HSK 5 Vocabulary (1,600 New Words)
Complete HSK 5 vocabulary reference: approximately 1,600 new words at B2 level, organized by semantic category with pinyin, English, part of speech, and usage notes.
HSK 5 (B2) introduces approximately 1,600 new words, bringing the cumulative total to around 2,500. At this level learners can understand extended speech and texts on abstract, complex, or unfamiliar topics, read newspaper articles and academic texts with relative ease, and express themselves fluently and spontaneously on a wide range of subjects. The vocabulary below is organized by semantic category and covers the first ~600 words of the HSK 5 list; additional words are being added in follow-up sessions.
Verbs: Analysis and Evaluation (分析评价动词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 分析 | fēnxī | to analyze; analysis | v/n | 深入分析 (in-depth analysis) |
| 评价 | píngjià | to evaluate; evaluation | v/n | 客观评价 (objective evaluation) |
| 论证 | lùnzhèng | to demonstrate; argumentation | v/n | 充分论证 (fully demonstrate) |
| 证实 | zhèngshí | to verify, to confirm | v | 证实猜测 (confirm a hypothesis) |
| 否定 | fǒudìng | to negate, to deny | v | 完全否定 (completely negate) |
| 确认 | quèrèn | to confirm, to verify | v | 确认信息 (confirm information) |
| 阐述 | chǎnshù | to elaborate, to expound | v | 阐述观点 (elaborate on a viewpoint) |
| 推断 | tuīduàn | to infer, to deduce | v | 合理推断 (reasonable inference) |
| 归纳 | guīnà | to summarize, to induce | v | 归纳规律 (summarize patterns) |
| 概括 | gàikuò | to summarize, to generalize | v | 简单概括 (briefly summarize) |
| 总结 | zǒngjié | to summarize; summary | v/n | 总结经验 (summarize experience) |
| 归结 | guījié | to attribute to, to conclude | v | 归结为一点 (boil down to one point) |
| 揭示 | jiēshì | to reveal, to expose | v | 揭示规律 (reveal the law) |
| 展现 | zhǎnxiàn | to display, to reveal | v | 展现才华 (display talent) |
| 体现 | tǐxiàn | to embody, to reflect | v | 充分体现 (fully embody) |
| 反映 | fǎnyìng | to reflect, to mirror | v | 反映现实 (reflect reality) |
| 描绘 | miáohuì | to depict, to portray | v | 生动描绘 (vividly depict) |
| 刻画 | kèhuà | to portray, to characterize | v | 深刻刻画 (profoundly portray) |
| 表现 | biǎoxiàn | to express, to perform; performance | v/n | 出色表现 (outstanding performance) |
| 呈现 | chéngxiàn | to present, to show | v | 呈现出来 (present itself) |
| 解读 | jiědú | to interpret, to read into | v | 深度解读 (in-depth interpretation) |
| 诠释 | quánshì | to interpret, to explain | v | 重新诠释 (reinterpret) |
| 质疑 | zhìyí | to question, to doubt | v | 提出质疑 (raise doubts) |
| 探讨 | tàntǎo | to explore, to investigate | v | 深入探讨 (explore in depth) |
| 研讨 | yántǎo | to discuss, to deliberate | v | 研讨问题 (deliberate on issues) |
| 辩论 | biànlùn | to debate; debate | v/n | 展开辩论 (launch a debate) |
| 驳斥 | bóchì | to refute, to rebut | v | 有力驳斥 (forcefully refute) |
| 支持 | zhīchí | to support; support | v/n | 大力支持 (strongly support) |
| 赞同 | zàntóng | to agree, to approve | v | 表示赞同 (express agreement) |
| 批判 | pīpàn | to criticize; critique | v/n | 批判性思维 (critical thinking) |
| 验证 | yànzhèng | to verify, to validate | v | 验证假设 (validate a hypothesis) |
| 核实 | héshí | to verify, to check the facts | v | 核实信息 (verify information) |
| 表明 | biǎomíng | to indicate, to show | v | 数据表明 (data indicate) |
| 证明 | zhèngmíng | to prove; proof | v/n | 有力证明 (strong proof) |
| 说明 | shuōmíng | to explain; explanation | v/n | 说明原因 (explain the reason) |
Verbs: Creation and Production (创造生产动词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 创造 | chuàngzào | to create, to produce | v | 创造价值 (create value) |
| 制造 | zhìzào | to manufacture, to make | v | 大规模制造 (large-scale manufacturing) |
| 生产 | shēngchǎn | to produce; production | v/n | 生产效率 (production efficiency) |
| 开发 | kāifā | to develop, to exploit | v | 开发新产品 (develop new products) |
| 研发 | yánfā | to research and develop; R&D | v/n | 加大研发投入 (increase R&D investment) |
| 设计 | shèjì | to design; design | v/n | 精心设计 (carefully designed) |
| 构建 | gòujiàn | to build, to construct | v | 构建体系 (build a system) |
| 建立 | jiànlì | to establish, to set up | v | 建立机制 (establish a mechanism) |
| 组建 | zǔjiàn | to form, to organize | v | 组建团队 (form a team) |
| 形成 | xíngchéng | to form, to develop | v | 形成共识 (form a consensus) |
| 产生 | chǎnshēng | to produce, to generate | v | 产生影响 (generate influence) |
| 诞生 | dànshēng | to be born, to come into being | v | 应运而生 (born in response to a need) |
| 涌现 | yǒngxiàn | to emerge in large numbers | v | 人才涌现 (talent emerging in large numbers) |
| 推出 | tuīchū | to launch, to introduce | v | 推出新产品 (launch a new product) |
| 发布 | fābù | to release, to publish | v | 发布公告 (release an announcement) |
| 出版 | chūbǎn | to publish; publication | v/n | 出版著作 (publish a work) |
| 发表 | fābiǎo | to publish, to make public | v | 发表论文 (publish a paper) |
| 投入 | tóurù | to invest, to put into; input | v/n | 大量投入 (substantial investment) |
| 实施 | shíshī | to implement, to carry out | v | 实施计划 (implement a plan) |
| 推进 | tuījìn | to advance, to push forward | v | 稳步推进 (steadily advance) |
| 促进 | cùjìn | to promote, to facilitate | v | 促进发展 (promote development) |
| 推动 | tuīdòng | to drive, to propel | v | 推动创新 (drive innovation) |
| 加强 | jiāqiáng | to strengthen, to intensify | v | 加强合作 (strengthen cooperation) |
| 巩固 | gǒnggù | to consolidate, to reinforce | v | 巩固成果 (consolidate achievements) |
| 完善 | wánshàn | to improve, to perfect | v | 不断完善 (continuously improve) |
| 培育 | péiyù | to cultivate, to foster | v | 培育人才 (cultivate talent) |
| 孕育 | yùnyù | to nurture, to give birth to | v | 孕育创意 (nurture creativity) |
| 激发 | jīfā | to stimulate, to inspire | v | 激发潜能 (stimulate potential) |
| 开创 | kāichuàng | to pioneer, to start | v | 开创先例 (set a precedent) |
| 铸造 | zhùzào | to forge, to cast | v | 铸造辉煌 (forge brilliance) |
Verbs: Change and Transformation (变化转变动词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 转变 | zhuǎnbiàn | to transform, to shift | v/n | 思想转变 (shift in thinking) |
| 转化 | zhuǎnhuà | to convert, to transform | v | 转化为成果 (convert into results) |
| 改变 | gǎibiàn | to change, to alter | v | 彻底改变 (completely change) |
| 变化 | biànhuà | to change; change | v/n | 发生变化 (undergo a change) |
| 演变 | yǎnbiàn | to evolve, to develop | v | 逐渐演变 (gradually evolve) |
| 演化 | yǎnhuà | to evolve (biological/natural) | v | 物种演化 (species evolution) |
| 发展 | fāzhǎn | to develop; development | v/n | 持续发展 (sustained development) |
| 进化 | jìnhuà | to evolve; evolution | v/n | 生物进化 (biological evolution) |
| 退化 | tuìhuà | to degenerate, to deteriorate | v | 能力退化 (ability deterioration) |
| 衰退 | shuāituì | to decline, to decay | v | 经济衰退 (economic recession) |
| 增长 | zēngzhǎng | to grow, to increase; growth | v/n | 快速增长 (rapid growth) |
| 下降 | xiàjiàng | to decline, to fall | v | 大幅下降 (sharp decline) |
| 上升 | shàngshēng | to rise, to go up | v | 持续上升 (continuous rise) |
| 扩大 | kuòdà | to expand, to enlarge | v | 扩大规模 (expand the scale) |
| 缩小 | suōxiǎo | to narrow, to shrink | v | 缩小差距 (narrow the gap) |
| 深化 | shēnhuà | to deepen, to intensify | v | 深化改革 (deepen reform) |
| 强化 | qiánghuà | to strengthen, to reinforce | v | 强化意识 (reinforce awareness) |
| 弱化 | ruòhuà | to weaken, to diminish | v | 逐渐弱化 (gradually weaken) |
| 优化 | yōuhuà | to optimize | v | 优化结构 (optimize structure) |
| 简化 | jiǎnhuà | to simplify | v | 简化程序 (simplify procedures) |
| 复杂化 | fùzáhuà | to complicate, to become complex | v | 情况复杂化 (the situation complicates) |
| 多样化 | duōyànghuà | to diversify; diversification | v/n | 产品多样化 (product diversification) |
| 统一 | tǒngyī | to unify; unified | v/adj | 统一标准 (unify standards) |
| 分裂 | fēnliè | to split, to divide | v | 走向分裂 (move toward split) |
| 融合 | rónghé | to merge, to integrate | v | 文化融合 (cultural integration) |
| 调整 | tiáozhěng | to adjust, to readjust | v | 调整策略 (adjust strategy) |
| 适应 | shìyìng | to adapt, to adjust to | v | 适应环境 (adapt to the environment) |
| 过渡 | guòdù | to transition; transition | v/n | 平稳过渡 (smooth transition) |
| 跨越 | kuàyuè | to leap across, to transcend | v | 跨越障碍 (transcend obstacles) |
| 突破 | tūpò | to break through; breakthrough | v/n | 实现突破 (achieve a breakthrough) |
Nouns: Academic and Research (学术研究名词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 理论 | lǐlùn | theory | n | 理论框架 (theoretical framework) |
| 概念 | gàiniàn | concept, notion | n | 核心概念 (core concept) |
| 原理 | yuánlǐ | principle, theorem | n | 基本原理 (basic principle) |
| 方法论 | fāngfǎlùn | methodology | n | 研究方法论 (research methodology) |
| 框架 | kuàngjià | framework, structure | n | 理论框架 (theoretical framework) |
| 体系 | tǐxì | system, framework | n | 知识体系 (knowledge system) |
| 规律 | guīlǜ | law, regularity | n | 客观规律 (objective law) |
| 现象 | xiànxiàng | phenomenon | n | 普遍现象 (widespread phenomenon) |
| 趋势 | qūshì | trend, tendency | n | 发展趋势 (development trend) |
| 模式 | móshì | model, pattern | n | 运作模式 (operational model) |
| 机制 | jīzhì | mechanism, system | n | 运行机制 (operational mechanism) |
| 结构 | jiégòu | structure, composition | n | 内部结构 (internal structure) |
| 功能 | gōngnéng | function, role | n | 基本功能 (basic function) |
| 特征 | tèzhēng | characteristic, feature | n | 主要特征 (main characteristic) |
| 属性 | shǔxìng | attribute, property | n | 基本属性 (basic attribute) |
| 本质 | běnzhì | essence, nature | n | 问题本质 (the essence of the problem) |
| 核心 | héxīn | core, kernel | n | 核心问题 (core issue) |
| 关键 | guānjiàn | key, crux | n/adj | 关键因素 (key factor) |
| 基础 | jīchǔ | foundation, basis | n | 理论基础 (theoretical foundation) |
| 背景 | bèijǐng | background, context | n | 历史背景 (historical background) |
| 来源 | láiyuán | source, origin | n | 数据来源 (data source) |
| 依据 | yījù | basis, grounds | n | 理论依据 (theoretical basis) |
| 证据 | zhèngjù | evidence, proof | n | 充分证据 (sufficient evidence) |
| 数据 | shùjù | data, statistics | n | 分析数据 (analyze data) |
| 案例 | ànlì | case, example | n | 典型案例 (typical case) |
| 实例 | shílì | concrete example, instance | n | 举出实例 (cite a concrete example) |
| 范例 | fànlì | model example, paradigm | n | 提供范例 (provide a model) |
| 模型 | móxíng | model, template | n | 建立模型 (build a model) |
| 标准 | biāozhǔn | standard, criterion | n | 国际标准 (international standard) |
| 指标 | zhǐbiāo | indicator, index | n | 关键指标 (key indicator) |
| 评估 | pínggū | assessment, evaluation | n/v | 风险评估 (risk assessment) |
| 结论 | jiélùn | conclusion | n | 得出结论 (draw a conclusion) |
| 建议 | jiànyì | suggestion, recommendation | n | 提出建议 (put forward suggestions) |
| 假设 | jiǎshè | hypothesis, assumption | n | 验证假设 (verify a hypothesis) |
| 命题 | mìngtí | proposition, thesis | n | 核心命题 (core proposition) |
| 论点 | lùndiǎn | argument, point | n | 主要论点 (main argument) |
| 论据 | lùnjù | evidence, supporting argument | n | 充分论据 (sufficient evidence) |
| 观点 | guāndiǎn | viewpoint, perspective | n | 表达观点 (express a viewpoint) |
| 立场 | lìchǎng | stance, position | n | 表明立场 (state one's position) |
Nouns: Society and Politics (社会政治名词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 政治 | zhèngzhì | politics; political | n/adj | 政治体制 (political system) |
| 经济 | jīngjì | economy; economic | n/adj | 经济发展 (economic development) |
| 社会 | shèhuì | society; social | n/adj | 社会问题 (social issues) |
| 文化 | wénhuà | culture; cultural | n/adj | 文化交流 (cultural exchange) |
| 制度 | zhìdù | system, institution | n | 完善制度 (improve the system) |
| 体制 | tǐzhì | structure, system, regime | n | 改革体制 (reform the system) |
| 政策 | zhèngcè | policy | n | 制定政策 (formulate policy) |
| 法律 | fǎlǜ | law, legislation | n | 法律法规 (laws and regulations) |
| 权利 | quánlì | right, entitlement | n | 基本权利 (basic rights) |
| 义务 | yìwù | duty, obligation | n | 履行义务 (fulfill obligations) |
| 民主 | mínzhǔ | democracy; democratic | n/adj | 民主制度 (democratic system) |
| 自由 | zìyóu | freedom; free | n/adj | 言论自由 (freedom of speech) |
| 平等 | píngděng | equality; equal | n/adj | 机会平等 (equal opportunity) |
| 公正 | gōngzhèng | justice; fair, impartial | n/adj | 维护公正 (uphold justice) |
| 秩序 | zhìxù | order, discipline | n | 社会秩序 (social order) |
| 稳定 | wěndìng | stability; stable | n/adj | 社会稳定 (social stability) |
| 改革 | gǎigé | reform | n/v | 推进改革 (advance reform) |
| 进步 | jìnbù | progress; progressive | n/adj | 社会进步 (social progress) |
| 变革 | biàngé | transformation, reform | n | 深刻变革 (profound transformation) |
| 创新 | chuàngxīn | innovation; innovative | n/adj | 鼓励创新 (encourage innovation) |
| 突破 | tūpò | breakthrough | n | 实现突破 (achieve a breakthrough) |
| 挑战 | tiǎozhàn | challenge | n | 面临挑战 (face challenges) |
| 困境 | kùnjìng | predicament, difficult situation | n | 走出困境 (get out of a predicament) |
| 危机 | wēijī | crisis | n | 应对危机 (handle a crisis) |
| 机遇 | jīyù | opportunity, chance | n | 难得的机遇 (rare opportunity) |
| 合作 | hézuò | cooperation, collaboration | n | 国际合作 (international cooperation) |
| 竞争 | jìngzhēng | competition | n | 激烈竞争 (fierce competition) |
| 冲突 | chōngtū | conflict, clash | n | 解决冲突 (resolve conflict) |
| 协调 | xiétiáo | coordination; to coordinate | n/v | 协调各方 (coordinate all parties) |
| 治理 | zhìlǐ | governance; to govern | n/v | 国家治理 (state governance) |
| 监管 | jiānguǎn | supervision, regulation | n/v | 加强监管 (strengthen supervision) |
| 福利 | fúlì | welfare, benefit | n | 社会福利 (social welfare) |
| 民生 | mínshēng | people's livelihood | n | 改善民生 (improve people's livelihood) |
| 舆论 | yúlùn | public opinion | n | 引导舆论 (guide public opinion) |
Nouns: Business and Finance (商业金融名词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 投资 | tóuzī | investment; to invest | n/v | 吸引投资 (attract investment) |
| 股票 | gǔpiào | stock, share | n | 买卖股票 (buy and sell stocks) |
| 债券 | zhàiquàn | bond, debenture | n | 发行债券 (issue bonds) |
| 利率 | lìlǜ | interest rate | n | 调整利率 (adjust interest rates) |
| 通货膨胀 | tōnghuò péngzhàng | inflation | n | 控制通货膨胀 (control inflation) |
| 贸易 | màoyì | trade | n | 国际贸易 (international trade) |
| 出口 | chūkǒu | export; to export | n/v | 扩大出口 (expand exports) |
| 进口 | jìnkǒu | import; to import | n/v | 减少进口 (reduce imports) |
| 垄断 | lǒngduàn | monopoly; to monopolize | n/v | 打破垄断 (break a monopoly) |
| 市场份额 | shìchǎng fèn'é | market share | n | 扩大市场份额 (expand market share) |
| 利润 | lìrùn | profit | n | 提高利润 (increase profit) |
| 亏损 | kuīsǔn | loss, deficit | n | 避免亏损 (avoid losses) |
| 成本 | chéngběn | cost | n | 降低成本 (reduce costs) |
| 收益 | shōuyì | revenue, earnings | n | 提高收益 (increase earnings) |
| 资产 | zīchǎn | asset | n | 管理资产 (manage assets) |
| 负债 | fùzhài | liability, debt | n | 减少负债 (reduce liabilities) |
| 融资 | róngzī | financing; to raise funds | n/v | 融资渠道 (financing channels) |
| 贷款 | dàikuǎn | loan; to take a loan | n/v | 申请贷款 (apply for a loan) |
| 利息 | lìxī | interest (on a loan or deposit) | n | 支付利息 (pay interest) |
| 汇率 | huìlǜ | exchange rate | n | 汇率波动 (exchange rate fluctuation) |
| 外汇 | wàihuì | foreign exchange, foreign currency | n | 外汇储备 (foreign exchange reserves) |
| 合同 | hétong | contract | n | 签订合同 (sign a contract) |
| 协议 | xiéyì | agreement, accord | n | 达成协议 (reach an agreement) |
| 条款 | tiáokuǎn | clause, term | n | 合同条款 (contract terms) |
| 谈判 | tánpàn | negotiation; to negotiate | n/v | 开展谈判 (hold negotiations) |
| 合并 | hébìng | merger; to merge | n/v | 企业合并 (corporate merger) |
| 收购 | shōugòu | acquisition; to acquire | n/v | 发起收购 (launch an acquisition) |
| 上市 | shàngshì | to go public, to be listed | v | 准备上市 (prepare to go public) |
| 破产 | pòchǎn | bankruptcy; to go bankrupt | n/v | 申请破产 (file for bankruptcy) |
| 股东 | gǔdōng | shareholder, stockholder | n | 保护股东利益 (protect shareholder interests) |
| 供应链 | gōngyìngliàn | supply chain | n | 完善供应链 (improve the supply chain) |
| 品牌 | pǐnpái | brand | n | 建立品牌 (build a brand) |
| 营销 | yíngxiāo | marketing | n | 数字营销 (digital marketing) |
| 消费 | xiāofèi | consumption; to consume | n/v | 刺激消费 (stimulate consumption) |
| 需求 | xūqiú | demand, need | n | 市场需求 (market demand) |
Nouns: Technology and Digital (科技数字名词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 人工智能 | réngōng zhìnéng | artificial intelligence, AI | n | 人工智能技术 (AI technology) |
| 大数据 | dà shùjù | big data | n | 大数据分析 (big data analysis) |
| 区块链 | qūkuàiliàn | blockchain | n | 区块链技术 (blockchain technology) |
| 云计算 | yún jìsuàn | cloud computing | n | 云计算平台 (cloud computing platform) |
| 算法 | suànfǎ | algorithm | n | 优化算法 (optimize an algorithm) |
| 编程 | biānchéng | programming; to program | n/v | 学习编程 (learn programming) |
| 数字化 | shùzìhuà | digitalization; to digitize | n/v | 推进数字化 (advance digitalization) |
| 自动化 | zìdònghuà | automation; to automate | n/v | 实现自动化 (achieve automation) |
| 智能化 | zhìnénghuà | intelligent automation, smartification | n | 智能化管理 (intelligent management) |
| 互联网 | hùliánwǎng | internet | n | 互联网时代 (internet era) |
| 平台 | píngtái | platform | n | 数字平台 (digital platform) |
| 应用程序 | yìngyòng chéngxù | application, app | n | 开发应用程序 (develop an app) |
| 系统 | xìtǒng | system | n | 操作系统 (operating system) |
| 软件 | ruǎnjiàn | software | n | 软件开发 (software development) |
| 硬件 | yìngjiàn | hardware | n | 硬件设备 (hardware equipment) |
| 数据库 | shùjùkù | database | n | 建立数据库 (build a database) |
| 网络 | wǎngluò | network | n | 网络安全 (network security) |
| 服务器 | fúwùqì | server | n | 云服务器 (cloud server) |
| 用户 | yònghù | user | n | 用户体验 (user experience) |
| 界面 | jièmiàn | interface | n | 用户界面 (user interface) |
| 功能 | gōngnéng | function, feature | n | 核心功能 (core function) |
| 性能 | xìngnéng | performance (of a system) | n | 提升性能 (improve performance) |
| 安全 | ānquán | security; safe | n/adj | 信息安全 (information security) |
| 隐私 | yǐnsī | privacy | n | 保护隐私 (protect privacy) |
| 代码 | dàimǎ | code | n | 编写代码 (write code) |
| 程序 | chéngxù | program; procedure | n | 运行程序 (run a program) |
| 测试 | cèshì | testing; to test | n/v | 功能测试 (functional testing) |
| 部署 | bùshǔ | deployment; to deploy | n/v | 系统部署 (system deployment) |
| 运营 | yùnyíng | operation, operations | n/v | 平台运营 (platform operations) |
| 物联网 | wùliánwǎng | Internet of Things, IoT | n | 物联网设备 (IoT devices) |
| 虚拟现实 | xūnǐ xiànshí | virtual reality, VR | n | 虚拟现实技术 (VR technology) |
| 机器学习 | jīqì xuéxí | machine learning | n | 机器学习模型 (machine learning model) |
| 网络安全 | wǎngluò ānquán | cybersecurity | n | 加强网络安全 (strengthen cybersecurity) |
| 数字经济 | shùzì jīngjì | digital economy | n | 发展数字经济 (develop the digital economy) |
Nouns: Environment and Nature (环境自然名词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 气候变化 | qìhòu biànhuà | climate change | n | 应对气候变化 (respond to climate change) |
| 碳排放 | tàn páifàng | carbon emissions | n | 减少碳排放 (reduce carbon emissions) |
| 可持续发展 | kě chíxù fāzhǎn | sustainable development | n | 实现可持续发展 (achieve sustainable development) |
| 生态 | shēngtài | ecology; ecological | n/adj | 生态平衡 (ecological balance) |
| 生物多样性 | shēngwù duōyàngxìng | biodiversity | n | 保护生物多样性 (protect biodiversity) |
| 环境保护 | huánjìng bǎohù | environmental protection | n | 加强环境保护 (strengthen environmental protection) |
| 污染 | wūrǎn | pollution; to pollute | n/v | 空气污染 (air pollution) |
| 能源 | néngyuán | energy | n | 新能源 (new energy) |
| 资源 | zīyuán | resource | n | 自然资源 (natural resources) |
| 自然灾害 | zìrán zāihài | natural disaster | n | 预防自然灾害 (prevent natural disasters) |
| 洪水 | hóngshuǐ | flood | n | 发生洪水 (floods occur) |
| 干旱 | gānhàn | drought | n | 严重干旱 (severe drought) |
| 地震 | dìzhèn | earthquake | n | 地震预警 (earthquake warning) |
| 台风 | táifēng | typhoon | n | 强台风 (strong typhoon) |
| 海平面 | hǎipíngmiàn | sea level | n | 海平面上升 (sea level rise) |
| 温室效应 | wēnshì xiàoyìng | greenhouse effect | n | 加剧温室效应 (aggravate the greenhouse effect) |
| 臭氧层 | chòuyǎngcéng | ozone layer | n | 保护臭氧层 (protect the ozone layer) |
| 物种 | wùzhǒng | species | n | 保护物种 (protect species) |
| 濒危 | bīnwēi | endangered; on the verge of extinction | adj | 濒危动物 (endangered animal) |
| 灭绝 | mièjué | extinction; to become extinct | n/v | 走向灭绝 (head toward extinction) |
| 保护区 | bǎohùqū | nature reserve, protected area | n | 建立保护区 (establish a nature reserve) |
| 绿色 | lǜsè | green; environmentally friendly | adj | 绿色发展 (green development) |
| 低碳 | dītàn | low-carbon | adj | 低碳生活 (low-carbon lifestyle) |
| 新能源 | xīn néngyuán | new/renewable energy | n | 开发新能源 (develop new energy) |
| 可再生 | kě zàishēng | renewable | adj | 可再生能源 (renewable energy) |
| 碳中和 | tàn zhōnghé | carbon neutrality | n | 实现碳中和 (achieve carbon neutrality) |
| 生态系统 | shēngtài xìtǒng | ecosystem | n | 破坏生态系统 (damage the ecosystem) |
| 水资源 | shuǐ zīyuán | water resources | n | 保护水资源 (protect water resources) |
| 森林覆盖率 | sēnlín fùgàilǜ | forest coverage rate | n | 提高森林覆盖率 (increase forest coverage) |
Adjectives: Intellectual and Abstract (智识抽象形容词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 深刻 | shēnkè | profound, deep | adj | 深刻理解 (profound understanding) |
| 深入 | shēnrù | in-depth, thorough | adj | 深入研究 (in-depth research) |
| 广泛 | guǎngfàn | extensive, widespread | adj | 广泛影响 (widespread influence) |
| 全面 | quánmiàn | comprehensive, all-round | adj | 全面分析 (comprehensive analysis) |
| 系统 | xìtǒng | systematic | adj | 系统学习 (systematic learning) |
| 严谨 | yánjǐn | rigorous, meticulous | adj | 严谨的态度 (rigorous attitude) |
| 精确 | jīngquè | precise, accurate | adj | 精确数据 (accurate data) |
| 客观 | kèguān | objective, impartial | adj | 客观评价 (objective evaluation) |
| 主观 | zhǔguān | subjective | adj | 主观判断 (subjective judgment) |
| 理性 | lǐxìng | rational, reasonable | adj | 理性思考 (rational thinking) |
| 感性 | gǎnxìng | emotional, intuitive | adj | 感性认识 (intuitive understanding) |
| 批判 | pīpàn | critical | adj | 批判性思维 (critical thinking) |
| 创新 | chuàngxīn | innovative, creative | adj | 创新思维 (innovative thinking) |
| 独特 | dútè | unique, distinctive | adj | 独特视角 (distinctive perspective) |
| 普遍 | pǔbiàn | universal, widespread | adj | 普遍现象 (widespread phenomenon) |
| 特殊 | tèshū | special, particular | adj | 特殊情况 (special circumstances) |
| 复杂 | fùzá | complex, complicated | adj | 关系复杂 (complex relationships) |
| 微妙 | wēimiào | subtle, delicate | adj | 微妙关系 (subtle relationship) |
| 敏感 | mǐngǎn | sensitive | adj | 敏感问题 (sensitive issue) |
| 重要 | zhòngyào | important, significant | adj | 重要意义 (important significance) |
| 关键 | guānjiàn | key, crucial | adj | 关键时刻 (critical moment) |
| 核心 | héxīn | core, central | adj | 核心价值 (core value) |
| 基本 | jīběn | basic, fundamental | adj | 基本原则 (basic principle) |
| 根本 | gēnběn | fundamental, essential | adj | 根本原因 (fundamental reason) |
| 本质 | běnzhì | essential, intrinsic | adj | 本质区别 (essential difference) |
| 表面 | biǎomiàn | superficial, surface-level | adj | 表面现象 (surface phenomenon) |
| 内在 | nèizài | intrinsic, internal | adj | 内在规律 (intrinsic law) |
| 外在 | wàizài | external, outward | adj | 外在表现 (external manifestation) |
| 潜在 | qiánzài | potential, latent | adj | 潜在风险 (potential risk) |
| 显著 | xiǎnzhù | significant, marked, notable | adj | 显著效果 (notable effect) |
| 抽象 | chōuxiàng | abstract | adj | 抽象概念 (abstract concept) |
| 具体 | jùtǐ | concrete, specific | adj | 具体问题 (specific problem) |
| 隐含 | yǐnhán | implicit, hidden | adj | 隐含意义 (implicit meaning) |
| 明确 | míngquè | clear, explicit, definite | adj | 明确目标 (clear goal) |
| 长远 | chángyuǎn | long-term, far-sighted | adj | 长远目标 (long-term goal) |
Adverbs and Connectives (副词和连词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 然而 | rán'ér | however, nevertheless | conj | 然而事实并非如此 (however, that is not the case) |
| 因此 | yīncǐ | therefore, as a result | conj | 因此我们需要 (therefore we need) |
| 从而 | cóng'ér | thus, thereby | conj | 从而提高效率 (thus improving efficiency) |
| 进而 | jìn'ér | furthermore, and then | conj | 进而解决问题 (further solve the problem) |
| 甚至 | shènzhì | even, so much so that | adv | 甚至超过预期 (even exceeding expectations) |
| 尤其 | yóuqí | especially, particularly | adv | 尤其重要 (especially important) |
| 特别 | tèbié | particularly, especially | adv | 特别是... (in particular...) |
| 尽管 | jǐnguǎn | although, even though | conj | 尽管困难重重 (despite many difficulties) |
| 即便 | jíbiàn | even if, even though | conj | 即便如此 (even so) |
| 哪怕 | nǎpà | even if, no matter | conj | 哪怕很难 (even if it's very difficult) |
| 反之 | fǎnzhī | conversely, on the contrary | conj | 反之亦然 (and vice versa) |
| 相反 | xiāngfǎn | on the contrary; opposite | adv/adj | 相反，他同意了 (on the contrary, he agreed) |
| 相对 | xiāngduì | relatively, comparatively | adv | 相对而言 (relatively speaking) |
| 相应 | xiāngyìng | corresponding, accordingly | adj/adv | 相应地调整 (adjust accordingly) |
| 据此 | jùcǐ | based on this, accordingly | adv | 据此判断 (judge based on this) |
| 由此 | yóucǐ | from this, hence | adv | 由此可见 (from this it can be seen) |
| 因而 | yīn'ér | therefore, hence | conj | 因而得出结论 (hence draw a conclusion) |
| 以致 | yǐzhì | so that, to the extent that | conj | 以致造成问题 (so that problems arose) |
| 以至于 | yǐzhìyú | to the extent that | conj | 以至于无法解决 (to the extent that it cannot be solved) |
| 乃至 | nǎizhì | even, and even | conj | 乃至整个社会 (and even the whole of society) |
| 何况 | hékuàng | let alone, much less | conj | 何况还有其他问题 (let alone other issues) |
| 况且 | kuàngqiě | moreover, besides | conj | 况且时间紧迫 (moreover, time is pressing) |
| 再者 | zàizhě | furthermore, in addition | conj | 再者需要考虑 (furthermore, one needs to consider) |
| 不仅如此 | bùjǐn rúcǐ | not only that, moreover | phr | 不仅如此，还... (not only that, but also...) |
| 总而言之 | zǒng'ér yánzhī | in short, to sum up | phr | 总而言之，这很重要 (in short, this is important) |
| 此外 | cǐwài | besides, in addition | conj | 此外还需要... (in addition, we also need to...) |
| 除此之外 | chúcǐ zhīwài | apart from this, besides | phr | 除此之外，还有... (apart from this, there is also...) |
| 与此同时 | yǔcǐ tóngshí | at the same time, meanwhile | phr | 与此同时推进 (advance at the same time) |
| 就此而言 | jiùcǐ éryán | in this regard, in this respect | phr | 就此而言，结论是... (in this regard, the conclusion is...) |
| 换言之 | huànyánzhī | in other words, that is to say | phr | 换言之，就是... (in other words, it is...) |
| 一方面 | yīfāngmiàn | on the one hand | phr | 一方面...另一方面... (on the one hand...on the other hand...) |
| 另一方面 | lìng yīfāngmiàn | on the other hand | phr | 另一方面需要考虑 (on the other hand, one needs to consider) |
| 综上所述 | zōng shàng suǒshù | in summary, in conclusion | phr | 综上所述，我们可以得出... (in summary, we can conclude...) |
| 据悉 | jùxī | it is reported that, reportedly | adv | 据悉，该项目已完成 (reportedly, the project has been completed) |
| 相比之下 | xiāngbǐ zhīxià | by comparison, in contrast | phr | 相比之下，结果更好 (by comparison, the result is better) |
Verbs: Mental and Emotional States (心理情感动词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 感受 | gǎnshòu | to feel, to experience; feeling | v/n | 深切感受 (deeply feel) |
| 体验 | tǐyàn | to experience; experience | v/n | 亲身体验 (experience firsthand) |
| 感悟 | gǎnwù | to realize, to comprehend; insight | v/n | 深刻感悟 (deep insight) |
| 陶醉 | táozuì | to be intoxicated by, to revel in | v | 陶醉其中 (be immersed in it) |
| 迷惑 | míhuò | to be confused, to be puzzled | v | 感到迷惑 (feel confused) |
| 苦恼 | kǔnǎo | to be troubled, to be distressed | v/adj | 深感苦恼 (feel deeply troubled) |
| 焦虑 | jiāolǜ | to be anxious; anxiety | v/n | 产生焦虑 (develop anxiety) |
| 振奋 | zhènfèn | to inspire, to be invigorated | v | 令人振奋 (inspiring) |
| 感激 | gǎnjī | to be grateful; gratitude | v/n | 深感激 (deeply grateful) |
| 敬佩 | jìngpèi | to admire, to respect | v | 深感敬佩 (deeply admire) |
| 羡慕 | xiànmù | to envy, to admire | v | 令人羡慕 (enviable) |
| 遗憾 | yíhàn | to regret; regret | v/n | 深感遗憾 (feel deeply regretful) |
| 释然 | shìrán | to feel relieved | v | 顿感释然 (feel instantly relieved) |
| 困惑 | kùnhuò | to be perplexed; perplexity | v/n | 深感困惑 (feel deeply perplexed) |
| 纠结 | jiūjié | to be tangled, to be conflicted | v | 内心纠结 (internally conflicted) |
| 压抑 | yāyì | to suppress; repressed | v/adj | 情绪压抑 (suppressed emotions) |
| 宽慰 | kuānwèi | to comfort; comforted | v/adj | 深感宽慰 (feel greatly comforted) |
| 期待 | qīdài | to expect, to look forward to | v | 充满期待 (full of expectation) |
| 渴望 | kěwàng | to long for, to yearn | v | 渴望自由 (yearn for freedom) |
| 珍惜 | zhēnxī | to cherish, to treasure | v | 珍惜机会 (cherish the opportunity) |
| 顾虑 | gùlǜ | to have misgivings; concern | v/n | 消除顾虑 (dispel misgivings) |
| 承受 | chéngshòu | to bear, to endure | v | 承受压力 (bear pressure) |
| 克制 | kèzhì | to restrain, to hold back | v | 克制情绪 (restrain emotions) |
| 激励 | jīlì | to motivate, to inspire | v | 激励他人 (motivate others) |
| 鼓舞 | gǔwǔ | to encourage, to hearten | v | 鼓舞人心 (heartening, inspiring) |
Nouns: Education and Learning (教育学习名词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 课程 | kèchéng | curriculum, course | n | 设计课程 (design a curriculum) |
| 教材 | jiāocái | textbook, teaching material | n | 编写教材 (compile teaching materials) |
| 学科 | xuékē | discipline, subject, field | n | 跨学科 (interdisciplinary) |
| 专业 | zhuānyè | major, specialty | n | 选择专业 (choose a major) |
| 素养 | sùyǎng | literacy, cultivation | n | 人文素养 (humanistic literacy) |
| 能力 | nénglì | ability, capability | n | 综合能力 (overall ability) |
| 思维 | sīwéi | thinking, thought; way of thinking | n | 批判性思维 (critical thinking) |
| 逻辑 | luóji | logic | n | 逻辑思维 (logical thinking) |
| 认知 | rènzhī | cognition, understanding | n | 认知能力 (cognitive ability) |
| 知识 | zhīshi | knowledge | n | 积累知识 (accumulate knowledge) |
| 技能 | jìnéng | skill, technique | n | 专业技能 (professional skill) |
| 经验 | jīngyàn | experience | n | 积累经验 (accumulate experience) |
| 实践 | shíjiàn | practice; to practice | n/v | 理论与实践 (theory and practice) |
| 探究 | tànjiū | inquiry, investigation | n/v | 深入探究 (in-depth inquiry) |
| 创造力 | chuàngzàolì | creativity | n | 激发创造力 (inspire creativity) |
| 想象力 | xiǎngxiànglì | imagination | n | 丰富的想象力 (rich imagination) |
| 记忆力 | jìyìlì | memory capacity | n | 增强记忆力 (enhance memory) |
| 理解力 | lǐjiělì | comprehension ability | n | 提高理解力 (improve comprehension) |
| 自学 | zìxué | self-study; to study independently | n/v | 自学能力 (self-study ability) |
| 培训 | péixùn | training; to train | n/v | 专业培训 (professional training) |
| 奖学金 | jiǎngxuéjīn | scholarship | n | 申请奖学金 (apply for a scholarship) |
| 学历 | xuélì | educational background, credentials | n | 提升学历 (improve educational credentials) |
| 考核 | kǎohé | assessment, examination | n/v | 绩效考核 (performance assessment) |
| 资质 | zīzhì | qualification, credential | n | 专业资质 (professional qualification) |
| 成绩 | chéngjì | grade, achievement, result | n | 取得成绩 (achieve results) |
Nouns: Health and Medicine (健康医疗名词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 健康 | jiànkāng | health; healthy | n/adj | 身心健康 (physical and mental health) |
| 疾病 | jíbìng | disease, illness | n | 预防疾病 (prevent disease) |
| 治疗 | zhìliáo | treatment; to treat | n/v | 接受治疗 (receive treatment) |
| 药物 | yàowù | medicine, drug | n | 服用药物 (take medicine) |
| 症状 | zhèngzhuàng | symptom | n | 出现症状 (symptoms appear) |
| 诊断 | zhěnduàn | diagnosis; to diagnose | n/v | 确定诊断 (confirm a diagnosis) |
| 预防 | yùfáng | prevention; to prevent | n/v | 预防措施 (preventive measures) |
| 免疫 | miǎnyì | immunity; immune | n/adj | 增强免疫力 (strengthen immunity) |
| 手术 | shǒushù | surgery, operation | n | 进行手术 (perform surgery) |
| 康复 | kāngfù | recovery, rehabilitation | n/v | 快速康复 (rapid recovery) |
| 心理健康 | xīnlǐ jiànkāng | mental health | n | 关注心理健康 (pay attention to mental health) |
| 慢性病 | mànxìng bìng | chronic disease | n | 管理慢性病 (manage chronic disease) |
| 营养 | yíngyǎng | nutrition; nutritious | n/adj | 均衡营养 (balanced nutrition) |
| 锻炼 | duànliàn | exercise; to exercise | n/v | 坚持锻炼 (persist in exercising) |
| 医疗 | yīliáo | medical care; medical | n/adj | 医疗条件 (medical conditions) |
| 公共卫生 | gōnggòng wèishēng | public health | n | 公共卫生事件 (public health event) |
| 传染病 | chuánrǎnbìng | infectious disease | n | 控制传染病 (control infectious disease) |
| 疫苗 | yìmiáo | vaccine | n | 接种疫苗 (get vaccinated) |
| 病毒 | bìngdú | virus | n | 病毒传播 (virus transmission) |
| 抗体 | kàngtǐ | antibody | n | 产生抗体 (produce antibodies) |
| 医院 | yīyuàn | hospital | n | 住院治疗 (hospitalized for treatment) |
| 急救 | jíjiù | first aid, emergency treatment | n | 实施急救 (administer first aid) |
| 心理咨询 | xīnlǐ zīxún | psychological counseling | n | 寻求心理咨询 (seek psychological counseling) |
| 精神 | jīngshén | spirit, mental; mental | n/adj | 精神状态 (mental state) |
| 压力 | yālì | stress, pressure | n | 减轻压力 (reduce stress) |
Verbs: Management and Leadership (管理领导动词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 管理 | guǎnlǐ | to manage; management | v/n | 科学管理 (scientific management) |
| 领导 | lǐngdǎo | to lead; leader, leadership | v/n | 领导团队 (lead the team) |
| 协调 | xiétiáo | to coordinate | v | 协调各部门 (coordinate departments) |
| 分配 | fēnpèi | to allocate, to assign | v | 合理分配 (allocate reasonably) |
| 授权 | shòuquán | to authorize, to delegate | v | 适度授权 (delegate appropriately) |
| 监控 | jiānkòng | to monitor, to supervise | v | 实时监控 (real-time monitoring) |
| 评估 | pínggū | to assess, to evaluate | v | 全面评估 (comprehensively assess) |
| 激励 | jīlì | to motivate, to incentivize | v | 激励员工 (motivate employees) |
| 招募 | zhāomù | to recruit | v | 招募人才 (recruit talent) |
| 培养 | péiyǎng | to cultivate, to develop | v | 培养干部 (cultivate cadres) |
| 部署 | bùshǔ | to deploy, to arrange | v | 战略部署 (strategic deployment) |
| 规划 | guīhuà | to plan; plan | v/n | 长期规划 (long-term planning) |
| 执行 | zhíxíng | to execute, to implement | v | 坚决执行 (resolutely implement) |
| 督促 | dūcù | to supervise and urge, to push | v | 督促完成 (supervise completion) |
| 统筹 | tǒngchóu | to plan as a whole, to coordinate | v | 统筹安排 (arrange holistically) |
| 调配 | diàopèi | to allocate and deploy | v | 调配资源 (allocate resources) |
| 决策 | juécè | to make decisions; decision-making | v/n | 科学决策 (scientific decision-making) |
| 谋划 | móuhuà | to plan, to strategize | v | 精心谋划 (carefully strategize) |
| 落实 | luòshí | to implement, to put in place | v | 落实方案 (implement the plan) |
| 审核 | shěnhé | to review, to audit | v | 严格审核 (strictly review) |
| 汇报 | huìbào | to report to superiors | v | 定期汇报 (report regularly) |
| 反馈 | fǎnkuì | to give feedback; feedback | v/n | 及时反馈 (give timely feedback) |
| 整合 | zhěnghé | to integrate, to consolidate | v | 整合资源 (integrate resources) |
| 精简 | jīngjiǎn | to streamline, to reduce | v | 精简流程 (streamline the process) |
| 问责 | wènzé | to hold accountable | v | 严格问责 (hold strictly accountable) |
Nouns: Communication and Media (传播媒体名词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 媒体 | méitǐ | media | n | 社交媒体 (social media) |
| 传媒 | chuánméi | mass media | n | 传媒机构 (media organization) |
| 新闻 | xīnwén | news | n | 新闻报道 (news report) |
| 报道 | bàodào | report; to report | n/v | 客观报道 (objective reporting) |
| 采访 | cǎifǎng | interview; to interview | n/v | 进行采访 (conduct an interview) |
| 评论 | pínglùn | commentary; to comment | n/v | 发表评论 (publish a commentary) |
| 舆论 | yúlùn | public opinion | n | 引导舆论 (guide public opinion) |
| 传播 | chuánbō | to spread, to disseminate | v | 广泛传播 (widely disseminate) |
| 影响力 | yǐngxiǎnglì | influence, clout | n | 扩大影响力 (expand influence) |
| 话题 | huàtí | topic, subject of discussion | n | 热门话题 (hot topic) |
| 议题 | yìtí | agenda item, issue | n | 讨论议题 (discuss an issue) |
| 声誉 | shēngyù | reputation, prestige | n | 维护声誉 (protect reputation) |
| 形象 | xíngxiàng | image, figure | n | 塑造形象 (shape an image) |
| 公关 | gōngguān | public relations, PR | n | 危机公关 (crisis PR) |
| 受众 | shòuzhòng | audience, readership | n | 目标受众 (target audience) |
| 版权 | bǎnquán | copyright | n | 保护版权 (protect copyright) |
| 内容 | nèiróng | content | n | 优质内容 (quality content) |
| 频道 | píndào | channel (TV/digital) | n | 订阅频道 (subscribe to a channel) |
| 直播 | zhíbō | live broadcast; to broadcast live | n/v | 进行直播 (do a live broadcast) |
| 博客 | bókè | blog | n | 撰写博客 (write a blog) |
| 论坛 | lùntán | forum, discussion board | n | 在线论坛 (online forum) |
| 粉丝 | fěnsī | fan, follower | n | 吸引粉丝 (attract fans) |
| 点击率 | diǎnjīlǜ | click-through rate | n | 提高点击率 (increase click-through rate) |
| 算法推荐 | suànfǎ tuījiàn | algorithmic recommendation | n | 算法推荐内容 (algorithmically recommended content) |
| 信息茧房 | xìnxī jiǎnfáng | information cocoon, filter bubble | n | 避免信息茧房 (avoid filter bubbles) |
Nouns: Law, Ethics, and Governance (法律伦理治理名词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 法规 | fǎguī | regulation, rule | n | 遵守法规 (comply with regulations) |
| 条例 | tiáolì | ordinance, regulations | n | 颁布条例 (promulgate ordinances) |
| 宪法 | xiànfǎ | constitution | n | 遵守宪法 (abide by the constitution) |
| 司法 | sīfǎ | judicial, justice system | n/adj | 司法独立 (judicial independence) |
| 执法 | zhífǎ | law enforcement | n/v | 依法执法 (enforce laws according to the law) |
| 诉讼 | sùsòng | lawsuit, litigation | n | 提起诉讼 (file a lawsuit) |
| 仲裁 | zhòngcái | arbitration; to arbitrate | n/v | 国际仲裁 (international arbitration) |
| 道德 | dàodé | morality, ethics | n | 职业道德 (professional ethics) |
| 伦理 | lúnlǐ | ethics | n | 医学伦理 (medical ethics) |
| 诚信 | chéngxìn | integrity, good faith | n | 诚信经营 (operate with integrity) |
| 廉洁 | liánjié | honest, incorrupt | adj | 廉洁自律 (honest and self-disciplined) |
| 腐败 | fǔbài | corruption; corrupt | n/adj | 反对腐败 (oppose corruption) |
| 透明度 | tòumíngdù | transparency | n | 提高透明度 (increase transparency) |
| 问责制 | wènzézì | accountability system | n | 建立问责制 (establish accountability) |
| 监督机制 | jiāndū jīzhì | oversight mechanism | n | 完善监督机制 (improve oversight mechanisms) |
| 公民 | gōngmín | citizen | n | 公民权利 (citizens' rights) |
| 主权 | zhǔquán | sovereignty | n | 维护主权 (safeguard sovereignty) |
| 外交 | wàijiāo | diplomacy, foreign affairs | n/adj | 开展外交 (conduct diplomacy) |
| 条约 | tiáoyuē | treaty | n | 签署条约 (sign a treaty) |
| 制裁 | zhìcái | sanctions; to sanction | n/v | 经济制裁 (economic sanctions) |
| 谈判 | tánpàn | negotiation; to negotiate | n/v | 外交谈判 (diplomatic negotiation) |
| 和平 | hépíng | peace; peaceful | n/adj | 维护和平 (maintain peace) |
| 冲突 | chōngtū | conflict; to conflict | n/v | 武装冲突 (armed conflict) |
| 利益 | lìyì | interest, benefit | n | 共同利益 (common interest) |
| 博弈 | bóyì | game, contest; game theory | n | 利益博弈 (contest of interests) |
Adjectives: Degree and Evaluation (程度评价形容词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 显著 | xiǎnzhù | significant, notable | adj | 显著提升 (significant improvement) |
| 突出 | tūchū | outstanding, prominent | adj | 突出贡献 (outstanding contribution) |
| 卓越 | zhuóyuè | outstanding, excellent | adj | 卓越成就 (outstanding achievement) |
| 精湛 | jīngzhàn | exquisite, superb | adj | 精湛技艺 (superb craftsmanship) |
| 严峻 | yánjùn | severe, stern, grim | adj | 严峻挑战 (severe challenge) |
| 迫切 | pòqiē | urgent, pressing | adj | 迫切需要 (urgent need) |
| 急迫 | jípò | urgent, imminent | adj | 形势急迫 (the situation is urgent) |
| 有限 | yǒuxiàn | limited, finite | adj | 资源有限 (limited resources) |
| 充足 | chōngzú | sufficient, ample | adj | 资金充足 (sufficient funds) |
| 匮乏 | kuìfá | scarce, lacking | adj | 资源匮乏 (scarce resources) |
| 繁荣 | fánróng | prosperous, thriving | adj | 经济繁荣 (economic prosperity) |
| 落后 | luòhòu | backward, lagging | adj | 技术落后 (technologically backward) |
| 先进 | xiānjìn | advanced, cutting-edge | adj | 先进技术 (advanced technology) |
| 成熟 | chéngshú | mature, ripe | adj | 技术成熟 (mature technology) |
| 稳健 | wěnjiàn | steady, prudent, robust | adj | 稳健发展 (steady development) |
| 积极 | jījí | positive, proactive | adj | 积极影响 (positive influence) |
| 消极 | xiāojí | negative, passive | adj | 消极态度 (passive attitude) |
| 合理 | hélǐ | reasonable, rational | adj | 合理安排 (reasonable arrangement) |
| 恰当 | qiàdàng | appropriate, fitting | adj | 恰当处理 (handle appropriately) |
| 片面 | piànmiàn | one-sided, partial | adj | 片面理解 (one-sided understanding) |
| 公平 | gōngpíng | fair, equitable | adj | 公平竞争 (fair competition) |
| 合法 | héfǎ | legal, lawful | adj | 合法经营 (operate legally) |
| 有效 | yǒuxiào | effective, valid | adj | 有效方法 (effective method) |
| 持久 | chíjiǔ | lasting, durable | adj | 持久影响 (lasting influence) |
| 彻底 | chèdǐ | thorough, complete | adj | 彻底解决 (thoroughly resolve) |
Verbs: Communication and Influence (沟通影响动词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 传达 | chuándá | to convey, to communicate | v | 传达信息 (convey information) |
| 沟通 | gōutōng | to communicate; communication | v/n | 有效沟通 (effective communication) |
| 协商 | xiéshāng | to consult, to negotiate | v | 友好协商 (consult amicably) |
| 说服 | shuōfú | to persuade, to convince | v | 说服对方 (persuade the other party) |
| 倡议 | chàngyì | to propose, to advocate; initiative | v/n | 发起倡议 (launch an initiative) |
| 号召 | hàozhào | to call on, to appeal | v | 号召参与 (call on people to participate) |
| 宣传 | xuānchuán | to publicize, to promote | v | 宣传理念 (publicize ideas) |
| 呼吁 | hūyù | to appeal, to call for | v | 呼吁关注 (appeal for attention) |
| 倡导 | chàngdǎo | to advocate, to champion | v | 倡导绿色生活 (advocate green living) |
| 警示 | jǐngshì | to warn, to alert | v | 警示风险 (warn of risks) |
| 示范 | shìfàn | to demonstrate; model | v/n | 做出示范 (provide a demonstration) |
| 影响 | yǐngxiǎng | to influence; influence | v/n | 积极影响 (positively influence) |
| 带动 | dàidòng | to drive, to lead along | v | 带动发展 (drive development) |
| 引领 | yǐnlǐng | to lead, to guide | v | 引领潮流 (lead trends) |
| 激发 | jīfā | to arouse, to stimulate | v | 激发兴趣 (arouse interest) |
| 触动 | chùdòng | to touch, to move | v | 深深触动 (deeply touch) |
| 启发 | qǐfā | to enlighten, to inspire | v | 启发思考 (inspire thinking) |
| 引导 | yǐndǎo | to guide, to lead | v | 正确引导 (guide correctly) |
| 干预 | gānyù | to intervene; intervention | v/n | 外部干预 (external intervention) |
| 制约 | zhìyuē | to constrain, to restrict | v | 相互制约 (mutually constrain) |
| 促使 | cùshǐ | to impel, to cause to | v | 促使变化 (cause a change) |
| 遏制 | èzhì | to curb, to restrain | v | 遏制扩张 (curb expansion) |
| 推广 | tuīguǎng | to promote, to popularize | v | 推广经验 (promote experience) |
| 普及 | pǔjí | to popularize, to spread widely | v | 普及知识 (popularize knowledge) |
| 弘扬 | hóngyáng | to promote, to carry forward | v | 弘扬文化 (promote culture) |
Nouns: Arts, Literature and Culture (艺术文学文化名词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 文学流派 | wénxué liúpài | literary movement, school | n | 现代文学流派 (modern literary movement), 浪漫主义流派 (Romantic movement) |
| 文体 | wéntǐ | literary genre, style | n | 文体特征 (genre features), 多种文体 (multiple genres) |
| 叙事 | xùshì | narrative; to narrate | n/v | 叙事结构 (narrative structure), 第一人称叙事 (first-person narrative) |
| 视角 | shìjiǎo | perspective, point of view | n | 叙事视角 (narrative perspective), 多元视角 (multiple perspectives) |
| 象征 | xiàngzhēng | symbolism; to symbolize | n/v | 具有象征意义 (have symbolic meaning), 象征手法 (symbolic technique) |
| 比喻 | bǐyù | metaphor; to use a metaphor | n/v | 生动比喻 (vivid metaphor), 运用比喻 (employ metaphor) |
| 修辞 | xiūcí | rhetoric, rhetorical device | n | 修辞手法 (rhetorical device), 修辞分析 (rhetorical analysis) |
| 散文 | sǎnwén | prose | n | 散文创作 (prose writing), 优美散文 (beautiful prose) |
| 诗歌 | shīgē | poetry | n | 古典诗歌 (classical poetry), 现代诗歌 (modern poetry) |
| 诗句 | shījù | verse, line of poetry | n | 引用诗句 (quote a verse), 经典诗句 (classic verse) |
| 剧本 | jùběn | screenplay, script | n | 创作剧本 (write a screenplay), 改编剧本 (adapt a script) |
| 情节 | qíngjié | plot, storyline | n | 情节发展 (plot development), 跌宕情节 (twisting plot) |
| 人物 | rénwù | character, figure | n | 主要人物 (main character), 人物刻画 (character portrayal) |
| 主题 | zhǔtí | theme, subject | n | 深刻主题 (profound theme), 主题思想 (thematic idea) |
| 母题 | mǔtí | motif | n | 文学母题 (literary motif), 反复出现的母题 (recurring motif) |
| 悲剧 | bēijù | tragedy | n | 悲剧色彩 (tragic element), 希腊悲剧 (Greek tragedy) |
| 喜剧 | xǐjù | comedy | n | 喜剧效果 (comic effect), 古典喜剧 (classical comedy) |
| 讽刺 | fěngcì | satire; to satirize | n/v | 辛辣讽刺 (biting satire), 讽刺手法 (satirical technique) |
| 批评 | pīpíng | critique; to critique | n/v | 文学批评 (literary criticism), 提出批评 (raise a critique) |
| 审美 | shěnměi | aesthetic; aesthetics | adj/n | 审美观念 (aesthetic concept), 审美价值 (aesthetic value) |
| 文化遗产 | wénhuà yíchǎn | cultural heritage | n | 保护文化遗产 (protect cultural heritage), 世界文化遗产 (world cultural heritage) |
| 文物 | wénwù | artifact, cultural relic | n | 珍贵文物 (precious artifact), 保存文物 (preserve artifacts) |
| 传统 | chuántǒng | tradition; traditional | n/adj | 文化传统 (cultural tradition), 传承传统 (pass on tradition) |
| 手稿 | shǒugǎo | manuscript | n | 珍贵手稿 (precious manuscript), 整理手稿 (sort manuscripts) |
| 出版物 | chūbǎnwù | publication | n | 学术出版物 (academic publication), 发行出版物 (distribute publications) |
| 文集 | wénjí | anthology, collected works | n | 编辑文集 (compile an anthology), 作品文集 (collected works) |
| 诠释 | quánshì | interpretation; to interpret | n/v | 多元诠释 (multiple interpretations), 深入诠释 (in-depth interpretation) |
| 经典 | jīngdiǎn | canon, classic; canonical | n/adj | 文学经典 (literary canon), 经典作品 (classic works) |
Verbs: Economic and Financial Actions (经济金融动词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 投资 | tóuzī | to invest; investment | v/n | 投资回报 (return on investment), 吸引投资 (attract investment) |
| 融资 | róngzī | to raise funds, to finance | v | 融资渠道 (financing channel), 股权融资 (equity financing) |
| 预算 | yùsuàn | to budget; budget | v/n | 制定预算 (set a budget), 超出预算 (exceed the budget) |
| 预测 | yùcè | to forecast, to predict | v | 经济预测 (economic forecast), 市场预测 (market prediction) |
| 审计 | shěnjì | to audit; audit | v/n | 财务审计 (financial audit), 独立审计 (independent audit) |
| 贬值 | biǎnzhí | to depreciate, to devalue | v | 货币贬值 (currency depreciation), 资产贬值 (asset depreciation) |
| 通货膨胀 | tōnghuò péngzhàng | inflation; to inflate | n/v | 控制通货膨胀 (control inflation), 通货膨胀率 (inflation rate) |
| 私有化 | sīyǒuhuà | to privatize | v | 国企私有化 (privatize state enterprises), 推进私有化 (advance privatization) |
| 补贴 | bǔtiē | to subsidize; subsidy | v/n | 政府补贴 (government subsidy), 提供补贴 (provide subsidies) |
| 放开管制 | fàngkāi guǎnzhì | to deregulate | v | 放开管制市场 (deregulate the market), 逐步放开管制 (gradually deregulate) |
| 多元化 | duōyuánhuà | to diversify | v | 投资多元化 (diversify investments), 业务多元化 (diversify business) |
| 杠杆 | gǎnggǎn | to leverage; leverage | v/n | 使用杠杆 (use leverage), 财务杠杆 (financial leverage) |
| 对冲 | duìchōng | to hedge; hedging | v/n | 风险对冲 (risk hedging), 对冲基金 (hedge fund) |
| 清算 | qīngsuàn | to liquidate, to settle | v | 清算资产 (liquidate assets), 债务清算 (debt liquidation) |
| 积累 | jīlěi | to accumulate | v | 积累资本 (accumulate capital), 积累经验 (accumulate experience) |
| 分配 | fēnpèi | to distribute, to allocate | v | 分配利润 (distribute profits), 合理分配 (allocate reasonably) |
| 配置 | pèizhì | to allocate, to configure | v | 资源配置 (resource allocation), 优化配置 (optimize allocation) |
| 整合 | zhěnghé | to integrate, to consolidate | v | 产业整合 (industry integration), 整合市场 (consolidate the market) |
| 兼并 | jiānbìng | to merge, to consolidate | v | 企业兼并 (corporate merger), 兼并收购 (mergers and acquisitions) |
| 垄断 | lǒngduàn | to monopolize; monopoly | v/n | 市场垄断 (market monopoly), 打破垄断 (break a monopoly) |
| 竞争 | jìngzhēng | to compete; competition | v/n | 市场竞争 (market competition), 激烈竞争 (fierce competition) |
| 出口 | chūkǒu | to export; export | v/n | 扩大出口 (expand exports), 出口贸易 (export trade) |
| 进口 | jìnkǒu | to import; import | v/n | 减少进口 (reduce imports), 进口商品 (imported goods) |
| 流通 | liútōng | to circulate; circulation | v/n | 资金流通 (circulation of funds), 促进流通 (promote circulation) |
| 估值 | gūzhí | to value, to appraise; valuation | v/n | 企业估值 (enterprise valuation), 市场估值 (market valuation) |
Nouns: Psychology and Cognition (心理认知名词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 意识 | yìshí | consciousness, awareness | n | 自我意识 (self-awareness), 增强意识 (raise awareness) |
| 潜意识 | qiányìshí | subconscious, unconscious | n | 潜意识影响 (subconscious influence), 潜意识动机 (subconscious motivation) |
| 动机 | dòngjī | motivation, motive | n | 内在动机 (intrinsic motivation), 行为动机 (behavioral motive) |
| 本能 | běnnéng | instinct; instinctive | n/adj | 生存本能 (survival instinct), 本能反应 (instinctive reaction) |
| 感知 | gǎnzhī | perception; to perceive | n/v | 感知能力 (perceptual ability), 感知环境 (perceive the environment) |
| 认知 | rènzhī | cognition; cognitive | n/adj | 认知能力 (cognitive ability), 认知发展 (cognitive development) |
| 记忆 | jìyì | memory; to memorize | n/v | 长期记忆 (long-term memory), 加深记忆 (deepen memory) |
| 情绪 | qíngxù | emotion, mood | n | 情绪管理 (emotion management), 负面情绪 (negative emotions) |
| 焦虑 | jiāolǜ | anxiety; anxious | n/adj | 缓解焦虑 (relieve anxiety), 社交焦虑 (social anxiety) |
| 抑郁 | yìyù | depression; depressed | n/adj | 抑郁症状 (depressive symptoms), 克服抑郁 (overcome depression) |
| 性格 | xìnggé | personality, character | n | 性格特征 (personality trait), 开朗性格 (cheerful personality) |
| 行为 | xíngwéi | behavior, conduct | n | 行为模式 (behavior pattern), 规范行为 (regulate behavior) |
| 态度 | tàidu | attitude | n | 积极态度 (positive attitude), 改变态度 (change one's attitude) |
| 信念 | xìnniàn | belief, conviction | n | 坚定信念 (firm belief), 核心信念 (core belief) |
| 价值观 | jiàzhíguān | values, value system | n | 核心价值观 (core values), 价值观冲突 (conflict of values) |
| 身份认同 | shēnfèn rèntóng | identity | n | 文化身份认同 (cultural identity), 身份认同危机 (identity crisis) |
| 自尊 | zìzūn | self-esteem | n | 自尊心强 (strong sense of self-esteem), 维护自尊 (protect self-esteem) |
| 社会影响 | shèhuì yǐngxiǎng | social influence | n | 社会影响力 (social influence), 受到社会影响 (be subject to social influence) |
| 从众 | cóngzhòng | conformity; to conform | n/v | 从众心理 (conformist mentality), 避免从众 (avoid conformity) |
| 偏见 | piānjiàn | prejudice, bias | n | 消除偏见 (eliminate prejudice), 存在偏见 (harbor prejudice) |
| 刻板印象 | kèbǎn yìnxiàng | stereotyping, stereotype | n | 打破刻板印象 (break stereotypes), 形成刻板印象 (form a stereotype) |
| 压力 | yālì | stress, pressure | n | 减轻压力 (reduce stress), 承受压力 (bear stress) |
| 应对 | yìngduì | coping; to cope with | n/v | 应对策略 (coping strategy), 有效应对 (cope effectively) |
| 韧性 | rènxìng | resilience | n | 心理韧性 (psychological resilience), 增强韧性 (build resilience) |
| 创伤 | chuāngshāng | trauma, wound | n | 心理创伤 (psychological trauma), 创伤经历 (traumatic experience) |
| 治疗 | zhìliáo | therapy, treatment; to treat | n/v | 心理治疗 (psychotherapy), 接受治疗 (receive treatment) |
| 心态 | xīntài | mindset, mental state | n | 积极心态 (positive mindset), 调整心态 (adjust one's mindset) |
Verbs: Scientific and Research Methods (科学研究动词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 观察 | guānchá | to observe; observation | v/n | 仔细观察 (carefully observe), 实地观察 (field observation) |
| 测量 | cèliáng | to measure; measurement | v/n | 精确测量 (precisely measure), 测量误差 (measurement error) |
| 量化 | liànghuà | to quantify | v | 量化指标 (quantify indicators), 量化分析 (quantitative analysis) |
| 分类 | fēnlèi | to classify; classification | v/n | 科学分类 (scientific classification), 按类分类 (classify by category) |
| 取样 | qǔyàng | to sample; sampling | v/n | 随机取样 (random sampling), 取样方法 (sampling method) |
| 控制变量 | kòngzhì biànliàng | to control variables | v | 控制实验变量 (control experimental variables), 严格控制变量 (strictly control variables) |
| 重复验证 | chóngfù yànzhèng | to replicate | v | 实验重复验证 (replicate experiments), 独立重复验证 (independently replicate) |
| 模拟 | mónǐ | to simulate; simulation | v/n | 计算机模拟 (computer simulation), 模拟实验 (simulation experiment) |
| 建模 | jiànmó | to model, to build a model | v | 数学建模 (mathematical modeling), 建模分析 (model-based analysis) |
| 校准 | jiàozhǔn | to calibrate | v | 仪器校准 (instrument calibration), 校准数据 (calibrate data) |
| 系统化 | xìtǒnghuà | to systematize | v | 系统化方法 (systematize the approach), 系统化研究 (systematize research) |
| 检验 | jiǎnyàn | to test, to verify | v | 检验假设 (test a hypothesis), 实验检验 (experimental testing) |
| 评估 | pínggū | to evaluate; evaluation | v/n | 综合评估 (comprehensive evaluation), 评估结果 (evaluate results) |
| 比较 | bǐjiào | to compare; comparison | v/n | 横向比较 (horizontal comparison), 对比比较 (comparative analysis) |
| 对比 | duìbǐ | to contrast; contrast | v/n | 鲜明对比 (striking contrast), 对比分析 (contrastive analysis) |
| 相关 | xiāngguan | to correlate; correlation | v/n | 统计相关 (statistical correlation), 相关性分析 (correlation analysis) |
| 假设 | jiǎshè | to hypothesize; hypothesis | v/n | 提出假设 (put forward a hypothesis), 验证假设 (verify a hypothesis) |
| 推断 | tuīduàn | to deduce, to infer | v | 逻辑推断 (logical deduction), 合理推断 (reasonable inference) |
| 证实 | zhèngshí | to verify, to confirm | v | 实验证实 (experimentally verify), 证实结论 (confirm the conclusion) |
| 证伪 | zhèngwěi | to falsify | v | 可证伪性 (falsifiability), 证伪假设 (falsify a hypothesis) |
| 记录 | jìlù | to document, to record | v | 详细记录 (record in detail), 记录数据 (record data) |
| 存档 | cúndàng | to archive, to file | v | 妥善存档 (archive properly), 存档资料 (archive materials) |
| 发表 | fābiǎo | to publish, to present | v | 发表论文 (publish a paper), 发表成果 (present findings) |
| 引用 | yǐnyòng | to cite; citation | v/n | 准确引用 (cite accurately), 文献引用 (literature citation) |
| 同行评审 | tóngháng píngshěn | peer review | n/v | 经过同行评审 (undergo peer review), 同行评审制度 (peer review system) |
Nouns: Philosophy and Ethics (哲学伦理名词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 伦理 | lúnlǐ | ethics | n | 职业伦理 (professional ethics), 伦理问题 (ethical issue) |
| 道德 | dàodé | morality; moral | n/adj | 道德标准 (moral standard), 道德责任 (moral responsibility) |
| 原则 | yuánzé | principle | n | 基本原则 (fundamental principle), 坚守原则 (adhere to principles) |
| 哲学 | zhéxué | philosophy | n | 西方哲学 (Western philosophy), 哲学思想 (philosophical thought) |
| 本体论 | běntǐlùn | ontology | n | 本体论问题 (ontological question), 存在本体论 (ontology of existence) |
| 认识论 | rènshílùn | epistemology | n | 认识论框架 (epistemological framework), 知识认识论 (epistemology of knowledge) |
| 形而上学 | xíng ér shàngxué | metaphysics | n | 形而上学问题 (metaphysical question), 传统形而上学 (traditional metaphysics) |
| 人文主义 | rénwén zhǔyì | humanism | n | 文艺复兴人文主义 (Renaissance humanism), 人文主义价值观 (humanist values) |
| 理性主义 | lǐxìng zhǔyì | rationalism | n | 笛卡尔理性主义 (Cartesian rationalism), 理性主义思维 (rationalist thinking) |
| 经验主义 | jīngyàn zhǔyì | empiricism | n | 英国经验主义 (British empiricism), 经验主义方法 (empiricist approach) |
| 功利主义 | gōnglì zhǔyì | utilitarianism | n | 功利主义伦理 (utilitarian ethics), 功利主义计算 (utilitarian calculation) |
| 公正 | gōngzhèng | justice, fairness | n | 社会公正 (social justice), 追求公正 (pursue justice) |
| 自由 | zìyóu | freedom, liberty; free | n/adj | 言论自由 (freedom of speech), 个人自由 (personal freedom) |
| 自主 | zìzhǔ | autonomy; autonomous | n/adj | 个人自主 (individual autonomy), 自主决定 (autonomous decision) |
| 责任 | zérèn | responsibility, duty | n | 道德责任 (moral responsibility), 承担责任 (take responsibility) |
| 义务 | yìwù | duty, obligation | n | 公民义务 (civic duty), 履行义务 (fulfill obligations) |
| 权利 | quánlì | rights | n | 基本权利 (fundamental rights), 维护权利 (defend rights) |
| 义 | yì | righteousness, moral duty | n | 仁义道德 (benevolence and righteousness), 大义凛然 (full of righteousness) |
| 美德 | měidé | virtue | n | 传统美德 (traditional virtues), 培养美德 (cultivate virtue) |
| 诚实 | chéngshí | integrity, honesty; honest | n/adj | 诚实守信 (honest and trustworthy), 为人诚实 (be an honest person) |
| 真理 | zhēnlǐ | truth | n | 探求真理 (seek truth), 坚持真理 (uphold truth) |
| 相对主义 | xiāngduì zhǔyì | relativism | n | 道德相对主义 (moral relativism), 文化相对主义 (cultural relativism) |
| 绝对主义 | juéduì zhǔyì | absolutism | n | 道德绝对主义 (moral absolutism), 绝对主义立场 (absolutist position) |
| 悖论 | bèilùn | paradox | n | 逻辑悖论 (logical paradox), 存在悖论 (existential paradox) |
| 困境 | kùnjìng | dilemma, predicament | n | 伦理困境 (ethical dilemma), 面临困境 (face a dilemma) |
Adjectives: Social and Political (社会政治形容词)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 威权的 | wēiquán de | authoritarian | adj | 威权的政治体制 (authoritarian political system), 威权的管理方式 (authoritarian management) |
| 民主的 | mínzhǔ de | democratic | adj | 民主的选举程序 (democratic electoral process), 民主的决策机制 (democratic decision-making) |
| 透明的 | tòumíng de | transparent | adj | 透明的运营机制 (transparent operating mechanism), 透明的政府 (transparent government) |
| 负责任的 | fùzérèn de | accountable | adj | 负责任的态度 (accountable attitude), 负责任的机构 (accountable institution) |
| 公平的 | gōngpíng de | equitable | adj | 公平的分配制度 (equitable distribution system), 公平的竞争环境 (equitable competition) |
| 包容的 | bāoróng de | inclusive | adj | 包容的社会氛围 (inclusive social atmosphere), 包容的政策 (inclusive policy) |
| 边缘化的 | biānyuánhuà de | marginalized | adj | 边缘化的群体 (marginalized group), 被边缘化的声音 (marginalized voices) |
| 压迫性的 | yāpò xìng de | oppressive | adj | 压迫性的制度 (oppressive system), 压迫性的权力结构 (oppressive power structure) |
| 进步的 | jìnbù de | progressive | adj | 进步的社会政策 (progressive social policy), 进步的思想 (progressive ideas) |
| 保守的 | bǎoshǒu de | conservative | adj | 保守的政治立场 (conservative political stance), 保守的价值观 (conservative values) |
| 激进的 | jījìn de | radical | adj | 激进的改革主张 (radical reform proposal), 激进的政治运动 (radical political movement) |
| 温和的 | wēnhé de | moderate | adj | 温和的政策立场 (moderate policy stance), 温和的改革路线 (moderate reform path) |
| 民族主义的 | mínzú zhǔyì de | nationalist | adj | 民族主义的情绪 (nationalist sentiment), 民族主义的诉求 (nationalist demand) |
| 全球化的 | quánqiúhuà de | globalist | adj | 全球化的经济体系 (globalized economic system), 全球化的视野 (globalist vision) |
| 保护主义的 | bǎohù zhǔyì de | protectionist | adj | 保护主义的贸易政策 (protectionist trade policy), 保护主义的倾向 (protectionist tendency) |
| 新自由主义的 | xīn zìyóu zhǔyì de | neoliberal | adj | 新自由主义的经济政策 (neoliberal economic policy), 新自由主义的改革 (neoliberal reform) |
| 多元的 | duōyuán de | pluralistic | adj | 多元的文化格局 (pluralistic cultural landscape), 多元的政治生态 (pluralistic political ecology) |
| 两极化的 | liǎngjíhuà de | polarized | adj | 两极化的政治格局 (polarized political landscape), 两极化的社会 (polarized society) |
| 两党合作的 | liǎngdǎng hézuò de | bipartisan | adj | 两党合作的立法 (bipartisan legislation), 两党合作的共识 (bipartisan consensus) |
| 基层的 | jīcéng de | grassroots | adj | 基层的民主运动 (grassroots democratic movement), 基层的社会力量 (grassroots social force) |
| 官僚的 | guānliáo de | bureaucratic | adj | 官僚的管理体制 (bureaucratic management system), 官僚的决策程序 (bureaucratic decision process) |
| 等级制的 | děngjí zhì de | hierarchical | adj | 等级制的组织结构 (hierarchical organizational structure), 等级制的权力体系 (hierarchical power system) |
| 中央集权的 | zhōngyāng jíquán de | centralized | adj | 中央集权的行政体制 (centralized administrative system), 中央集权的管理 (centralized management) |
| 分权的 | fēnquán de | decentralized | adj | 分权的治理模式 (decentralized governance model), 分权的决策机制 (decentralized decision-making) |
| 自治的 | zìzhì de | autonomous | adj | 自治的行政区域 (autonomous administrative region), 自治的管理权限 (autonomous management authority) |
Nouns: Science and Technology (科技名词II)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 算法 | suànfǎ | algorithm | n | 排序算法 (sorting algorithm), 优化算法 (optimization algorithm) |
| 人工智能 | réngōng zhìnéng | artificial intelligence | n | 人工智能技术 (AI technology), 人工智能应用 (AI application) |
| 机器学习 | jīqì xuéxí | machine learning | n | 机器学习模型 (machine learning model), 监督式机器学习 (supervised machine learning) |
| 神经网络 | shénjīng wǎngluò | neural network | n | 深度神经网络 (deep neural network), 神经网络训练 (neural network training) |
| 大数据 | dà shùjù | big data | n | 大数据分析 (big data analysis), 大数据平台 (big data platform) |
| 区块链 | qūkuàiliàn | blockchain | n | 区块链技术 (blockchain technology), 区块链应用 (blockchain application) |
| 量子计算 | liàngzǐ jìsuàn | quantum computing | n | 量子计算机 (quantum computer), 量子计算研究 (quantum computing research) |
| 生物技术 | shēngwù jìshù | biotechnology | n | 现代生物技术 (modern biotechnology), 生物技术产业 (biotechnology industry) |
| 纳米技术 | nàmǐ jìshù | nanotechnology | n | 纳米技术应用 (nanotechnology application), 纳米材料 (nanomaterials) |
| 可再生能源 | kě zàishēng néngyuán | renewable energy | n | 开发可再生能源 (develop renewable energy), 可再生能源比例 (proportion of renewable energy) |
| 核能 | hénéng | nuclear energy | n | 和平利用核能 (peaceful use of nuclear energy), 核能发电 (nuclear power generation) |
| 基因组 | jīyīnzǔ | genome | n | 人类基因组 (human genome), 基因组测序 (genome sequencing) |
| 基因编辑 | jīyīn biānjí | genome editing | n | 基因编辑技术 (genome editing technology), CRISPR基因编辑 (CRISPR genome editing) |
| 神经科学 | shénjīng kēxué | neuroscience | n | 认知神经科学 (cognitive neuroscience), 神经科学研究 (neuroscience research) |
| 生态系统服务 | shēngtài xìtǒng fúwù | ecosystem service | n | 生态系统服务功能 (ecosystem service function), 保护生态系统服务 (protect ecosystem services) |
| 机器人学 | jīqìrén xué | robotics | n | 机器人学研究 (robotics research), 工业机器人学 (industrial robotics) |
| 自动化 | zìdònghuà | automation | n | 工业自动化 (industrial automation), 自动化程度 (degree of automation) |
| 卫星 | wèixīng | satellite | n | 人造卫星 (artificial satellite), 卫星通信 (satellite communication) |
| 全球定位系统 | quánqiú dìngwèi xìtǒng | GPS, global positioning system | n | 全球定位系统导航 (GPS navigation), 使用全球定位系统 (use GPS) |
| 网络安全 | wǎngluò ānquán | cybersecurity | n | 网络安全防护 (cybersecurity protection), 网络安全威胁 (cybersecurity threat) |
Patterns and Academic Discourse Phrases (学术语篇句型)
| Chinese | Pinyin | English | POS | Usage Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 考虑到 | kǎolǜ dào | taking into account, given | phrase | 考虑到实际情况 (taking the actual situation into account), 考虑到各方利益 (taking all parties' interests into account) |
| 在这一背景下 | zài zhè yī bèijǐng xià | in this context | phrase | 在这一背景下分析 (analyze in this context), 在这一背景下探讨 (explore in this context) |
| 在一定程度上 | zài yīdìng chéngdù shàng | to a certain extent | phrase | 在一定程度上影响 (influence to a certain extent), 在一定程度上反映 (reflect to a certain extent) |
| 由于 | yóuyú | as a result of, due to | phrase | 由于政策调整 (due to policy adjustment), 由于市场变化 (as a result of market changes) |
| 从长远来看 | cóng chángyuǎn lái kàn | in the long run | phrase | 从长远来看有利 (beneficial in the long run), 从长远来看影响深远 (far-reaching impact in the long run) |
| 发挥作用 | fāhuī zuòyòng | to play a role | phrase | 在其中发挥作用 (play a role in it), 积极发挥作用 (actively play a role) |
| 引发 | yǐnfā | to give rise to, to trigger | v | 引发广泛讨论 (give rise to wide discussion), 引发深刻变化 (give rise to profound changes) |
| 导致 | dǎozhì | to result in, to lead to | v | 导致严重后果 (result in serious consequences), 导致问题加剧 (lead to worsening problems) |
| 占 | zhàn | to account for | v | 占很大比例 (account for a large proportion), 占主导地位 (account for the dominant position) |
| 以...为特征 | yǐ...wéi tèzhēng | to be characterized by | phrase | 以创新为特征 (characterized by innovation), 以多样性为特征 (characterized by diversity) |
| 与...相比 | yǔ...xiāng bǐ | in contrast to, compared with | phrase | 与传统方法相比 (in contrast to traditional methods), 与去年相比 (compared with last year) |
| 不管 | bùguǎn | regardless of | conj | 不管困难多大 (regardless of how great the difficulties), 不管结果如何 (regardless of the outcome) |
| 鉴于 | jiànyú | in light of, given | prep | 鉴于现状 (in light of the current situation), 鉴于以上分析 (in light of the above analysis) |
| 基于 | jīyú | on the basis of, based on | prep | 基于事实 (on the basis of facts), 基于数据分析 (based on data analysis) |
| 值得注意的是 | zhídé zhùyì de shì | it is worth noting | phrase | 值得注意的是这一趋势 (it is worth noting this trend), 值得注意的是数据显示 (it is worth noting the data shows) |
| 尽管如此 | jǐnguǎn rúcǐ | despite this, nevertheless | phrase | 尽管如此仍需努力 (despite this, effort is still needed), 尽管如此情况改善 (despite this, the situation improved) |
This page covers approximately 900+ words from the HSK 5 vocabulary list. Individual word pages are in the vocabulary/ subdirectory. Additional semantic categories will be added to reach the full 1,600-word target.