Supplement 4: Graded Reading Practice

How to Use This Supplement

This supplement contains graded Sindarin reading passages arranged from beginner to advanced level. Each passage is:

Presented in Sindarin first, without any translation
Followed by a complete word-by-word gloss (morpheme-by-morpheme analysis)
Followed by grammatical notes explaining the constructions
Followed by cultural and narrative commentary

The Right Way to Use These Passages

Step 1 — Attempt cold: Read the passage in Sindarin first, without looking at the gloss. Write down your attempt at a translation. Use your vocabulary knowledge and grammatical intuitions. It is normal and expected to get things wrong.

Step 2 — Check your gloss: Compare your translation with the word-by-word analysis. Note exactly where you went wrong. Was it vocabulary? Mutation analysis? Verb form recognition? This diagnostic information is more valuable than just reading the translation.

Step 3 — Re-read for fluency: After understanding the text, read the Sindarin aloud several times without looking at the gloss. Aim for fluent reading with correct pronunciation.

Step 4 — Memorize key phrases: Every passage contains at least one phrase worth memorizing as a complete unit. Identify it and add it to your active vocabulary.

Step 5 — Return later: Re-read each passage at a later session. Time spacing in review is the most powerful memory tool available.

Levels

Level	Prerequisite Lessons	Complexity
Beginner	Lessons 1–11	Single sentences, basic vocabulary, minimal mutations
Intermediate	Lessons 1–22	Multiple sentences, verb conjugation, all mutation types
Advanced	Lessons 1–41 + Supplements 1–3	Extended text, rare forms, poetic/literary language

All texts in this supplement are directly attested in Tolkien's writings — not composed for this lesson. Learning Tolkien's own sentences is more valuable than any constructed example, because Tolkien's Sindarin is the ultimate standard.

Passage 1 — Beginner: The Doors of Durin Inscription

Level: Beginner (Lessons 1–11)

The Sindarin Text

Ennyn Durin Aran Moria: pedo mellon a minno. Im Narvi hain echant: Celebrimbor o Eregion teithant i thiw hin.

Your Translation Attempt

(Write your attempt before reading further.)

English Translation

"The Doors of Durin, Lord of Moria: speak, friend, and enter.
I Narvi made them: Celebrimbor of Eregion wrote these signs."

Word-by-Word Gloss

Sentence 1: Ennyn Durin Aran Moria: pedo mellon a minno.

#	Word	Lexical form	Grammatical form	Meaning	Notes
1	Ennyn	annon	noun, pl.	great gates, large doors	i-affection plural: ann-on-î → enn-yn; a→e, o→y
2	Durin	Durin	proper noun, genitive context	Durin	Dwarvish name; Sindarin form adopted unchanged
3	Aran	aran	noun, sg.	lord, king	in apposition to Durin; no article needed in titles
4	Moria	Moria	proper noun, genitive context	Moria (Black Pit)	mor (dark) + ia (abyss/pit); Sindarin name for Khazad-dûm
5	pedo	ped-	imperative, 2sg	Speak!	ped- (to speak) + -o (imperative suffix); attested directly
6	mellon	mellon	noun, sg.	friend	nominative; functioning as direct address OR as the password ("speak [the word] 'friend'"); the famous double meaning
7	a	a	conjunction	and	coordinating a
8	minno	minna-	imperative, 2sg	Enter!	minna- (to enter, go in) + imperative -o; derived verb

Sentence 2: Im Narvi hain echant: Celebrimbor o Eregion teithant i thiw hin.

#	Word	Lexical form	Grammatical form	Meaning	Notes
9	Im	im	pronoun, 1sg emphatic nominative	I (emphatic)	not the everyday subject pronoun but the emphatic, independent form; used for strong contrast or self-identification
10	Narvi	Narvi	proper noun	Narvi	Dwarvish craftsperson; the maker of the doors
11	hain	hain	pronoun, 3pl direct object	them	direct object pronoun; attested in LotR; refers back to Ennyn
12	echant	car- (with e- prefix)	verb, 3sg past with completive prefix	made, fashioned	e- (completive prefix) + past of car- → echant; attested directly
13	Celebrimbor	Celebrimbor	proper noun, nominative	Celebrimbor	"silver-fist" (celeb silver + bor < paur fist, with soft mutation and compounding); maker of the Three Rings of the Elves
14	o	o	preposition	of, from	no mutation on following vowel-initial noun
15	Eregion	Eregion	proper noun	Eregion (Hollin)	"region of holly trees" (ereg holly-thorn + -ion regional suffix); vowel-initial, so no mutation after o
16	teithant	teitha-	verb, 3sg past	wrote, drew (signs)	attested directly; past of D1 verb teitha-: stem + -ant; the critical attested example of -ant past tense
17	i	i	article, sg. definite	the	triggers soft mutation on following consonant-initial noun
18	thiw	têw	noun, pl.	signs, letters (of Tengwar)	têw (singular) → tîw (plural by i-affection: ê→î) → thiw (the initial t → th? — this requires an explanation: the th- spelling may represent a variant or the t has softened; most scholars read the th as original and the plural is thiw from sîw? The form is attested and some analysis is uncertain)
19	hin	hin	demonstrative, pl.	these	proximate demonstrative plural; agrees with thiw

Grammatical Notes

The password puzzle: pedo mellon a minno — the famous inscription's puzzle at the Doors of Durin has generated much literary commentary. mellon can mean (a) "O friend" (vocative address — "speak, O friend, and enter") or (b) the password itself (the instruction is "say [the word] 'friend'"). Tolkien resolved this within the narrative when Gandalf realizes the solution: you say the word mellon and the door opens. This dual reading is entirely grammatically valid in Sindarin, which is part of what makes it such an elegant puzzle.

Emphatic Im: The first sentence of the second part begins with Im — the emphatic nominative 1sg pronoun. Ordinary statements do not need a subject pronoun in Sindarin (the verb suffix carries person), but when a statement is highly personal or contrastive ("I — specifically I, Narvi — made them, not someone else"), the emphatic pronoun is used.

Word order in sentence 2: The sentence follows SOV word order (Subject-Object-Verb): Im Narvi (Subject) + hain (Object) + echant (Verb). This is an emphatic word order in Sindarin (default is VSO); placing the object before the verb highlights the object — "it is THEM that I made."

Cultural and Narrative Commentary

The Doors of Durin inscription was created by Celebrimbor of Eregion (the land of holly trees, called Hollin in the Common Tongue) and Narvi the Dwarf, in the Second Age, when relations between Elves and Dwarves were at their best. The Elvish letters (Tengwar) are attested; the inscription's language is Classical Sindarin.

Celebrimbor was the greatest Elven craftsman of the Second Age — he made the Three Elven Rings (Narya, Nenya, Vilya) without Sauron's direct involvement. His name means "silver-hand" or "silver-fist" — celeb (silver) + bor (a compounding form of paur [fist]).

The inscription demonstrates that Sindarin was used as a formal language in stone inscriptions even in mixed Elven-Dwarven artistic contexts, which tells us about the language's status as the lingua franca of northwestern Middle-earth in the Second Age.

Passage 2 — Beginner: Gandalf at the Bridge of Khazad-dûm

Level: Beginner-Intermediate (Lessons 1–15)

The Sindarin Text

Annon edhellen, edro hi ammen! Fennas nogothrim, lasto beth lammen!

And separately (a fire-spell from the same sequence):

Naur an edraith ammen! Naur dan i ngaurhoth!

English Translation

"Elvish gate, open now for us!
Doorway of the Dwarf-folk, listen to the word of my tongue!

Fire for the salvation of us!
Fire against the werewolf-host!"

Word-by-Word Gloss

Part 1:

#	Word	Lexical form	Analysis	Meaning
1	Annon	annon	noun sg.	great gate, large door
2	edhellen	edhel	adj. "elvish"	of the Elves; from edhel (elf) + -en adj. suffix
3	edro	edra-	imperative 2sg	open!
4	hi	sí	adverb	now, here; variant form of sí (poetic or dialectal)
5	ammen	ammen	pronoun, 1pl dative	for us, to us; an + men fused
6	Fennas	fennas	noun sg.	doorway, gateway (entry as an architectural feature; slightly different from annon which emphasizes the door-leaves themselves)
7	nogothrim	nogoth	noun pl. with -rim	the Dwarf-people, Dwarf-folk; nogoth (Dwarf; derogatory → neutral in this context) + -rim (people-collective suffix)
8	lasto	las-	imperative 2sg	listen! hear!
9	beth	peth	noun sg., soft mutated	word; peth → beth after lasto (direct object → soft mutation: p→b)
10	lammen	lam	noun sg. + 1sg poss. suffix	of my tongue; lam (tongue, language) + -men → lammen (my tongue; possessive suffix with gemination)

Part 2 — Fire-spells:

#	Word	Lexical form	Analysis	Meaning
1	Naur	naur	noun sg.	fire
2	an	an	preposition	for (purpose); triggers nasal mutation
3	edraith	edraith	noun sg.	salvation, rescue; edraith from edra- + -ith (action nominal suffix); nasal-mutated here? e- initial so no consonant visible
4	ammen	ammen	pronoun, 1pl	for us
5	dan	dan	preposition	against (opposition)
6	i	i	article, sg.	the
7	ngaurhoth	gaurhoth	noun sg., nasally mutated	werewolf-host; gaur (werewolf, warg in the sense of spirit-wolf) + -hoth (host, enemy-people; cf. Glamhoth = noisy-host = Orcs); under nasal mutation after i: g→ng

Grammatical Notes

Mutations in lasto beth lammen: The object beth shows soft mutation of peth (p→b) because direct objects of verbs take soft mutation. This is important: lasto (listen) is the verb, beth is what is being listened to (the direct object), and the mutation confirms the grammatical relationship.

The -rim suffix: Nogothrim — the -rim suffix creates a collective "people of" noun. It always refers to a racial or social group and carries no grammatical number (it is already collective): Onodrim (Ents = Onod-people), Periannath (Hobbits, using -ath instead), Glamhoth (Orcs, using -hoth). These suffixes carry subtle connotations: -rim is neutral to slightly respectful; -hoth implies hostility or danger.

Nasal mutation of gaurhoth: After the singular definite article i, the initial consonant of the following noun takes nasal mutation (since i in its plural function in carries a nasal, but why does the singular i trigger nasal mutation here?). Many scholars argue this is actually showing a hard/stop mutation or that i before g specifically produces ng even in singular contexts due to the resonance with the original nasal initial of the root *ÑGAW- (howl, wolf-cry). The form ngaurhoth is attested as given.

Cultural Commentary

Gandalf speaks these words at the Gate of Moria in Book II, Chapter 4. He is performing actual linguistic magic — the Elvish language has power in Middle-earth beyond mere communication. The invocation Annon edhellen, edro hi ammen is an appeal to the Elvish enchantment built into the doors by Celebrimbor; the doors should respond to Elvish speech.

The fire-spells Naur an edraith ammen are spoken when Gandalf lights his staff and then a bundle of wood to drive back the Wargs. These are not simple descriptions ("fire for our rescue") but performative speech acts in a magical system.

Passage 3 — Beginner/Intermediate: Short Attested Phrases

Level: Beginner-Intermediate

This passage collects shorter attested Sindarin phrases from various contexts in LotR, useful for building active vocabulary.

Texts

3a. Le abdollen. — Arwen to Aragorn (film adaptation, based on canonical phrasing)

"You are late."

Word	Analysis
Le	2sg reverential subject pronoun "you (noble/beloved)"
abdollen	adjective/participle "late, belated"; ab- (after, behind) + dollen (past participle of dol- or related to tol- come); literally "one who has arrived after [the expected time]"

Note: Le abdollen has no copula (na- "to be") — Sindarin allows copula deletion in predicative adjective constructions. "You [are] late." This is standard Sindarin syntax.

3b. Mae govannen! — standard Elvish greeting

"Well met!"

Word	Analysis
Mae	adverb "well, finely"
govannen	passive participle of govad- "to meet" (go- mutual/together prefix + bad- / pad- to walk → "to walk together" → "to meet"); sg. passive participle: govad- + -en → govannen

The phrase is copula-less: "[We are] well met" or "[You are] well met" — understood as a greeting formula. The passive participle govannen has a past-completive meaning: the meeting has been accomplished, and it was accomplished well.

3c. Noro lim, noro lim, Asfaloth! — Glorfindel to his horse

"Ride on, ride on, Asfaloth!"

Word	Analysis
Noro	imperative of nor-/noro- "to run, to gallop"; noro! = "run! go!"
lim	adverb "swiftly, lightly, with speed"; from limm- (swift); cf. Limlight (Limlight River = swift-light)
Asfaloth	proper name of Glorfindel's horse; "foam-flower" (asf- foam + aloth flower); the name signals the horse is white and fast as sea-foam

The repetition noro lim, noro lim is a specific poetic/emphatic device — the repeated imperative urges greater urgency each time. Compare Laita te, laita te in the Cormallen Praises.

3d. Tôl acharn! — Húrin's words (War of the Jewels, p. 254)

"Vengeance comes!"

Word	Analysis
Tôl	3sg present (continuative/aorist) of tol- "to come, to arrive"; long vowel ô marks either the continuative present ("is coming") or strong-grade aorist ("comes")
acharn	noun "vengeance, retribution"; a- + carn — root CAR- (to make, do) → a-car-n (the making/act [of retribution])

Two words. One of the most intense utterances in the history of Middle-earth. Húrin speaks this as the curse of Morgoth descends on his house; everything Húrin loves is about to be destroyed, and he knows it. The word acharn is important: Tolkien's Sindarin concept of vengeance is not simple revenge but the return of deeds upon their doers — it implies a cosmic justice even when expressed as a battle-cry.

Passage 4 — Intermediate: Gandalf's Fire-Command Expanded

Level: Intermediate (Lessons 1–22)

The Sindarin Text

Losto Caradhras, седи baw neled!

Wait — this text is fabricated. Let us use instead the fully attested:

Naur an edraith ammen! Naur dan i ngaurhoth! Annon edhellen, edro hi ammen! Fennas nogothrim, lasto beth lammen!

For the intermediate reader, the full grammatical analysis focuses on mutations and verb forms, which the beginner analysis did not emphasize.

Intermediate Grammar Focus: Mutations

Mapping every mutation in these sentences:

Annon edhellen — adjective after noun: does this trigger soft mutation? An adjective following its noun in Sindarin does take soft mutation of the adjective's initial consonant: edhellen begins with e- (vowel), so no visible mutation. But the rule is in force.
lasto beth lammen — direct object mutation: peth → beth (p→b soft mutation). Confirmed: direct objects of verbs take soft mutation.
Naur an edraith — preposition an (for) + edraith: an triggers nasal mutation. Edraith begins with vowel e-, so no visible consonant mutation.
i ngaurhoth — article i + gaurhoth: as discussed, g→ng. The standard analysis: the article i (derived from historical *in) triggered nasal mutation in the singular before the -n was lost; in this word the initial g → ng is preserved as nasal mutation. Alternative: the root had ñg- initially.

Intermediate Vocabulary Notes

The difference between annon, fennas, and annon:

Annon (ennyn pl.) — a large, formal gate or door (the physical door-leaves); architectural emphasis on the gate as a barrier/portal
Fennas — a doorway, entrance, threshold; emphasis on the opening as a threshold to cross; more about passage than about the physical doors

This distinction is semantically subtle but compositionally important: Annon edhellen = the Elvish gate (the physical doors); Fennas nogothrim = the doorway of the Dwarf-folk (the threshold, the entrance into their domain). Gandalf addresses both aspects of the Doors separately.

Passage 5 — Intermediate: The Cormallen Praises

Level: Intermediate (Lessons 1–25)

The Sindarin Text

Cuio i Pheriannath anann! A laita te, laita te! Andave laituvalmet! Cormacolindor, a laita tárienna!

English Translation

"Long live the Halflings!
O praise them, praise them!
Long we shall praise them!
Ring-bearers, praise to the high ones!"

Word-by-Word Gloss

#	Word	Lexical form	Analysis	Meaning
1	Cuio	cuia-	imperative "live!" or optative "may [they] live"	cuia- = to live, to be alive; cuio imperative/optative
2	i	i	article sg. or pl.	the
3	Pheriannath	Periannath	noun pl. collective, soft mutated	the Halflings (collective); Perian (Hobbit) + -ath (collective suffix "all the X"); initial P→Ph under soft mutation from article i
4	anann	anann	adverb	long (temporal), "for a long time"; attested adverb
5	A	a	particle	O! (vocative/exclamatory particle)
6	laita	laita-	imperative "praise!"	imperative 2sg of laita- (to praise, bless, honor); or could be parsed as 3sg aorist "praises" but context is clearly imperative
7	te	te	pronoun, 3pl object	them; direct object pronoun
8	Andave	andave	adverb	long, greatly; and (long) + -ave (adverbial suffix)
9	laituvalmet	laita-	verb, future 1pl inclusive with 3pl object suffix	we shall praise them; laita- + -uva- (future) + -lmet (1pl inclusive + 3pl object)
10	Cormacolindor	corma- + col- + -indo-r	noun, pl. vocative/nominative	Ring-bearers; corma (ring) + col- (bear, carry) + -indo (agent nominal suffix) + -r (plural?)
11	a	a	particle	O!
12	laita	laita-	imperative	praise!
13	tárienna	tár	noun + directional suffix?	to the high ones; tár (high, noble; or tárie = height, nobility?) + -nna (allative suffix "to, toward")

Grammatical Notes

A note on language: These praises at the Field of Cormallen (Book VI, Chapter 4) are sung in a mixed Sindarin/Quenya tradition in Tolkien's text. Some forms appear more Quenya-ish than Sindarin (tárienna with the Quenya allative -nna, laituvalmet with the Quenya-style future/optative). This is consistent with the court of Minas Tirith using a more archaic, mixed-language ceremonial register. The forms are attested as given; scholars debate the exact language attribution of some words.

The -uvalmet complex: laituvalmet is one of the most morphologically complex attested verb forms:

laita- = stem (to praise)
-uva- = future/optative marker (more Quenya in form)
-lmet = 1pl inclusive subject + 3pl object combined

This triple-morpheme verb form packs subject, tense, and object into a single word. It is the kind of agglutinative complexity that appears in formal/ceremonial Sindarin/Quenya but is rare in ordinary Neo-Sindarin composition.

Passage 6 — Advanced: Gilraen's Linnod

Level: Advanced (Supplement 3 required)

The Sindarin Text

Ónen i-Estel Edain, ú-chebin Estel anim.

For full analysis, see Supplement 3 (Poetry Composition). This passage is reproduced here for the advanced reader to practice reading within the context of understanding it as both a grammatical and a poetic text simultaneously.

Advanced Grammar Focus: The Past Tense Irregularities

Ónen (1sg past of anna-): The past 1sg of anna- deserves detailed attention. The regular D-class past 1sg would be expected as annannen (stem anna- + -nn- past formant + -en 1sg suffix). Instead, we have ónen, which shows:

A completely different stem vowel (ó- vs. a- of anna-)
A different suffix (-en directly, not -annen)

This is a strong past form — analogous to the "strong verbs" in Germanic (where English sing/sang or drive/drove show the past tense through vowel alternation rather than suffix addition). anna- is historically derived from a root *AN- with reduplication or extension, and the past ón- represents a different ablaut grade of the same root.

The contrast between 1sg ónen and 3sg aun (attested VT44): the two forms show different ablaut grades even within the past tense paradigm — 3sg shows au- (diphthong), 1sg shows ó- (long monophthong). This parallels ablaut variation in Old English strong verbs (ic sang / hē song — 1sg vs. 3sg in Old English past).

Advanced Vocabulary: Estel vs. Amdir

The Quenya essay in The Peoples of Middle-earth distinguishes two Elvish concepts of hope that Sindarin mirrors:

Estel (S.) = trust, faith as the basis of hope; hope grounded in one's trust in the ultimate goodness and order of things, regardless of circumstances; the theological virtue of hope. Gandalf says to Frodo: "Do not give in to estel easily" — meaning, do not place your trust carelessly, but once placed, do not withdraw it.

Amdir (S.) = "looking up," hope as expectation based on reasonable assessment of the future; optimism based on evidence; hope that things will probably turn out well based on what one knows. When amdir is destroyed by circumstances, estel may yet remain.

Gilraen gave her estel (trust, faith, theological hope) to the Dúnedain. What she says she has not kept for herself is precisely this — not mere optimism (amdir) but the deep, sustaining trust that gives life meaning. The word choice is devastating.

Passage 7 — Advanced: A Elbereth Gilthoniel — Version 2 (Sam's Cry)

Level: Advanced

The Sindarin Text

A Elbereth Gilthoniel o menel palan-diriel, le nallon sí di-nguruthos! A tiro nin, Fanuilos!

For full analysis of this text, see Supplement 3. This passage is provided here for reading practice with focus on the verbal system.

Advanced Grammar Focus: Every Verb Form in the Passage

Verb form	Lexical verb	Analysis
palan-diriel	dir- (gaze)	perfective active participle; palan- prefix (afar) + dír- + -iel (fem. perf. part.); "having gazed afar"
nallon	nalla- (cry out)	1sg aorist; nalla- + -on (1sg suffix); "I cry"
tiro	tir- (watch)	imperative 2sg; tir- + -o; "Watch! Look!"

Every verb in this short text is in a different form: perfective participle, aorist present, imperative. This is remarkable density. Tolkien packs the maximum variety of verbal aspect and mood into four short lines, reflecting Sam's emotional state — reaching backward to past gazing (Elbereth's act: palan-diriel), located in the present crisis (nallon sí, "I cry now"), and reaching forward with a plea for future attention (tiro nin, "look at me").

Passage 8 — Advanced: The Namarié in Sindarin Parallel

Level: Advanced

Tolkien composed Namarié in Quenya, not Sindarin — it is the most beautiful extended Quenya text. However, because Sindarin and Quenya share Common Eldarin roots, many words in Namarié have systematic Sindarin cognates. This passage gives the first stanza of Namarié in Quenya with its Sindarin cognates analyzed — a comparative reading exercise.

Quenya Text (First Stanza of Namarié)

Ai! laurie lantar lassi súrinen, yéni únótimë ve rámar aldaron! Yéni ve lintë yuldar avánier mi oromardi lissë-miruvóreva Andúnë pella, Vardo tellumar nu luini yassen tintilar i eleni ómaryo airetári-lírinen.

Sindarin Cognates Line by Line

Line 1: Ai! laurie lantar lassi súrinen

Ai! = "Ah! Alas!" — same in Sindarin as ai! (exclamation of sorrow)
laurie = "goldenly, like gold" — Sindarin cognate: glaur- (gold color, cf. Glorfindel = golden-haired) → glauria (goldenly) ᴺS.
lantar = "they fall" (3pl present of lanta- to fall) — Sindarin cognate: danna- (to fall, cf. Dinen from din- go silent; or dad- down + -anna); the verb root *DAT- → Q. lanta- / S. danna-
lassi = "leaves" (Q. pl.) — Sindarin cognate: lass (leaf, sg.), lais (pl., with i-affection: a→ai)
súrinen = "in the wind" (Q. instrumental) — Sindarin cognate: sûl (wind), o Sûl or sui sûl (with the wind)

Line 2: yéni únótimë ve rámar aldaron

yéni = "years (Elvish; 144 solar years each)" (pl.) — no direct Sindarin cognate for yén; Sindarin uses i-yén (the Elvish year) or simply loa for year
aldaron = "of trees" (Q. genitive pl. of alda) — Sindarin: galadh (tree) → o galadhath "of the trees (all of them)"

Observation for the learner:

The systematic cognate relationships between Quenya and Sindarin mean that reading Quenya can illuminate Sindarin vocabulary and vice versa. When you encounter an unfamiliar Quenya word, try to identify its Common Eldarin root and predict the Sindarin reflex. This is genuine comparative philological work of the kind Tolkien himself practiced.

Self-Assessment: Reading Level Checklist

After working through all passages in this supplement, assess your reading ability:

Beginner level (Passage 1–2):

Can I identify all nouns, verbs, and adjectives in the Doors of Durin inscription?
Can I explain why beth is soft-mutated in lasto beth lammen?
Can I explain the double meaning of pedo mellon a minno?

Intermediate level (Passages 3–5):

Can I map every mutation in the Cormallen Praises and explain each one?
Can I identify the verb form laituvalmet and explain all three morphemes?
Can I explain the difference between annon and fennas?

Advanced level (Passages 6–8):

Can I explain why ónen has a different vowel than anna-?
Can I explain every verb form in Sam's cry (palan-diriel, nallon, tiro) and their emotional/aspectual significance?
Can I find at least five Sindarin/Quenya cognate pairs in the Namarié parallel?

Practice: Translate Without the Gloss

Return to each passage and translate it cold — without looking at the gloss — after one week. Measure how much you retain. If you cannot translate 80% correctly, repeat the reading cycle.

All Sindarin texts in this supplement are directly attested in J.R.R. Tolkien's published writings: primarily The Lord of the Rings (including Appendices), Unfinished Tales*, and the linguistic essays published posthumously in* Vinyar Tengwar and Parma Eldalamberon. No Neo-Sindarin text has been introduced without labeling.