综上所述 (zōng shàng suǒ shù) — in summary; to summarise the above
HSK 5 | discourse marker | in summary, to summarise what has been said above
综上所述 (zōng shàng suǒ shù)
综上所述 is a formal discourse marker used to introduce a concluding summary of all the arguments or evidence presented earlier. It is the standard Chinese equivalent of "in summary," "to sum up," or "in conclusion" in academic and formal writing.
Meanings
- [discourse marker] in summary; to summarise the above; in conclusion (based on the foregoing)
Example Sentences
综上所述，人工智能的发展既带来了机遇，也带来了挑战，需要社会各界共同应对。 Zōng shàng suǒ shù, rén gōng zhìnéng de fāzhǎn jì dàiláile jīyù, yě dàiláile tiǎozhàn, xūyào shèhuì gè jiè gòngtóng yìngduì. In summary, the development of artificial intelligence brings both opportunities and challenges, requiring a collective response from all sectors of society.
综上所述，我们可以得出结论：均衡饮食对维持身体健康至关重要。 Zōng shàng suǒ shù, wǒmen kěyǐ déchū jiélùn: jūnhéng yǐnshí duì wéichí shēntǐ jiànkāng zhìguān zhòngyào. In summary, we can conclude that a balanced diet is crucial to maintaining good health.
综上所述，教育投资不仅有助于个人发展，也是推动社会进步的根本动力。 Zōng shàng suǒ shù, jiàoyù tóuzī bùjǐn yǒuzhù yú gèrén fāzhǎn, yě shì tuīdòng shèhuì jìnbù de gēnběn dònglì. In summary, investment in education not only benefits individual development but is also the fundamental driver of social progress.
综上所述，这三项政策相互配合，共同构成了应对气候变化的整体方案。 Zōng shàng suǒ shù, zhè sān xiàng zhèngcè xiānghù pèihé, gòngtóng gòuchéngle yìngduì qìhòu biànhuà de zhěngtǐ fāng'àn. In summary, these three policies work together to form an overall plan for addressing climate change.
综上所述，本文认为数字化转型是企业在新经济环境下求生存、谋发展的必由之路。 Zōng shàng suǒ shù, běn wén rènwéi shùzìhuà zhuǎnxíng shì qǐyè zài xīn jīngjì huánjìng xià qiú shēngcún, móu fāzhǎn de bì yóu zhī lù. In summary, this paper argues that digital transformation is the inevitable path for enterprises to survive and develop in the new economic environment.
综上所述，只有政府、企业和公众三方协作，才能真正实现可持续发展目标。 Zōng shàng suǒ shù, zhǐyǒu zhèngfǔ, qǐyè hé gōngzhòng sān fāng xiézuò, cái néng zhēnzhèng shíxiàn kě chíxù fāzhǎn mùbiāo. In summary, only through cooperation among the government, enterprises, and the public can sustainable development goals truly be achieved.
Collocations
| Collocation | Meaning |
|---|---|
| 综上所述，…… | in summary, ...; to summarise the above, ... |
| 综上所述，可以得出…… | summarising the above, one can conclude ... |
| 综上所述，本文认为…… | in summary, this paper argues ... |
| 综上所述，我们认为…… | in summary, we believe ... |
| 综上所述，不难看出…… | from the above, it is not difficult to see ... |
Usage Notes
综上所述 is exclusively used in formal writing -- academic papers, analytical reports, argumentative essays, and official documents. It always appears at the start of a concluding paragraph and signals that everything that follows synthesises the preceding arguments.
In Chinese exam writing (especially the 写作 section of HSK 5 and above), 综上所述 is considered a high-register connective that examiners recognise as a marker of formal argumentation. It should only be used once, at the conclusion.
Do not use 综上所述 in spoken Chinese; use 总的来说 (generally speaking) or 总而言之 (in a word) instead.
Memory Hook
综 (synthesise) + 上 (above) + 所 (that which) + 述 (has been stated) -- synthesising everything stated above into one final point.