, coarse | adj | 行为粗鲁 (rude behavior), 不要粗鲁 (don't be rude) |
| 冷静 | lěngjìng | calm, composed, cool-headed | adj | 保持冷静 (stay calm), 冷静思考 (think calmly) |
Adjectives: Degree and Intensity II (程度形容词II)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 精确 | jīngquè | precise, accurate, exact | adj | 精确数据 (precise data), 计算精确 (calculation is accurate) |
| 粗略 | cūlüè | rough, approximate, cursory | adj | 粗略估计 (rough estimate), 粗略了解 (a cursory understanding) |
| 正确 | zhèngquè | correct, right, accurate | adj | 答案正确 (the answer is correct), 正确方向 (right direction) |
| 错误 | cuòwù | wrong, mistaken; mistake, error | adj/n | 判断错误 (wrong judgment), 犯错误 (make a mistake) |
| 不合理 | bùhélǐ | unreasonable, irrational | adj | 要求不合理 (unreasonable demand), 安排不合理 (irrational arrangement) |
| 抽象 | chōuxiàng | abstract | adj | 抽象概念 (abstract concept), 太抽象 (too abstract) |
| 模糊 | móhu | vague, blurry, unclear | adj | 概念模糊 (vague concept), 印象模糊 (blurry impression) |
Connectives and Discourse Markers (连词和语篇标记)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 所以 | suǒyǐ | so, therefore, thus | conj | 所以我决定 (so I decided), 所以需要 (therefore it is needed) |
| 由于 | yóuyú | due to, owing to, because of | conj | 由于天气原因 (due to weather), 由于努力 (owing to hard work) |
| 虽然 | suīrán | although, even though, though | conj | 虽然困难 (although difficult), 虽然如此 (even so) |
| 但是 | dànshì | but, however, yet | conj | 但是需要注意 (but attention is needed), 很好，但是... (very good, but...) |
| 不过 | búguò | however, but, yet | conj | 不过有个问题 (however there is an issue), 不过需要改进 (but it needs improvement) |
| 总之 | zǒngzhī | in short, in a word, in summary | conj | 总之很重要 (in short, it is important), 总之需要努力 (in a word, hard work is needed) |
| 例如 | lìrú | for example, for instance | conj | 例如汉语 (for example, Chinese), 例如这种情况 (for instance, this situation) |
| 比如 | bǐrú | for example, such as, like | conj | 比如学习 (for example, studying), 很多方法，比如... (many methods, such as...) |
| 相比之下 | xiāngbǐ zhīxià | by comparison, in comparison | phr | 相比之下更好 (better by comparison) |
| 总的来说 | zǒng de lái shuō | generally speaking, on the whole | phr | 总的来说效果不错 (generally speaking, the effect is good) |
| 综上所述 | zōng shàng suǒ shù | to sum up, in summary | phr | 综上所述，我们认为 (to sum up, we believe) |
| 值得注意 | zhídé zhùyì | worth noting, it is noteworthy | phr | 值得注意的是 (it is worth noting that) |
Patterns and Expressions (句型)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 不得不 | bùdébù | have to, cannot but, be forced to | phr | 不得不承认 (have to admit), 不得不放弃 (be forced to give up) |
| 没必要 | méi bìyào | there's no need to, unnecessary | phr | 没必要担心 (no need to worry), 没必要解释 (no need to explain) |
| 有必要 | yǒu bìyào | it is necessary to, there is a need to | phr | 有必要了解 (it is necessary to understand), 有必要讨论 (there is a need to discuss) |
| 一方面…另一方面 | yī fāngmiàn…lìng yī fāngmiàn | on one hand…on the other hand | phr | 一方面提高效率，另一方面节省成本 (on one hand improve efficiency, on the other hand save costs) |
| 既然…就 | jìrán…jiù | since…then; given that…one should | phr | 既然决定了就坚持 (since you've decided, then persist) |
| 宁可…也不 | nìngkě…yě bù | would rather…than; prefer to…rather than | phr | 宁可慢也不出错 (would rather be slow than make mistakes) |
| 与其…不如 | yǔqí…bùrú | rather than…it is better to | phr | 与其等待，不如行动 (rather than waiting, it is better to act) |
Technology and Digital Life: 科技数字生活
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 智能手机 | zhìnéng shǒujī | smartphone | n | 使用智能手机 (use a smartphone), 智能手机应用 (smartphone app) |
| 应用程序 | yìngyòng chéngxù | application, app | n | 下载应用程序 (download an app), 手机应用程序 (mobile app) |
| 互联网 | hùliánwǎng | internet | n | 连接互联网 (connect to the internet), 互联网时代 (internet age) |
| 社交媒体 | shèjiāo méitǐ | social media | n | 使用社交媒体 (use social media), 社交媒体平台 (social media platform) |
| 软件 | ruǎnjiàn | software | n | 安装软件 (install software), 软件更新 (software update) |
| 硬件 | yìngjiàn | hardware | n | 硬件设备 (hardware device), 升级硬件 (upgrade hardware) |
| 下载 | xiàzài | to download | v | 下载文件 (download a file), 下载速度 (download speed) |
| 上传 | shàngchuán | to upload | v | 上传照片 (upload a photo), 上传数据 (upload data) |
| 视频通话 | shìpín tōnghuà | video call | n | 进行视频通话 (make a video call), 视频通话软件 (video call software) |
| 网上支付 | wǎngshàng zhīfù | online payment | n | 使用网上支付 (use online payment), 网上支付平台 (online payment platform) |
| 数据库 | shùjùkù | database | n | 建立数据库 (build a database), 数据库管理 (database management) |
| 程序 | chéngxù | program, procedure | n | 编写程序 (write a program), 运行程序 (run a program) |
| 密码 | mìmǎ | password, code | n | 设置密码 (set a password), 忘记密码 (forget a password) |
| 数据 | shùjù | data | n | 分析数据 (analyze data), 收集数据 (collect data) |
| 屏幕 | píngmù | screen | n | 触摸屏幕 (touch the screen), 屏幕亮度 (screen brightness) |
| 搜索引擎 | sōusuǒ yǐnqíng | search engine | n | 使用搜索引擎 (use a search engine), 搜索引擎优化 (search engine optimization) |
| 网站 | wǎngzhàn | website | n | 访问网站 (visit a website), 建立网站 (build a website) |
| 流媒体 | liú méitǐ | streaming | n | 流媒体服务 (streaming service), 流媒体平台 (streaming platform) |
| 通知 | tōngzhī | notification; to notify | n/v | 接收通知 (receive a notification), 发送通知 (send a notification) |
| 人工智能 | réngōng zhìnéng | artificial intelligence, AI | n | 人工智能技术 (AI technology), 人工智能发展 (AI development) |
| 机器人 | jīqìrén | robot | n | 工业机器人 (industrial robot), 机器人技术 (robot technology) |
| 传感器 | chuángǎnqì | sensor | n | 安装传感器 (install a sensor), 传感器数据 (sensor data) |
| 电池 | diànchí | battery | n | 充电电池 (rechargeable battery), 电池电量 (battery level) |
| 无线 | wúxiàn | wireless | adj | 无线网络 (wireless network), 无线连接 (wireless connection) |
| 云计算 | yún jìsuàn | cloud computing | n | 云计算服务 (cloud computing service), 使用云计算 (use cloud computing) |
| 数字 | shùzì | digital; number | adj/n | 数字技术 (digital technology), 数字转型 (digital transformation) |
| 虚拟 | xūnǐ | virtual | adj | 虚拟现实 (virtual reality), 虚拟空间 (virtual space) |
| 扫描 | sǎomiáo | to scan | v | 扫描文件 (scan a document), 扫描二维码 (scan a QR code) |
Environment and Nature: 环境与自然
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 污染 | wūrǎn | pollution; to pollute | n/v | 空气污染 (air pollution), 污染环境 (pollute the environment) |
| 气候 | qìhòu | climate | n | 气候变化 (climate change), 气候条件 (climate conditions) |
| 碳排放 | tàn páifàng | carbon emissions | n | 减少碳排放 (reduce carbon emissions), 碳排放量 (carbon emission volume) |
| 回收 | huíshōu | to recycle, to collect | v | 回收废品 (recycle waste), 垃圾回收 (garbage recycling) |
| 能源 | néngyuán | energy, energy source | n | 可再生能源 (renewable energy), 节约能源 (save energy) |
| 森林 | sēnlín | forest | n | 保护森林 (protect the forest), 热带雨林 (tropical rainforest) |
| 海洋 | hǎiyáng | ocean, sea | n | 海洋污染 (ocean pollution), 海洋生物 (marine life) |
| 干旱 | gānhàn | drought | n | 严重干旱 (severe drought), 干旱地区 (drought area) |
| 洪水 | hóngshuǐ | flood | n | 发生洪水 (a flood occurs), 洪水灾害 (flood disaster) |
| 地震 | dìzhèn | earthquake | n | 发生地震 (an earthquake occurs), 地震预警 (earthquake warning) |
| 野生动物 | yěshēng dòngwù | wildlife | n | 保护野生动物 (protect wildlife), 野生动物园 (wildlife park) |
| 物种 | wùzhǒng | species | n | 濒危物种 (endangered species), 保护物种 (protect species) |
| 生态系统 | shēngtài xìtǒng | ecosystem | n | 破坏生态系统 (damage the ecosystem), 维护生态系统 (maintain the ecosystem) |
| 温室气体 | wēnshì qìtǐ | greenhouse gas | n | 减少温室气体 (reduce greenhouse gases), 温室气体排放 (greenhouse gas emissions) |
| 可再生 | kě zàishēng | renewable | adj | 可再生能源 (renewable energy), 可再生资源 (renewable resources) |
| 可持续 | kě chíxù | sustainable | adj | 可持续发展 (sustainable development), 可持续经济 (sustainable economy) |
| 天气 | tiānqì | weather | n | 天气预报 (weather forecast), 天气变化 (weather change) |
| 暴风雨 | bàofēngyǔ | storm, rainstorm | n | 遭遇暴风雨 (encounter a storm), 暴风雨来袭 (storm hits) |
| 温度 | wēndù | temperature | n | 室内温度 (indoor temperature), 温度上升 (temperature rise) |
| 空气质量 | kōngqì zhìliàng | air quality | n | 改善空气质量 (improve air quality), 监测空气质量 (monitor air quality) |
| 土壤 | tǔrǎng | soil | n | 土壤污染 (soil pollution), 保护土壤 (protect soil) |
| 冰川 | bīngchuān | glacier | n | 冰川融化 (glacier melting), 冰川消退 (glacier retreat) |
| 生物多样性 | shēngwù duōyàngxìng | biodiversity | n | 保护生物多样性 (protect biodiversity), 生物多样性减少 (biodiversity reduction) |
| 废物 | fèiwù | waste, garbage | n | 处理废物 (handle waste), 减少废物 (reduce waste) |
| 保护 | bǎohù | to protect, protection | v/n | 保护环境 (protect the environment), 自然保护 (nature protection) |
| 资源 | zīyuán | resource | n | 自然资源 (natural resources), 节约资源 (conserve resources) |
| 生态 | shēngtài | ecology, ecological | n/adj | 生态环境 (ecological environment), 生态平衡 (ecological balance) |
| 环境 | huánjìng | environment | n | 保护环境 (protect the environment), 自然环境 (natural environment) |
Health and Medicine: 健康与医学
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 诊断 | zhěnduàn | to diagnose, diagnosis | v/n | 医生诊断 (doctor's diagnosis), 诊断结果 (diagnosis result) |
| 症状 | zhèngzhuàng | symptom | n | 出现症状 (symptoms appear), 描述症状 (describe symptoms) |
| 治疗 | zhìliáo | treatment; to treat | n/v | 接受治疗 (receive treatment), 治疗方法 (treatment method) |
| 治愈 | zhìyù | to cure, to heal | v | 治愈疾病 (cure a disease), 完全治愈 (fully cured) |
| 药物 | yàowù | medicine, drug | n | 服用药物 (take medicine), 药物副作用 (drug side effects) |
| 医院 | yīyuàn | hospital | n | 去医院 (go to the hospital), 住院治疗 (hospitalize for treatment) |
| 医生 | yīshēng | doctor, physician | n | 看医生 (see a doctor), 主治医生 (attending doctor) |
| 护士 | hùshi | nurse | n | 护士照顾 (nurse care), 注册护士 (registered nurse) |
| 疫苗 | yìmiáo | vaccine | n | 接种疫苗 (vaccinate), 疫苗接种率 (vaccination rate) |
| 感染 | gǎnrǎn | infection; to infect | n/v | 病毒感染 (viral infection), 预防感染 (prevent infection) |
| 手术 | shǒushù | surgery, operation | n | 做手术 (perform surgery), 手术成功 (surgery successful) |
| 处方 | chǔfāng | prescription | n | 开处方 (write a prescription), 按处方用药 (take medicine as prescribed) |
| 病人 | bìngrén | patient, sick person | n | 照顾病人 (take care of a patient), 病人恢复 (patient recovery) |
| 营养 | yíngyǎng | nutrition, nourishment | n | 营养均衡 (balanced nutrition), 营养价值 (nutritional value) |
| 锻炼 | duànliàn | to exercise; exercise | v/n | 坚持锻炼 (persist in exercising), 体育锻炼 (physical exercise) |
| 饮食 | yǐnshí | diet, eating habits | n | 健康饮食 (healthy diet), 调整饮食 (adjust diet) |
| 维生素 | wéishēngsù | vitamin | n | 补充维生素 (supplement vitamins), 维生素C (vitamin C) |
| 血压 | xuèyā | blood pressure | n | 测量血压 (measure blood pressure), 高血压 (high blood pressure) |
| 癌症 | áizhèng | cancer | n | 预防癌症 (prevent cancer), 癌症治疗 (cancer treatment) |
| 过敏 | guòmǐn | allergy; to be allergic | n/v | 食物过敏 (food allergy), 对花粉过敏 (be allergic to pollen) |
| 心理健康 | xīnlǐ jiànkāng | mental health | n | 关注心理健康 (pay attention to mental health), 心理健康问题 (mental health issue) |
| 治疗师 | zhìliáoshī | therapist | n | 心理治疗师 (psychotherapist), 物理治疗师 (physical therapist) |
| 预防 | yùfáng | prevention; to prevent | n/v | 预防疾病 (prevent disease), 预防措施 (preventive measures) |
| 流行病 | liúxíngbìng | epidemic, pandemic | n | 控制流行病 (control an epidemic), 流行病爆发 (epidemic outbreak) |
| 药店 | yàodiàn | pharmacy, drugstore | n | 去药店 (go to the pharmacy), 药店购药 (buy medicine at the pharmacy) |
| 健康 | jiànkāng | healthy; health | adj/n | 保持健康 (stay healthy), 身体健康 (physical health) |
| 疾病 | jíbìng | disease, illness | n | 预防疾病 (prevent disease), 慢性疾病 (chronic disease) |
| 康复 | kāngfù | recovery; to recover | n/v | 身体康复 (physical recovery), 康复训练 (rehabilitation training) |
Arts, Media and Entertainment: 艺术媒体娱乐
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 电影 | diànyǐng | film, movie | n | 看电影 (watch a movie), 电影院 (movie theater) |
| 音乐 | yīnyuè | music | n | 欣赏音乐 (appreciate music), 音乐会 (music concert) |
| 音乐会 | yīnyuèhuì | concert | n | 参加音乐会 (attend a concert), 举办音乐会 (hold a concert) |
| 画廊 | huàláng | gallery, art gallery | n | 参观画廊 (visit a gallery), 画廊展览 (gallery exhibition) |
| 展览 | zhǎnlǎn | exhibition, display | n | 举办展览 (hold an exhibition), 参观展览 (visit an exhibition) |
| 小说 | xiǎoshuō | novel | n | 阅读小说 (read a novel), 写小说 (write a novel) |
| 诗人 | shīrén | poet | n | 著名诗人 (famous poet), 诗人作品 (poet's works) |
| 演员 | yǎnyuán | actor, performer | n | 著名演员 (famous actor), 演员表演 (actor's performance) |
| 导演 | dǎoyǎn | director | n | 电影导演 (film director), 导演作品 (director's work) |
| 广播 | guǎngbō | broadcast; to broadcast | n/v | 电视广播 (TV broadcast), 广播节目 (broadcast program) |
| 新闻 | xīnwén | news, journalism | n | 新闻报道 (news report), 看新闻 (watch the news) |
| 纪录片 | jìlùpiàn | documentary | n | 拍摄纪录片 (shoot a documentary), 观看纪录片 (watch a documentary) |
| 广告 | guǎnggào | advertisement | n | 发布广告 (publish an advertisement), 广告效果 (advertising effect) |
| 出版 | chūbǎn | to publish, publication | v/n | 出版书籍 (publish a book), 出版社 (publishing house) |
| 编辑 | biānjí | editor; to edit | n/v | 责任编辑 (responsible editor), 编辑文章 (edit an article) |
| 观众 | guānzhòng | audience, spectators | n | 吸引观众 (attract audience), 观众反应 (audience reaction) |
| 表演 | biǎoyǎn | to perform, performance | v/n | 精彩表演 (wonderful performance), 表演艺术 (performing arts) |
| 排练 | páiliàn | to rehearse, rehearsal | v/n | 认真排练 (rehearse seriously), 排练节目 (rehearse a program) |
| 作曲 | zuòqǔ | to compose music | v | 作曲家 (composer), 为电影作曲 (compose music for a film) |
| 摄影 | shèyǐng | photography; to photograph | n/v | 风景摄影 (landscape photography), 摄影作品 (photographic work) |
| 设计 | shèjì | design; to design | n/v | 平面设计 (graphic design), 设计方案 (design plan) |
| 雕塑 | diāosù | sculpture | n | 制作雕塑 (create a sculpture), 雕塑艺术 (sculpture art) |
| 剧场 | jùchǎng | theater, playhouse | n | 去剧场 (go to the theater), 剧场演出 (theater performance) |
| 文学 | wénxué | literature | n | 中国文学 (Chinese literature), 文学作品 (literary work) |
| 电视 | diànshì | television, TV | n | 看电视 (watch TV), 电视节目 (TV program) |
| 采访 | cǎifǎng | to interview, interview | v/n | 记者采访 (journalist interview), 接受采访 (accept an interview) |
| 记者 | jìzhě | journalist, reporter | n | 新闻记者 (news reporter), 记者报道 (reporter's coverage) |
| 媒体 | méitǐ | media | n | 大众媒体 (mass media), 媒体报道 (media coverage) |
Sports and Recreation: 体育与休闲
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 比赛 | bǐsài | competition, match; to compete | n/v | 参加比赛 (participate in a competition), 赢得比赛 (win the match) |
| 冠军 | guànjūn | champion, championship | n | 获得冠军 (win the championship), 世界冠军 (world champion) |
| 运动员 | yùndòng yuán | athlete, sportsperson | n | 职业运动员 (professional athlete), 运动员训练 (athlete training) |
| 训练 | xùnliàn | to train, training | v/n | 刻苦训练 (train hard), 训练计划 (training plan) |
| 教练 | jiàoliàn | coach, trainer | n | 体育教练 (sports coach), 教练指导 (coach's guidance) |
| 得分 | défēn | score; to score | n/v | 获得得分 (score points), 最终得分 (final score) |
| 队伍 | duìwu | team, group | n | 组建队伍 (form a team), 队伍合作 (team cooperation) |
| 锦标赛 | jǐnbiāosài | tournament, championship | n | 参加锦标赛 (participate in a tournament), 锦标赛决赛 (tournament final) |
| 游泳 | yóuyǒng | swimming; to swim | n/v | 游泳比赛 (swimming competition), 练习游泳 (practice swimming) |
| 跑步 | pǎobù | running; to run | n/v | 坚持跑步 (persist in running), 长跑比赛 (long-distance running race) |
| 体育场 | tǐyùchǎng | stadium, sports ground | n | 在体育场比赛 (compete in the stadium), 大型体育场 (large stadium) |
| 健身房 | jiànshēnfáng | gym, fitness center | n | 去健身房 (go to the gym), 健身房锻炼 (gym exercise) |
| 奖牌 | jiǎngpái | medal | n | 获得奖牌 (win a medal), 金牌银牌 (gold and silver medals) |
| 裁判 | cáipàn | referee, judge | n | 裁判判决 (referee's ruling), 公正裁判 (fair referee) |
| 对手 | duìshǒu | opponent, rival | n | 强劲对手 (tough opponent), 对手实力 (opponent's strength) |
| 策略 | cèlüè | strategy, tactic | n | 制定策略 (formulate a strategy), 比赛策略 (match strategy) |
| 奥运会 | Àoyùnhuì | Olympics, Olympic Games | n | 参加奥运会 (participate in the Olympics), 奥运会冠军 (Olympic champion) |
| 篮球 | lánqiú | basketball | n | 打篮球 (play basketball), 篮球比赛 (basketball game) |
| 足球 | zúqiú | football, soccer | n | 踢足球 (play football), 足球运动员 (football player) |
| 排球 | páiqiú | volleyball | n | 打排球 (play volleyball), 排球比赛 (volleyball match) |
| 失败 | shībài | defeat, failure; to fail | n/v | 承认失败 (admit defeat), 不怕失败 (not afraid of failure) |
| 胜利 | shènglì | victory, win; to win | n/v | 取得胜利 (achieve victory), 胜利的喜悦 (joy of victory) |
| 体育 | tǐyù | sports, physical education | n | 体育运动 (sports activities), 体育精神 (sportsmanship) |
| 休闲 | xiūxián | leisure, recreation | n/adj | 休闲活动 (leisure activities), 休闲时间 (leisure time) |
| 娱乐 | yúlè | entertainment, recreation | n | 娱乐活动 (entertainment activities), 娱乐产业 (entertainment industry) |
Government and Society: 政府与社会
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 政府 | zhèngfǔ | government | n | 中央政府 (central government), 地方政府 (local government) |
| 政策 | zhèngcè | policy | n | 制定政策 (formulate a policy), 经济政策 (economic policy) |
| 法律 | fǎlǜ | law, legislation | n | 遵守法律 (obey the law), 法律条文 (legal provisions) |
| 选举 | xuǎnjǔ | election; to elect | n/v | 参加选举 (participate in an election), 选举结果 (election result) |
| 民主 | mínzhǔ | democracy, democratic | n/adj | 民主制度 (democratic system), 民主选举 (democratic election) |
| 权利 | quánlì | right, entitlement | n | 公民权利 (civil rights), 维护权利 (protect rights) |
| 公民 | gōngmín | citizen | n | 普通公民 (ordinary citizen), 公民责任 (citizen's responsibility) |
| 税收 | shuìshōu | tax revenue, taxation | n | 缴纳税收 (pay taxes), 税收政策 (tax policy) |
| 预算 | yùsuàn | budget | n | 政府预算 (government budget), 制定预算 (make a budget) |
| 改革 | gǎigé | reform; to reform | n/v | 经济改革 (economic reform), 推行改革 (carry out reform) |
| 法规 | fǎguī | regulation, rule | n | 制定法规 (formulate regulations), 遵守法规 (comply with regulations) |
| 权威 | quánwēi | authority; authoritative | n/adj | 政府权威 (government authority), 权威机构 (authoritative institution) |
| 议会 | yìhuì | parliament, congress | n | 议会决议 (parliamentary resolution), 进入议会 (enter parliament) |
| 宪法 | xiànfǎ | constitution | n | 遵守宪法 (abide by the constitution), 宪法保障 (constitutional guarantee) |
| 司法 | sīfǎ | judicial, justice | adj/n | 司法制度 (judicial system), 司法公正 (judicial justice) |
| 行政 | xíngzhèng | administration, administrative | n/adj | 行政管理 (administrative management), 行政机构 (administrative institution) |
| 投票 | tóupiào | to vote, voting | v/n | 参加投票 (participate in voting), 投票结果 (voting result) |
| 官员 | guānyuán | official, government officer | n | 政府官员 (government official), 官员职责 (official's duty) |
| 委员会 | wěiyuánhuì | committee | n | 成立委员会 (establish a committee), 委员会决议 (committee resolution) |
| 省份 | shěngfèn | province | n | 各个省份 (each province), 省份经济 (provincial economy) |
| 首都 | shǒudū | capital city | n | 国家首都 (national capital), 首都北京 (capital city Beijing) |
| 市政 | shìzhèng | municipal administration | adj/n | 市政建设 (municipal construction), 市政管理 (municipal management) |
| 福利 | fúlì | welfare, benefit | n | 社会福利 (social welfare), 员工福利 (employee benefits) |
| 养老金 | yǎnglǎojīn | pension | n | 领取养老金 (receive a pension), 养老金制度 (pension system) |
| 失业 | shīyè | unemployment; to be unemployed | n/v | 降低失业率 (reduce unemployment rate), 失业保险 (unemployment insurance) |
| 社会 | shèhuì | society, social | n | 和谐社会 (harmonious society), 社会问题 (social issue) |
| 制度 | zhìdù | system, institution | n | 政治制度 (political system), 建立制度 (establish a system) |
Science and Education: 科学与教育
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 研究 | yánjiū | research; to research | n/v | 科学研究 (scientific research), 研究成果 (research findings) |
| 实验 | shíyàn | experiment; to experiment | n/v | 做实验 (do an experiment), 实验结果 (experiment result) |
| 假设 | jiǎshè | hypothesis; to assume | n/v | 提出假设 (put forward a hypothesis), 验证假设 (verify a hypothesis) |
| 理论 | lǐlùn | theory | n | 科学理论 (scientific theory), 理论基础 (theoretical basis) |
| 证明 | zhèngmíng | to prove, proof | v/n | 证明理论 (prove a theory), 数学证明 (mathematical proof) |
| 化学 | huàxué | chemistry | n | 有机化学 (organic chemistry), 化学反应 (chemical reaction) |
| 物理 | wùlǐ | physics | n | 物理定律 (physical law), 物理实验 (physics experiment) |
| 生物 | shēngwù | biology; living organism | n | 生物科学 (biological science), 海洋生物 (marine biology) |
| 数学 | shùxué | mathematics | n | 数学公式 (mathematical formula), 学习数学 (study mathematics) |
| 地理 | dìlǐ | geography | n | 人文地理 (human geography), 地理位置 (geographic location) |
| 历史 | lìshǐ | history, historical | n | 中国历史 (Chinese history), 历史事件 (historical event) |
| 哲学 | zhéxué | philosophy | n | 西方哲学 (Western philosophy), 哲学思想 (philosophical thought) |
| 心理学 | xīnlǐxué | psychology | n | 社会心理学 (social psychology), 心理学研究 (psychology research) |
| 社会学 | shèhuìxué | sociology | n | 社会学理论 (sociological theory), 社会学研究 (sociology research) |
| 经济学 | jīngjìxué | economics | n | 宏观经济学 (macroeconomics), 经济学理论 (economic theory) |
| 实验室 | shíyànshì | laboratory | n | 在实验室工作 (work in the laboratory), 实验室设备 (laboratory equipment) |
| 显微镜 | xiǎnwēijìng | microscope | n | 用显微镜观察 (observe with a microscope), 电子显微镜 (electron microscope) |
| 公式 | gōngshì | formula | n | 数学公式 (mathematical formula), 应用公式 (apply a formula) |
| 元素 | yuánsù | element | n | 化学元素 (chemical element), 基本元素 (basic element) |
| 分子 | fēnzǐ | molecule | n | 水分子 (water molecule), 分子结构 (molecular structure) |
| 能量 | néngliàng | energy | n | 太阳能量 (solar energy), 能量转化 (energy conversion) |
| 重力 | zhònglì | gravity | n | 地球重力 (Earth's gravity), 重力作用 (effect of gravity) |
| 进化 | jìnhuà | evolution; to evolve | n/v | 生物进化 (biological evolution), 进化论 (theory of evolution) |
| 创新 | chuàngxīn | innovation; to innovate | n/v | 科技创新 (technological innovation), 鼓励创新 (encourage innovation) |
| 发现 | fāxiàn | discovery; to discover | n/v | 重大发现 (major discovery), 发现新物种 (discover a new species) |
Food, Daily Life and Shopping: 饮食日常购物
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 食材 | shícái | ingredient, foodstuff | n | 新鲜食材 (fresh ingredients), 选购食材 (select ingredients) |
| 食谱 | shípǔ | recipe | n | 学习食谱 (learn a recipe), 家传食谱 (family recipe) |
| 烹饪 | pēngrèn | to cook, cooking | v/n | 学习烹饪 (learn cooking), 烹饪技巧 (cooking skills) |
| 菜单 | càidān | menu | n | 看菜单 (look at the menu), 点菜单上的菜 (order from the menu) |
| 餐厅 | cāntīng | restaurant, dining room | n | 去餐厅吃饭 (eat at a restaurant), 餐厅服务 (restaurant service) |
| 味道 | wèidào | flavor, taste | n | 好味道 (good taste), 味道独特 (unique flavor) |
| 辛辣 | xīnlà | spicy, pungent | adj | 辛辣食物 (spicy food), 辛辣味道 (spicy flavor) |
| 甜 | tián | sweet | adj | 甜甜的味道 (sweet taste), 甜食 (sweet food) |
| 咸 | xián | salty | adj | 太咸了 (too salty), 咸淡适中 (moderate saltiness) |
| 苦 | kǔ | bitter | adj | 苦味 (bitter taste), 良药苦口 (good medicine tastes bitter) |
| 新鲜 | xīnxiān | fresh | adj | 新鲜蔬菜 (fresh vegetables), 新鲜食材 (fresh ingredients) |
| 有机 | yǒujī | organic | adj | 有机食品 (organic food), 有机蔬菜 (organic vegetables) |
| 蔬菜 | shūcài | vegetable | n | 新鲜蔬菜 (fresh vegetables), 绿色蔬菜 (green vegetables) |
| 水果 | shuǐguǒ | fruit | n | 新鲜水果 (fresh fruit), 热带水果 (tropical fruit) |
| 饮料 | yǐnliào | beverage, drink | n | 冷饮料 (cold beverage), 选择饮料 (choose a drink) |
| 面包店 | miànbāodiàn | bakery | n | 去面包店 (go to the bakery), 面包店的糕点 (bakery pastries) |
| 市场 | shìchǎng | market | n | 农贸市场 (farmers' market), 市场购物 (market shopping) |
| 折扣 | zhékòu | discount | n | 享受折扣 (enjoy a discount), 打折扣 (give a discount) |
| 收据 | shōujù | receipt | n | 索取收据 (ask for a receipt), 保留收据 (keep the receipt) |
| 质量 | zhìliàng | quality | n | 产品质量 (product quality), 质量检查 (quality inspection) |
| 品牌 | pǐnpái | brand | n | 知名品牌 (well-known brand), 品牌价值 (brand value) |
| 保修 | bǎoxiū | warranty, guarantee | n | 保修期限 (warranty period), 享受保修 (enjoy warranty) |
| 尺寸 | chǐcùn | size, dimension | n | 选择尺寸 (choose a size), 合适尺寸 (appropriate size) |
| 换货 | huànhuò | exchange (goods) | v/n | 申请换货 (apply for an exchange), 换货政策 (exchange policy) |
| 退款 | tuìkuǎn | refund; to refund | n/v | 申请退款 (apply for a refund), 退款政策 (refund policy) |
Total vocabulary: approximately 900+ words across all sections.