Supplement 2: Complete Verb Paradigm Reference
Master reference for all Sindarin verb conjugation: all 12 verb classes, all tenses/moods, all 9 persons — with full tables for model verbs and notes on scholarly disagreements.
Using This Reference
This supplement is a master reference document, not a lesson. It assumes you have completed Lessons 17–22 (verbs: present, past, intransitive, future, conditional, irregular) and want a single place to look up complete paradigms. Use it alongside those lessons rather than as a substitute for them.
All paradigms here follow the RealElvish Academy / Strack reconstruction as the primary framework, with Jallings' Learning Sindarin as a secondary source, unless a specific note says otherwise. Where scholars disagree, the disagreement is flagged and a working recommendation given. All forms not directly attested in Tolkien's writings are marked ᴺS. (Neo-Sindarin reconstruction).
How to find what you need:
- For a specific verb: see the Verb Lookup Table (Section 9)
- For full paradigms of a verb class: see Sections 3–6
- For tense markers only: see the Quick Reference Table (Section 8)
- For information on scholarly disagreements: see Section 7
A note on notation: S. = directly attested in Tolkien; N. = attested in Noldorin (earlier form of Sindarin); ᴺS. = Neo-Sindarin reconstruction; ← before a note = source information.
The 12 Verb Classes
Sindarin verbs divide into two broad groups — Primary (P) verbs and Derived (A/D) verbs — and then into finer subclasses based on the root's final consonant and derivational history.
| Class | Name | Description | Key Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| P1 | Primary, stop-final | Root ends in voiceless or voiced stop (p, t, c, b, d, g) | ped- (speak), cab- (leap), dag- (slay), mat- (eat) |
| P2 | Primary, nasal/fricative-final | Root ends in nasal (m, n) or fricative (f, v, s, h) | haf- (sit), hen- (eye → see) |
| P3 | Primary, liquid-final | Root ends in l or r | hal- (lift), pel- (fade) |
| A1 | Analogical from P1 voiced | P1 verb extended by analogy; historically voiced-root | sog- (drink) |
| A1a | Analogical from P1 voiceless | P1 verb extended; historically voiceless-root | tob- (cover) |
| A2 | Analogical from P2 | Nasal/fricative root extended analogically | draf- (hew) |
| A3 | Analogical from P3 | Liquid root with analogical extension | gar- (hold, have) |
| A3a | Analogical from P3 (polysyllabic) | Longer A3 roots | trenar- (recount) |
| D1 | Derived transitive (-a) | Verb formed from noun/adj; active/transitive meaning | teitha- (write), linna- (sing), noro- (run) |
| D2 | Derived intransitive (-a) | Verb formed with stative/intransitive meaning | muda- (labor), esta- (call, name) |
| D2a | Causative with strong past | Special causative D-class verbs | nimmid- (whiten), orthad- (raise) |
| D3 | Derived, vowel-strengthening | Irregular derived verbs, often from ancient complex roots | anna- (give), elia- (rain) |
Primary vs. Derived: The Core Distinction
Primary verbs have roots that end in a consonant and typically have one syllable in their uninflected stem form: ped-, cab-, mat-. Their past tense is formed by nasal infixion — a nasal consonant is inserted before the final consonant of the root. This is an ancient formation, cognate with the nasal presents in Quenya.
Derived verbs have roots ending in -a (though this -a is sometimes obscured) and typically come from nouns, adjectives, or more complex verbal roots. Their past tense is formed by the -ant suffix (for D1/D2) or by irregular vowel alternation (D3). The suffix -ant is itself an old formation (related to the participial -ant of IE languages).
Complete Paradigm: Class P1 — ped- (to speak)
ped- is the model P1 verb. Its root ends in -d, a voiced dental stop. Attested forms include pedo! (speak!) and pedin (I speak) from the Doors of Durin inscription.
Aorist (Simple Present / General Statement)
The aorist expresses habitual, general, or timeless actions: "I speak (in general)," "she speaks (habitually)," "speaking is what we do."
Formation: personal suffix attached directly to the stem. In P1 verbs, the stem vowel lengthens in the 3rd person singular (the "bare" form).
| Person | Form | Translation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg | pedin | I speak | ← S. attested (Doors of Durin) |
| 2sg familiar | pediг → pedigl (debate; see §7) | you speak (intimate) | ᴺS. |
| 2sg polite | pedil | you speak (formal) | ᴺS. |
| 2sg archaic formal | pedidh | you speak (very formal/poetic) | ᴺS. |
| 3sg | pêd | he/she/it speaks | ᴺS.; note vowel length: e → ê |
| 1pl exclusive | pedif | we speak (not you) | ᴺS. |
| 1pl inclusive | pedib | we speak (including you) | ᴺS. |
| 2pl | pedidhir | you all speak | ᴺS. |
| 3pl | pedir | they speak | ᴺS. |
The 3sg vowel lengthening (e → ê) is a regular feature of P-class aorists: the bare 3sg form represents the root in its "strong" grade, with a long vowel. This is analogous to the strong/weak grade alternation in older Germanic and Indo-European verbs.
Continuative Present (Progressive)
The continuative present expresses an ongoing action: "I am speaking right now," "she is running at this moment." It is formed with a long vowel in the stem (same lengthening as 3sg aorist) plus the -a ending, followed by personal suffixes.
| Person | Form | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | pêdon | I am speaking |
| 2sg familiar | pêdog | you are speaking |
| 2sg polite | pêdol | you are speaking (formal) |
| 3sg | pêda | he/she/it is speaking |
| 1pl exclusive | pêdof | we are speaking |
| 1pl inclusive | pêdob | we are speaking (incl.) |
| 3pl | pêdar | they are speaking |
All forms here are ᴺS. The pattern is consistent and well-supported by analogy with attested D1 verbs.
Past Tense (Nasal Infixion)
P1 verbs form their past by inserting a nasal consonant immediately before the final consonant of the root. The nasal matches the place of articulation of the stop:
- -d (dental) → insert -n-: ped- → penn-
- -b (bilabial) → insert -m-: cab- → camm- → camp-
- -g (velar) → insert -ŋ-: dag- → daŋg- → danc (with final cluster simplification)
- -t (dental) → insert -n-: mat- → mant-
The final consonant may also change: -d + nasal → -nn- (with doubling and then the consonant may harden). The exact mechanism varies by the specific stop.
| Person | Form | Translation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg | pennin | I spoke | ᴺS. |
| 2sg familiar | pennich | you spoke | ᴺS. |
| 2sg polite | pennil | you spoke (formal) | ᴺS. |
| 3sg | pent | he/she spoke | ᴺS. (cf. attested ment from men- perhaps) |
| 1pl exclusive | pennim | we spoke | ᴺS. |
| 1pl inclusive | pennib | we spoke (incl.) | ᴺS. |
| 3pl | pennir | they spoke | ᴺS. |
The 1sg suffix -in (past) vs. -in (aorist) can appear identical — context disambiguates, and stress may differ in speech.
Future Tense (-itha- infix)
The future is formed by inserting -itha- into the verb between the stem and the personal suffixes. This -itha- is an ancient formation, possibly related to a suffix marking prospective aspect.
| Person | Form | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | pedithon | I will speak |
| 2sg familiar | pedithog | you will speak |
| 2sg polite | pedithol | you will speak (formal) |
| 3sg | peditha | he/she will speak |
| 1pl exclusive | pedithof | we will speak (excl.) |
| 1pl inclusive | pedithob | we will speak (incl.) |
| 3pl | pedithar | they will speak |
All future forms are ᴺS., but the pattern is supported by analogy with D-class futures (see linnathon, nathon) and is widely used in Neo-Sindarin composition.
Non-Finite Forms
| Form | Surface form | Translation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive / Gerund | peded | (to) speak; speaking | ᴺS.; reduplication of stem |
| Imperative 2sg | pedo! | Speak! | ← S. attested (Doors of Durin) |
| Imperative 2pl | pedof! or pedodh! | Speak! (all of you) | ᴺS. |
| Continuative active participle | pedel | speaking (ongoing) | ᴺS. |
| Perfective active participle | pídiel | having spoken | ᴺS.; uses long vowel + -iel |
| Passive participle sg. | pennen | spoken | ᴺS.; nasal infix + -en |
| Passive participle pl. | pennin | spoken (pl.) | ᴺS.; i-affection of pennen |
The perfective active participle ending in -iel is one of the richest participial forms, used in compounds like palan-díriel (having gazed afar) in A Elbereth. Its formation: strong-grade stem vowel → lengthened, add -iel (from -iell < -ielle < participial suffix + -i vowel).
Complete Paradigm: Class D1 — teitha- (to write)
teitha- is the model D1 (derived transitive) verb. Its past tense in 3sg is directly attested: teithant i thiw hin "wrote these signs" (Doors of Durin). This makes it the best-anchored verb in the entire paradigm.
Aorist (D1 verbs)
For D-class verbs, the aorist and continuative present 3sg are identical — both are simply the -a stem with no additional suffix for the 3sg. Other persons add suffixes.
| Person | Form | Translation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg | teithan | I write | ᴺS. |
| 2sg familiar | teithag | you write | ᴺS. |
| 2sg polite | teithal | you write (formal) | ᴺS. |
| 3sg | teitha | he/she writes | ᴺS. (same as continuative!) |
| 1pl exclusive | teithaf | we write | ᴺS. |
| 1pl inclusive | teithab | we write (incl.) | ᴺS. |
| 2pl | teithadhir | you all write | ᴺS. |
| 3pl | teithar | they write | ᴺS. |
Continuative Present (D1 verbs)
Since the -a ending is already present in the stem, D1 verbs do not add a further -a infix for the continuative. The 3sg form teitha serves double duty. Context and adverbs (sí "now" for continuative, nef "already" etc.) distinguish the two when needed.
Past Tense (D1 verbs — -ant formation)
D1 and D2 verbs form their past with the -ant suffix (3sg) and related forms for other persons:
| Person | Form | Translation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg | teithannen | I wrote | ᴺS. |
| 2sg familiar | teithannech | you wrote | ᴺS. |
| 2sg polite | teithannel | you wrote (formal) | ᴺS. |
| 3sg | teithant | he/she wrote | ← S. attested (Doors of Durin inscription) |
| 1pl | teithannem | we wrote | ᴺS. |
| 1pl incl. | teithanneb | we wrote (incl.) | ᴺS. |
| 3pl | teithanner | they wrote | ᴺS. |
The -nn- in non-3sg forms comes from the -ant suffix's -n combining with the personal suffix's nasal onset: -ant + -en (1sg) → -ann-en with vowel adjustment.
Future Tense (D1 verbs — -atha- infix)
Derived verbs use -atha- (vs. primary verbs' -itha-):
| Person | Form | Translation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1sg | teithathon | I will write | ᴺS.; cf. linnathon ← S. attested |
| 2sg polite | teithathol | you will write | ᴺS. |
| 3sg | teithatha | he/she will write | ᴺS. |
| 1pl | teithathom | we will write | ᴺS. |
| 3pl | teithathar | they will write | ᴺS. |
Key anchor: linnathon "I will sing" (1sg future of linna-) is directly attested in A Elbereth Gilthoniel line 6. This confirms the -atha- + -on (1sg) future pattern for D1 verbs beyond any doubt.
Non-Finite Forms (D1 verbs)
| Form | Surface form | Translation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive / Gerund | teithad | (to) write; writing | ᴺS.; stem + -d (gerund suffix) |
| Imperative 2sg | teitho! | Write! | ᴺS.; stem loses -a, adds -o |
| Active participle | teithol | writing (ongoing) | ᴺS.; stem + -ol |
| Perfective participle | teithiel | having written | ᴺS.; stem + -iel |
| Passive participle sg. | teithannen | written | ᴺS.; -ant root + -en |
| Passive participle pl. | teithennin | written (pl.) | ᴺS.; i-affection of teithannen |
Complete Paradigm: Class D3 — anna- (to give)
anna- is classified D3 because its past tense does not follow the regular -ant pattern of D1/D2 but instead shows vowel alternation — an ancient "strong" past formation. It is the most important irregular verb in Sindarin after na- (to be).
Aorist (anna-)
| Person | Form | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | annan | I give |
| 2sg familiar | annag | you give |
| 2sg polite | annal | you give (formal) |
| 3sg | anna | he/she gives |
| 1pl | annam | we give |
| 1pl incl. | annab | we give (incl.) |
| 3pl | annar | they give |
Past Tense (anna- — irregular)
| Person | Form | Source / Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | ónen | ← S. attested (LotR Appendix A, Gilraen's linnod: Ónen i-Estel Edain) |
| 2sg | ónech (fam.) / ónel (pol.) | ᴺS. by analogy |
| 3sg | aun | ← S. attested VT44/21 (Tolkien's own note) |
| 1pl | ónem | ᴺS. |
| 3pl | óner | ᴺS. |
The vowel alternation: aorist stem anna- (short a), past ón- / au- (long vowel, different quality). This is a suppletive strong past, where the past tense comes from a different grade of the root. The 1sg ónen vs. 3sg aun shows person-specific variation in the past stem, analogous to how Germanic strong verbs sometimes show different vowels in 1sg vs. 3sg past.
Future (anna-)
| Person | Form | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| 1sg | annathon | I will give |
| 3sg | annatha | he/she will give |
| 3pl | annathar | they will give |
All ᴺS.; follows regular D-class future pattern with -atha- infix.
Complete Paradigm: na- (to be)
The verb "to be" is universally irregular in languages, and Sindarin is no exception. na- has several directly attested forms, making it the best-documented verb in the language despite its irregularity.
| Tense / Form | Person | Sindarin | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Present | 3sg | nâ | ← S. PE17, various texts |
| Present | 1sg | nân | ᴺS. (by analogy: nâ + -n) |
| Present | 2sg fam. | nâg | ᴺS. |
| Present | 2sg pol. | nâl | ᴺS. |
| Present | 1pl | nâm | ᴺS. |
| Present | 3pl | nâr | ᴺS. |
| Past | 3sg | nant | ← S. PE17/68 |
| Past | 1sg | nannen | ᴺS. |
| Past | 3pl | nanner | ᴺS. |
| Future | 3sg | natha | ← S. PE17/68 (attested in "it will be") |
| Future | 1sg | nathon | ← S. (by analogy with linnathon; also semi-attested) |
| Future | 1pl | nathom | ᴺS. |
| Imperative | 2sg | no! | ← S. attested (found in Navaer and related texts) |
| Conditional | — | naen | ← S. or ᴺS.; "it would be / I wish it were" |
| Gerund/Inf. | — | nad | ᴺS.; "being" |
Note on nâ as a copula: In Sindarin, the copula nâ can often be omitted, especially in predicative constructions with adjectives. Aran Aragorn "Aragorn [is] king" is grammatical without nâ. The copula is most necessary with pronouns (Im nân Aragorn "I am Aragorn") and in formal/emphatic contexts.
Note on no!: The imperative no! is used in wishes and blessings: Navaer = no vaer = "be well" (farewell; literally "be good/safe"). This shows na- imperative + maer (good) with soft mutation: m → v.
Competing Reconstructions: The 2nd Person Suffix Debate
The 2nd person verb suffixes are the single most debated point in Neo-Sindarin verb paradigms. Tolkien left insufficient data to settle the question definitively, and different scholars have reconstructed differently.
| Scholar / Source | 2sg familiar | 2sg polite | 2pl | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Derdzinski (elvish.org/gwaith) | -ch | -l | -dhir | CE analogy, conservative |
| Strack (RealElvish Academy) | -g | -l | -dhir | Noldorin attestations |
| Jallings (2017 textbook) | -g | -l | -dhir | Strack + own analysis |
| Neo-Sindarin Grammar (sindarin.elvish.nz) | -g | -l, -dh alt. | -dhir | Broad attestation survey |
| Bertrand (older reconstruction) | -ch | -dh | -ir | Different CE reading |
Working recommendation: Use -g (2sg familiar) and -l (2sg polite). These are the most widely accepted forms across the major active Neo-Sindarin composition communities as of 2024–2025. The -ch (familiar) form appears in older texts and some translations made before 2010; if you read those, recognize -ch as a valid older convention rather than an error.
The distinction between familiar and polite is meaningful in Sindarin:
- Familiar (-g): Used between equals, friends, intimates, family members; also used when addressing children, animals, or social inferiors
- Polite (-l): Used to show respect, when addressing elders, lords, strangers until relationship is established; the unmarked default in formal contexts
Le (reverential 2sg pronoun) typically co-occurs with polite verb forms.
Quick Reference: All Tense Markers
| Tense | Marker | Applies to | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aorist (P-class) | Personal suffix directly on stem | P1, P2, P3 | ped- + -in → pedin |
| Aorist 3sg (P-class) | Long vowel in stem (no suffix) | P1, P2, P3 | ped- → pêd |
| Continuative present (P-class) | Long stem vowel + -a- + suffix | P1, P2, P3 | pêd- + -a → pêda (3sg) |
| Aorist / Cont. pres. 3sg (D-class) | Bare -a stem (ambiguous) | D1, D2, D3 | teitha = aorist 3sg AND cont. pres. 3sg |
| Aorist other persons (D-class) | -a stem + personal suffix | D1, D2, D3 | teith-a- + -n → teithan (1sg) |
| Past (P-class) | Nasal infix before final cons. | P1, P2, P3 | ped- → penn- + past suffixes |
| Past 3sg (P-class) | Nasal infix + -t (voiceless final becomes -t) | P1 stop-final | ped- → pent |
| Past (D1/D2) | -ant suffix (3sg) / -(ann)en etc. (others) | D1, D2 | teithant, teithannen |
| Past (D3) | Vowel alternation / strong past | D3 only | anna- → aun/ónen |
| Past (D2a causative) | -(n)t suffix with consonant mutation | D2a | nimmid- → nimmint |
| Future (P-class) | -itha- infix | P1, P2, P3 | peditha- → pedithon (1sg) |
| Future (D-class) | -atha- infix | D1, D2, D3 | teithatha- → teithathon (1sg) |
| Conditional | aen particle + present | All | aen pedin "I would speak" |
| Optative / wish | no + adjective / avo + verb | Special | Navaer, Avo garo |
Verb Lookup Table: 50 Common Sindarin Verbs
For each verb: English meaning, verb class, aorist 3sg, past 3sg, and future 1sg are given. Bold = directly attested form. ᴺS. = reconstruction.
| Verb | English | Class | Aorist 3sg | Past 3sg | Future 1sg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| anna- | give | D3 | anna | aun | annathon |
| awartha- | forsake, abandon | D1 | awartha | awarthant | awarthathon |
| boe | it is necessary (impersonal) | invariable | boe | — | — |
| brenia- | endure | D1 | brenia | breniant | breniathon |
| cab- | leap | P1 | câb | camp | cabithon |
| car- | do, make | P1 | câr | agor | garithon |
| cen- | see | P1 | cên | cennen | cenithon |
| dag- | slay | A1a | dâg | danc | dagithon |
| dago- | slay (derived) | D1 | dago | dagant | dagathon |
| dartha- | stay, wait | D1 | dartha | darthant | darthathon |
| dir- | gaze, look steadily | P1 | dîr | dirn | dirithon |
| edro- | open | D1 (from edr-) | edra | edrant | edrathon |
| eglerio- | glorify, praise | D1 | eglerio | egleriant | egleriathon |
| esta- | call, name | D2 | esta | estant | estathon |
| fara- | hunt | D1 | fara | farant | farathon |
| gal- | shine | P3 | gâl | gaul | galithon |
| gar- | hold, have | A3 | gâr | garant | garithon |
| gir- | shudder | P1 | gîr | girn | girithon |
| glir- | sing, recite | P1 | glîr | glirn | glirithon |
| gova- | meet | D1 | gova | govant | govathon |
| hal- | lift, raise | P3 | hâl | haul | halithon |
| heb- | keep, retain | P1 | hêb | hebin (reconstructed past part.) | hebithon |
| linna- | sing | D1 | linna | linnant | linnathon |
| mat- | eat | P1 | mât | mant | matithon |
| men- | go, proceed | P2/P3 | mên | ment | menithon |
| na- | be | irreg. | nâ | nant | nathon |
| nalla- | cry out | D1 | nalla | nallant | nallathon |
| nen- | flow (of water) | P2 | nên | — | — |
| nimmida- | whiten | D2a | nimmida | nimmidant | nimmidathon |
| nor- | run (of horses esp.) | P3 | nôr | norol ? | norithon |
| noro- | run (derived form) | D1 | noro | norant | norathon |
| ped- | speak | P1 | pêd | pent | pedithon |
| peleth- | wither, fade | D1 (from pel-) | peleth | pelethant | pelethathon |
| prestanno- | affect, disturb | D1 | prestanno | prestannant | prestannathon |
| ritha- | jerk, twitch | D1 | ritha | rithant | rithathon |
| sog- | drink | A1 | sôg | sunc | sogithon |
| teitha- | write, draw | D1 | teitha | teithant | teithathon |
| tir- | watch, guard | P1 | tîr | tirn | tirithon |
| tol- | come | P3/irreg. | tôl | tollen | tolthon |
| trenor- | tell a tale, recount | A3a | trenor | trenorant | trenorathon |
| tur- | wield, govern | P1 | tûr | turn | turithon |
Special irregular forms to memorize:
- car- "make/do" past 3sg is agor (not *cant) — suppletive past from a different grade ← attested
- mant "ate" ← directly attested (Tolkien uses it in linguistic notes)
- ónen "I gave" ← directly attested (Gilraen's linnod in LotR)
- aun "gave" (3sg past) ← attested VT44
- teithant "wrote" ← attested (Doors of Durin)
- linnathon "I will sing" ← attested (A Elbereth)
- nathon "I will be" ← semi-attested / strongly supported
Verb Morphology: Special Topics
The e- Completive Prefix
The prefix e- (or ec- before consonants) appears on some past tense forms to indicate completed action rather than simply past action: echant "made/fashioned" (in the Doors of Durin: Im Narvi hain echant) uses e- + past of car-. The e- prefix seems to add a perfective or resultative nuance — not just "did" but "did and it was done/finished."
This prefix is productive in Neo-Sindarin composition for verbs where completion is semantically important: eteg (made/built, of permanent structures), eglenno (departed, with implication of finality).
The a- / o- Augment in Past Tense
Some verbs show a vowel augment (an added initial vowel) in the past tense, characteristic of a more ancient formation:
- car- (do) → past agor (not *cart): the a- augment + gor (strong grade past)
- tog- (bring) → past *antog or *odog: augment + past stem
These augment forms are relics of an older perfective formation (cognate with the Greek perfect augment e-). They appear mainly in the most common, ancient verbs.
Negated Verb Forms
Negation uses the prefix ú- (negating a single element) or al- (total negation / prohibition) or the particle avo (prohibitive "don't!"):
- ú- + verb: the initial consonant of the verb undergoes soft mutation: ú- + ped- → ú-bêd "does not speak"; ú- + cenin → ú-genin "I do not see"
- al-: modifies the whole clause: alcarel "not having done it"
- avo + imperative: Avo garo! "Don't do it!" (prohibition)
The ú- + soft mutation is attested: ú-chebin in Gilraen's linnod (ú- + hebin, with h → ch under the leniting effect of ú-... actually: ú- + h- initial → the h is already a fricative and lenites to ch? or: the form is simply ú- + the aspirated form. The exact mechanism of ú- + h is disputed; the attested form ú-chebin stands as data).
Notes on Reconstructing Unattested Verb Forms
When you need a verb form that is not in the lookup table above, follow this decision tree:
-
Check Eldamo (eldamo.org) — the most comprehensive database of Tolkien's linguistic writings. Search for the English meaning and check all Sindarin/Noldorin entries.
-
If a Noldorin (N.) cognate exists: Apply sound changes N. → S. to get a Neo-Sindarin form. Label ᴺS.[N.].
-
If only a Quenya cognate exists: Identify the PE root from the Quenya form (using Eldamo's root entries), then apply Sindarin sound changes. This is more speculative. Label ᴺS.[Q.] with a note.
-
If nothing exists: Consider:
- Can you use a circumlocution with an attested verb? (iston "I know" instead of ᴺS.! *istog "I learn")
- Can you use a D-class derived verb from an attested noun/adjective? (glas "joy" → glassa- "to rejoice" ᴺS.)
- Is the concept necessary to express directly in Sindarin, or can the composition work around it?
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If you must coin a new form: Follow Sindarin phonotactics rigorously (see Supplement 5), mark it ᴺS.!, and consider consulting the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord community before publishing.
All paradigm forms not explicitly labeled S. (attested Sindarin) are Neo-Sindarin reconstructions (ᴺS.) and should be labeled as such in any published composition. This reference follows the scholarly consensus as of 2025–2026 and may need updating as new Tolkien linguistic manuscripts are published.