#b2
Lesson 21: Advanced Reading Skills
Overview At the B2 level, reading in Chinese demands more than decoding — it requires strategic processing of complex, information-dense texts. Academic articles, policy documents, literary works, and journalistic prose each present distinct structural and vocabulary challenges. This lesson shifts the focus from content to process: how skilled Chinese readers approach unfamiliar texts, infer meanings from context, identify main arguments, and navigate complex sentences. These meta-cognitive skills are what distinguish...
传媒 (chuánméi) — media; mass media
传媒 (chuánméi) 传媒 refers to media organizations and platforms that transmit information to the public, encompassing print, broadcast, and digital media, and is used as both a general term for "the media" and in industry-specific contexts. Meanings [noun] media; mass media (organizations and platforms for mass communication) [noun] the communications or media industry Example Sentences 传媒行业正经历深刻变革，传统报纸和电视台面临来自新媒体的巨大冲击。 Chuánméi hángyè zhèng jīnglì shēnkè biàngé, chuántǒng bàozhǐ hé diànshìtái miànlín láizì xīn méitǐ...
再者 (zàizhě) — furthermore, moreover
再者 (zàizhě) 再者 is a formal discourse connector used to introduce an additional supporting point, typically the last or a later item in a series of reasons or arguments. Meanings [conjunction] furthermore, moreover, besides, what is more (used to add a further point) Example Sentences 这个项目耗资巨大，再者工期太长，我们决定放弃。 Zhège xiàngmù hào zī jùdà, zàizhě gōngqī tài cháng, wǒmen juédìng fàngqì. This project requires enormous funds; furthermore, the construction period is too long,...
需求 (xūqiú) — demand; need; requirement
需求 (xūqiú) 需求 refers to a need, demand, or requirement for something, whether in an economic, professional, or personal context, and is one of the most important nouns in Chinese economics and business vocabulary. Meanings [noun] demand (economic); need; requirement Example Sentences 随着收入水平的提高，消费者对高质量产品的需求不断增加。 Suízhe shōurù shuǐpíng de tígāo, xiāofèizhě duì gāo zhìliàng chǎnpǐn de xūqiú bùduàn zēngjiā. As income levels rise, consumer demand for high-quality products continues to grow. 市场需求的变化迫使企业不断调整产品策略。...
巩固 (gǒnggù) — to consolidate; to strengthen
巩固 (gǒnggù) To consolidate or strengthen means to make something more solid, stable, and secure, preventing it from weakening or being lost. Meanings [verb] to consolidate; to strengthen; to reinforce; to solidify; to make secure Example Sentences 学生需要通过反复练习来巩固所学的知识。 Xuéshēng xūyào tōngguò fǎnfù liànxí lái gǒnggù suǒ xué de zhīshi. Students need to consolidate what they have learned through repeated practice. 这次改革旨在巩固市场经济体制。 Zhè cì gǎigé zhǐ zài gǒnggù shìchǎng jīngjì tǐzhì....
批判 (pīpàn) — to criticize; to critique; criticism
批判 (pīpàn) 批判 means to critically examine and point out the faults, errors, or shortcomings of something or someone, often in a systematic and principled way; it can also refer to a formal critique or criticism in an academic or ideological context. Meanings [verb] to criticize; to critique; to condemn (especially in a systematic or principled way) [noun] criticism; critique; critical analysis Example Sentences 学术界对这篇论文的研究方法提出了严厉的批判，认为其数据采集存在明显缺陷。 Xuéshù jiè duì zhè piān...
展现 (zhǎnxiàn) — to display; to unfold
展现 (zhǎnxiàn) 展现 means to present or display something before others, especially in a way that allows its full scope or beauty to be seen, and is widely used in descriptive, artistic, and formal contexts. Meanings [verb] to display; to present; to bring into full view [verb] to unfold; to reveal gradually (a scene, quality, or situation) Example Sentences 这部纪录片展现了西藏的壮丽自然风光。 Zhè bù jìlùpiàn zhǎnxiànle Xīzàng de zhuànglì zìrán fēngguāng. This...
启发 (qǐfā) — to inspire; inspiration
启发 (qǐfā) 启发 means to inspire, enlighten, or stimulate someone's thinking, and as a noun it refers to the inspiration or insight gained, often used in educational and intellectual contexts. Meanings [verb] to inspire; to enlighten; to stimulate thinking [noun] inspiration; enlightenment; insight Example Sentences 老师的一番话深深启发了他。 Lǎoshī de yī fān huà shēnshēn qǐfā le tā. The teacher's words deeply inspired him. 这本书给了我很大的启发。 Zhè běn shū gěi le wǒ hěn dà...
即便 (jíbiàn) — even if
即便 (jíbiàn) 即便 is a conjunction used to introduce a hypothetical or concessive condition, meaning "even if" or "even though," often paired with 也 in the result clause. Meanings [conjunction] even if; even though (introduces a concession) Example Sentences 即便下雨，比赛也会照常进行。 Jíbiàn xià yǔ, bǐsài yě huì zhàocháng jìnxíng. Even if it rains, the match will proceed as scheduled. 即便你不同意，这个决定已经做出了。 Jíbiàn nǐ bù tóngyì, zhège juédìng yǐjīng zuòchū le. Even if...
创造力 (chuàngzào lì) — creativity, creative power
创造力 (chuàngzào lì) 创造力 refers to the innate or cultivated ability to generate original ideas, solutions, or works -- the capacity to create something genuinely new and valuable. Meanings [noun] creativity, creative ability, creative power Example Sentences 孩子天生具有丰富的创造力，教育应该保护和激发这种能力。 Háizi tiānshēng jùyǒu fēngfù de chuàngzào lì, jiàoyù yīnggāi bǎohù hé jīfā zhè zhǒng nénglì. Children are born with rich creativity, and education should protect and stimulate this ability. 艺术家的创造力往往来源于对生活的深刻观察和感悟。 Yìshùjiā de...
出版 (chūbǎn) — to publish; to issue
出版 (chūbǎn) 出版 specifically refers to the publication of books, journals, and other printed or formally produced media, and is the standard term in the Chinese publishing industry. Meanings [verb] to publish (a book, journal, or other printed work) [noun] publication; publishing (as an industry or act) Example Sentences 这本小说自出版以来已售出超过百万册。 Zhè běn xiǎoshuō zì chūbǎn yǐlái yǐ shòuchū chāoguò bǎi wàn cè. Since its publication, this novel has sold more...
评价 (píngjià) — to evaluate; evaluation
评价 (píngjià) 评价 means to assess or judge the value, quality, or significance of something, and is widely used in academic, critical, and professional discourse. Meanings [verb] to evaluate; to assess; to appraise [noun] evaluation; assessment; judgment Example Sentences 这部电影获得了观众的高度评价。 Zhè bù diànyǐng huòdéle guānzhòng de gāodù píngjià. This film received high praise from audiences. 我们应该客观地评价历史人物。 Wǒmen yīnggāi kèguān de píngjià lìshǐ rénwù. We should evaluate historical figures objectively. 老师对他的作文给出了详细的评价。...
苦恼 (kǔnǎo) — troubled; distressed
苦恼 (kǔnǎo) 苦恼 describes the feeling of being troubled, worried, or emotionally distressed, especially by problems that are difficult to resolve. It implies a combination of suffering and frustration that lingers. Meanings [adjective] troubled; distressed; tormented; vexed [verb] to trouble; to torment; to cause distress Example Sentences 他为找不到合适的工作而感到十分苦恼，情绪一直很低落。 Tā wèi zhǎo bùdào héshì de gōngzuò ér gǎndào shífēn kǔnǎo, qíngxù yīzhí hěn dīluò. He was deeply troubled by his inability...
特殊 (tèshū) — Special, exceptional, extraordinary
特殊 (tèshū) 特殊 describes something that is different from the norm, exceptional, or requiring special consideration -- it often implies that something stands apart due to unusual circumstances or inherent qualities. Meanings [adj] special; exceptional; extraordinary; unusual; having unique properties Example Sentences 这种材料具有特殊的耐热性能，被广泛用于航空工业。 Zhè zhǒng cáiliào jùyǒu tèshū de nài rè xìngnéng, bèi guǎngfàn yòng yú hángkōng gōngyè. This material has special heat-resistant properties and is widely used in the...
问责制 (wènzézhì) — accountability system
问责制 (wènzézhì) 问责制 refers to a formal institutional system or mechanism that requires officials, organisations, or leaders to answer for their conduct and face consequences for failures or misconduct, and is a core governance and public administration term. Meanings [noun] accountability system; accountability framework; system of accountability Example Sentences 完善问责制是改善政府治理质量的核心措施之一。 Wánshàn wènzézhì shì gǎishàn zhèngfǔ zhìlǐ zhìliàng de héxīn cuòshī zhī yī. Improving the accountability system is one of the...
心理健康 (xīnlǐ jiànkāng) — mental health
心理健康 (xīnlǐ jiànkāng) 心理健康 refers to a person's psychological and emotional well-being, encompassing the ability to manage stress, maintain positive relationships, and function effectively in daily life. Meanings [noun phrase] mental health; psychological well-being; emotional health Example Sentences 关注心理健康和身体健康同样重要，两者共同构成一个人的整体健康状态。 Guānzhù xīnlǐ jiànkāng hé shēntǐ jiànkāng tóngyàng zhòngyào, liǎng zhě gòngtóng gòuchéng yī gè rén de zhěngtǐ jiànkāng zhuàngtài. Paying attention to mental health is just as important as physical health;...
精确 (jīngquè) — precise; accurate
精确 (jīngquè) 精确 describes measurements, data, language, or actions that are exact and free of error. It conveys a higher degree of accuracy than simply 准确 and is common in scientific, technical, and analytical contexts. Meanings [adjective] precise; exact; accurate; pinpoint Example Sentences 科学实验要求数据记录必须精确，不能有丝毫误差。 Kēxué shíyàn yāoqiú shùjù jìlù bìxū jīngquè, bù néng yǒu sīháo wùchā. Scientific experiments require that data records be precise, with not the slightest margin of...
外在 (wàizài) — external; outward
外在 (wàizài) 外在 means external or outward, describing qualities, factors, or appearances that belong to the outside as opposed to the inner or intrinsic nature of something. Meanings [adjective] external; outward; superficial; extrinsic (contrasted with inner/intrinsic) Example Sentences 外在的美貌不如内在的品质重要。 Wàizài de měimào bùrú nèizài de pǐnzhì zhòngyào. External beauty is not as important as inner qualities. 成功不仅仅取决于外在条件，更取决于个人的努力。 Chénggōng bù jǐnjǐn qǔjué yú wàizài tiáojiàn, gèng qǔjué yú gèrén de nǔlì....
评论 (pínglùn) — to comment; commentary
评论 (pínglùn) 评论 encompasses the act of commenting, critiquing, or reviewing something, as well as the resulting commentary itself, spanning from social media comments to professional critical analysis. Meanings [verb] to comment on; to critique; to review [noun] commentary; comment; review; critique Example Sentences 这篇影评引发了网友的热烈评论。 Zhè piān yǐngpíng yǐnfā le wǎngyǒu de rèliè pínglùn. This film review sparked lively comments from internet users. 他对这本书做了一篇深刻的评论。 Tā duì zhè běn shū zuò...
现象 (xiànxiàng) — phenomenon, occurrence
现象 (xiànxiàng) 现象 refers to an observable phenomenon, event, or occurrence, especially one that is noteworthy, widespread, or in need of explanation. Meanings [noun] phenomenon, occurrence (something observable) [noun] symptom, manifestation (of a deeper underlying cause) Example Sentences 全球气候变暖是当今世界最受关注的环境现象之一。 Quánqiú qìhòu biànnuǎn shì dāngjīn shìjiè zuì shòu guānzhù de huánjìng xiànxiàng zhī yī. Global warming is one of the most widely discussed environmental phenomena in the world today. 社会上存在的贫富差距现象需要引起高度重视。 Shèhuì...
弘扬 (hóngyáng) — to promote; to carry forward; to glorify
弘扬 (hóngyáng) To promote or carry forward means to spread and amplify something admirable -- such as a cultural tradition, moral value, or spirit -- so that it becomes widely known and deeply rooted. Meanings [verb] to promote; to carry forward; to glorify; to spread and develop (values, spirit, culture) Example Sentences 学校致力于弘扬中华传统文化和民族精神。 Xuéxiào zhìlì yú hóngyáng Zhōnghuá chuántǒng wénhuà hé mínzú jīngshén. The school is committed to promoting traditional...
恰当 (qiàdàng) — appropriate; suitable; proper
恰当 (qiàdàng) 恰当 means appropriate, fitting, or suitable, describing something that is exactly right or well-matched for a given context, situation, or purpose. Meanings [adjective] appropriate; suitable; proper; fitting (exactly right for the situation) Example Sentences 他用了一个非常恰当的比喻来解释这个复杂的科学概念，让大家一下子就明白了。 Tā yòngle yī gè fēicháng qiàdàng de bǐyù lái jiěshì zhège fùzá de kēxué gàiniàn, ràng dàjiā yīxiàzi jiù míngbáile. He used a very appropriate metaphor to explain this complex scientific concept, and...
推断 (tuīduàn) — to infer; inference
推断 (tuīduàn) 推断 means to arrive at a conclusion through reasoning from available evidence or known facts, and is essential in academic, scientific, and logical contexts. Meanings [verb] to infer; to deduce; to reason toward a conclusion [noun] inference; deduction; conclusion drawn by reasoning Example Sentences 根据现有证据，我们可以推断出案件的经过。 Gēnjù xiànyǒu zhèngjù, wǒmen kěyǐ tuīduàn chū ànjiàn de jīngguò. Based on the available evidence, we can infer the course of events in...
困境 (kùnjìng) — predicament; difficult situation
困境 (kùnjìng) 困境 refers to a difficult situation, predicament, or plight -- a set of circumstances that are hard to escape or resolve, often involving multiple constraints. Meanings [noun] predicament; difficult situation; dilemma; plight; impasse Example Sentences 公司陷入了财务困境，面临破产的威胁。 Gōngsī xiànrù le cáiwù kùnjìng, miànlín pòchǎn de wēixié. The company fell into financial difficulty and faced the threat of bankruptcy. 他帮助朋友走出了人生的困境。 Tā bāngzhù péngyou zǒuchū le rénshēng de kùnjìng. He helped...
叙事 (xùshì) — narrative; to narrate
叙事 (xùshì) 叙事 refers both to the act of narrating events and to narrative as a literary mode or structure. As a verb it means to recount or narrate, while as a noun it denotes narrative itself. It is a key term in literary studies, film criticism, and journalism, distinguishing event-driven writing from lyrical or argumentative writing. Meanings [v] to narrate; to recount events in sequence [n] narrative; the narrative...
弱化 (ruòhuà) — to weaken, to dilute
弱化 (ruòhuà) 弱化 means to weaken or dilute something, describing a process by which strength, intensity, or prominence is reduced, either deliberately or as a natural consequence. Meanings [verb] to weaken, to dilute, to reduce in strength or prominence [verb] to downplay, to de-emphasize (in discourse or policy) Example Sentences 这项政策可能会弱化地方政府的自主权。 Zhè xiàng zhèngcè kěnéng huì ruòhuà dìfāng zhèngfǔ de zìzhǔquán. This policy may weaken the autonomy of local governments....
自然灾害 (zìrán zāihài) — natural disaster
自然灾害 (zìrán zāihài) 自然灾害 refers to catastrophic natural events such as earthquakes, floods, typhoons, droughts, and wildfires that cause significant damage to human life and property. It is the standard compound term in disaster management and environmental discourse. Meanings [noun] natural disaster; natural catastrophe Example Sentences 气候变化导致自然灾害的频率和强度不断增加，对全球造成严峻威胁。 Qìhòu biànhuà dǎozhì zìrán zāihài de pínlǜ hé qiángdù bùduàn zēngjiā, duì quánqiú zàochéng yánjùn wēixié. Climate change is causing natural disasters to...
博弈 (bóyì) — game (theory), strategic contest
博弈 (bóyì) 博弈 originally referred to board games like chess and Go, but in modern Chinese it is widely used metaphorically to describe any strategic contest, competition, or interaction where multiple parties make calculated decisions in pursuit of their interests. Meanings [noun] strategic game, contest, game-theoretic interaction [verb] to engage in strategic competition, to play a game of competing interests Example Sentences 中美之间的贸易博弈正在深刻影响全球经济格局。 Zhōng-Měi zhī jiān de màoyì bóyì zhèngzài...
症状 (zhèngzhuàng) — symptom
症状 (zhèngzhuàng) 症状 refers to the observable or felt signs of a disease or medical condition, a key term in medical consultations, public health communication, and patient-doctor interactions. Meanings [noun] symptom; clinical sign of a disease or disorder Example Sentences 患者出现了发烧、咳嗽和疲劳等典型症状。 Huànzhě chūxiàn le fāshāo, késòu hé píláo děng diǎnxíng zhèngzhuàng. The patient developed typical symptoms including fever, cough, and fatigue. 医生根据患者的症状做出了初步诊断。 Yīshēng gēnjù huànzhě de zhèngzhuàng zuò chū le...
支持 (zhīchí) — to support, support
支持 (zhīchí) A versatile word covering both active backing and structural or technical support, widely used in political, business, and everyday contexts. Meanings [verb] to support, to back, to endorse [noun] support, backing Example Sentences 她得到了家人的全力支持。 Tā dédàole jiārén de quánlì zhīchí. She received the full support of her family. 政府出台政策支持小微企业发展。 Zhèngfǔ chūtái zhèngcè zhīchí xiǎowēi qǐyè fāzhǎn. The government introduced policies to support the development of small businesses. 这款软件支持多种语言界面。...
培训 (péixùn) — to train; training
培训 (péixùn) 培训 refers specifically to professional, vocational, or skills-based training -- organized instruction aimed at improving specific competencies or job performance. Meanings [verb] to train; to provide training for (professional or vocational skills) [noun] training; professional training; a training program Example Sentences 新员工入职前需要接受为期两周的培训。 Xīn yuángōng rùzhí qián xūyào jiēshòu wéiqī liǎng zhōu de péixùn. New employees need to undergo two weeks of training before starting work. 公司每年为员工提供专业技能培训。 Gōngsī měinián...
感受 (gǎnshòu) — feeling; to feel; to experience
感受 (gǎnshòu) 感受 describes the subjective inner feeling or experience that arises from contact with something, and can also be used as a verb meaning to feel or experience something personally. Meanings [noun] feeling; experience; impression; what one feels or senses [verb] to feel; to experience; to perceive (through personal contact) Example Sentences 旅行让我对不同文化有了更深的感受，也让我更加珍惜自己的家乡。 Lǚxíng ràng wǒ duì bùtóng wénhuà yǒule gèng shēn de gǎnshòu, yě ràng wǒ gèngjiā zhēnxī...
博客 (bókè) — blog
博客 (bókè) 博客 is the Chinese term for a blog -- an online platform where an individual regularly publishes written content, opinions, and experiences, typically in reverse chronological order. Meanings [noun] blog (an online journal or website of personal content) [noun] blogger (a person who writes a blog, by extension) Example Sentences 他通过博客分享自己在旅行中的所见所闻，积累了大量粉丝。 Tā tōngguò bókè fēnxiǎng zìjǐ zài lǚxíng zhōng de suǒ jiàn suǒ wén, jīlěi le dàliàng fěnsī....
进步的 (jìnbù de) — progressive
进步的 (jìnbù de) 进步的 describes views, policies, or people that advocate for social reform, change, and improvement. In political contexts, it refers to left-leaning or reform-oriented positions. In general use, it simply means "forward-looking" or "showing improvement." Meanings [adj] progressive; favoring change and reform; forward-thinking; showing advancement Example Sentences 进步的教育理念强调批判性思维和创新能力。 Jìnbù de jiàoyù lǐniàn qiángdiào pīpànxìng sīwéi hé chuàngxīn nénglì. Progressive educational ideas emphasize critical thinking and innovation. 这位政治家以其进步的立场赢得了年轻选民的支持。 Zhè...
相对 (xiāngduì) — relatively; relative; mutual
相对 (xiāngduì) 相对 indicates that something is relative rather than absolute, or that two things face or relate to each other, and is commonly used in academic and analytical discourse. Meanings [adverb] relatively; comparatively [adjective] relative; mutual; face-to-face Example Sentences 这个城市的生活成本相对较低，适合年轻人居住。 Zhège chéngshì de shēnghuó chéngběn xiāngduì jiào dī, shìhé niánqīngrén jūzhù. The cost of living in this city is relatively low, making it suitable for young people. 在这个问题上，双方的立场相对接近，分歧不大。 Zài...
精简 (jīngjiǎn) — to streamline; lean
精简 (jīngjiǎn) 精简 means to cut away the unnecessary and keep only what is essential. It is used for streamlining organisations, reducing redundant procedures, or making language more concise. It implies a deliberate, purposeful reduction that improves quality. Meanings [verb] to streamline; to trim; to reduce to essentials; to cut back [adjective] lean; concise; pared down Example Sentences 政府决定精简行政机构，减少不必要的审批环节，提高办事效率。 Zhèngfǔ juédìng jīngjiǎn xíngzhèng jīgòu, jiǎnshǎo bù bìyào de shěnpī huánjié,...
感激 (gǎnjī) — to be grateful; gratitude
感激 (gǎnjī) 感激 expresses a deep sense of gratitude and appreciation toward someone who has helped, supported, or done something significant for you, going beyond a simple "thank you." Meanings [verb] to feel grateful; to be deeply thankful; to appreciate deeply [noun] gratitude; deep appreciation Example Sentences 她非常感激老师多年来的悉心指导，这份恩情她将铭记终生。 Tā fēicháng gǎnjī lǎoshī duō nián lái de xīxīn zhǐdǎo, zhè fèn ēnqíng tā jiāng míngjì zhōngshēng. She is deeply grateful for...
迷惑 (míhuò) — to confuse; to bewilder; confused
迷惑 (míhuò) 迷惑 describes either the act of deceiving or bewildering someone, or the state of being confused and disoriented, and is used in both psychological and social contexts at B2 level. Meanings [verb] to confuse; to mislead; to bewilder; to deceive [adjective] confused; bewildered; disoriented Example Sentences 虚假广告常常迷惑消费者，让他们做出错误的购买决定。 Xūjiǎ guǎnggào chángcháng míhuò xiāofèizhě, ràng tāmen zuòchū cuòwù de gòumǎi juédìng. False advertising often confuses consumers and leads them to...
客观 (kèguān) — objective; impartial
客观 (kèguān) Objectivity means being based on facts and evidence rather than personal feelings, biases, or opinions, and is highly valued in academic, journalistic, and scientific contexts. Meanings [adjective] objective; impartial; unbiased; based on external facts [adverb] objectively; impartially Example Sentences 作为裁判，他必须保持客观公正的态度。 Zuòwéi cáipàn, tā bìxū bǎochí kèguān gōngzhèng de tàidù. As a referee, he must maintain an objective and impartial attitude. 我们应该客观地评估这项政策的效果。 Wǒmen yīnggāi kèguān de pínggū zhè xiàng...
贸易 (màoyì) — trade; commerce
贸易 (màoyì) 贸易 refers to organized commercial exchange, particularly trade between countries or regions, and is one of the most important economic terms in Chinese. Meanings [noun] trade; commerce (especially international trade) Example Sentences 中美贸易关系近年来经历了很大变化。 Zhōng Měi màoyì guānxi jìnnián lái jīnglì le hěn dà biànhuà. Sino-American trade relations have undergone significant changes in recent years. 自由贸易协定有助于降低关税壁垒。 Zìyóu màoyì xiédìng yǒuzhù yú jiàngdī guānshuì bìlěi. Free trade agreements help reduce...
建立 (jiànlì) — to establish; to set up
建立 (jiànlì) 建立 means to establish, found, or set up an institution, system, relationship, or other entity that marks the beginning of its existence. Meanings [verb] to establish; to found; to set up [verb] to build (a relationship, model, or system) Example Sentences 两国于1972年正式建立了外交关系。 Liǎng guó yú 1972 nián zhèngshì jiànlìle wàijiāo guānxi. The two countries formally established diplomatic relations in 1972. 学校建立了一套完善的奖惩机制。 Xuéxiào jiànlìle yī tào wánshàn de jiǎngchéng...
和平 (hépíng) — peace
和平 (hépíng) 和平 means peace -- the absence of war and conflict, a state of harmony and tranquility -- and is one of the most important political and social vocabulary words in Chinese. Meanings [noun] peace; a state of peace; peaceful coexistence [adjective] peaceful; non-violent; pacifist Example Sentences 世界和平是全人类共同的愿望。 Shìjiè hépíng shì quán rénlèi gòngtóng de yuànwàng. World peace is the common desire of all humanity. 两国签署了和平条约，结束了长达数年的战争。 Liǎng guó qiānshǔ...
证明 (zhèngmíng) — to prove; proof; certificate
证明 (zhèngmíng) 证明 is both the act of proving something through reasoning or evidence and a formal document that certifies a fact, making it a versatile word in legal, academic, and everyday administrative contexts. Meanings [verb] to prove; to demonstrate; to certify [noun] proof; certificate; certification document Example Sentences 他的成功证明了努力终将得到回报。 Tā de chénggōng zhèngmíng le nǔlì zhōng jiāng dédào huíbào. His success proves that hard work will eventually be rewarded....
独特 (dútè) — Unique, distinctive, original
独特 (dútè) 独特 means unique or distinctive -- having qualities, styles, or characteristics that are one-of-a-kind and belong only to that person, thing, or work. It carries a positive connotation. Meanings [adj] unique; distinctive; original; one-of-a-kind Example Sentences 这位艺术家以其独特的风格在国际艺坛赢得了广泛认可。 Zhè wèi yìshùjiā yǐ qí dútè de fēnggé zài guójì yìtán yíngdéle guǎngfàn rènkě. This artist has gained wide international recognition for his unique style. 中国饮食文化具有独特的魅力，吸引着世界各地的人们。 Zhōngguó yǐnshí wénhuà jùyǒu dútè...
模式 (móshì) — model, pattern, mode
模式 (móshì) 模式 refers to a recurring pattern, model, or mode of operation that characterizes how something typically works or is organized, applicable to economic systems, behavior, design, and thought. Meanings [noun] model, pattern, mode (of operation or behavior) [noun] paradigm, template (a standard form that can be replicated) Example Sentences 这家公司开创了一种全新的商业模式，引领行业变革。 Zhè jiā gōngsī kāichuàng le yī zhǒng quánxīn de shāngyè móshì, yǐnlǐng hángyè biàngé. This company pioneered an...
声誉 (shēngyù) — reputation; prestige
声誉 (shēngyù) 声誉 refers to the reputation or prestige that a person, organization, or brand has built over time -- the way they are regarded and spoken of by others. Meanings [noun] reputation; prestige; good name; standing Example Sentences 这家公司凭借优质的服务赢得了良好的声誉。 Zhè jiā gōngsī píngjiè yōuzhì de fúwù yíngdé le liánghǎo de shēngyù. This company has earned a good reputation through its quality service. 一旦声誉受损，重建信任需要很长时间。 Yīdàn shēngyù shòusǔn, chóngjiàn xìnrèn xūyào...
匮乏 (kuìfá) — scarce, lacking, deprived
匮乏 (kuìfá) 匮乏 describes a state of serious insufficiency or shortage, suggesting that something essential is severely lacking and the shortage is causing hardship. Meanings [adjective] scarce, lacking, deprived, impoverished (in a specific resource) [verb] to be short of, to lack severely Example Sentences 战后，整个地区物资极为匮乏，居民生活十分艰苦。 Zhàn hòu, zhěnggè dìqū wùzī jí wéi kuìfá, jūmín shēnghuó shífēn jiānkǔ. After the war, the entire region was extremely short of supplies and residents'...
压抑 (yāyì) — to suppress; oppressive
压抑 (yāyì) 压抑 describes the act of suppressing emotions or feelings, or the quality of an environment that feels stifling and oppressive, lacking freedom or relief. Meanings [verb] to suppress; to repress (emotions, desires) [adjective] oppressive; stifling; depressing (describing atmosphere or mood) Example Sentences 他一直压抑着内心的愤怒。 Tā yīzhí yāyì zhe nèixīn de fènnù. He has been suppressing the anger in his heart all along. 长期压抑情绪对健康有害。 Chángqī yāyì qíngxù duì jiànkāng yǒuhài....
透明度 (tòumíngdù) — transparency; degree of transparency
透明度 (tòumíngdù) 透明度 refers to the degree of transparency, openness, or accountability, and is widely used in governance, finance, corporate management, and public discourse at B2 level. Meanings [noun] transparency; openness; accountability (institutional/social sense) [noun] degree of transparency (physical/optical sense) Example Sentences 提高政府的透明度是推进廉洁政治的重要措施。 Tígāo zhèngfǔ de tòumíngdù shì tuījìn liánjié zhèngzhì de zhòngyào cuòshī. Increasing government transparency is an important measure for promoting clean politics. 这家公司的财务透明度很高，所有财报都向公众公开。 Zhè jiā gōngsī de...
平台 (píngtái) — platform
平台 (píngtái) A platform is either a raised flat surface used as a stage or base, or -- more commonly in modern usage -- a digital or organizational structure that enables people to perform activities, access services, or communicate. Meanings [noun] platform (physical: stage, podium); platform (digital: app, website, service); platform (organizational: opportunity structure) Example Sentences 这家公司开发了一个供用户交流的在线平台。 Zhè jiā gōngsī kāifāle yīgè gòng yònghù jiāoliú de zàixiàn píngtái. This company...
改变 (gǎibiàn) — to change, to alter
改变 (gǎibiàn) 改变 means to change or alter something, typically implying a conscious effort to make something different from what it was before, often used for both concrete and abstract subjects. Meanings [verb] to change, to alter, to modify (something deliberately) [noun] a change, an alteration Example Sentences 她决心改变自己的生活方式。 Tā juéxīn gǎibiàn zìjǐ de shēnghuó fāngshì. She is determined to change her lifestyle. 这项政策的实施改变了数百万人的命运。 Zhè xiàng zhèngcè de shíshī gǎibiàn...
Lesson 7: Law & Politics
Overview Legal and political language in Chinese is dense, formulaic, and carries significant cultural weight. At the B2 level, learners encounter this register in news coverage of legislation, official speeches, court documents, and policy statements. The vocabulary of law and politics is not merely technical — it encodes a particular vision of governance, rights, and state-society relations that differs in important ways from Western liberal frameworks. Understanding both the language...
倡议 (chàngyì) — initiative; proposal; to propose
倡议 (chàngyì) 倡议 refers to a formal proposal or call to action put forward by an individual, organization, or government to encourage others to join in achieving a shared goal, and as a verb it means to put forward such a proposal. Meanings [noun] initiative; proposal; call to action (a formal proposal encouraging collective action) [verb] to propose; to put forward an initiative; to call on others to act Example...
自学 (zìxué) — self-study; to teach oneself
自学 (zìxué) 自学 means to study or learn independently without a teacher or formal instruction. It emphasises self-discipline, initiative, and the ability to acquire knowledge through one's own effort. Meanings [verb] to teach oneself; to study independently; to self-study [noun] self-study; independent learning Example Sentences 他没有接受过正规的音乐教育，完全靠自学成为了一名专业的吉他手。 Tā méiyǒu jiēshòuguò zhèngguī de yīnyuè jiàoyù, wánquán kào zìxué chéngwéile yī míng zhuānyè de jítā shǒu. He received no formal music education and...
论证 (lùnzhèng) — to argue; argumentation
论证 (lùnzhèng) 论证 refers to the process of supporting a claim or thesis through logical reasoning and evidence, and is a key term in academic writing and formal debate. Meanings [verb] to argue for; to demonstrate through reasoning; to substantiate [noun] argumentation; logical proof; the process of reasoning toward a conclusion Example Sentences 这篇论文的论证严密而有力。 Zhè piān lùnwén de lùnzhèng yánmì ér yǒulì. The argumentation in this thesis is rigorous and...
增长 (zēngzhǎng) — to grow, growth (in quantity)
增长 (zēngzhǎng) 增长 describes quantitative growth or increase, typically referring to measurable increases in numbers, rates, or amounts such as GDP, population, or income. Meanings [verb] to grow, to increase (in quantity or measure) [noun] growth, increase (in quantity or measure) Example Sentences 去年，该国的GDP增长了百分之六点五。 Qùnián, gāi guó de GDP zēngzhǎng le bǎifēnzhī liù diǎn wǔ. Last year, the country's GDP grew by 6.5 percent. 人口的快速增长给城市基础设施带来了巨大压力。 Rénkǒu de kuàisù zēngzhǎng gěi...
亏损 (kuīsǔn) — loss; deficit; to lose money
亏损 (kuīsǔn) 亏损 refers to a financial loss or deficit, describing a situation where expenditure exceeds income or where a business operates at a loss. Meanings [verb] to suffer a loss; to operate at a loss; to run a deficit [noun] loss; deficit; shortfall (in financial terms) Example Sentences 该公司连续三年亏损，股价一落千丈，投资者信心大受打击。 Gāi gōngsī liánxù sān nián kuīsǔn, gǔjià yī luò qiān zhàng, tóuzīzhě xìnxīn dà shòu dǎjī. The company suffered losses...
碳中和 (tàn zhōnghé) — carbon neutrality
碳中和 (tàn zhōnghé) 碳中和 refers to achieving a net-zero balance between carbon dioxide emitted and carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere, a central goal of global climate policy. Meanings [noun] carbon neutrality; net-zero carbon emissions Example Sentences 中国承诺在2060年前实现碳中和目标。 Zhōngguó chéngnuò zài 2060 nián qián shíxiàn tàn zhōnghé mùbiāo. China has pledged to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. 实现碳中和需要能源结构的根本性转变。 Shíxiàn tàn zhōnghé xūyào néngyuán jiégòu de gēnběnxìng zhuǎnbiàn. Achieving carbon neutrality...
推进 (tuījìn) — to advance, to push forward
推进 (tuījìn) To push something forward in a deliberate, organized way -- used for projects, reforms, and policies that require sustained effort over time. Meanings [verb] to advance, to push forward, to drive (a plan or process) Example Sentences 政府正在积极推进绿色能源改革。 Zhèngfǔ zhèngzài jījí tuījìn lǜsè néngyuán gǎigé. The government is actively pushing forward green energy reforms. 这个项目的推进速度超出了预期。 Zhège xiàngmù de tuījìn sùdù chāochūle yùqī. The pace at which this project...
刻板印象 (kèbǎn yìnxiàng) — stereotype
刻板印象 (kèbǎn yìnxiàng) 刻板印象 refers to a fixed and oversimplified generalization about a particular group of people. It is a key concept in social psychology and discussions about discrimination and identity. Unlike 偏见 (prejudice), which is emotional, 刻板印象 is primarily cognitive — it is about how people categorize and simplify social information. Meanings noun stereotype, fixed image, oversimplified generalization about a group Example Sentences 刻板印象往往忽视了个体差异。 Kèbǎn yìnxiàng wǎngwǎng hūshì le...
谋划 (móuhuà) — to scheme; to plan strategically
谋划 (móuhuà) 谋划 means to plan carefully and strategically, often implying calculated, deliberate thought about how to achieve a significant goal -- it can be neutral (strategic planning) or subtly negative (scheming). Meanings [verb] to plan strategically; to scheme; to devise Example Sentences 领导层正在谋划公司下一阶段的发展战略。 Lǐngdǎocéng zhèngzài móuhuà gōngsī xià yī jiēduàn de fāzhǎn zhànlüè. The leadership is strategically planning the company's development strategy for the next phase. 他精心谋划了这次商业并购行动。 Tā jīngxīn...
微妙 (wēimiào) — subtle; delicate; nuanced
微妙 (wēimiào) Subtle or nuanced describes something that is so delicate and complex that it requires careful attention to perceive or understand, often involving fine distinctions or sensitive dynamics. Meanings [adjective] subtle; delicate; nuanced; sensitive; intricate; hard to pin down Example Sentences 两国之间的外交关系变得微妙而复杂。 Liǎng guó zhījiān de wàijiāo guānxi biàn dé wēimiào ér fùzá. The diplomatic relations between the two countries have become subtle and complex. 他注意到她表情中一个微妙的变化，知道她不高兴了。 Tā zhùyì dào...
根本 (gēnběn) — fundamental, root; fundamentally, at all
根本 (gēnběn) A versatile word covering the most basic or essential aspect of something -- and as an adverb, intensifying a negative statement to mean "not at all" or "absolutely not." Meanings [adjective] fundamental, basic, root-level, essential [adverb] fundamentally; (in negative sentences) at all, simply, absolutely not [noun] the root, the foundation, the essence Example Sentences 解决贫困问题，教育才是根本。 Jiějué pínkùn wèntí, jiàoyù cái shì gēnběn. Education is the fundamental solution to...
统一 (tǒngyī) — unification, unified, to unify
统一 (tǒngyī) 统一 refers to the act of unifying or standardizing, bringing diverse elements together into a single coherent whole, and can describe both political unification and conceptual or operational standardization. Meanings [verb] to unify, to unite, to standardize [adjective] unified, uniform, standard [noun] unification, unity Example Sentences 秦始皇统一了六国，建立了中国历史上第一个中央集权国家。 Qín shǐ huáng tǒngyī le liù guó, jiànlì le Zhōngguó lìshǐ shàng dì yīgè zhōngyāng jíquán guójiā. Qin Shi Huang unified...
有效 (yǒuxiào) — effective, valid
有效 (yǒuxiào) Describes something that works as intended and produces real results -- or something that is legally or formally in force. Meanings [adjective] effective, efficacious (producing results) [adjective] valid, in force (legally or formally binding) Example Sentences 这种药物对治疗失眠非常有效。 Zhè zhǒng yàowù duì zhìliáo shīmián fēicháng yǒuxiào. This medication is very effective for treating insomnia. 请在有效期内使用您的优惠券。 Qǐng zài yǒuxiào qī nèi shǐyòng nín de yōuhuìquàn. Please use your coupon within...
隐含 (yǐnhán) — to imply; implicit; to contain hidden meaning
隐含 (yǐnhán) 隐含 describes something that is contained or implied within something else without being explicitly stated, and is used in analytical, literary, and philosophical contexts to discuss hidden meanings, assumptions, or implications. Meanings [verb] to imply; to contain hidden meaning; to embed (an idea) [adjective] implicit; hidden; latent; unstated Example Sentences 他的言辞表面平静，却隐含着深刻的批评。 Tā de yáncí biǎomiàn píngjìng, què yǐnhánzhe shēnkè de pīpíng. His words were calm on the surface...
象征 (xiàngzhēng) — symbolism; to symbolize
象征 (xiàngzhēng) 象征 functions as both a noun (a symbol) and a verb (to symbolize). It describes the use of concrete objects, images, or actions to represent abstract concepts. In Chinese literary and cultural discourse, 象征 is central to discussions of poetic imagery and artistic meaning. It differs from 比喻 (bǐyù) in that 比喻 is an explicit comparison, while 象征 implies a deeper, more sustained association between image and meaning....
传达 (chuándá) — to convey; to communicate; to relay
传达 (chuándá) 传达 means to convey, communicate, or relay information, instructions, or feelings from one person or source to another, often used in official, institutional, or interpersonal communication contexts. Meanings [verb] to convey; to communicate; to relay (pass on information, instructions, or messages) [verb] to express; to get across (convey feelings, ideas, or meaning) Example Sentences 请把会议精神传达给没有参加会议的同事。 Qǐng bǎ huìyì jīngshén chuándá gěi méiyǒu cānjiā huìyì de tóngshì. Please relay...
纠结 (jiūjié) — tangled; to agonise over
纠结 (jiūjié) 纠结 originally means to be tangled or entwined. In modern colloquial Chinese it most commonly describes the feeling of being mentally tied up -- unable to decide, dwelling on something, or feeling conflicted between options. Meanings [verb] to agonise over; to dwell on; to be conflicted about; to keep going back and forth [adjective] tangled; conflicted; mentally tied up Example Sentences 她在两所大学之间纠结了很久，最终选择了离家更近的那一所。 Tā zài liǎng suǒ dàxué zhījiān...
模型 (móxíng) — model
模型 (móxíng) A representation -- whether physical, mathematical, or conceptual -- that captures the essential features of a system, object, or process for purposes of understanding, prediction, or communication. Meanings [noun] model (physical scale model, mathematical model, conceptual framework, AI model) Example Sentences 科学家建立了一个气候变化的数学模型来预测未来趋势。 Kēxuéjiā jiànlìle yī gè qìhòu biànhuà de shùxué móxíng lái yùcè wèilái qūshì. Scientists have built a mathematical model of climate change to predict future trends....
深刻 (shēnkè) — Profound, deep, incisive
深刻 (shēnkè) 深刻 describes something that is profound, deeply meaningful, or incisive -- it is used for ideas, impressions, experiences, and analyses that go beyond the surface and leave a lasting or significant impact. Meanings [adj] profound; deep; incisive; penetrating; deeply felt Example Sentences 这部电影留给我非常深刻的印象。 Zhè bù diànyǐng liú gěi wǒ fēicháng shēnkè de yìnxiàng. This film left a very profound impression on me. 他对社会问题的分析深刻而犀利。 Tā duì shèhuì wèntí de...
构建 (gòujiàn) — to build; to construct
构建 (gòujiàn) 构建 means to construct or build something deliberately and systematically, and is most often used for abstract constructions such as systems, frameworks, theories, and social relationships. Meanings [verb] to construct; to build; to create in a systematic way [verb] to establish (a framework, system, model, or relationship) Example Sentences 政府致力于构建更完善的社会保障体系。 Zhèngfǔ zhìlì yú gòujiàn gèng wánshàn de shèhuì bǎozhàng tǐxì. The government is committed to constructing a more...
卓越 (zhuóyuè) — outstanding, excellent
卓越 (zhuóyuè) 卓越 describes exceptional quality or achievement that stands far above the average or expected standard, indicating genuine distinction and superiority. Meanings [adjective] outstanding, excellent, exceptional, distinguished Example Sentences 这位科学家以其卓越的研究成就获得了诺贝尔奖。 Zhè wèi kēxuéjiā yǐ qí zhuóyuè de yánjiū chéngjiù huòdé le Nuòbèi'ěr Jiǎng. This scientist won the Nobel Prize for his outstanding research achievements. 公司的卓越表现源于其对质量和创新的不懈追求。 Gōngsī de zhuóyuè biǎoxiàn yuányú qí duì zhìliàng hé chuàngxīn de bùxiè zhuīqiú. The...
理论 (lǐlùn) — theory
理论 (lǐlùn) 理论 refers to a systematic body of ideas or principles used to explain phenomena or guide practice, encompassing both scientific theory and general theoretical frameworks. Meanings [noun] theory, theoretical framework (organized explanatory principles) [adjective] theoretical (as in 理论上, in theory) Example Sentences 达尔文的进化理论从根本上改变了人类对生命起源的认识。 Dá'ěrwén de jìnhuà lǐlùn cóng gēnběn shàng gǎibiàn le rénlèi duì shēngmìng qǐyuán de rènshi. Darwin's theory of evolution fundamentally changed human understanding of the...
比喻 (bǐyù) — metaphor; to use a metaphor
比喻 (bǐyù) 比喻 is the umbrella term in Chinese for figurative comparison, covering both simile (明喻, míngyù) and metaphor (暗喻, ànyù). As a verb it means to describe or explain something by comparing it to something else; as a noun it refers to the comparison itself. It is a fundamental rhetorical device taught in Chinese language education and appears frequently in literary analysis and everyday speech. Meanings [n] metaphor; simile;...
信念 (xìnniàn) — belief, conviction
信念 (xìnniàn) 信念 refers to a deeply held belief or conviction that shapes a person's worldview and guides their decisions. It goes beyond casual opinion and implies a strong inner commitment. People often rely on their 信念 to persevere through difficult circumstances. Meanings noun belief, conviction, firm faith in an idea or principle Example Sentences 他的信念从未动摇过。 Tā de xìnniàn cóng wèi dòngyáo guò. His conviction has never wavered. 坚定的信念帮助她度过了困难时期。 Jiāndìng...
药物 (yàowù) — medicine; drug
药物 (yàowù) 药物 is the formal, technical term for a drug or pharmaceutical substance used to treat, prevent, or diagnose illness. It covers both prescription medicines and more general pharmaceutical compounds. Meanings [noun] medicine; drug; pharmaceutical substance; medication Example Sentences 这种新型药物在临床试验中表现出对癌细胞的显著抑制作用。 Zhè zhǒng xīn xíng yàowù zài línchuáng shìyàn zhōng biǎoxiàn chū duì ái xìbāo de xiǎnzhù yìzhì zuòyòng. This new drug showed a significant inhibitory effect on cancer cells...
生产 (shēngchǎn) — to produce; production
生产 (shēngchǎn) 生产 refers to the manufacturing, creation, or output of goods and is a foundational term in economics, industry, and agriculture. Meanings [verb] to produce; to manufacture [noun] production; output Example Sentences 这家工厂每天生产数千辆汽车。 Zhè jiā gōngchǎng měitiān shēngchǎn shù qiān liàng qìchē. This factory produces thousands of cars every day. 提高生产效率是企业的重要目标。 Tígāo shēngchǎn xiàolǜ shì qǐyè de zhòngyào mùbiāo. Improving production efficiency is an important goal for enterprises. 农业生产受到气候变化的严重影响。...
研讨 (yántǎo) — to discuss; to deliberate
研讨 (yántǎo) 研讨 means to conduct research-based discussion or deliberation on a topic, and is most associated with formal academic, professional, or policy-making contexts like seminars and workshops. Meanings [verb] to research and discuss; to deliberate; to examine through seminar-style discourse [verb] to workshop; to collectively analyze and debate (a problem or topic) Example Sentences 各国代表聚集一堂，研讨气候变化的应对策略。 Gèguó dàibiǎo jùjí yītáng, yántǎo qìhòu biànhuà de yìngduì cèlüè. Representatives from various countries...
政治 (zhèngzhì) — politics, political
政治 (zhèngzhì) The realm of government, governance, and public affairs -- a word that appears constantly in news, history, and social science contexts. Meanings [noun] politics, political affairs [adjective] political (when modifying a noun) Example Sentences 他从小就对政治感兴趣，立志成为一名政治家。 Tā cóngxiǎo jiù duì zhèngzhì gǎn xìngqù, lìzhì chéngwéi yī míng zhèngzhìjiā. He has been interested in politics since childhood and aspires to become a politician. 这次选举结果将对地区政治格局产生深远影响。 Zhè cì xuǎnjǔ jiéguǒ jiāng duì...
据此 (jùcǐ) — based on this; accordingly; on this basis
据此 (jùcǐ) 据此 is a formal connective expression meaning "based on this" or "accordingly," used to introduce a conclusion, decision, or action that is derived from information or conditions mentioned previously. Meanings [discourse marker] based on this; accordingly; on this basis; therefore (drawing a conclusion from the preceding) Example Sentences 调查结果显示该产品存在严重的安全隐患，相关部门据此决定立即召回所有问题产品。 Diàochá jiéguǒ xiǎnshì gāi chǎnpǐn cúnzài yánzhòng de ānquán yǐnhuàn, xiāngguān bùmén jùcǐ juédìng lìjí zhàohuí suǒyǒu wèntí chǎnpǐn....
实践 (shíjiàn) — practice; to put into practice
实践 (shíjiàn) Practice refers to the actual application of a theory, belief, or method in real-world situations, as opposed to theoretical knowledge alone. Meanings [noun] practice; practical application; real-world experience [verb] to put into practice; to practice; to apply in reality Example Sentences 理论必须与实践相结合才能发挥最大效用。 Lǐlùn bìxū yǔ shíjiàn xiāng jiéhé cái néng fāhuī zuìdà xiàoyòng. Theory must be combined with practice to be most effective. 实践是检验真理的唯一标准。 Shíjiàn shì jiǎnyàn zhēnlǐ...
管理 (guǎnlǐ) — management; to manage
管理 (guǎnlǐ) 管理 means to manage, administer, or supervise people, resources, or systems in an organised and responsible way. It functions as both a verb and a noun in Chinese. Meanings [verb] to manage; to administer; to oversee [noun] management; administration Example Sentences 企业要想持续发展，必须建立科学有效的管理制度。 Qǐyè yào xiǎng chíxù fāzhǎn, bìxū jiànlì kēxué yǒuxiào de guǎnlǐ zhìdù. For an enterprise to develop sustainably, it must establish a scientific and effective management...
体系 (tǐxì) — system, framework, structure
体系 (tǐxì) 体系 refers to an organized, interconnected system or framework in which all parts work together coherently, and is used for both abstract conceptual systems and concrete organizational structures. Meanings [noun] system, framework, organized structure (of interconnected elements) [noun] a coherent body (of knowledge, rules, institutions) Example Sentences 中国正在积极参与全球治理体系的改革与完善。 Zhōngguó zhèngzài jījí cānyù quánqiú zhìlǐ tǐxì de gǎigé yǔ wánshàn. China is actively participating in the reform and improvement...
股票 (gǔpiào) — stock; share
股票 (gǔpiào) 股票 refers to a share or stock, a financial instrument representing partial ownership in a company. When someone buys 股票, they become a shareholder entitled to dividends and capital gains. It is the standard term in Chinese finance and investment discourse. Meanings [noun] stock; share; equity security Example Sentences 他把大部分积蓄投入股票市场，希望通过投资实现财务自由。 Tā bǎ dàbùfèn jīxù tóurù gǔpiào shìchǎng, xīwàng tōngguò tóuzī shíxiàn cáiwù zìyóu. He put most of his...
呈现 (chéngxiàn) — to present; to appear
呈现 (chéngxiàn) 呈现 means to take on or display a certain state, appearance, or quality, often emphasizing that something comes into view or becomes apparent before observers. Meanings [verb] to present; to exhibit; to appear as; to take on (a state or quality) [verb] to emerge; to come into view; to manifest visually Example Sentences 夕阳下，整座城市呈现出金色的光芒。 Xīyáng xià, zhěng zuò chéngshì chéngxiàn chū jīnsè de guāngmáng. Under the setting sun,...
权利 (quánlì) — right, entitlement
权利 (quánlì) A legal or moral entitlement that an individual or group possesses -- the right to do something or to be treated in a certain way, as guaranteed by law or ethics. Meanings [noun] right, entitlement, legal right Example Sentences 每个公民都有接受教育的基本权利。 Měi gè gōngmín dōu yǒu jiēshòu jiàoyù de jīběn quánlì. Every citizen has the basic right to receive education. 法律明确保障了劳动者的合法权利。 Fǎlǜ míngquè bǎozhàngle láodòngzhě de héfǎ quánlì. The...
垄断 (lǒngduàn) — monopoly; to monopolize
垄断 (lǒngduàn) 垄断 means monopoly or to monopolize -- exclusive control over a market, resource, or activity by one entity, preventing competition. Meanings [noun] monopoly; exclusive control; domination [verb] to monopolize; to dominate exclusively; to corner (a market) Example Sentences 反垄断法旨在防止企业过度集中市场权力。 Fǎn lǒngduàn fǎ zhǐ zài fángzhǐ qǐyè guòdù jízhōng shìchǎng quánlì. Antitrust law aims to prevent companies from concentrating market power excessively. 这家公司垄断了该地区的电信市场。 Zhè jiā gōngsī lǒngduàn le gāi...
想象力 (xiǎngxiànglì) — imagination; imaginative power
想象力 (xiǎngxiànglì) 想象力 refers to the mental capacity or power to form images, ideas, and concepts not present to the senses, i.e., the imagination, especially in creative, artistic, or intellectual pursuits. Meanings [noun] imagination; imaginative power; creative capacity Example Sentences 儿童时期是培养想象力最关键的阶段，丰富的游戏和阅读体验能激发孩子的创造潜能。 Értóng shíqī shì péiyǎng xiǎngxiànglì zuì guānjiàn de jiēduàn, fēngfù de yóuxì hé yuèdú tǐyàn néng jīfā háizi de chuàngzào qiánnéng. Childhood is the most critical stage for developing...
网络安全 (wǎngluò ānquán) — cybersecurity; network security
网络安全 (wǎngluò ānquán) 网络安全 refers to the protection of computer networks, systems, and data from unauthorised access, cyberattacks, and digital threats. It is a key term in technology, policy, and national security discourse. Meanings [noun] cybersecurity; network security; information security in digital environments Example Sentences 网络安全是国家安全的重要组成部分，直接关系到社会稳定。 Wǎngluò ānquán shì guójiā ānquán de zhòngyào zǔchéng bùfèn, zhíjiē guānxì dào shèhuì wěndìng. Cybersecurity is an important component of national security and directly...
归结 (guījié) — to attribute to; to boil down to
归结 (guījié) 归结 means to trace something back to an underlying cause or principle, or to reduce a complex matter to its essential point, similar to "to boil down to" or "to come down to" in English. Meanings [verb] to attribute to; to trace back to; to reduce to [verb] to come down to; to boil down to (a core issue) Example Sentences 问题的根源可以归结为管理上的失误。 Wèntí de gēnyuán kěyǐ guījié wéi...
福利 (fúlì) — welfare; benefits
福利 (fúlì) 福利 refers to benefits, services, or programs designed to improve people's well-being, including both government social welfare and employee benefits provided by employers. Meanings [noun] welfare; benefits; well-being provisions Example Sentences 该公司提供了完善的员工福利，包括医疗保险和带薪假期。 Gāi gōngsī tígōng le wánshàn de yuángōng fúlì, bāokuò yīliáo bǎoxiǎn hé dài xīn jiàqī. The company offers comprehensive employee benefits including health insurance and paid leave. 政府加大了对低收入家庭的社会福利支持力度。 Zhèngfǔ jiādà le duì dīshōurù jiātíng de shèhuì...
严谨 (yánjǐn) — rigorous; meticulous; precise
严谨 (yánjǐn) 严谨 describes a careful, thorough, and precise approach to work, scholarship, or thought, often used to praise the quality of academic work, research methodology, or a person's working style. Meanings [adjective] rigorous; meticulous; precise (describing thoroughness and care in work or thinking) [adjective] well-organized; tight; logically consistent (describing writing or argumentation) Example Sentences 这位教授的学术态度非常严谨，每一个数据都经过反复核实。 Zhè wèi jiàoshòu de xuéshù tàidù fēicháng yánjǐn, měi yī gè shùjù dōu jīngguò...
反之 (fǎnzhī) — conversely; on the contrary
反之 (fǎnzhī) 反之 is a formal connective used to introduce a contrasting or opposite situation, equivalent to "conversely," "on the contrary," or "otherwise" in English. Meanings [conjunction] conversely; on the contrary; otherwise (introduces the opposite case) Example Sentences 如果你努力学习，就会取得好成绩；反之，则会落后。 Rúguǒ nǐ nǔlì xuéxí, jiù huì qǔdé hǎo chéngjì; fǎnzhī, zé huì luòhòu. If you study hard, you will get good grades; conversely, you will fall behind. 团结使人强大，反之则使人软弱。 Tuánjié shǐ rén...
修辞 (xiūcí) — rhetoric, rhetorical device
修辞 (xiūcí) 修辞 covers both the broad art of rhetoric (using language effectively and persuasively) and specific rhetorical devices such as metaphor, parallelism, and personification. In Chinese language arts education, 修辞 is a core curriculum topic. It is more technical than simply saying "figures of speech" and implies a systematic study of how language choices affect meaning and impact. Meanings [n] rhetoric; the art of effective language use; a rhetorical...
评估 (pínggū) — to evaluate; assessment
评估 (pínggū) 评估 refers to a systematic process of assessing, appraising, or evaluating something -- such as risk, performance, value, or impact -- and is a staple term in business, policy, and academic contexts. Meanings [verb] to evaluate; to assess; to appraise [noun] evaluation; assessment; appraisal Example Sentences 公司每年对员工进行绩效评估。 Gōngsī měi nián duì yuángōng jìnxíng jīxiào pínggū. The company conducts annual performance evaluations of its employees. 在投资之前，必须对风险进行充分评估。 Zài tóuzī zhīqián,...
文体 (wéntǐ) — literary genre, style
文体 (wéntǐ) 文体 refers to the stylistic form or genre of a piece of writing, encompassing both its structural conventions and its expressive register. It is distinct from 风格 (fēnggé), which focuses on an individual author's personal style. 文体 is used in academic and educational contexts to classify texts by type, such as argumentative, narrative, or expository writing. Meanings [n] literary genre or style; the formal type and register of...
汇报 (huìbào) — Report, give a report
汇报 (huìbào) 汇报 means to give a formal report or briefing, typically to a superior or organization. It conveys the act of summarizing information and presenting it upward in a hierarchy. Meanings [verb] to report; to give a briefing; to present a summary to a superior [noun] report; briefing; summary presentation Example Sentences 他每周向经理汇报工作进展情况。 Tā měi zhōu xiàng jīnglǐ huìbào gōngzuò jìnzhǎn qíngkuàng. He reports the progress of his work...
康复 (kāngfù) — to recover; rehabilitation
康复 (kāngfù) Recovery or rehabilitation refers to the process of returning to normal health and functioning after illness, injury, or a difficult period. Meanings [verb] to recover; to recuperate; to return to health [noun] recovery; rehabilitation; convalescence Example Sentences 经过三个月的治疗，他终于康复出院了。 Jīngguò sān gè yuè de zhìliáo, tā zhōngyú kāngfù chūyuànle. After three months of treatment, he finally recovered and was discharged from the hospital. 康复训练帮助他重新获得了行走能力。 Kāngfù xùnliàn bāngzhù tā chóngxīn...
完善 (wánshàn) — to improve; perfect; well-rounded
完善 (wánshàn) To perfect or improve something means to make it more complete, thorough, and free of flaws, often referring to systems, policies, or mechanisms. Meanings [verb] to improve; to perfect; to refine; to make more complete [adjective] perfect; well-rounded; comprehensive; fully developed Example Sentences 政府致力于完善社会保障体系。 Zhèngfǔ zhìlì yú wánshàn shèhuì bǎozhàng tǐxì. The government is committed to improving the social security system. 公司需要不断完善内部管理制度。 Gōngsī xūyào bùduàn wánshàn nèibù guǎnlǐ...
数据 (shùjù) — data
数据 (shùjù) Information -- especially numerical or statistical -- gathered for reference, analysis, or decision-making; the raw material of the information age. Meanings [noun] data, figures, statistics Example Sentences 研究人员收集了大量数据来支持他们的结论。 Yánjiū rényuán shōujíle dàliàng shùjù lái zhīchí tāmen de jiélùn. The researchers collected a large amount of data to support their conclusions. 这份报告中的数据显示经济正在稳步复苏。 Zhè fèn bàogào zhōng de shùjù xiǎnshì jīngjì zhèngzài wěnbù fùsū. The data in this report shows...
生态 (shēngtài) — ecology; ecological
生态 (shēngtài) 生态 describes the ecological balance and state of a natural environment, and is increasingly used in modern Chinese to describe sustainable or healthy systems beyond biology. Meanings [noun] ecology; the ecological state of an environment [adjective] ecological; eco- (used as a modifier) Example Sentences 保护生态环境是每个公民的责任。 Bǎohù shēngtài huánjìng shì měi gè gōngmín de zérèn. Protecting the ecological environment is every citizen's responsibility. 这片森林的生态保持得非常好。 Zhè piàn sēnlín de shēngtài...
人工智能 (réngōng zhìnéng) — artificial intelligence
人工智能 (réngōng zhìnéng) 人工智能 refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by computer systems, encompassing machine learning, natural language processing, and other technologies that enable machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence. Meanings [noun] artificial intelligence (AI); the field of computer science focused on creating intelligent machines Example Sentences 人工智能技术正在深刻改变医疗、教育、金融等各个行业。 Réngōng zhìnéng jìshù zhèngzài shēnkè gǎibiàn yīliáo, jiàoyù, jīnróng děng gègè hángyè. Artificial intelligence technology is profoundly...
信息茧房 (xìnxī jiǎnfáng) — information cocoon; filter bubble
信息茧房 (xìnxī jiǎnfáng) 信息茧房 refers to the phenomenon where individuals become enclosed in a self-reinforcing information environment due to algorithmic filtering and selective exposure, limiting their access to diverse viewpoints and creating an "echo chamber" effect. Meanings [noun] information cocoon; filter bubble; echo chamber (the phenomenon of individuals being enclosed in a self-reinforcing, algorithmically curated information environment) Example Sentences 算法推荐系统在提高用户体验的同时，也加剧了信息茧房现象，让人们只看到与自己观点相符的内容。 Suànfǎ tuījiàn xìtǒng zài tígāo yònghù tǐyàn de tóngshí, yě...
经济 (jīngjì) — economy; economic
经济 (jīngjì) 经济 is the primary Chinese word for economy and economics. As an adjective it can also mean economical or cost-effective. It is one of the most frequent words in modern Chinese media and public discourse. Meanings [noun] economy; economics; economic activity [adjective] economical; affordable; cost-effective Example Sentences 全球经济在新冠疫情后经历了一段艰难的复苏期。 Quánqiú jīngjì zài xīnguān yìqíng hòu jīnglìle yī duàn jiānnán de fùsū qī. The global economy went through a difficult...
实例 (shílì) — example; instance; case
实例 (shílì) An instance or example is a specific, concrete case used to illustrate, demonstrate, or explain a general principle or concept. Meanings [noun] example; instance; concrete case; real-world illustration Example Sentences 老师用具体的实例帮助学生理解抽象的概念。 Lǎoshī yòng jùtǐ de shílì bāngzhù xuéshēng lǐjiě chōuxiàng de gàiniàn. The teacher used concrete examples to help students understand abstract concepts. 书中列举了许多成功的商业实例。 Shū zhōng lièjǔle xǔduō chénggōng de shāngyè shílì. The book cites many successful business...
确认 (quèrèn) — to confirm; to verify
确认 (quèrèn) 确认 means to confirm or verify something with certainty, often involving a deliberate check or acknowledgment, and is used across formal, professional, and everyday contexts. Meanings [verb] to confirm; to verify; to acknowledge [verb] to make certain of; to establish definitively Example Sentences 请您确认一下预订信息。 Qǐng nín quèrèn yīxià yùdìng xìnxi. Please confirm your reservation details. 会议前需要确认所有参会人员名单。 Huìyì qián xūyào quèrèn suǒyǒu cānhuì rényuán míngdān. The list of all...
伦理 (lúnlǐ) — ethics; moral principles
伦理 (lúnlǐ) 伦理 refers to the moral principles and standards that govern human behavior and relationships, encompassing both individual ethics and broader philosophical frameworks for distinguishing right from wrong. Meanings [noun] ethics; moral principles (the system of moral values governing behavior and relationships) [noun] ethical norms (standards of right conduct in specific professional or social contexts) Example Sentences 人工智能的快速发展引发了关于算法伦理和数据隐私的深层讨论。 Réngōng zhìnéng de kuàisù fāzhǎn yǐnfāle guānyú suànfǎ lúnlǐ hé shùjù...
台风 (táifēng) — typhoon
台风 (táifēng) 台风 is the Chinese term for a typhoon, a tropical cyclone that forms in the western Pacific Ocean and frequently affects coastal regions of East and Southeast Asia. Meanings [noun] typhoon; tropical cyclone (a severe tropical storm in the western Pacific) Example Sentences 今年夏天，一场强烈的台风袭击了沿海城市。 Jīnnián xiàtiān, yī chǎng qiángliè de táifēng xíjī le yánhǎi chéngshì. This summer, a powerful typhoon struck the coastal cities. 气象部门预测台风将于明天登陆。 Qìxiàng bùmén yùcè...
包容的 (bāoróng de) — inclusive, tolerant
包容的 (bāoróng de) 包容的 describes an attitude, environment, or system that welcomes and accepts diversity -- whether of people, ideas, or backgrounds. It conveys both tolerance and active openness, and is central to discussions of social cohesion and multiculturalism. Meanings [adj] inclusive; tolerant; accepting of diversity; open-minded Example Sentences 包容的社会能够接纳不同背景的人共同生活。 Bāoróng de shèhuì nénggòu jiēnà bùtóng bèijǐng de rén gòngtóng shēnghuó. An inclusive society can accommodate people from different backgrounds...
演化 (yǎnhuà) — to evolve (biologically), to develop
演化 (yǎnhuà) 演化 refers primarily to biological evolution or the natural developmental processes by which organisms or systems change over long periods, and is the standard term for Darwinian evolution in Chinese scientific discourse. Meanings [verb] to evolve (biologically), to develop naturally over time [noun] (biological) evolution, natural development Example Sentences 人类是由古猿演化而来的。 Rénlèi shì yóu gǔyuán yǎnhuà ér lái de. Humans evolved from ancient apes. 生物的演化是一个漫长而复杂的过程。 Shēngwù de yǎnhuà shì...
生态系统 (shēngtài xìtǒng) — ecosystem
生态系统 (shēngtài xìtǒng) A 生态系统 is a complex network of living organisms and their physical environment interacting as a functional unit, a concept central to both environmental science and modern technology discourse. Meanings [noun] ecosystem; a self-sustaining system of organisms and their environment Example Sentences 珊瑚礁是地球上最脆弱的生态系统之一。 Shānhú jiāo shì dìqiú shàng zuì cuìruò de shēngtài xìtǒng zhī yī. Coral reefs are among the most fragile ecosystems on Earth. 人类活动正在严重破坏海洋生态系统。 Rénlèi...
阐述 (chǎnshù) — to expound; to elaborate
阐述 (chǎnshù) 阐述 means to explain or expound on something in a systematic and detailed manner, and is a hallmark of formal academic and official discourse in Chinese. Meanings [verb] to expound; to elaborate; to set forth in detail [verb] to articulate and explain a position or theory Example Sentences 教授在讲座中详细阐述了他的研究方法。 Jiàoshòu zài jiǎngzuò zhōng xiángxì chǎnshùle tā de yánjiū fāngfǎ. The professor elaborated on his research methodology in detail...
机器学习 (jīqì xuéxí) — machine learning
机器学习 (jīqì xuéxí) A subfield of artificial intelligence in which computer systems are trained on data to recognize patterns and make decisions without being explicitly programmed for each task. Meanings [noun] machine learning Example Sentences 机器学习技术正在彻底改变医学影像诊断的方式。 Jīqì xuéxí jìshù zhèngzài chèdǐ gǎibiàn yīxué yǐngxiàng zhěnduàn de fāngshì. Machine learning technology is fundamentally changing the way medical imaging diagnosis works. 这款推荐系统基于机器学习算法分析用户的行为数据。 Zhè kuǎn tuījiàn xìtǒng jīyú jīqì xuéxí suànfǎ fēnxī yònghù...
加强 (jiāqiáng) — to strengthen, to reinforce
加强 (jiāqiáng) 加强 means to make something stronger, more effective, or more intensive, typically by adding effort, resources, or measures to an existing situation. Meanings [verb] to strengthen, to reinforce, to intensify, to enhance Example Sentences 政府决定加强边境安全管控，防止非法越境。 Zhèngfǔ juédìng jiāqiáng biānjìng ānquán guǎnkòng, fángzhǐ fēifǎ yuèjìng. The government decided to strengthen border security controls to prevent illegal crossings. 学校正在积极加强对学生心理健康的关注和支持。 Xuéxiào zhèngzài jījí jiāqiáng duì xuéshēng xīnlǐ jiànkāng de guānzhù hé...
疾病 (jíbìng) — disease; illness
疾病 (jíbìng) 疾病 is the standard formal term for disease or illness, used in medical, public health, and academic contexts to refer to any disorder affecting the body or mind. Meanings [noun] disease; illness; sickness Example Sentences 慢性疾病的预防比治疗更为重要。 Mànxìng jíbìng de yùfáng bǐ zhìliáo gèng wéi zhòngyào. Prevention of chronic diseases is more important than treatment. 传染性疾病可以通过多种途径在人群中传播。 Chuánrǎnxìng jíbìng kěyǐ tōngguò duō zhǒng tújìng zài rénqún zhōng chuánbō. Infectious diseases...
传播 (chuánbō) — to spread; to disseminate; to transmit
传播 (chuánbō) 传播 means to spread or disseminate information, ideas, culture, or disease from one person or place to another, and as a noun it refers to the act or process of such transmission. Meanings [verb] to spread; to disseminate; to propagate (information, culture, disease, etc.) [noun] dissemination; transmission; communication (the process of spreading) Example Sentences 互联网大大加速了信息的传播速度，使新闻能在几秒钟内传遍全球。 Hùliánwǎng dàdà jiāsùle xìnxī de chuánbō sùdù, shǐ xīnwén néng zài jǐ miǎozhōng...
公平的 (gōngpíng de) — equitable, fair
公平的 (gōngpíng de) 公平的 describes something that is fair, just, and impartial -- where everyone is treated equally according to the same rules or standards. It is used across legal, social, educational, and economic contexts. Meanings [adj] fair; equitable; just; impartial; treating everyone equally Example Sentences 建立公平的竞争环境是市场经济的核心原则。 Jiànlì gōngpíng de jìngzhēng huánjìng shì shìchǎng jīngjì de héxīn yuánzé. Establishing a fair competitive environment is a core principle of the market...
抽象 (chōuxiàng) — abstract; to abstract
抽象 (chōuxiàng) 抽象 describes something that is conceptual, theoretical, or not tied to concrete physical reality. It is the opposite of 具体 (concrete/specific), and refers to ideas, art, or concepts that require imagination or intellectual reasoning to grasp. Meanings [adjective] abstract; not concrete; conceptual; theoretical [verb] to abstract; to extract the essential qualities from something [noun] abstraction Example Sentences 哲学中的很多概念非常抽象，需要通过具体的例子才能帮助学生理解。 Zhéxué zhōng de hěn duō gàiniàn fēicháng chōuxiàng, xūyào tōngguò...
汇率 (huìlǜ) — Exchange rate
汇率 (huìlǜ) 汇率 refers to the price of one currency expressed in terms of another currency, which fluctuates based on market forces, government policy, and economic conditions. Meanings [noun] exchange rate; currency exchange rate Example Sentences 今天美元对人民币的汇率是多少？ Jīntiān měiyuán duì rénmínbì de huìlǜ shì duōshao? What is the exchange rate of the US dollar against the Chinese yuan today? 汇率波动对进出口企业的利润有很大影响。 Huìlǜ bōdòng duì jìn chūkǒu qǐyè de lìrùn yǒu hěn...
制造 (zhìzào) — to manufacture; to produce
制造 (zhìzào) 制造 primarily means to manufacture or produce physical goods on a large or industrial scale, and figuratively can mean to fabricate or create (a false situation, tension, or problem). Meanings [verb] to manufacture; to produce; to make (especially industrially) [verb] to fabricate; to engineer (a situation, conflict, or false impression) Example Sentences 这家工厂专门制造汽车零部件。 Zhè jiā gōngchǎng zhuānmén zhìzào qìchē líng bùjiàn. This factory specializes in manufacturing automobile parts....
孕育 (yùnyù) — to nurture; to give rise to
孕育 (yùnyù) To nurture or give rise to something means to create the conditions for it to grow and develop, often used figuratively for ideas, movements, or civilizations. Meanings [verb] to nurture; to breed; to give rise to; to incubate (ideas, culture, life) Example Sentences 这片土地孕育了灿烂的古代文明。 Zhè piàn tǔdì yùnyùle càn làn de gǔdài wénmíng. This land gave rise to a brilliant ancient civilization. 良好的教育环境孕育了无数优秀人才。 Liánghǎo de jiàoyù huánjìng yùnyùle...
变化 (biànhuà) — change, variation
变化 (biànhuà) 变化 refers to change or variation as a process or observable phenomenon, often emphasizing the state of flux itself rather than the agent causing it. Meanings [noun] change, variation, transformation (as a phenomenon) [verb] to change, to vary, to fluctuate Example Sentences 近年来，中国城市面貌发生了巨大的变化。 Jìn nián lái, Zhōngguó chéngshì miànmào fāshēng le jùdà de biànhuà. In recent years, the appearance of Chinese cities has undergone enormous changes. 气候变化是当今世界面临的最大挑战之一。 Qìhòu...
价值观 (jiàzhíguān) — values, value system
价值观 (jiàzhíguān) 价值观 refers to the set of values and moral principles that guide an individual's or society's judgments and behaviors. It encompasses what a person considers important, good, or desirable in life. A person's 价值观 is typically shaped by family, culture, education, and personal experience. Meanings noun values, value system, set of moral and ethical principles Example Sentences 每个人的价值观都不同。 Měi gè rén de jiàzhíguān dōu bùtóng. Everyone's value system...
证实 (zhèngshí) — to confirm; to verify
证实 (zhèngshí) 证实 means to confirm or verify that something is true, typically through concrete evidence or investigation, and is frequently used in journalism, science, and legal contexts. Meanings [verb] to confirm; to verify; to substantiate [verb] to prove to be true; to bear out Example Sentences 调查结果证实了他们的猜测。 Diàochá jiéguǒ zhèngshíle tāmen de cāicè. The investigation results confirmed their suspicions. 这一发现已被多项独立研究证实。 Zhè yī fāxiàn yǐ bèi duō xiàng dúlì yánjiū...
反馈 (fǎnkuì) — feedback
反馈 (fǎnkuì) 反馈 means feedback -- information returned in response to an action, product, or performance -- and is widely used in professional, educational, and technical contexts. Meanings [noun] feedback; response; return of information [verb] to feed back; to provide feedback; to report back Example Sentences 老师给学生提供了详细的反馈。 Lǎoshī gěi xuésheng tígōng le xiángxì de fǎnkuì. The teacher provided detailed feedback to the students. 公司鼓励员工对管理层的决策提出反馈。 Gōngsī gǔlì yuángōng duì guǎnlǐ céng...
珍惜 (zhēnxī) — Cherish, treasure, value
珍惜 (zhēnxī) 珍惜 means to cherish or treasure something -- to value it highly, use it wisely, and not take it for granted. It implies a conscious appreciation of something precious. Meanings [verb] to cherish; to treasure; to value; to make good use of (something precious) Example Sentences 我们应该珍惜每一段友谊，真正的朋友是人生的宝贵财富。 Wǒmen yīnggāi zhēnxī měi yī duàn yǒuyì, zhēnzhèng de péngyǒu shì rénshēng de bǎoguì cáifù. We should cherish every friendship; true...
司法 (sīfǎ) — judicial; justice system
司法 (sīfǎ) 司法 refers to the judicial branch of government and the administration of justice, encompassing courts, judges, and the legal processes by which law is applied. Meanings [noun] the judiciary; the judicial system; administration of justice [adjective] judicial; pertaining to the justice system Example Sentences 司法独立是法治社会的基本原则。 Sīfǎ dúlì shì fǎzhì shèhuì de jīběn yuánzé. Judicial independence is a fundamental principle of a law-governed society. 他因为腐败行为而受到了司法调查。 Tā yīnwèi fǔbài xíngwéi...
成本 (chéngběn) — cost; production cost
成本 (chéngběn) 成本 refers to the cost or expense required to produce, acquire, or achieve something, widely used in business, economics, and everyday contexts to describe financial expenditure. Meanings [noun] cost; production cost; expenses (what must be spent to produce or achieve something) Example Sentences 降低生产成本是企业保持竞争力的关键策略之一。 Jiàngdī shēngchǎn chéngběn shì qǐyè bǎochí jìngzhēnglì de guānjiàn cèlüè zhī yī. Reducing production costs is one of the key strategies for businesses to...
Lesson 2: Academic Vocabulary
Overview Academic Chinese has its own lexical ecosystem, distinct from both everyday speech and literary language. At the B2 level, learners move beyond simply understanding academic texts and begin to produce them. This lesson focuses on the vocabulary and grammatical frames that structure academic discourse — the language of analysis, argument, and reasoned judgment. Mastery of these patterns enables learners to read scholarly articles with full comprehension and to write...
Lesson 25: HSK 5 Review
Overview This final lesson provides a systematic review of the B2-level competencies developed across the HSK 5 curriculum. At the B2 level, review is not simple repetition — it requires the integration of vocabulary, grammar, register awareness, and cultural knowledge into fluent, context-appropriate language use. This lesson synthesizes the key grammar patterns, high-value vocabulary items, and communication strategies from across the curriculum, providing both a diagnostic tool for identifying gaps...
记忆力 (jìyìlì) — memory (ability)
记忆力 (jìyìlì) 记忆力 refers specifically to the mental capacity or faculty to retain and recall information, as opposed to 记忆 (jìyì) which can mean a specific memory or the act of memorizing. Meanings [noun] memory; the ability to remember; retentive power Example Sentences 他的记忆力非常好，能记住很多细节。 Tā de jìyìlì fēicháng hǎo, néng jìzhù hěn duō xìjié. His memory is excellent; he can remember many details. 随着年龄增长，记忆力往往会有所下降。 Suízhe niánlíng zēngzhǎng, jìyìlì wǎngwǎng huì...
身份认同 (shēnfèn rèntóng) — identity
身份认同 (shēnfèn rèntóng) 身份认同 refers to how a person understands and defines themselves in relation to others, their culture, nationality, or social roles. It is a key concept in psychology, sociology, and cultural studies. A stable 身份认同 is considered important for mental well-being and social belonging. Meanings noun identity, sense of self, identification with a social group or role Example Sentences 青少年时期是身份认同形成的关键阶段。 Qīngshàonián shíqī shì shēnfèn rèntóng xíngchéng de guānjiàn...
涌现 (yǒngxiàn) — to emerge in large numbers
涌现 (yǒngxiàn) 涌现 means to emerge or spring up in large numbers or all at once, like a surge of water, and is used to describe the sudden, abundant appearance of people, things, or ideas. Meanings [verb] to emerge in large numbers; to spring up; to come forth in abundance [verb] to surge forth; to appear suddenly and prolifically Example Sentences 改革开放以来，大量优秀的企业家如雨后春笋般涌现。 Gǎigé kāifàng yǐlái, dàliàng yōuxiù de qǐyèjiā rú...
渴望 (kěwàng) — Yearn for, long for, crave
渴望 (kěwàng) 渴望 expresses a deep, intense desire or longing for something -- much stronger than simply wanting. It conveys an emotional urgency comparable to physical thirst. Meanings [verb] to yearn for; to long for; to crave; to thirst for [noun] yearning; longing; strong desire Example Sentences 她渴望有一天能够环游世界，探索不同的文化。 Tā kěwàng yǒu yītiān nénggòu huányóu shìjiè, tànsuǒ bùtóng de wénhuà. She yearns for the day she can travel around the world...
推广 (tuīguǎng) — to promote; to spread; to popularize
推广 (tuīguǎng) 推广 means to promote something so that it reaches a wider audience or is adopted more broadly, whether it is a technology, practice, language, product, or policy. Meanings [verb] to promote; to popularize; to spread; to roll out (to a wider audience or larger scale) Example Sentences 政府积极推广普通话教育，使不同方言地区的人们能够顺畅交流。 Zhèngfǔ jījí tuīguǎng pǔtōnghuà jiàoyù, shǐ bùtóng fāngyán dìqū de rénmen néng gòu shùnchàng jiāoliú. The government has actively promoted...
发展 (fāzhǎn) — to develop, development
发展 (fāzhǎn) 发展 refers to development, growth, or advancement, implying movement toward a more complete, refined, or advanced state, and is one of the most widely used terms in Chinese discourse on progress. Meanings [verb] to develop, to grow, to advance, to expand [noun] development, growth, progress Example Sentences 中国经济在过去四十年里取得了举世瞩目的发展。 Zhōngguó jīngjì zài guòqù sìshí nián lǐ qǔdé le jǔshì zhǔmù de fāzhǎn. China's economy has achieved remarkable development in...
服务器 (fúwùqì) — server
服务器 (fúwùqì) A computer or software system that stores, processes, and delivers data or services to other computers (clients) connected through a network -- the backbone of the internet and enterprise IT. Meanings [noun] server (computing) Example Sentences 网站因服务器故障而暂时无法访问。 Wǎngzhàn yīn fúwùqì gùzhàng ér zànshí wúfǎ fǎngwèn. The website is temporarily inaccessible due to a server malfunction. 公司将数据迁移到了云服务器上以降低运营成本。 Gōngsī jiāng shùjù qiānyí dàole yún fúwùqì shàng yǐ jiàngdī yùnyíng chéngběn....
供应链 (gōngyìngliàn) — supply chain
供应链 (gōngyìngliàn) 供应链 refers to the entire network of individuals, organizations, resources, activities, and technology involved in the creation and sale of a product, from raw material sourcing through to delivery to the end consumer. Meanings [noun] supply chain (the entire network of production and distribution from raw materials to end consumer) Example Sentences 新冠疫情严重扰乱了全球供应链，导致许多行业出现零部件短缺和交货延迟。 Xīnguān yìqíng yánzhòng rǎoluànle quánqiú gōngyìngliàn, dǎozhì xǔduō hángyè chūxiàn língbùjiàn duǎnquē hé jiāohuò yánchí....
上市 (shàngshì) — to go public / to come to market
上市 (shàngshì) 上市 describes the process of a company listing its shares on a stock exchange, or more broadly, a product becoming available for sale on the market. Meanings [verb] to go public; to list on a stock exchange (of a company) [verb] to come onto the market; to go on sale (of a product or seasonal item) Example Sentences 这家科技公司计划明年在纽约证券交易所上市。 Zhè jiā kējì gōngsī jìhuà míngnián zài Niǔyuē zhèngquàn...
奖学金 (jiǎngxuéjīn) — scholarship
奖学金 (jiǎngxuéjīn) A scholarship is a financial grant awarded to a student on the basis of academic achievement or other criteria, helping them fund their studies. Meanings [noun] scholarship; academic grant; bursary awarded for merit or need Example Sentences 她凭优异的成绩获得了全额奖学金。 Tā píng yōuyì de chéngjì huòdéle quán'é jiǎngxuéjīn. She received a full scholarship based on her outstanding academic results. 申请奖学金需要提交成绩单和推荐信。 Shēnqǐng jiǎngxuéjīn xūyào tíjiāo chéngjìdān hé tuījiànxìn. Applying for a...
发布 (fābù) — to release; to publish
发布 (fābù) 发布 means to officially release, issue, or publish information, announcements, or content, and is the standard term for press releases, official notices, and the publication of data or digital content. Meanings [verb] to release; to issue (an official statement or announcement) [verb] to publish; to post (information, content, or data) Example Sentences 气象局发布了暴雨橙色预警信号。 Qìxiàngjú fābùle bàoyǔ chéngsè yùjǐng xìnhào. The meteorological bureau issued an orange-level heavy rain warning....
机制 (jīzhì) — mechanism, system
机制 (jīzhì) 机制 refers to the underlying mechanism, process, or systemic arrangement by which something operates, emphasizing the functional and dynamic aspect of how a system works. Meanings [noun] mechanism, operational process (of a system or institution) [noun] a systemic arrangement or procedure that produces a particular outcome Example Sentences 科学家仍在探索这种疾病的发病机制。 Kēxuéjiā réng zài tànsuǒ zhè zhǒng jíbìng de fābìng jīzhì. Scientists are still exploring the pathogenesis mechanism of this...
跨越 (kuàyuè) — to span; to transcend; to leap across
跨越 (kuàyuè) 跨越 describes crossing over a significant boundary, gap, or obstacle, either literally or figuratively, and carries a sense of impressive achievement or advancement. Meanings [verb] to span; to bridge (a gap, period, or distance) [verb] to transcend; to leap beyond; to overcome (a barrier or limit) Example Sentences 这座大桥跨越了整条河流，连接两岸城市。 Zhè zuò dàqiáo kuàyuèle zhěng tiáo héliú, liánjiē liǎng àn chéngshì. This bridge spans the entire river, connecting cities...
素养 (sùyǎng) — literacy; cultivation; competence
素养 (sùyǎng) 素养 refers to the cultural, moral, or professional cultivation that a person develops through education and practice over time. It implies a deep, internalised quality rather than a mere skill. In modern educational discourse it is often translated as "literacy" or "competency." Meanings [noun] cultivation; literacy; competency; quality (developed through sustained learning and practice) Example Sentences 信息素养是现代公民在数字时代必须具备的基本能力。 Xìnxī sùyǎng shì xiàndài gōngmín zài shùzì shídài bìxū jùbèi de...
利息 (lìxi) — interest (on money)
利息 (lìxi) 利息 refers to the money paid by a borrower to a lender for the use of borrowed funds, or the money earned by a depositor on savings placed in a bank. Meanings [noun] interest (financial), money earned or paid on a loan or deposit Example Sentences 这笔贷款的年利率为百分之五，每年需要支付的利息相当可观。 Zhè bǐ dàikuǎn de nián lìlǜ wèi bǎifēnzhī wǔ, měi nián xūyào zhīfù de lìxi xiāngdāng kěguān. The annual interest rate...
新闻 (xīnwén) — news
新闻 (xīnwén) Information about recent events reported through media channels -- and by extension, the news industry and journalism itself. Meanings [noun] news, a news item [noun] the news media, journalism (as an institution) Example Sentences 他每天早上都会浏览最新的国际新闻。 Tā měitiān zǎoshang dōu huì liúlǎn zuìxīn de guójì xīnwén. He browses the latest international news every morning. 这条新闻迅速在社交媒体上引发了广泛讨论。 Zhè tiáo xīnwén xùnsù zài shèjiāo méitǐ shàng yǐnfāle guǎngfàn tǎolùn. This news item...
除此之外 (chú cǐ zhī wài) — besides this; apart from this; in addition
除此之外 (chú cǐ zhī wài) 除此之外 is a formal conjunctive phrase meaning "besides this" or "in addition to this," used to introduce further points, items, or information after something has already been stated. Meanings [phrase] besides this; apart from this; in addition to the above; furthermore Example Sentences 他不仅精通英语，除此之外，还能流利地使用法语和西班牙语。 Tā bùjǐn jīngtōng yīngyǔ, chú cǐ zhī wài, hái néng liúlì de shǐyòng fǎyǔ hé xībānyáyǔ. He is not only proficient...
融合 (rónghé) — to merge, to integrate, fusion
融合 (rónghé) 融合 describes the blending or integration of distinct elements into a unified whole, where the original components lose their sharp boundaries and become part of something new and cohesive. Meanings [verb] to merge, to fuse, to integrate, to blend together [noun] fusion, integration, blending (of cultures, ideas, or elements) Example Sentences 这种音乐风格融合了东西方的音乐元素。 Zhè zhǒng yīnyuè fēnggé rónghé le dōng xīfāng de yīnyuè yuánsù. This musical style fuses elements...
保护区 (bǎohùqū) — nature reserve; protected area
保护区 (bǎohùqū) 保护区 refers to a designated area legally protected to conserve natural environments, wildlife, cultural heritage, or other resources, including nature reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, and marine protected areas. Meanings [noun] nature reserve; protected area; conservation zone (a designated area protected by law for conservation purposes) Example Sentences 中国建立了大量自然保护区，以保护濒危野生动植物及其栖息地。 Zhōngguó jiànlìle dàliàng zìrán bǎohùqū, yǐ bǎohù bīn'wēi yěshēng dòngzhíwù jí qí qīxīdì. China has established numerous nature reserves to protect...
方法论 (fānfǎlùn) — methodology
方法论 (fāngfǎlùn) 方法论 refers to methodology -- the systematic study, framework, or set of principles governing the methods used in a particular discipline or field of inquiry. Meanings [noun] methodology (the study of or framework for methods) [noun] methodological approach (guiding principles behind how one works) Example Sentences 社会科学的研究方法论与自然科学存在显著差异。 Shèhuì kēxué de yánjiū fāngfǎlùn yǔ zìrán kēxué cúnzài xiǎnzhù chāyì. The research methodology of social sciences differs significantly from that...
精神 (jīngshén) — spirit; mind; mental
精神 (jīngshén) 精神 is a versatile word meaning spirit, mind, or essence. It can refer to a person's mental state and energy, the guiding principle of a document or idea, or (as an adjective) someone who appears lively and vigorous. Meanings [noun] spirit; mind; mental state; energy [noun] essence; guiding principle (of a policy, text, or movement) [adjective] energetic; lively; sharp-looking (colloquial) Example Sentences 经过一夜的好眠，他今天精神焕发，干劲十足。 Jīngguò yī yè de hǎo...
预防 (yùfáng) — to prevent; prevention
预防 (yùfáng) 预防 means to take preventive measures against something harmful before it occurs, and is widely used in medicine, public health, safety, and policy contexts at B2 level. Meanings [verb] to prevent; to take precautions against; to guard against [noun] prevention; precaution Example Sentences 定期体检有助于预防疾病的发生，做到早发现早治疗。 Dìngqī tǐjiǎn yǒuzhù yú yùfáng jíbìng de fāshēng, zuòdào zǎo fāxiàn zǎo zhìliáo. Regular physical examinations help prevent the occurrence of disease, enabling early...
组建 (zǔjiàn) — to establish; to form
组建 (zǔjiàn) 组建 means to form or establish an organised group, team, institution, or structure from scratch. It implies deliberate assembly of people or elements into a new functional unit. Meanings [verb] to form; to establish; to set up; to build (a team, organisation, or structure) Example Sentences 政府决定组建一支专业的应急救援队伍，应对各类自然灾害。 Zhèngfǔ juédìng zǔjiàn yī zhī zhuānyè de yīngjí jiùyuán duìwǔ, yìngduì gè lèi zìrán zāihài. The government decided to form a...
条约 (tiáoyuē) — treaty
条约 (tiáoyuē) A formally negotiated and ratified agreement between two or more sovereign states, binding under international law -- the highest form of international legal commitment. Meanings [noun] treaty, international agreement, pact Example Sentences 两国正式签署了自由贸易条约。 Liǎng guó zhèngshì qiānshǔle zìyóu màoyì tiáoyuē. The two countries formally signed a free trade treaty. 这项条约在第二次世界大战结束后对国际秩序的重建发挥了重要作用。 Zhè xiàng tiáoyuē zài dì èr cì shìjiè dàzhàn jiéshù hòu duì guójì zhìxù de chóngjiàn fāhuīle zhòngyào...
创伤 (chuāngshāng) — trauma, wound
创伤 (chuāngshāng) 创伤 refers to both physical wounds and, increasingly, psychological trauma resulting from deeply distressing experiences. In medical contexts it means an injury or wound, while in psychology it refers to lasting emotional damage from events such as abuse, loss, or disaster. The word bridges the physical and emotional dimensions of suffering. Meanings noun trauma, wound; a physical injury or a deep psychological scar Example Sentences 战争给许多人留下了难以愈合的创伤。 Zhànzhēng gěi...
解读 (jiědú) — to interpret; to decode
解读 (jiědú) 解读 means to interpret or decode the meaning of a text, policy, event, or signal, and is widely used in media commentary, academic analysis, and critical discourse. Meanings [verb] to interpret; to decode; to read the meaning of [noun] an interpretation; a reading of meaning Example Sentences 专家们对这项新政策提出了不同的解读。 Zhuānjiāmen duì zhè xiàng xīn zhèngcè tíchūle bùtóng de jiědú. Experts offered different interpretations of this new policy. 这首诗可以从多个角度进行解读。 Zhè...
培养 (péiyǎng) — to cultivate; to nurture
培养 (péiyǎng) 培养 means to cultivate, nurture, or develop talents, skills, habits, or people through deliberate effort over time, with a positive connotation of growth and development. Meanings [verb] to cultivate; to nurture; to develop; to train; to foster Example Sentences 学校的目标是培养学生的创造力和批判性思维。 Xuéxiào de mùbiāo shì péiyǎng xuésheng de chuàngzào lì hé pīpàn xìng sīwéi. The school's goal is to cultivate students' creativity and critical thinking. 她从小就培养了对音乐的热爱。 Tā cóng xiǎo...
健康 (jiànkāng) — health; healthy
健康 (jiànkāng) 健康 refers to a state of physical, mental, and social well-being, and as an adjective it describes something or someone that is in good health or functions properly and positively. Meanings [noun] health; good health (the state of being physically and mentally well) [adjective] healthy; sound; well (in good health; functioning positively and properly) Example Sentences 世界卫生组织将健康定义为身体、心理和社会方面的完好状态，而不仅仅是没有疾病。 Shìjiè Wèishēng Zǔzhī jiāng jiànkāng dìngyì wéi shēntǐ, xīnlǐ hé shèhuì...
通货膨胀 (tōnghuò péngzhàng) — inflation
通货膨胀 (tōnghuò péngzhàng) 通货膨胀 is the standard Chinese term for inflation, referring to the general and sustained rise in prices across an economy, and is essential vocabulary for economics, finance, and current affairs discussions. Meanings [noun] inflation; a sustained increase in the general price level Example Sentences 持续的通货膨胀使普通家庭的实际购买力不断下降。 Chíxù de tōnghuò péngzhàng shǐ pǔtōng jiātíng de shíjì gòumǎilì bùduàn xiàjiàng. Sustained inflation has continuously reduced the real purchasing power of...
Lesson 1: Formal Written Chinese
Overview At the B2 level, the distinction between written and spoken Chinese becomes critically important. Formal written Chinese (书面语, shūmiànyǔ) employs a compressed, Latinate-style grammar that differs substantially from conversational speech. Mastering this register allows learners to engage authentically with newspapers, academic journals, formal correspondence, and official documents — genres that dominate professional and intellectual life in the Chinese-speaking world. Learning Objectives Distinguish between formal written (书面语) and colloquial spoken...
竞争 (jìngzhēng) — competition; to compete
竞争 (jìngzhēng) 竞争 refers to the act of competing against others for a limited resource, goal, or position, and is a central concept in economics, business, and social science. Meanings [verb] to compete; to contend [noun] competition; rivalry; contest Example Sentences 全球市场上的竞争越来越激烈，企业压力与日俱增。 Quánqiú shìchǎng shàng de jìngzhēng yuèlái yuè jīliè, qǐyè yālì yǔ rì jù zēng. Competition in the global market is getting fiercer, and pressure on enterprises is growing...
尽管 (jǐnguǎn) — although; even though; despite
尽管 (jǐnguǎn) Although or even though introduces a concessive clause, acknowledging a fact or condition while showing that an unexpected or contrasting result still holds true. Meanings [conjunction] although; even though; despite; in spite of (introduces a concessive clause) [adverb] feel free to; go ahead and (in a different usage: "don't hesitate to") Example Sentences 尽管困难重重，他仍然坚持完成了任务。 Jǐnguǎn kùnnán zhòngzhòng, tā réngrán jiānchí wánchéngle rènwù. Although there were many difficulties, he...
进化 (jìnhuà) — evolution; to evolve
进化 (jìnhuà) 进化 describes the process of evolution or progressive development to a more advanced or complex state, used in both its strict biological sense and more broadly for technology, society, or ideas. Meanings [noun/verb] evolution; to evolve (biological sense) [noun/verb] progressive development; to advance to a higher form Example Sentences 达尔文的进化论彻底改变了人类对自身起源的认识。 Dá'ěrwén de jìnhuà lùn chèdǐ gǎibiànle rénlèi duì zìshēn qǐyuán de rènshi. Darwin's theory of evolution fundamentally changed...
深化 (shēnhuà) — to deepen, to intensify
深化 (shēnhuà) 深化 means to deepen or intensify, implying that something already existing is made more thorough, profound, or comprehensive, rather than simply adding more of the same. Meanings [verb] to deepen, to intensify, to make more thorough or profound [verb] to advance to a deeper level (of reform, cooperation, understanding) Example Sentences 两国领导人表示将进一步深化双边合作关系。 Liǎng guó lǐngrén biǎoshì jiāng jìnyībù shēnhuà shuāngbiān hézuò guānxi. The leaders of the two countries...
积极 (jījí) — positive; active; enthusiastic
积极 (jījí) 积极 describes a proactive, enthusiastic, or constructive attitude toward something, as well as the positive effect or impact of an action or change. Meanings [adjective] positive; proactive; active; enthusiastic [adjective] constructive; beneficial (referring to effects or influences) Example Sentences 她对新项目表现出极大的积极性，主动承担了很多任务。 Tā duì xīn xiàngmù biǎoxiàn chū jídà de jījíxìng, zhǔdòng chéngdān le hěn duō rènwù. She showed great enthusiasm for the new project and proactively took on many...
法律 (fǎlǜ) — Law, legal
法律 (fǎlǜ) 法律 refers to the system of rules and regulations that a society or state creates and enforces to govern behavior and protect rights. Meanings [noun] law; the law; legal system Example Sentences 任何人都必须遵守法律，没有人可以凌驾于法律之上。 Rènhé rén dōu bìxū zūnshǒu fǎlǜ, méi yǒu rén kěyǐ língjià yú fǎlǜ zhī shàng. Everyone must obey the law; no one can be above the law. 这家公司的行为已经触犯了相关法律。 Zhè jiā gōngsī de xíngwéi yǐjīng chùfànle...
疫苗 (yìmiáo) — vaccine
疫苗 (yìmiáo) 疫苗 refers to a medical preparation introduced into the body to stimulate immunity against a specific disease, a term that became widely used in everyday Chinese during the COVID-19 pandemic. Meanings [noun] vaccine; a preparation that provides immunity against a disease Example Sentences 科学家用不到一年的时间就研发出了新冠疫苗。 Kēxuéjiā yòng bù dào yī nián de shíjiān jiù yánfā chū le xīnguān yìmiáo. Scientists developed a COVID-19 vaccine in less than a year....
制度 (zhìdù) — system, institution, rules
制度 (zhìdù) 制度 refers to an established system of rules, regulations, or institutional arrangements that govern behavior or operations within a society, organization, or domain. Meanings [noun] system, institution (of rules and regulations) [noun] institutional arrangement, established practice or rule Example Sentences 完善的社会保障制度是社会稳定的重要基础。 Wánshàn de shèhuì bǎozhàng zhìdù shì shèhuì wěndìng de zhòng yào jīchǔ. A sound social security system is an important foundation for social stability. 这所学校实行严格的考勤制度。 Zhè suǒ...
下降 (xiàjiàng) — to decline, to decrease, to fall
下降 (xiàjiàng) 下降 describes a measurable decline, decrease, or downward movement in quantity, level, or degree, and is the counterpart to 上升 (to rise). Meanings [verb] to decline, to decrease, to fall, to drop (in level, quantity, or degree) [noun] decline, decrease, fall (often used in compound structures) Example Sentences 今年冬季气温明显下降，多地出现寒潮。 Jīnnián dōngjì qìwēn míngxiǎn xiàjiàng, duō dì chūxiàn hán cháo. This winter temperatures have dropped noticeably, with cold waves...
物联网 (wù lián wǎng) — Internet of Things (IoT)
物联网 (wù lián wǎng) 物联网 refers to the Internet of Things (IoT) -- the vast network of physical objects embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity that allows them to collect and exchange data over the internet. Meanings [noun] Internet of Things (IoT); the network connecting physical objects via the internet Example Sentences 物联网技术正在改变人们的日常生活和工业生产方式。 Wù lián wǎng jìshù zhèngzài gǎibiàn rénmen de rìcháng shēnghuó hé gōngyè shēngchǎn fāngshì. Internet of Things...
自动化 (zìdònghuà) — automation
自动化 (zìdònghuà) 自动化 refers to the use of technology to perform tasks with minimal or no human intervention. It is central to discussions of industrial production, artificial intelligence, and the future of work. Meanings [noun] automation; the process or state of being automated [verb] to automate; to make (a process) automated Example Sentences 工厂引入自动化生产线后，效率大幅提升，人工成本显著降低。 Gōngchǎng yǐnrù zìdònghuà shēngchǎn xiàn hòu, xiàolǜ dàfú tíshēng, réngōng chéngběn xiǎnzhù jiàngdī. After factories introduced...
困惑 (kùnhuò) — confused; perplexed
困惑 (kùnhuò) 困惑 describes the state of being confused, perplexed, or baffled -- unable to understand or make sense of something, often with a sense of mental struggle. Meanings [adjective] confused; perplexed; puzzled; baffled [verb] to confuse; to perplex; to baffle Example Sentences 他对这个问题感到十分困惑。 Tā duì zhège wèntí gǎndào shífēn kùnhuò. He felt very confused about this question. 她的突然离开让所有人都感到困惑不解。 Tā de tūrán líkāi ràng suǒyǒu rén dōu gǎndào kùnhuò bùjiě....
技能 (jìnéng) — skill; technical ability
技能 (jìnéng) 技能 refers to a practical skill or technical ability that is acquired through training, study, or practice, and can be applied in work or daily life. Meanings [noun] skill; technical ability; practical competency Example Sentences 在数字化时代，掌握基本的计算机技能已经成为职场的基本要求。 Zài shùzìhuà shídài, zhǎngwò jīběn de jìsuànjī jìnéng yǐjīng chéngwéi zhíchǎng de jīběn yāoqiú. In the digital age, mastering basic computer skills has become a basic requirement in the workplace. 职业培训学校帮助年轻人掌握实用技能，为他们进入劳动力市场做好准备。 Zhíyè...
报道 (bàodào) — to report; news report
报道 (bàodào) 报道 refers to the act of reporting news or information by media outlets, as well as the resulting news report, coverage, or story itself. Meanings [verb] to report; to cover (news events); to make a report [noun] news report; coverage; reporting Example Sentences 这家报社派遣记者前往灾区进行实地报道，让全国人民了解灾情的真实情况。 Zhè jiā bàoshè pàiqiǎn jìzhě qiánwǎng zāiqū jìnxíng shídì bàodào, ràng quánguó rénmín liǎojiě zāiqíng de zhēnshí qíngkuàng. This newspaper sent reporters to the...
调配 (diàopèi) — to allocate; to deploy
调配 (diàopèi) 调配 means to distribute, allocate, or coordinate resources, personnel, or materials according to need, and is a key term in logistics, management, and supply chain contexts. Meanings [verb] to allocate; to deploy; to coordinate and distribute; to blend (in cooking/pharmacy) Example Sentences 公司根据各部门的需求合理调配人力资源。 Gōngsī gēnjù gè bùmén de xūqiú hélǐ diàopèi rénlì zīyuán. The company rationally allocates human resources according to the needs of each department. 在紧急情况下，政府迅速调配物资支援灾区。 Zài...
慢性病 (mànxìngbìng) — chronic disease; chronic illness
慢性病 (mànxìngbìng) 慢性病 refers to chronic diseases or long-term health conditions that persist over an extended period, typically develop slowly, and often cannot be fully cured, such as diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease. Meanings [noun] chronic disease; chronic illness; non-communicable disease (NCD) Example Sentences 随着生活水平的提高，慢性病的发病率也在不断上升，成为公共卫生的重大挑战。 Suízhe shēnghuó shuǐpíng de tígāo, mànxìngbìng de fābìnglǜ yě zài bùduàn shàngshēng, chéngwéi gōnggòng wèishēng de zhòngdà tiǎozhàn. As living standards have improved, the incidence...
治理 (zhìlǐ) — Govern, governance, manage
治理 (zhìlǐ) 治理 means to govern, administer, or manage in a systematic and controlled way. It is used both for political governance and for the management of complex issues such as environmental problems. Meanings [verb] to govern; to administer; to manage; to bring under control [noun] governance; administration; management Example Sentences 良好的国家治理是社会稳定的基础。 Liánghǎo de guójiā zhìlǐ shì shèhuì wěndìng de jīchǔ. Good national governance is the foundation of social stability....
负债 (fùzhài) — to be in debt; debt; liabilities
负债 (fùzhài) 负债 describes the state of having debts or owing money, and in financial accounting it refers specifically to liabilities, making it essential vocabulary for finance, business reporting, and economic discussion. Meanings [verb] to be in debt; to owe money [noun] debt; liabilities; indebtedness Example Sentences 这家公司因过度扩张而负债累累。 Zhè jiā gōngsī yīn guòdù kuòzhāng ér fùzhài lěilěi. This company is deeply in debt due to overexpansion. 负债与资产的比率是评估企业财务健康的关键指标。 Fùzhài yǔ zīchǎn...
顾虑 (gùlǜ) — concern; misgiving; worry
顾虑 (gùlǜ) 顾虑 refers to a concern, reservation, or worry that causes hesitation, particularly a concern about potential consequences or side effects that prevents one from acting freely. Meanings [noun] concern; misgiving; reservation; scruple [verb] to worry about; to have reservations about; to be held back by concerns Example Sentences 他想提出自己的想法，但有些顾虑，担心会得罪同事。 Tā xiǎng tíchū zìjǐ de xiǎngfǎ, dàn yǒuxiē gùlǜ, dānxīn huì dézuì tóngshì. He wanted to put forward his...
议题 (yìtí) — agenda item; issue for discussion
议题 (yìtí) 议题 refers to a specific issue or topic placed on an agenda for formal discussion, debate, or negotiation, and is a staple of political, diplomatic, and organizational language. Meanings [noun] agenda item; topic for discussion; issue Example Sentences 气候变化是本次峰会的核心议题。 Qìhòu biànhuà shì běncì fēnghuì de héxīn yìtí. Climate change is the central agenda item of this summit. 双方就多个议题展开了深入讨论。 Shuāngfāng jiù duō gè yìtí zhǎnkāi le shēnrù tǎolùn. Both...
智能化 (zhìnénghuà) — intelligentization, to make smart
智能化 (zhìnénghuà) The transformation of systems, devices, or processes through the integration of artificial intelligence and smart technology -- making them capable of autonomous decision-making and learning. Meanings [verb] to make smart/intelligent, to automate with AI [noun] intelligentization, smart transformation Example Sentences 工厂正在推进生产流程的智能化改造。 Gōngchǎng zhèngzài tuījìn shēngchǎn liúchéng de zhìnénghuà gǎizào. The factory is pushing forward smart transformation of its production processes. 智能化家居让人们的生活更加便捷舒适。 Zhìnénghuà jiājū ràng rénmen de shēnghuó gèngjiā...
反映 (fǎnyìng) — to reflect; to report
反映 (fǎnyìng) 反映 has two distinct uses: to reflect or mirror a situation (as in a text or artwork reflecting social reality), and to report or convey information or complaints to a higher authority. Meanings [verb] to reflect; to mirror; to represent (a situation or reality) [verb] to report; to convey (feedback, complaints, or information to someone in authority) Example Sentences 这部小说深刻地反映了二十世纪初的社会现实。 Zhè bù xiǎoshuō shēnkè de fǎnyìngle èrshí shìjì...
部署 (bùshǔ) — to deploy; deployment
部署 (bùshǔ) 部署 means to deploy, arrange, or position people, resources, or systems in a planned and strategic way, and is used in military, technology, business, and government planning contexts. Meanings [verb] to deploy; to position; to arrange strategically [noun] deployment; disposition; arrangement Example Sentences 政府宣布在边境地区部署更多警力以加强安全。 Zhèngfǔ xuānbù zài biānjìng dìqū bùshǔ gèng duō jǐnglì yǐ jiāqiáng ānquán. The government announced the deployment of more police forces in border areas...
义务 (yìwù) — duty; obligation
义务 (yìwù) 义务 refers to a moral, legal, or social duty or obligation that a person is required or expected to fulfill, often contrasted with 权利 (rights). Meanings [noun] duty; obligation; responsibility (something one is morally or legally required to do) [adjective] obligatory; free of charge; voluntary (in compounds like 义务教育) Example Sentences 纳税是每个公民应尽的义务，也是支持社会发展的重要方式。 Nàshuì shì měi gè gōngmín yīng jìn de yìwù, yě shì zhīchí shèhuì fāzhǎn de zhòngyào...
表面 (biǎomiàn) — surface; appearance
表面 (biǎomiàn) 表面 refers to the outer surface of a physical object or, metaphorically, the outward appearance of a situation or person, often implying that the reality beneath may differ. Meanings [noun] surface; exterior (of a physical object) [noun] outward appearance; superficial aspect Example Sentences 桌子的表面很光滑。 Zhuōzi de biǎomiàn hěn guānghuá. The surface of the table is very smooth. 不要只看表面，要深入了解问题的本质。 Bùyào zhǐ kàn biǎomiàn, yào shēnrù liǎojiě wèntí de běnzhì....
验证 (yànzhèng) — to verify; to validate; verification
验证 (yànzhèng) 验证 means to verify, validate, or confirm the correctness, authenticity, or legitimacy of something through testing, evidence, or official checking, and is essential in scientific, legal, and digital security contexts. Meanings [verb] to verify; to validate; to confirm through evidence or testing [noun] verification; validation; authentication Example Sentences 科学假设必须经过实验验证才能被认可为科学理论。 Kēxué jiǎshè bìxū jīngguò shíyàn yànzhèng cái néng bèi rènkě wéi kēxué lǐlùn. A scientific hypothesis must be verified...
合作 (hézuò) — to cooperate; cooperation
合作 (hézuò) 合作 means to work together toward a shared goal, and as a noun it refers to the cooperation or collaboration itself, used widely in business, international relations, and everyday contexts. Meanings [verb] to cooperate; to collaborate; to work together [noun] cooperation; collaboration; partnership Example Sentences 两国决定在科技领域加强合作。 Liǎng guó juédìng zài kējì lǐngyù jiāqiáng hézuò. The two countries decided to strengthen cooperation in the field of science and technology....
论据 (lùnjù) — argument; evidence for an argument
论据 (lùnjù) 论据 refers to the evidence, data, or reasoning used to support a thesis or argument, and is a key term in academic writing and formal debate in Chinese. Meanings [noun] argument; grounds; evidence supporting a thesis Example Sentences 这篇文章的论据充分，令人信服。 Zhè piān wénzhāng de lùnjù chōngfèn, lìngrén xìnfú. The arguments in this article are substantial and convincing. 他在辩论中提出了有力的论据。 Tā zài biànlùn zhōng tíchū le yǒulì de lùnjù. He put...
品牌 (pǐnpái) — brand
品牌 (pǐnpái) 品牌 refers to a brand -- the name, image, and identity associated with a product or company -- and is a key term in business, marketing, and consumer culture. Meanings [noun] brand; brand name; trademark identity Example Sentences 苹果是全球最具价值的品牌之一。 Píngguǒ shì quánqiú zuì jù jiàzhí de pǐnpái zhī yī. Apple is one of the most valuable brands in the world. 建立一个强大的品牌需要多年的努力。 Jiànlì yī gè qiángdà de pǐnpái xūyào...
压力 (yālì) — pressure; stress
压力 (yālì) 压力 refers to physical pressure or psychological stress and is one of the most common nouns in modern Chinese to describe life pressures, work burdens, and mental strain. Meanings [noun] pressure (physical or psychological); stress; burden Example Sentences 现代社会的生活压力越来越大。 Xiàndài shèhuì de shēnghuó yālì yuè lái yuè dà. The pressures of life in modern society are growing greater and greater. 他承受着巨大的工作压力。 Tā chéngshòu zhe jùdà de gōngzuò yālì....
触动 (chùdòng) — to touch; to move emotionally
触动 (chùdòng) 触动 means to emotionally move or stir someone, or to touch on something sensitive, and sits between the physical act of touching and the deeper sense of being emotionally affected. Meanings [verb] to move (emotionally); to stir; to touch the heart [verb] to touch; to disturb; to impinge on (something sensitive) Example Sentences 这部电影深深触动了我的内心。 Zhè bù diànyǐng shēnshēn chùdòng le wǒ de nèixīn. This film deeply moved my...
授权 (shòuquán) — to authorize; authorization
授权 (shòuquán) 授权 means to officially grant authority, permission, or power to someone to act on one's behalf or to do something, and can also refer to authorization as a noun. Meanings [verb] to authorize; to grant authority; to empower (someone to act) [noun] authorization; delegated authority; permission Example Sentences 经理授权销售团队在一定范围内自主决定折扣幅度，以提高成交效率。 Jīnglǐ shòuquán xiāoshòu tuánduì zài yīdìng fànwéi nèi zìzhǔ juédìng zhékòu fúdù, yǐ tígāo chéngjiao xiàolǜ. The manager authorized...
整合 (zhěnghé) — to integrate, to consolidate
整合 (zhěnghé) To take disparate resources, systems, or organizations and merge or coordinate them into a coherent, efficient whole -- a key concept in business, policy, and technology. Meanings [verb] to integrate, to consolidate, to restructure and unify Example Sentences 公司计划整合旗下三个子品牌以提升市场竞争力。 Gōngsī jìhuà zhěnghé qíxià sān gè zǐ pínpái yǐ tíshēng shìchǎng jìngzhēng lì. The company plans to consolidate its three sub-brands to boost market competitiveness. 政府正在整合各部门的数据资源，建立统一平台。 Zhèngfǔ zhèngzài zhěnghé...
执行 (zhíxíng) — to execute; to implement; to carry out
执行 (zhíxíng) 执行 means to carry out, implement, or execute a plan, order, decision, task, or policy, emphasizing the action of putting something into practice. Meanings [verb] to execute; to carry out; to implement; to enforce (a plan, order, task, or decision) Example Sentences 这项新政策已经通过审批，相关部门将从下个月起正式开始执行。 Zhè xiàng xīn zhèngcè yǐjīng tōngguò shěnpī, xiāngguān bùmén jiāng cóng xià gè yuè qǐ zhèngshì kāishǐ zhíxíng. This new policy has been approved, and...
学科 (xuékē) — academic discipline; subject
学科 (xuékē) An academic discipline is a branch of knowledge that is formally studied and taught, such as mathematics, history, or linguistics. Meanings [noun] academic discipline; subject field; branch of study Example Sentences 人工智能是一个跨学科的研究领域。 Réngōng zhìnéng shì yīgè kuà xuékē de yánjiū lǐngyù. Artificial intelligence is a cross-disciplinary research field. 这所大学的理工科学科在全国排名前列。 Zhè suǒ dàxué de lǐgōngkē xuékē zài quánguó páimíng qiánliè. This university's science and engineering disciplines rank among the...
外汇 (wàihuì) — foreign exchange; foreign currency
外汇 (wàihuì) 外汇 refers to foreign exchange or foreign currency -- money of foreign countries used in international trade and financial transactions, as well as the system for exchanging currencies. Meanings [noun] foreign exchange; foreign currency; forex Example Sentences 中国拥有全球最大的外汇储备之一。 Zhōngguó yōngyǒu quánqiú zuìdà de wàihuì chǔbèi zhī yī. China has one of the largest foreign exchange reserves in the world. 出口贸易是该国获取外汇的主要来源。 Chūkǒu màoyì shì gāi guó huòqǔ wàihuì de...
破产 (pòchǎn) — bankruptcy; to go bankrupt
破产 (pòchǎn) 破产 refers to the legal and financial state in which a person or organization cannot repay its debts and is declared insolvent, also used figuratively to mean the collapse of ideas or plans. Meanings [verb] to go bankrupt; to become insolvent [noun] bankruptcy; insolvency Example Sentences 那家零售连锁企业在疫情冲击下宣告破产。 Nà jiā língshòu liànsuǒ qǐyè zài yìqíng chōngjī xià xuāngào pòchǎn. That retail chain declared bankruptcy under the impact of the...
散文 (sǎnwén) — prose
散文 (sǎnwén) 散文 in Chinese refers specifically to literary or artistic prose, particularly the lyrical personal essay tradition. It is distinct from fiction (小说, xiǎoshuō), poetry (诗歌, shīgē), and drama (戏剧, xìjù). Chinese 散文 often blends personal reflection, natural description, and philosophical insight. The term should not be confused with general "prose" in the English sense; it has a more literary, artistic connotation. Meanings [n] (literary) prose; a prose essay;...
概念 (gàiniàn) — concept, notion
概念 (gàiniàn) 概念 refers to an abstract concept, notion, or mental construct used to categorize, understand, or communicate about aspects of reality, serving as a building block of thought and discourse. Meanings [noun] concept, notion, idea (abstract mental representation) [noun] understanding, awareness (of a particular domain) Example Sentences "可持续发展"是二十世纪末提出的重要概念。 "Kě chíxù fāzhǎn" shì èrshí shìjì mò tíchū de zhòng yào gàiniàn. "Sustainable development" is an important concept put forward at...
产生 (chǎnshēng) — to produce; to give rise to
产生 (chǎnshēng) 产生 means to bring something into existence or to give rise to a result, effect, or condition, and is one of the most essential formal verbs for describing cause-and-effect relationships in Chinese. Meanings [verb] to produce; to give rise to; to generate (a result or effect) [verb] to arise; to come into being; to emerge Example Sentences 这项政策的实施产生了积极的社会效果。 Zhè xiàng zhèngcè de shíshī chǎnshēngle jījí de shèhuì xiàoguǒ....
呼吁 (hūyù) — to appeal; to call for
呼吁 (hūyù) 呼吁 means to appeal urgently to people or authorities, calling for action on an important issue, often with a sense of moral urgency or concern. Meanings [verb] to appeal; to call for; to urge; to make an appeal [noun] an appeal; a call; an appeal to action Example Sentences 联合国呼吁各国停止武装冲突。 Liánhéguó hūyù gè guó tíngzhǐ wǔzhuāng chōngtū. The United Nations appealed to all countries to stop armed conflict....
能源 (néngyyuán) — energy; energy resources
能源 (néngyuán) 能源 refers to energy resources -- the natural sources from which power can be extracted, such as coal, oil, natural gas, solar, wind, and nuclear power. It is the standard term in environmental, economic, and policy discussions about power and fuel. Meanings [noun] energy; energy resources; power supply Example Sentences 全球能源转型是应对气候变化、实现碳中和目标的关键举措。 Quánqiú néngyuán zhuǎnxíng shì yìngduì qìhòu biànhuà, shíxiàn tàn zhōnghé mùbiāo de guānjiàn jǔcuò. The global energy...
突出 (tūchū) — outstanding; to stand out; to emphasize
突出 (tūchū) 突出 means to stand out from others due to being remarkably good or significant, and as a verb, to emphasize or highlight something important. Meanings [adjective] outstanding; prominent; conspicuous [verb] to emphasize; to highlight; to stand out; to protrude Example Sentences 她在这次比赛中表现突出，获得了一等奖。 Tā zài zhècì bǐsài zhōng biǎoxiàn tūchū, huòdé le yīděng jiǎng. She performed outstandingly in this competition and won first prize. 这篇报告的突出问题是数据来源不够可靠。 Zhè piān bàogào de...
陶醉 (táozuì) — to be intoxicated by; to revel in; enchanted
陶醉 (táozuì) 陶醉 describes the state of being completely absorbed, captivated, or intoxicated by something beautiful or deeply pleasurable, such as music, nature, success, or art, conveying a sense of blissful immersion. Meanings [verb] to be intoxicated by; to revel in; to be enraptured by; to be lost in Example Sentences 她完全陶醉在这首曲子的优美旋律之中，忘却了周围的一切。 Tā wánquán táozuì zài zhè shǒu qǔzi de yōuměi xuánlǜ zhīzhōng, wàngquèle zhōuwéi de yīqiè. She was completely...
Lesson 24: Formal Presentation
Overview Delivering a formal presentation in Chinese requires a specific register, set of verbal routines, and structural conventions that differ from both everyday speech and written academic prose. At the B2 level, learners should be able to deliver a structured presentation of 5-10 minutes on a topic within their area of knowledge, handle audience questions with appropriate fluency, and manage interactive elements such as referring to visual aids, inviting questions,...
观点 (guāndiǎn) — viewpoint; perspective
观点 (guāndiǎn) 观点 is one of the most essential nouns for academic and argumentative writing in Chinese, referring to a person's point of view, perspective, or opinion on a particular matter. Meanings [noun] viewpoint; point of view; perspective; standpoint Example Sentences 请分享一下你对这个问题的观点。 Qǐng fēnxiǎng yīxià nǐ duì zhège wèntí de guāndiǎn. Please share your viewpoint on this issue. 双方的观点截然不同，很难达成共识。 Shuāngfāng de guāndiǎn jiérán bùtóng, hěn nán dáchéng gòngshí. The two...
就此而言 (jiù cǐ ér yán) — in this regard; speaking of this
就此而言 (jiù cǐ ér yán) This phrase is used to signal that the following statement concerns or elaborates on the point just mentioned, making explicit the scope of the discussion. Meanings [phrase/discourse marker] in this regard; speaking of this; with respect to this point; as far as this is concerned Example Sentences 就此而言，我们的政策还需要进一步完善。 Jiù cǐ ér yán, wǒmen de zhèngcè hái xūyào jìnyībù wánshàn. In this regard, our policies still...
迫切 (pòqiē) — urgent; pressing; eager
迫切 (pòqiē) 迫切 describes a feeling or situation of pressing urgency, strong eagerness, or acute need, and is commonly used in formal writing and speech to convey that something requires immediate attention. Meanings [adjective] urgent; pressing; acute (of a need or situation) [adjective] eager; keenly desirous (of a feeling) Example Sentences 解决环境污染问题是当前最迫切的任务之一。 Jiějué huánjìng wūrǎn wèntí shì dāngqián zuì pòqiē de rènwù zhī yī. Solving environmental pollution is one of...
基本 (jīběn) — basic; fundamental
基本 (jīběn) 基本 means basic or fundamental as an adjective, and "basically" or "essentially" as an adverb -- indicating the core, foundational nature of something or an approximation close to the whole. Meanings [adjective] basic; fundamental; essential; primary [adverb] basically; essentially; for the most part Example Sentences 食物、住所和安全是人类的基本需求。 Shíwù, zhùsuǒ hé ānquán shì rénlèi de jīběn xūqiú. Food, shelter, and security are the basic needs of human beings. 这本书介绍了编程的基本概念。 Zhè...
协调 (xiétiáo) — to coordinate, harmonious
协调 (xiétiáo) 协调 means to bring different elements, parties, or functions into alignment so they work together smoothly, or to describe a state where things are well-balanced and harmonious. Meanings [verb] to coordinate, to harmonize, to bring into alignment [adjective] coordinated, harmonious, well-proportioned Example Sentences 项目经理的主要职责之一是协调各部门之间的工作。 Xiàngmù jīnglǐ de zhǔyào zhízé zhī yī shì xiétiáo gè bùmén zhī jiān de gōngzuò. One of the main responsibilities of a project manager...
监督机制 (jiāndū jīzhì) — oversight mechanism; supervisory mechanism
监督机制 (jiāndū jīzhì) 监督机制 refers to a formal institutional structure designed to ensure accountability, transparency, and proper conduct in organizations or governance systems. Meanings [noun] oversight mechanism; supervisory mechanism; accountability system Example Sentences 有效的监督机制是防止腐败的重要保障。 Yǒuxiào de jiāndū jīzhì shì fángzhǐ fǔbài de zhòngyào bǎozhàng. An effective oversight mechanism is an important safeguard against corruption. 公司建立了完善的内部监督机制来规范员工行为。 Gōngsī jiànlì le wánshàn de nèibù jiāndū jīzhì lái guīfàn yuángōng xíngwéi. The company has...
片面 (piànmiàn) — One-sided, partial, biased
片面 (piànmiàn) 片面 describes thinking or understanding that is one-sided, incomplete, or biased -- focusing on only one aspect of an issue while ignoring others. Meanings [adj] one-sided; partial; biased; incomplete in perspective Example Sentences 仅凭一次失误就否定一个人，这种看法太片面了。 Jǐn píng yī cì shīwù jiù fǒudìng yī gè rén, zhè zhǒng kànfǎ tài piànmiàn le. Judging a person based on a single mistake is too one-sided. 媒体的报道有时会让人产生片面的认识。 Méitǐ de bàodào yǒushí huì ràng...
复杂化 (fùzáhuà) — to complicate; to become complicated
复杂化 (fùzáhuà) 复杂化 means to make something more complex or to cause a situation to become more complicated, often implying an undesirable increase in difficulty or intricacy. Meanings [verb] to complicate; to make complex; to become more complicated Example Sentences 他的介入反而使局势更加复杂化了。 Tā de jièrù fǎn'ér shǐ júshì gèngjiā fùzáhuà le. His intervention actually made the situation even more complicated. 不必要的繁文缛节只会使事情复杂化。 Bùbìyào de fánwén rùjié zhǐ huì shǐ shìqing fùzáhuà. Unnecessary...
合法 (héfǎ) — legal; lawful
合法 (héfǎ) 合法 means legal or lawful, describing actions, activities, organizations, or rights that conform to the law and are permitted or recognized by legal authority. Meanings [adjective] legal; lawful; legitimate; in accordance with the law Example Sentences 这家公司是经过工商注册的合法企业。 Zhè jiā gōngsī shì jīngguò gōngshāng zhùcè de héfǎ qǐyè. This company is a legally registered business. 公民有权通过合法途径维护自己的权益。 Gōngmín yǒuquán tōngguò héfǎ tújìng wéihù zìjǐ de quányì. Citizens have the right...
简化 (jiǎnhuà) — to simplify, to streamline
简化 (jiǎnhuà) 简化 means to simplify or streamline something by reducing unnecessary complexity while retaining its essential function or meaning. Meanings [verb] to simplify, to streamline, to reduce complexity [noun] simplification (often as a modifier: 简化字 simplified characters) Example Sentences 政府出台措施简化行政审批程序，提高办事效率。 Zhèngfǔ chūtái cuòshī jiǎnhuà xíngzhèng shěnpī chéngxù, tígāo bànshì xiàolǜ. The government has introduced measures to simplify administrative approval procedures and improve efficiency. 汉字简化是中国在上世纪五十年代推行的文字改革。 Hànzì jiǎnhuà shì Zhōngguó zài...
强化 (qiánghuà) — to strengthen, to reinforce
强化 (qiánghuà) 强化 means to strengthen, reinforce, or intensify something deliberately, often used in contexts of training, management, regulations, and skills development. Meanings [verb] to strengthen, to reinforce, to intensify (deliberately) [verb] to consolidate and make more effective (systems, training, control) Example Sentences 学校决定强化学生的数学基础训练。 Xuéxiào juédìng qiánghuà xuéshēng de shùxué jīchǔ xùnliàn. The school decided to strengthen students' basic mathematics training. 政府正在采取措施强化食品安全监管。 Zhèngfǔ zhèngzài cǎiqǔ cuòshī qiánghuà shípǐn ānquán jiānguǎn....
Lesson 12: Idioms in Context (成语 I)
Overview Chinese idioms (成语, chéngyǔ) are four-character fixed expressions that compress a story, metaphor, or philosophical insight into minimal linguistic form. At the B2 level, learners move beyond simply knowing what an idiom means to understanding where it comes from, how it integrates into larger discourse structures, and why a speaker or writer chooses it over a plainer expression. Idioms are not decorative — they carry cultural authority, evoke shared...
结构 (jiégòu) — structure, composition
结构 (jiégòu) 结构 refers to the internal arrangement, composition, and organization of the components within a whole, applicable to physical objects, organizations, sentences, economies, and abstract systems. Meanings [noun] structure, composition, arrangement (of parts within a whole) [noun] structural framework (architectural, linguistic, social, etc.) Example Sentences 这座建筑的结构设计十分独特，令人印象深刻。 Zhè zuò jiànzhú de jiégòu shèjì shífēn dútè, lìng rén yìnxiàng shēnkè. The structural design of this building is very unique and deeply...
成绩 (chéngjì) — achievement; results; grades
成绩 (chéngjì) 成绩 refers to the results, achievements, or grades one obtains through effort in study, work, or other pursuits, with a broad sense ranging from academic scores to broader accomplishments. Meanings [noun] grades; academic results; test scores [noun] achievements; accomplishments; results (of effort in work or any field) Example Sentences 他通过刻苦努力，期末考试成绩大幅提升，名列全班前三。 Tā tōngguò kèkǔ nǔlì, qīmò kǎoshì chéngjì dàfú tíshēng, míngliè quán bān qián sān. Through hard work, his...
水资源 (shuǐ zīyuán) — Water resources
水资源 (shuǐ zīyuán) 水资源 refers to the available supplies of fresh water on Earth, including rivers, lakes, groundwater, and rainfall, that can be used for human consumption, agriculture, and industry. Meanings [noun] water resources; freshwater supply Example Sentences 全球水资源分布极不均匀，许多地区面临严重缺水问题。 Quánqiú shuǐ zīyuán fēnbù jí bù jūnyún, xǔduō dìqū miànlín yánzhòng quēshuǐ wèntí. Global water resources are very unevenly distributed, and many regions face serious water shortages. 保护水资源是每个公民的责任。 Bǎohù shuǐ zīyuán...
谈判 (tánpàn) — to negotiate; negotiation
谈判 (tánpàn) 谈判 refers to formal negotiations between parties seeking to reach an agreement, and is indispensable in diplomatic, business, labor, and international relations contexts. Meanings [verb] to negotiate [noun] negotiation; talks Example Sentences 两国已展开贸易谈判，力求达成协议。 Liǎng guó yǐ zhǎnkāi màoyì tánpàn, lìqiú dáchéng xiéyì. The two countries have launched trade negotiations, striving to reach an agreement. 这场谈判持续了整整三天三夜。 Zhè chǎng tánpàn chíxù le zhěngzhěng sān tiān sān yè. These negotiations lasted...
落实 (luòshí) — to implement; to carry out
落实 (luòshí) 落实 describes the act of turning plans, policies, or promises into concrete reality, and is one of the most common verbs in Chinese administrative and business language. Meanings [verb] to implement; to put into effect; to follow through on [verb] to verify; to confirm (a detail or arrangement) Example Sentences 政府正在落实新的环保政策。 Zhèngfǔ zhèngzài luòshí xīn de huánbǎo zhèngcè. The government is implementing the new environmental policy. 我们需要落实每一个细节。 Wǒmen...
驳斥 (bóchì) — to refute; to rebuke
驳斥 (bóchì) 驳斥 means to refute or rebuke an argument, claim, or accusation, carrying a strong, forceful tone that implies not only disagreeing but actively countering and dismissing the opposing view. Meanings [verb] to refute; to rebuke; to repudiate forcefully [verb] to counterargue against; to reject with argument Example Sentences 政府发言人驳斥了媒体的相关报道，称其失实。 Zhèngfǔ fāyán rén bóchìle méitǐ de xiāngguān bàodào, chēng qí shīshí. The government spokesperson refuted the media reports, calling...
民主 (mínzhǔ) — Democracy, democratic
民主 (mínzhǔ) 民主 refers to the political system in which power is vested in the people, and also describes the quality of being democratic or open to collective decision-making. Meanings [noun] democracy; democratic system [adj] democratic; based on popular participation Example Sentences 民主是许多国家政治制度的核心。 Mínzhǔ shì xǔduō guójiā zhèngzhì zhìdù de héxīn. Democracy is the core of the political system in many countries. 这次会议的讨论非常民主，每个人都有发言机会。 Zhè cì huìyì de tǎolùn fēicháng mínzhǔ,...
尤其 (yóuqí) — especially; particularly
尤其 (yóuqí) Especially or particularly is used to single out a person, thing, or situation as more notable or relevant than others in the group being discussed. Meanings [adverb] especially; particularly; most of all; above all Example Sentences 他喜欢运动，尤其喜欢篮球。 Tā xǐhuān yùndòng, yóuqí xǐhuān lánqiú. He likes sports, especially basketball. 这本书内容丰富，尤其是第三章写得非常精彩。 Zhè běn shū nèiróng fēngfù, yóuqí shì dìsān zhāng xiě de fēicháng jīngcǎi. This book is rich in content,...
何况 (hékuàng) — let alone; much less; not to mention
何况 (hékuàng) 何况 is a conjunction used to introduce a stronger or more extreme case after establishing a baseline, equivalent to "let alone," "not to mention," or "much less," implying that if one thing is true, an even more obvious case follows. Meanings [conjunction] let alone; much less; not to mention (introduces a stronger case based on a weaker one already stated) [conjunction] all the more so; especially; moreover (introduces...
隐私 (yǐnsī) — privacy; private matters
隐私 (yǐnsī) 隐私 refers to personal information, private matters, or the sphere of life that an individual wishes to keep confidential and protected from others, making it essential vocabulary in digital, legal, and social contexts. Meanings [noun] privacy; private affairs; personal secrets Example Sentences 保护个人隐私是现代法律体系的基本权利之一。 Bǎohù gèrén yǐnsī shì xiàndài fǎlǜ tǐxì de jīběn quánlì zhī yī. Protecting personal privacy is one of the fundamental rights of the modern legal...
演变 (yǎnbiàn) — to evolve, to develop gradually
演变 (yǎnbiàn) 演变 describes the gradual evolution or development of something over time, typically used for historical, cultural, or social processes that unfold across extended periods. Meanings [verb] to evolve, to develop gradually, to change over time [noun] evolution, gradual development, historical change Example Sentences 汉字经过几千年的演变，形成了今天的样貌。 Hànzì jīngguò jǐ qiān nián de yǎnbiàn, xíngchéng le jīntiān de yànmào. Chinese characters evolved over thousands of years to take on their present...
退化 (tuìhuà) — degeneration; to degenerate; to deteriorate
退化 (tuìhuà) 退化 describes the process of declining, weakening, or degenerating to a more primitive or inferior state, used in biology, medicine, and broader metaphorical contexts. Meanings [verb/noun] degeneration; to degenerate (biological or evolutionary) [verb/noun] deterioration; to deteriorate; to regress Example Sentences 长期缺乏锻炼会导致肌肉退化，影响身体健康。 Chángqī quēfá duànliàn huì dǎozhì jīròu tuìhuà, yǐngxiǎng shēntǐ jiànkāng. Long-term lack of exercise can cause muscle degeneration and affect physical health. 穴居鱼类因为长期生活在黑暗中，眼睛逐渐退化。 Xuéjū yúlèi yīnwèi chángqī...
监控 (jiānkòng) — to monitor; surveillance
监控 (jiānkòng) 监控 refers to the act of continuously watching, tracking, or controlling something or someone, widely used in security, technology, and public administration contexts. Meanings [verb] to monitor; to surveil; to keep under surveillance [noun] monitoring; surveillance; a surveillance system Example Sentences 城市各处安装了监控摄像头以保障公共安全。 Chéngshì gèchù ānzhuāng le jiānkòng shèxiàngtóu yǐ bǎozhàng gōnggòng ānquán. Surveillance cameras have been installed throughout the city to ensure public safety. 工程师对服务器的运行状态进行全天候监控。 Gōngchéngshī duì fúwùqì...
专业 (zhuānyè) — major; professional; specialized
专业 (zhuānyè) 专业 refers to a field of specialized study or professional expertise, and as an adjective it describes something done with high skill and expertise at a professional level. Meanings [noun] major; academic discipline; field of study or work [adjective] professional; specialized; expert-level Example Sentences 她大学选择了计算机科学专业，毕业后进入了一家知名科技公司。 Tā dàxué xuǎnzéle jìsuànjī kēxué zhuānyè, bìyè hòu jìnrùle yī jiā zhīmíng kējì gōngsī. She chose computer science as her major in college...
心理咨询 (xīnlǐ zīxún) — psychological counseling
心理咨询 (xīnlǐ zīxún) 心理咨询 refers to the professional practice of psychological counseling, where a trained therapist or counselor helps individuals address emotional, behavioral, or mental health concerns through conversation and guidance. Meanings [noun] psychological counseling; mental health counseling; therapy consultation Example Sentences 越来越多的年轻人开始主动寻求心理咨询，不再将看心理咨询师视为一种耻辱。 Yuè lái yuè duō de niánqīng rén kāishǐ zhǔdòng xúnqiú xīnlǐ zīxún, bù zài jiāng kàn xīnlǐ zīxúnshī shìwéi yī zhǒng chǐrǔ. More and more young people...
诚信 (chéngxìn) — integrity; good faith
诚信 (chéngxìn) 诚信 encapsulates the twin virtues of honesty (诚) and trustworthiness (信), and is one of the most highly valued concepts in Chinese social and business ethics, frequently invoked in discussions of personal character, business conduct, and societal values. Meanings [noun] integrity; good faith; honesty and trustworthiness Example Sentences 诚信是做人的基本原则。 Chéngxìn shì zuòrén de jīběn yuánzé. Integrity is a fundamental principle of being a good person. 这家公司以诚信经营赢得了客户的信赖。 Zhè jiā...
云计算 (yún jìsuàn) — cloud computing
云计算 (yún jìsuàn) 云计算 refers to the delivery of computing services including storage, processing power, and software over the internet, allowing users to access resources without local hardware. Meanings [noun] cloud computing (the delivery of computing services via the internet, including storage, processing, and software) Example Sentences 云计算技术使企业能够以更低的成本获取强大的计算资源。 Yún jìsuàn jìshù shǐ qǐyè nénggòu yǐ gèng dī de chéngběn huòqǔ qiángdà de jìsuàn zīyuán. Cloud computing technology enables businesses to...
转化 (zhuǎnhuà) — to convert, to transform
转化 (zhuǎnhuà) 转化 refers to the conversion or transformation of one thing into another form or substance, often used in scientific, technical, or abstract contexts where something changes its essential nature. Meanings [verb] to convert, to transform into, to turn into (a different form or substance) [noun] conversion, transformation (of form, substance, or quality) Example Sentences 植物通过光合作用将太阳能转化为化学能。 Zhíwù tōngguò guānghé zuòyòng jiāng tàiyáng néng zhuǎnhuà wéi huàxué néng. Plants convert...
功能 (gōngnéng) — function, capability
功能 (gōngnéng) 功能 refers to the specific function, role, or capability that a person, object, organ, or system is designed to perform or is capable of performing. Meanings [noun] function, capability, feature (of a tool, organ, system, or person) Example Sentences 这款手机的拍照功能非常强大，受到用户的广泛好评。 Zhè kuǎn shǒujī de pāizhào gōngnéng fēicháng qiángdà, shòudào yònghù de guǎngfàn hǎopíng. The camera function of this phone is extremely powerful and has received widespread praise from...
执法 (zhífǎ) — law enforcement; to enforce the law
执法 (zhífǎ) 执法 refers to the act of enforcing or implementing laws and regulations, as well as the process of law enforcement carried out by authorized authorities or officers. Meanings [verb] to enforce the law; to implement regulations [noun] law enforcement; enforcement of the law Example Sentences 执法部门在节假日期间加强了对食品安全的检查，保障市民的饮食安全。 Zhífǎ bùmén zài jiéjiàrì qījiān jiāqiángle duì shípǐn ānquán de jiǎnchá, bǎozhàng shìmín de yǐnshí ānquán. Law enforcement departments intensified food safety...
合并 (hébìng) — to merge; to combine
合并 (hébìng) 合并 means to merge or combine two or more things into one, and is used in business, organizational, administrative, and everyday contexts. Meanings [verb] to merge; to combine; to consolidate; to amalgamate Example Sentences 两家公司决定合并，以增强竞争力。 Liǎng jiā gōngsī juédìng hébìng, yǐ zēngqiáng jìngzhēnglì. The two companies decided to merge to enhance their competitiveness. 政府计划将几个小镇合并为一个行政区。 Zhèngfǔ jìhuà jiāng jǐ gè xiǎo zhèn hébìng wéi yī gè xíngzhèng qū. The...
病毒 (bìngdú) — virus
病毒 (bìngdú) 病毒 refers to both biological viruses that cause disease and computer viruses that damage digital systems, making it a versatile term across medical and technological contexts. Meanings [noun] virus (biological) [noun] virus (computer/digital) Example Sentences 流感病毒每年在全球范围内导致大量死亡。 Liúgǎn bìngdú měi nián zài quánqiú fànwéi nèi dǎozhì dàliàng sǐwáng. The influenza virus causes large numbers of deaths worldwide every year. 科学家发现了一种新型病毒，并正在研究其传播方式。 Kēxuéjiā fāxiàn le yī zhǒng xīnxíng bìngdú, bìng zhèngzài...
界面 (jièmiàn) — interface
界面 (jièmiàn) 界面 refers to a shared boundary or point of interaction, most commonly used in technology to describe the visual and interactive layer between software and its user. Meanings [noun] interface; surface boundary between two systems or entities Example Sentences 这款软件的用户界面设计简洁直观。 Zhè kuǎn ruǎnjiàn de yònghù jièmiàn shèjì jiǎnjié zhíguān. This software's user interface design is clean and intuitive. 设计师花了数月时间优化产品的界面体验。 Shèjìshī huā le shù yuè shíjiān yōuhuà chǎnpǐn de...
鼓舞 (gǔwǔ) — to inspire; to encourage; inspiring
鼓舞 (gǔwǔ) 鼓舞 means to inspire, encourage, or uplift someone, bringing about a heightened sense of motivation and energy, and is widely used in speeches, narratives, and motivational contexts at B2 level. Meanings [verb] to inspire; to encourage; to uplift; to hearten [noun] inspiration; encouragement; an uplifting influence [adjective] inspiring; heartening (used in 令人鼓舞 constructions) Example Sentences 英雄们的事迹极大地鼓舞了全国人民的士气。 Yīngxióngmen de shìjì jídà de gǔwǔle quánguó rénmín de shìqì. The deeds...
大数据 (dà shùjù) — big data
大数据 (dà shùjù) Big data refers to extremely large data sets that are analyzed computationally to reveal patterns, trends, and associations, especially relating to human behavior and interactions. Meanings [noun] big data; massive collections of digital information processed for insight Example Sentences 大数据正在改变我们的生活方式。 Dà shùjù zhèngzài gǎibiàn wǒmen de shēnghuó fāngshì. Big data is changing the way we live. 政府利用大数据来预测交通拥堵。 Zhèngfǔ lìyòng dà shùjù lái yùcè jiāotōng yōngdǔ. The government...
释然 (shìrán) — relieved; at ease; unburdened
释然 (shìrán) 释然 describes the feeling of relief, release, and peace of mind that comes when a worry, burden, or tension is resolved, and is a nuanced emotional term used in literary and formal contexts. Meanings [adjective] relieved; at ease; unburdened; having let go of worry Example Sentences 得知考试通过后，他顿时感到释然，悬着的心终于放下了。 Dé zhī kǎoshì tōngguò hòu, tā dùnshí gǎndào shìrán, xuánzhe de xīn zhōngyú fàngxiàle. Upon learning he had passed the exam,...
用户 (yònghù) — user
用户 (yònghù) 用户 refers to someone who uses a service, product, or technology platform, and is an essential term in the digital economy and customer service sectors. Meanings [noun] user; customer; subscriber Example Sentences 这款应用程序目前拥有超过一亿活跃用户。 Zhè kuǎn yìngyòng chéngxù mùqián yōngyǒu chāoguò yī yì huóyuè yònghù. This application currently has more than 100 million active users. 平台需要保护用户的个人隐私数据。 Píngtái xūyào bǎohù yònghù de gèrén yǐnsī shùjù. The platform needs to protect...
代码 (dàimǎ) — code; source code
代码 (dàimǎ) 代码 refers to a set of instructions written in a programming language that a computer can execute, or more broadly, any system of coded symbols used for encoding information. Meanings [noun] source code; programming code (instructions written for a computer to execute) [noun] code; coded symbols (a system of symbols representing information) Example Sentences 程序员每天要编写大量代码，以实现软件的各项功能。 Chéngxùyuán měitiān yào biānxiě dàliàng dàimǎ, yǐ shíxiàn ruǎnjiàn de gè xiàng gōngnéng....
宽慰 (kuānwèi) — to comfort; reassured
宽慰 (kuānwèi) To comfort someone means to relieve their distress, worry, or sorrow, making them feel more at ease and less troubled. Meanings [verb] to comfort; to console; to reassure; to relieve someone's worry [adjective] comforted; relieved; at ease Example Sentences 朋友的鼓励让她感到了一丝宽慰。 Péngyǒu de gǔlì ràng tā gǎndàole yī sī kuānwèi. Her friend's encouragement gave her a sense of comfort. 听到孩子平安到达的消息，父母心里终于宽慰了。 Tīngdào háizi píng'ān dàodá de xiāoxi, fùmǔ xīnlǐ zhōngyú...
影响力 (yǐngxiǎng lì) — influence; clout; power of influence
影响力 (yǐngxiǎng lì) Influence or clout refers to the capacity or power that a person, organization, or idea has to affect the beliefs, behaviors, and decisions of others. Meanings [noun] influence; clout; power of influence; sway; reach Example Sentences 这位作家在全球拥有广泛的文学影响力。 Zhè wèi zuòjiā zài quánqiú yōngyǒu guǎngfàn de wénxué yǐngxiǎng lì. This writer has widespread literary influence around the world. 提升国际影响力是中国外交政策的重要目标之一。 Tíshēng guójì yǐngxiǎng lì shì Zhōngguó wàijiāo zhèngcè de...
舆论 (yúlùn) — public opinion
舆论 (yúlùn) 舆论 refers to the collective opinion of the public, especially as expressed through media, social networks, and public discussion. It is the standard term in Chinese for public opinion and public discourse. Meanings [noun] public opinion; public discourse; media opinion; the court of public opinion Example Sentences 这起事件在网络上迅速发酵，引发了强烈的社会舆论关注。 Zhè qǐ shìjiàn zài wǎngluò shàng xùnsù fājiào, yǐnfāle qiángliè de shèhuì yúlùn guānzhù. This incident quickly fermented online, triggering...
因而 (yīn'ér) — and therefore; thus
因而 (yīn'ér) 因而 is a formal causal conjunction meaning "and therefore" or "thus," used to connect a cause with its effect or consequence in written and formal Chinese. Meanings [conjunction] and therefore; thus; and as a result; consequently Example Sentences 这项技术尚不成熟，因而无法大规模推广。 Zhè xiàng jìshù shàng bù chéngshú, yīn'ér wúfǎ dà guīmó tuīguǎng. This technology is not yet mature; therefore, it cannot be promoted on a large scale. 他没有足够的证据，因而败诉。 Tā méiyǒu...
医院 (yīyuàn) — hospital
医院 (yīyuàn) 医院 refers to a healthcare institution that provides medical diagnosis, treatment, and care to patients, ranging from small community hospitals to large specialist medical centers. Meanings [noun] hospital, medical center Example Sentences 他在那次严重的交通事故后被紧急送往最近的医院救治。 Tā zài nà cì yánzhòng de jiāotōng shìgù hòu bèi jǐnjí sòng wǎng zuìjìn de yīyuàn jiùzhì. After that serious traffic accident, he was urgently sent to the nearest hospital for treatment. 这家三甲医院在心脏外科领域享有极高的声誉。 Zhè jiā...
分配 (fēnpèi) — to allocate, to distribute
分配 (fēnpèi) 分配 refers to the systematic allocation or distribution of resources, tasks, roles, or benefits among multiple recipients according to some plan or principle. Meanings [verb] to allocate, to distribute, to assign [noun] allocation, distribution, assignment Example Sentences 公司需要合理分配资源，以提高整体运营效率。 Gōngsī xūyào hélǐ fēnpèi zīyuán, yǐ tígāo zhěngtǐ yùnyíng xiào lǜ. The company needs to allocate resources reasonably to improve overall operational efficiency. 政府正在研究如何更公平地分配社会财富。 Zhèngfǔ zhèngzài yánjiū rúhé gèng gōngpíng...
成熟 (chéngshú) — mature; ripe; to mature
成熟 (chéngshú) 成熟 describes the state of being fully developed, ripe, or mature, applicable to physical things like fruit, but more often used to describe people, ideas, technologies, or plans that have reached a well-developed, stable state. Meanings [adjective] mature; ripe; fully developed; well-rounded [verb] to mature; to ripen; to become fully developed Example Sentences 经过多年的磨砺，他变得更加成熟稳重，懂得如何在压力下做出正确的决定。 Jīngguò duō nián de mólì, tā biàn de gèngjiā chéngshú wěnzhòng, dǒngde rúhé zài...
转变 (zhuǎnbiàn) — to transform, to change
转变 (zhuǎnbiàn) 转变 describes a fundamental shift or transformation in direction, attitude, or state, implying a more decisive change than a gradual drift. Meanings [verb] to transform, to shift, to change fundamentally [noun] a transformation, a turning point, a shift Example Sentences 他的态度发生了很大的转变。 Tā de tàidu fāshēng le hěn dà de zhuǎnbiàn. His attitude underwent a great transformation. 经济发展模式需要实现从粗放型向集约型的转变。 Jīngjì fāzhǎn móshì xūyào shíxiàn cóng cūfàng xíng xiàng jíyuē xíng...
韧性 (rènxìng) — resilience
韧性 (rènxìng) 韧性 originally referred to the physical toughness of a material — its ability to bend without breaking. In modern usage, it has expanded to describe psychological and social resilience: the capacity of a person, organization, or system to recover from setbacks and adapt to adversity. 韧性 is widely discussed in psychology, education, and business contexts. Meanings noun resilience, toughness, flexibility under stress; the capacity to recover from difficulty...
收购 (shōugòu) — to acquire, acquisition
收购 (shōugòu) Used in business and agriculture to describe the purchase of a company, brand, or large batch of goods, often implying a transfer of ownership or control. Meanings [verb] to acquire, to buy out, to purchase in bulk [noun] acquisition, takeover Example Sentences 这家科技公司宣布收购一家人工智能初创企业。 Zhè jiā kējì gōngsī xuānbù shōugòu yī jiā réngōng zhìnéng chūchuàng qǐyè. The tech company announced the acquisition of an artificial intelligence startup. 农业合作社负责收购农民的粮食。 Nóngyè...
透明的 (tòumíng de) — transparent
透明的 (tòumíng de) 透明的 describes something that is open, clear, and visible -- whether physically transparent (like glass) or figuratively transparent (like an open government process). In social and political contexts, it refers to accessibility of information and accountability. Meanings [adj] transparent; clear and open; not hidden or secretive Example Sentences 政府需要建立透明的财政管理制度。 Zhèngfǔ xūyào jiànlì tòumíng de cáizhèng guǎnlǐ zhìdù. The government needs to establish a transparent financial management system....
网络 (wǎngluò) — network; online
网络 (wǎngluò) 网络 literally means a net-like structure. In modern Chinese it refers to computer networks, the internet, and the online world in general. It is a broader and more versatile term than 互联网 (the global Internet) and can refer to any type of network. Meanings [noun] network (computer, social, transport, etc.) [noun] the internet; the online world (colloquially) [adjective] online; internet-based; cyber Example Sentences 网络谣言传播速度极快，往往在核实之前已造成严重社会影响。 Wǎngluò yáoyán chuánbō sùdù...
从众 (cóngzhòng) — conformity; to conform
从众 (cóngzhòng) 从众 describes the social phenomenon where individuals change their behavior, opinions, or actions to match the majority or the group. It is a core concept in social psychology, closely related to peer pressure and groupthink. While 从众 can promote social harmony, excessive conformity may suppress individuality and independent thinking. Meanings noun/verb conformity; to conform, to follow the crowd, to go along with the majority Example Sentences 从众心理是人类社会中普遍存在的现象。 Cóngzhòng...
制裁 (zhìcái) — sanction, to sanction
制裁 (zhìcái) 制裁 refers to official coercive measures -- typically economic, political, or legal -- imposed by a state, organization, or authority to punish violations and compel compliance. Meanings [noun] sanction, punitive measure [verb] to sanction, to impose penalties on, to punish Example Sentences 联合国安理会通过决议，对该国实施经济制裁。 Liánhéguó ān lǐ huì tōngguò juéyì, duì gāi guó shíshī jīngjì zhìcái. The UN Security Council passed a resolution to impose economic sanctions on the...
治疗 (zhìliáo) — Treat, treatment
治疗 (zhìliáo) 治疗 refers to medical treatment or therapy applied to cure or alleviate illness, injury, or a medical condition. Meanings [verb] to treat (a disease); to administer medical treatment [noun] treatment; therapy; medical care Example Sentences 医生说这种病需要长期治疗。 Yīshēng shuō zhè zhǒng bìng xūyào chángqī zhìliáo. The doctor said this disease requires long-term treatment. 新药的研发为癌症治疗带来了新的希望。 Xīn yào de yánfā wèi áizhèng zhìliáo dàilái le xīn de xīwàng. The development of...
危机 (wēijī) — crisis
危机 (wēijī) 危机 refers to a critical, unstable situation of serious danger or difficulty that demands urgent attention and decisive action, often representing a turning point. Meanings [noun] crisis (a dangerous or critical turning point situation) Example Sentences 2008年的全球金融危机导致许多国家经济陷入衰退。 Èr líng líng bā nián de quánqiú jīnróng wēijī dǎozhì xǔduō guójiā jīngjì xiàn rù shuāituì. The 2008 global financial crisis caused many countries' economies to fall into recession. 面对危机，领导者的决策能力和应对速度至关重要。 Miànduì...
相应 (xiāngyìng) — corresponding; accordingly
相应 (xiāngyìng) 相应 describes something that corresponds to, matches, or responds proportionally to something else, commonly used in formal writing and policy language. Meanings [adjective] corresponding; appropriate; matching [adverb] accordingly; correspondingly Example Sentences 政府出台了相应的政策来应对经济下行压力。 Zhèngfǔ chūtái le xiāngyìng de zhèngcè lái yìngduì jīngjì xiàxíng yālì. The government introduced corresponding policies to address the downward pressure on the economy. 员工工资应与其工作量和技能水平相应。 Yuángōng gōngzī yīng yǔ qí gōngzuòliàng hé jìnéng shuǐpíng xiāngyìng. Employee...
框架 (kuàngjià) — framework, outline
框架 (kuàngjià) 框架 refers to a structural framework or outline that provides the basic organizing structure for a system, agreement, analysis, or construction, emphasizing the skeleton or boundary rather than the detailed content. Meanings [noun] framework, outline, skeleton structure [noun] frame (architectural or conceptual) Example Sentences 两国谈判已就合作协议的基本框架达成共识。 Liǎng guó tánpàn yǐ jiù hézuò xiéyì de jīběn kuàngjià dáchéng gòngshí. The negotiations between the two countries have reached consensus on the...
贷款 (dàikuǎn) — loan; to take out a loan
贷款 (dàikuǎn) 贷款 refers to a loan from a bank or financial institution, and is central vocabulary for discussions of personal finance, housing, business operations, and economic policy in China. Meanings [noun] loan; credit (from a bank) [verb] to take out a loan; to lend money (from a bank's perspective) Example Sentences 他向银行申请了一笔住房贷款。 Tā xiàng yínháng shēnqǐng le yī bǐ zhùfáng dàikuǎn. He applied to the bank for a housing...
互联网 (hùliánwǎng) — the Internet
互联网 (hùliánwǎng) 互联网 is the standard Chinese term for the Internet, referring to the global network of interconnected computers that enables the exchange of information and communication worldwide. Meanings [noun] the Internet; the global network connecting computers and devices worldwide Example Sentences 互联网的出现彻底改变了人们获取信息和交流沟通的方式。 Hùliánwǎng de chūxiàn chèdǐ gǎibiànle rénmen huòqǔ xìnxī hé jiāoliú gōutōng de fāngshì. The emergence of the Internet has fundamentally changed the way people access information and...
思维 (sīwéi) — thinking; thought; mindset
思维 (sīwéi) 思维 refers to the process of thinking or cognition, and can also describe a person's particular way of thinking, mental framework, or mindset, often used in academic, educational, and intellectual contexts. Meanings [noun] thinking; thought; cognitive process [noun] mindset; way of thinking; mental approach Example Sentences 批判性思维是现代教育的核心目标之一，能帮助学生独立分析问题。 Pīpànxìng sīwéi shì xiàndài jiàoyù de héxīn mùbiāo zhī yī, néng bāngzhù xuéshēng dúlì fēnxī wèntí. Critical thinking is one of...
公民 (gōngmín) — citizen
公民 (gōngmín) 公民 refers to a person who is a legally recognized member of a state, possessing both rights granted by the state and responsibilities toward it. Meanings [noun] citizen (of a country or state) Example Sentences 每位公民都有义务遵守国家的法律和法规。 Měi wèi gōngmín dōu yǒu yìwù zūnshǒu guójiā de fǎlǜ hé fǎguī. Every citizen has the obligation to abide by the laws and regulations of the country. 投票是公民参与民主政治的重要方式。 Tóupiào shì gōngmín cānyù...
设计 (shèjì) — to design; design
设计 (shèjì) 设计 encompasses the full range of design activities -- from graphic and product design to architectural planning and the design of systems or experiments -- making it indispensable in creative and technical contexts. Meanings [verb] to design; to plan; to devise [noun] design; a plan; a blueprint Example Sentences 这座建筑由著名建筑师设计，风格独特。 Zhè zuò jiànzhú yóu zhùmíng jiànzhùshī shèjì, fēnggé dútè. This building was designed by a famous architect and...
过渡 (guòdù) — transition; to transition
过渡 (guòdù) 过渡 describes a transitional phase or the process of moving from one state, system, or condition to another, and is widely used in political, economic, and social discourse at B2 level. Meanings [noun] transition; transitional period; changeover [verb] to transition; to shift from one state to another Example Sentences 这个国家正处于从计划经济向市场经济过渡的阶段。 Zhège guójiā zhèng chǔyú cóng jìhuà jīngjì xiàng shìchǎng jīngjì guòdù de jiēduàn. This country is in the...
规划 (guīhuà) — to plan; planning
规划 (guīhuà) 规划 conveys the idea of comprehensive, systematic planning over a longer horizon, and is frequently used in government policy, urban development, and strategic business contexts. Meanings [verb] to plan; to map out; to blueprint [noun] a plan; a blueprint; a development scheme Example Sentences 城市规划对居民的生活质量有重大影响。 Chéngshì guīhuà duì jūmín de shēnghuó zhìliàng yǒu zhòngdà yǐngxiǎng. Urban planning has a major impact on residents' quality of life. 政府发布了未来五年的经济发展规划。 Zhèngfǔ...
甚至 (shènzhì) — even; so much so that
甚至 (shènzhì) 甚至 is used to present an extreme example that exceeds what has just been stated, adding emphasis to the degree or extent of something. Meanings [adverb/conjunction] even; even to the point that; so much so that Example Sentences 他学习非常努力，甚至周末也不休息。 Tā xuéxí fēicháng nǔlì, shènzhì zhōumò yě bù xiūxi. He studies very hard -- he even skips rest on weekends. 这道题太难了，甚至老师也做不出来。 Zhè dào tí tài nán le, shènzhì lǎoshī...
内容 (nèiróng) — content, substance
内容 (nèiróng) 内容 refers to the substance, information, or material contained within something -- a book, speech, website, course, or any form of communication. Meanings [noun] content, substance, subject matter Example Sentences 这本书的内容非常丰富，涵盖了很多领域的知识。 Zhè běn shū de nèiróng fēicháng fēngfù, hángài le hěn duō lǐngyù de zhīshi. The content of this book is very rich and covers knowledge from many fields. 演讲的内容应该与听众的需求紧密相关。 Yǎnjiǎng de nèiróng yīnggāi yǔ tīngzhòng de xūqiú...
地震 (dìzhèn) — earthquake
地震 (dìzhèn) 地震 is the standard Chinese term for an earthquake -- a sudden shaking of the earth's surface caused by seismic activity -- and is widely used in news, science, and everyday contexts. Meanings [noun] earthquake; seismic event Example Sentences 这次地震造成了严重的人员伤亡和财产损失。 Zhè cì dìzhèn zàochéng le yánzhòng de rényuán shāngyáng hé cáichǎn sǔnshī. This earthquake caused serious casualties and property losses. 气象局测量到这次地震的震级为7.5级。 Qìxiàngjú cèliàng dào zhè cì dìzhèn de...
原理 (yuánlǐ) — principle, fundamental law
原理 (yuánlǐ) 原理 refers to a fundamental principle or underlying law that governs how something works, typically at a foundational scientific, philosophical, or technical level. Meanings [noun] principle, fundamental law (underlying how something works) [noun] basic mechanism or rationale (of a system or process) Example Sentences 理解杠杆的基本原理需要掌握力学的基础知识。 Lǐjiě gǎnggǎn de jīběn yuánlǐ xūyào zhǎngwò lìxué de jīchǔ zhīshì. Understanding the basic principle of leverage requires mastery of the fundamentals of...
然而 (rán'ér) — However, yet, but
然而 (rán'ér) 然而 is a formal conjunction used to introduce a contrasting or unexpected statement, connecting two ideas where the second is in conflict with or different from the first. Meanings [conj] however; yet; but; nevertheless; nonetheless Example Sentences 他花了大量时间准备面试。然而，结果却令人失望。 Tā huāle dàliàng shíjiān zhǔnbèi miànshì. Rán'ér, jiéguǒ què lìng rén shīwàng. He spent a lot of time preparing for the interview. However, the result was disappointing. 科技的进步带来了许多便利。然而，它也引发了一些新的问题。 Kējì de...
开创 (kāichuàng) — to pioneer; to create; to open up
开创 (kāichuàng) To pioneer or create something new means to be the first to establish it, breaking new ground and bringing something previously nonexistent into being. Meanings [verb] to pioneer; to found; to create; to open up (a new era, field, or path) Example Sentences 他开创了现代中国画的新风格。 Tā kāichuàngle xiàndài Zhōngguó huà de xīn fēnggé. He pioneered a new style of modern Chinese painting. 改革开放开创了中国历史上的新局面。 Gǎigé kāifàng kāichuàngle Zhōngguó lìshǐ shàng...
感悟 (gǎnwù) — insight; realization; to come to understand
感悟 (gǎnwù) 感悟 refers to a deep personal insight or realization gained through experience, observation, or reflection, often with a philosophical or emotionally significant dimension. It can also be used as a verb meaning to come to understand or realize through lived experience. Meanings [noun] insight; realization; personal understanding gained through experience [verb] to come to understand; to realize through reflection or experience Example Sentences 经历了这次挫折，他对人生有了新的感悟，明白了坚持的重要性。 Jīnglìle zhè cì cuòzhé,...
干预 (gānyù) — to intervene; to interfere
干预 (gānyù) To intervene or interfere means to become involved in a situation, especially one that belongs to someone else, in order to influence or change its outcome. Meanings [verb] to intervene; to interfere; to meddle; to get involved in (another's affairs or a situation) Example Sentences 该国拒绝外国势力干预其内政。 Gāi guó jùjué wàiguó shìlì gānyù qí nèizhèng. The country rejected foreign interference in its internal affairs. 政府决定干预市场，防止价格过度波动。 Zhèngfǔ juédìng gānyù shìchǎng,...
决策 (juécè) — decision-making, policy decision
决策 (juécè) 决策 refers to the process of making significant decisions, particularly in organizational, governmental, or strategic contexts, as well as the decisions themselves. Meanings [noun] decision-making; a policy decision, strategic decision [verb] to make decisions, to determine a course of action Example Sentences 科学的决策需要充分的数据支撑和理性分析。 Kēxué de juécè xūyào chōngfèn de shùjù zhīchēng hé lǐxìng fēnxī. Scientific decision-making requires sufficient data support and rational analysis. 管理层的错误决策导致公司蒙受了巨大损失。 Guǎnlǐ céng de cuòwù...
以至于 (yǐzhìyú) — to the extent that; so ... that
以至于 (yǐzhìyú) 以至于 is a conjunction that introduces a result or consequence that has reached a notable degree, equivalent to "so ... that" or "to the extent that," often indicating an unexpected or extreme outcome. Meanings [conjunction] to the extent that; so ... that; resulting in (introduces a consequence that reached a notable or extreme degree) Example Sentences 他太专注于工作，以至于忘记了自己的生日。 Tā tài zhuānzhù yú gōngzuò, yǐzhìyú wàngjìle zìjǐ de shēngrì. He...
变革 (biàngé) — reform; transformation
变革 (biàngé) 变革 refers to fundamental, often large-scale change or reform in society, institutions, or systems, implying a deeper transformation than simple modification. Meanings [noun] reform; transformation; fundamental change [verb] to reform; to transform; to bring about fundamental change Example Sentences 工业革命带来了深刻的社会变革。 Gōngyè gémìng dàilái le shēnkè de shèhuì biàngé. The Industrial Revolution brought about profound social transformation. 这个国家正在经历一场深刻的政治变革。 Zhège guójiā zhèngzài jīnglì yī chǎng shēnkè de zhèngzhì biàngé. This...
综上所述 (zōng shàng suǒ shù) — in summary; to summarise the above
综上所述 (zōng shàng suǒ shù) 综上所述 is a formal discourse marker used to introduce a concluding summary of all the arguments or evidence presented earlier. It is the standard Chinese equivalent of "in summary," "to sum up," or "in conclusion" in academic and formal writing. Meanings [discourse marker] in summary; to summarise the above; in conclusion (based on the foregoing) Example Sentences 综上所述，人工智能的发展既带来了机遇，也带来了挑战，需要社会各界共同应对。 Zōng shàng suǒ shù, rén gōng zhìnéng...
性能 (xìngnéng) — performance; capability
性能 (xìngnéng) 性能 refers to the performance, capability, or functional properties of a machine, product, system, or material, describing how well it performs its intended function. Meanings [noun] performance; capability; functional properties (of a machine, product, or system) Example Sentences 这款新型电动汽车的性能非常出色，续航里程超过了五百公里。 Zhè kuǎn xīnxíng diàndòng qìchē de xìngnéng fēicháng chūsè, xùháng lǐchéng chāoguòle wǔbǎi gōnglǐ. The performance of this new electric vehicle is excellent, with a range of over five...
新能源 (xīn néngyuán) — new energy, renewable energy
新能源 (xīn néngyuán) Energy derived from sources other than traditional fossil fuels, including solar, wind, hydroelectric, and hydrogen power -- central to global climate and energy policy discussions. Meanings [noun] new energy, renewable energy, clean energy Example Sentences 中国已成为全球最大的新能源汽车生产国。 Zhōngguó yǐ chéngwéi quánqiú zuì dà de xīn néngyuán qìchē shēngchǎn guó. China has become the world's largest producer of new energy vehicles. 政府计划大幅增加新能源在能源结构中的比重。 Zhèngfǔ jìhuà dàfú zēngjiā xīn néngyuán zài...
潜在 (qiánzài) — Potential, latent, hidden
潜在 (qiánzài) 潜在 describes something that exists beneath the surface or has not yet fully manifested -- potential risk, hidden talent, or latent capacity that may emerge under the right conditions. Meanings [adj] potential; latent; hidden; underlying Example Sentences 这个市场有着巨大的潜在商机，值得深入研究。 Zhège shìchǎng yǒuzhe jùdà de qiánzài shāngjī, zhídé shēnrù yánjiū. This market has enormous potential business opportunities worth in-depth research. 我们必须识别并降低项目中的潜在风险。 Wǒmen bìxū shíbié bìng jiàngdī xiàngmù zhōng de qiánzài...
趋势 (qūshì) — trend, tendency
趋势 (qūshì) 趋势 refers to the observable direction or tendency of development over time, indicating where things are heading based on current patterns. Meanings [noun] trend, tendency, direction of development [noun] momentum, trajectory (of events or changes) Example Sentences 全球化是当今世界经济发展的主要趋势之一。 Quánqiú huà shì dāngjīn shìjiè jīngjì fāzhǎn de zhǔyào qūshì zhī yī. Globalization is one of the main trends in today's world economic development. 从目前的数据来看，这一行业呈现出明显的上升趋势。 Cóng mùqián de shùjù lái...
碳排放 (tàn páifàng) — carbon emissions
碳排放 (tàn páifàng) 碳排放 refers to the release of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere as a result of human activities such as burning fossil fuels, industrial production, and deforestation. Meanings [noun] carbon emissions; greenhouse gas emissions Example Sentences 全球碳排放量持续增加是气候变化的主要原因之一。 Quánqiú tàn páifàng liàng chíxù zēngjiā shì qìhòu biànhuà de zhǔyào yuányīn zhī yī. The continued increase in global carbon emissions is one of the main causes...
条例 (tiáolì) — regulation, ordinance
条例 (tiáolì) An official document containing a systematic set of rules or regulations issued by a government authority -- subordinate to laws but binding within a specific domain. Meanings [noun] regulation, ordinance, decree, bylaws Example Sentences 城市管理条例规定，禁止在公共场所随地吐痰。 Chéngshì guǎnlǐ tiáolì guīdìng, jìnzhǐ zài gōnggòng chǎngsuǒ suídì tǔ tán. Urban management regulations stipulate that spitting in public places is prohibited. 该企业因违反劳动保护条例而被罚款。 Gāi qǐyè yīn wéifǎn láodòng bǎohù tiáolì ér bèi fákuǎn....
问责 (wènzé) — to hold accountable; accountability
问责 (wènzé) 问责 refers to the act of holding officials, organisations, or individuals accountable for their conduct or failures, and is a key term in Chinese governance, legal, and public administration discourse at B2 level. Meanings [verb] to hold accountable; to call to account; to demand accountability from [noun] accountability; the process of calling someone to account Example Sentences 政府宣布将对此次事故的相关责任人依法问责。 Zhèngfǔ xuānbù jiāng duì cǐ cì shìgù de xiāngguān zérèn...
遗憾 (yíhàn) — regret; to regret; regrettable
遗憾 (yíhàn) 遗憾 expresses regret, disappointment, or sorrow over something that did not happen, was lost, or went wrong, and is used across personal, official, and literary contexts at B2 level. Meanings [noun] regret; a sense of loss or disappointment [verb] to regret; to feel sorry about [adjective] regrettable; unfortunate Example Sentences 他感到非常遗憾，因为错过了这次难得的机会。 Tā gǎndào fēicháng yíhàn, yīnwèi cuòguòle zhè cì nándé de jīhuì. He felt very regretful because he...
推出 (tuīchū) — to launch; to roll out
推出 (tuīchū) 推出 means to launch, roll out, or introduce something to the public or market, and is widely used in business, policy, media, and cultural contexts. Meanings [verb] to launch; to roll out (a product, policy, or service) [verb] to introduce; to put forward; to bring out (a new offering) Example Sentences 该品牌近期推出了一款全新的智能手机产品。 Gāi pǐnpái jìnqī tuīchūle yī kuǎn quánxīn de zhìnéng shǒujī chǎnpǐn. The brand recently launched a...
外交 (wàijiāo) — diplomacy; diplomatic
外交 (wàijiāo) 外交 refers to diplomacy -- the management of relations between countries through negotiation and communication -- and is a core term in international relations and political science. Meanings [noun] diplomacy; foreign affairs; diplomatic relations [adjective] diplomatic; pertaining to foreign affairs Example Sentences 两国之间的外交关系已经正常化。 Liǎng guó zhījiān de wàijiāo guānxi yǐjīng zhèngchánghuà. Diplomatic relations between the two countries have been normalized. 外交部发言人就此事发表了声明。 Wàijiāo bù fāyánrén jiù cǐ shì fābiǎo...
感性 (gǎnxìng) — emotional; perceptual; sensory
感性 (gǎnxìng) 感性 describes someone or something that is emotional, intuitive, or driven by feeling and perception rather than logic and reason; it can also refer to sensory or perceptual knowledge as opposed to rational/analytical thinking. Meanings [adjective] emotional; feeling-driven; intuitive; sentimental [noun] emotionality; perceptual knowledge; sensory cognition (philosophy) Example Sentences 她是一个非常感性的人，看电影时经常会被感人的情节感动得流泪。 Tā shì yī gè fēicháng gǎnxìng de rén, kàn diànyǐng shí jīngcháng huì bèi gǎnrén de qíngjié gǎndòng...
探究 (tànjiū) — to investigate; to explore; to probe
探究 (tànjiū) 探究 means to investigate or explore something deeply and systematically, especially to probe into the causes, essence, or truth of a phenomenon or problem, often with intellectual curiosity and rigor. Meanings [verb] to investigate; to explore; to probe; to inquire deeply into (the causes or essence of something) Example Sentences 科学家们正在努力探究宇宙起源的秘密，试图回答人类最古老的问题之一。 Kēxuéjiāmen zhèngzài nǔlì tànjiū yǔzhòu qǐyuán de mìmì, shìtú huídá rénlèi zuì gǔlǎo de wèntí zhī yī....
洪水 (hóngshuǐ) — Flood, floodwater
洪水 (hóngshuǐ) 洪水 refers to an overflow of a large amount of water beyond its normal confines, especially onto dry land -- a natural disaster that can cause widespread damage to communities and ecosystems. Meanings [noun] flood; floodwater; inundation Example Sentences 连日暴雨导致河流决堤，洪水淹没了整个村庄。 Lián rì bàoyǔ dǎozhì héliú juédī, hóngshuǐ yānmòle zhěnggè cūnzhuāng. Continuous heavy rain caused the river to burst its banks, and the flood submerged the entire village. 气候变化使洪水发生的频率和强度都在增加。...
公平 (gōngpíng) — fair, equitable
公平 (gōngpíng) 公平 refers to fairness and impartiality in treatment, opportunity, or judgment, where all parties are given equal consideration without bias. Meanings [adjective] fair, equitable, impartial [noun] fairness, equity Example Sentences 社会公平是构建和谐社会的重要基础。 Shèhuì gōngpíng shì gòujiàn héxié shèhuì de zhòngyào jīchǔ. Social equity is an important foundation for building a harmonious society. 比赛结果不公平，裁判明显偏向了一方。 Bǐsài jiéguǒ bù gōngpíng, cáipàn míngxiǎn piān xiàng le yī fāng. The competition result was unfair...
海平面 (hǎi píngmiàn) — Sea level
海平面 (hǎi píngmiàn) 海平面 refers to the average surface level of the world's oceans, used as a standard reference for measuring elevations and for discussing the effects of climate change on coastlines and low-lying areas. Meanings [noun] sea level; mean sea level Example Sentences 气候变化导致极地冰盖融化，海平面持续上升。 Qìhòu biànhuà dǎozhì jídì bīnggài rónghùa, hǎi píngmiàn chíxù shàngshēng. Climate change causes polar ice caps to melt, leading to a continuous rise in sea...
生物多样性 (shēngwù duōyàngxìng) — biodiversity
生物多样性 (shēngwù duōyàngxìng) 生物多样性 refers to the richness of different species, genes, and ecosystems in a region, and is a key concept in environmental conservation at the B2 level. Meanings [noun] biodiversity; the variety and variability of living organisms Example Sentences 热带雨林拥有极为丰富的生物多样性。 Rèdài yǔlín yǒngyǒu jíwéi fēngfù de shēngwù duōyàngxìng. Tropical rainforests possess extremely rich biodiversity. 保护生物多样性是应对气候危机的重要措施。 Bǎohù shēngwù duōyàngxìng shì yìngduì qìhòu wēijī de zhòngyào cuòshī. Protecting biodiversity is...
边缘化的 (biānyuánhuà de) — marginalized
边缘化的 (biānyuánhuà de) 边缘化的 describes groups, voices, or issues that have been pushed to the periphery of society, excluded from power, resources, or mainstream discourse. It is widely used in sociology, human rights, and policy discussions. Meanings [adj] marginalized; pushed to the margins; excluded from mainstream society or power structures Example Sentences 边缘化的群体往往难以获得平等的教育和就业机会。 Biānyuánhuà de qúntǐ wǎngwǎng nányǐ huòdé píngděng de jiàoyù hé jiùyè jīhuì. Marginalized groups often have difficulty...
Lesson 3: Social Issues
Overview Engaging with social issues in Chinese requires more than vocabulary — it demands an understanding of how Chinese public discourse frames problems, assigns responsibility, and proposes solutions. At the B2 level, learners move beyond describing issues to analyzing their causes and evaluating responses. The vocabulary and patterns in this lesson are drawn from the language of journalism, policy reports, and social commentary, registers where Chinese learners must operate with...
Lesson 16: Media Analysis
Overview Consuming Chinese media critically requires more than vocabulary — it requires understanding the conventions by which information is sourced, framed, and evaluated in Chinese journalism. At the B2 level, learners should be able to identify how quotations are introduced, how statistical evidence is cited and interpreted, and how source credibility is signaled or questioned. These skills are essential not only for reading Chinese news but for producing academic and...
保守的 (bǎoshǒu de) — conservative
保守的 (bǎoshǒu de) 保守的 describes attitudes, policies, or people that prefer established traditions, resist rapid change, or advocate for cautious approaches. In politics it refers to right-leaning or status-quo-oriented positions; more broadly it means "cautious" or "restrained." Meanings [adj] conservative; resistant to change; cautious; traditional; restrained Example Sentences 保守的政治立场通常强调传统价值观和社会稳定。 Bǎoshǒu de zhèngzhì lìchǎng tōngcháng qiángdiào chuántǒng jiàzhíguān hé shèhuì wěndìng. Conservative political positions typically emphasize traditional values and social stability....
主观 (zhǔguān) — subjective
主观 (zhǔguān) 主观 describes judgments, perceptions, or assessments that are based on personal feelings, opinions, or biases rather than objective facts, and is often contrasted with 客观 (objective). Meanings [adjective] subjective; based on personal opinion or feelings rather than external reality [noun] subjectivity; one's subjective perspective Example Sentences 他对这件事的判断太主观了，没有充分考虑到客观事实。 Tā duì zhè jiàn shì de pànduàn tài zhǔguān le, méiyǒu chōngfèn kǎolǜ dào kèguān shìshí. His judgment on this matter...
建议 (jiànyì) — to suggest; suggestion; recommendation
建议 (jiànyì) A suggestion or recommendation is a proposal put forward for someone else to consider, offered helpfully without the force of a command. Meanings [verb] to suggest; to recommend; to propose [noun] suggestion; recommendation; proposal; advice Example Sentences 我建议你在提交报告之前再仔细检查一遍。 Wǒ jiànyì nǐ zài tíjiāo bàogào zhīqián zài zǐxì jiǎnchá yībiàn. I suggest you carefully check it once more before submitting the report. 他的建议非常有建设性，值得认真考虑。 Tā de jiànyì fēicháng yǒu jiànshè...
法规 (fǎguī) — Regulations, rules and regulations
法规 (fǎguī) 法规 refers to officially issued rules and regulations, typically administrative orders and decrees issued by government bodies, which carry legal force. Meanings [noun] regulations; rules; statutory regulations; ordinances Example Sentences 企业必须严格遵守国家有关环保的法规。 Qǐyè bìxū yángé zūnshǒu guójiā yǒuguān huánbǎo de fǎguī. Enterprises must strictly comply with national environmental regulations. 政府制定了新的法规来规范网络安全行为。 Zhèngfǔ zhìdìngle xīn de fǎguī lái guīfàn wǎngluò ānquán xíngwéi. The government formulated new regulations to standardize cybersecurity practices....
总结 (zǒngjié) — to summarize; conclusion
总结 (zǒngjié) 总结 means to review and draw conclusions from a completed process or period of work, and is one of the most commonly used words in Chinese professional, academic, and organizational life. Meanings [verb] to summarize; to review and draw conclusions; to wrap up [noun] a summary; a review; a concluding assessment Example Sentences 每学期结束时，老师都会对学生的表现作出总结。 Měi xuéqī jiéshù shí, lǎoshī dōu huì duì xuésheng de biǎoxiàn zuòchū zǒngjié. At...
全面 (quánmiàn) — comprehensive, all-round
全面 (quánmiàn) 全面 describes something that covers all aspects or dimensions of a subject without omission, indicating thoroughness and comprehensiveness. Meanings [adjective] comprehensive, all-round, thorough [adverb] comprehensively, in all respects Example Sentences 我们需要对这个问题进行全面深入的分析。 Wǒmen xūyào duì zhège wèntí jìnxíng quánmiàn shēnrù de fēnxī. We need to conduct a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of this issue. 这份报告全面反映了当前经济形势。 Zhè fèn bàogào quánmiàn fǎnyìng le dāngqián jīngjì xíngshì. This report comprehensively reflects the...
软件 (ruǎnjiàn) — software
软件 (ruǎnjiàn) 软件 is the standard Chinese term for software, encompassing all computer programs, applications, and digital systems, and is essential vocabulary for technology, business, and everyday digital life. Meanings [noun] software; computer program; application Example Sentences 这款软件可以帮助用户管理日常工作任务。 Zhè kuǎn ruǎnjiàn kěyǐ bāngzhù yònghù guǎnlǐ rìcháng gōngzuò rènwù. This software can help users manage daily work tasks. 公司正在开发一套全新的财务管理软件。 Gōngsī zhèngzài kāifā yī tào quánxīn de cáiwù guǎnlǐ ruǎnjiàn. The company...
论坛 (lùntán) — forum
论坛 (lùntán) 论坛 refers to any organized platform for discussion and debate, from high-level international conferences to internet message boards, making it one of the most versatile nouns in modern Chinese. Meanings [noun] forum; symposium (physical gathering for discussion) [noun] online forum; discussion board (internet context) Example Sentences 世界经济论坛每年在达沃斯举行。 Shìjiè jīngjì lùntán měi nián zài Dáwòsī jǔxíng. The World Economic Forum is held annually in Davos. 他在国际学术论坛上发表了重要演讲。 Tā zài guójì...
硬件 (yìngjiàn) — hardware
硬件 (yìngjiàn) 硬件 refers to the physical components of a computer system or electronic device, as opposed to software, and is also used figuratively to describe physical infrastructure or tangible resources. Meanings [noun] hardware (computer/electronic components) [noun] physical infrastructure; tangible equipment (figurative) Example Sentences 这台电脑的硬件配置已经无法满足现代游戏的要求。 Zhè tái diànnǎo de yìngjiàn pèizhì yǐjīng wúfǎ mǎnzú xiàndài yóuxì de yāoqiú. The hardware configuration of this computer can no longer meet the requirements...
逻辑 (luójí) — logic; logical reasoning
逻辑 (luójí) 逻辑 refers to logical reasoning, the science of valid argument, or the internal consistency and rational structure of any set of ideas, and is widely used in academic, philosophical, and everyday intellectual discourse. Meanings [noun] logic; logical reasoning [noun] the internal logic; the rationale (of a situation or argument) Example Sentences 他的论文论证严密，逻辑清晰，令评审委员会印象深刻。 Tā de lùnwén lùnzhèng yánmì, luójí qīngxī, lìng píngshěn wěiyuánhuì yìnxiàng shēnkè. His thesis was rigorously...
形成 (xíngchéng) — to form; to take shape
形成 (xíngchéng) 形成 means to come into being or take shape gradually, often through a natural or long-term process, and is one of the most commonly used formal verbs in Chinese. Meanings [verb] to form; to take shape; to come into being [verb] to develop into; to result in (a pattern, habit, or situation) Example Sentences 经过长期的历史发展，这一地区形成了独特的文化传统。 Jīngguò chángqī de lìshǐ fāzhǎn, zhè yī dìqū xíngchéngle dútè de wénhuà chuántǒng....
审核 (shěnhé) — to review; to audit; to verify
审核 (shěnhé) To review or audit something means to carefully examine it against standards or criteria to verify its accuracy, completeness, or compliance. Meanings [verb] to review; to audit; to verify; to scrutinize; to approve after examination Example Sentences 所有申请材料都需要经过严格的审核。 Suǒyǒu shēnqǐng cáiliào dōu xūyào jīngguò yángé de shěnhé. All application materials need to go through strict review. 财务部门每季度对账目进行一次审核。 Cáiwù bùmén měi jìdù duì zhàngmù jìnxíng yīcì shěnhé. The finance...
Lesson 17: Environmental Policy
Overview Environmental policy has become one of the most prominent domains of Chinese domestic and international policy discourse. China's dual carbon goals (碳达峰, carbon peak by 2030; 碳中和, carbon neutrality by 2060) have generated an enormous body of policy documents, news coverage, and academic analysis. At the B2 level, learners must engage with this discourse using specialized vocabulary and the policy-specific grammar of goal-setting, measure-taking, and progress-reporting. This is a...
出口 (chūkǒu) — export; exit
出口 (chūkǒu) 出口 has two main meanings: the export of goods from a country to foreign markets, and a physical exit or way out of a building, road, or enclosed space. Meanings [noun/verb] export; to export (goods to other countries) [noun] exit, way out (a physical opening through which one leaves) Example Sentences 中国是全球最大的商品出口国之一。 Zhōngguó shì quánqiú zuìdà de shāngpǐn chūkǒu guó zhī yī. China is one of the world's...
形象 (xíngxiàng) — image; figure; vivid
形象 (xíngxiàng) An image is the impression that a person, organization, or country projects to others, shaped by appearance, behavior, and reputation. It can also describe a vivid or concrete representation. Meanings [noun] image; public image; figure; persona; visual/mental representation [adjective] vivid; graphic; concrete; lifelike (in describing language or depictions) Example Sentences 这次危机严重损害了公司的公众形象。 Zhè cì wéijī yánzhòng sǔnhàile gōngsī de gōngzhòng xíngxiàng. This crisis seriously damaged the company's public image....
关键 (guānjiàn) — key, crucial
关键 (guānjiàn) 关键 refers to the key, decisive, or most critical element in a situation or problem, the factor whose presence or absence determines the outcome. Meanings [noun] key, crucial element, decisive factor [adjective] key, critical, decisive (as in 关键时刻, critical moment) Example Sentences 解决这一问题的关键在于找到各方利益的平衡点。 Jiějué zhè yī wèntí de guānjiàn zàiyú zhǎodào gè fāng lìyì de pínghéng diǎn. The key to solving this problem lies in finding the balance...
安全 (ānquán) — safe; safety; security
安全 (ānquán) Safety or security refers to the condition of being protected from or unlikely to cause danger, risk, or injury, and is a fundamental concern in both personal and public life. Meanings [adjective] safe; secure; free from danger [noun] safety; security Example Sentences 这个地区的治安状况良好，居民感到很安全。 Zhège dìqū de zhì'ān zhuàngkuàng liánghǎo, jūmín gǎndào hěn ānquán. The public order in this area is good, and residents feel very safe. 网络安全已经成为国家战略的重要组成部分。 Wǎngluò...
上升 (shàngshēng) — to rise, to increase, to ascend
上升 (shàngshēng) 上升 describes an upward movement or increase in quantity, level, or degree, functioning as the counterpart to 下降 and commonly used in statistical, scientific, and social discourse. Meanings [verb] to rise, to increase, to ascend, to go up (in level, quantity, or degree) [noun] rise, increase, ascent (in compound or nominal use) Example Sentences 近年来，全球平均气温持续上升，引发各国担忧。 Jìn nián lái, quánqiú píngjūn qìwēn chíxù shàngshēng, yǐnfā gè guó dānyōu. In...
利率 (lìlǜ) — interest rate
利率 (lìlǜ) 利率 is the percentage rate at which interest is charged on a loan or paid on a deposit over a specified period, serving as a key lever of monetary policy. Meanings [noun] interest rate (the percentage rate of interest on loans or deposits) Example Sentences 美联储宣布上调基准利率以应对通货膨胀。 Měi lián chú xuānbù shàng diào jīzhǔn lìlǜ yǐ yìngduì tōnghuò péngzhàng. The Federal Reserve announced an increase in the benchmark interest...
规律 (guīlǜ) — law, pattern, regularity
规律 (guīlǜ) 规律 refers to a regular, predictable pattern or natural law that governs phenomena, implying an inherent order or recurring regularity that can be observed and understood. Meanings [noun] law, regularity, pattern (natural or social) [noun] regular rhythm, routine (of life or events) Example Sentences 科学研究的目的就是发现和掌握自然界的规律。 Kēxué yánjiū de mùdì jiùshì fāxiàn hé zhǎngwò zìrán jiè de guīlǜ. The purpose of scientific research is to discover and master the...
结论 (jiélùn) — conclusion
结论 (jiélùn) 结论 refers to a conclusion, judgement, or finding reached at the end of a process of reasoning, research, or investigation. It is the standard term in academic, legal, and analytical writing for a final determination. Meanings [noun] conclusion; finding; final judgement Example Sentences 研究人员经过大量实验，得出了一个令人惊讶的结论。 Yánjiū rényuán jīngguò dàliàng shíyàn, déchūle yī gè lìng rén jīngyà de jiélùn. After extensive experiments, the researchers reached a surprising conclusion. 在所有证据都收集完毕之前，不应该过早地下结论。 Zài...
虚拟现实 (xūnǐ xiànshí) — virtual reality
虚拟现实 (xūnǐ xiànshí) 虚拟现实 refers to computer-generated immersive environments that simulate the real world or create entirely fictional spaces, commonly abbreviated as VR in both Chinese and English contexts. Meanings [noun] virtual reality (VR) Example Sentences 虚拟现实技术正在改变游戏行业。 Xūnǐ xiànshí jìshù zhèngzài gǎibiàn yóuxì hángyè. Virtual reality technology is transforming the gaming industry. 这家医院用虚拟现实帮助患者进行康复训练。 Zhè jiā yīyuàn yòng xūnǐ xiànshí bāngzhù huànzhě jìnxíng kāngfù xùnliàn. This hospital uses virtual reality to...
分裂 (fēnliè) — to split, to divide, division
分裂 (fēnliè) 分裂 describes the act of splitting, dividing, or breaking apart -- whether a physical substance, a political entity, a social group, or a personal relationship. Meanings [verb] to split, to divide, to break apart [noun] division, schism, split Example Sentences 党内的分裂严重削弱了这个政党的执政能力。 Dǎng nèi de fēnliè yánzhòng xuēruò le zhège zhèngdǎng de zhízhèng nénglì. The split within the party seriously weakened this political party's governing capacity. 他们担心这场争论会导致组织内部的分裂。 Tāmen dānxīn...
道德 (dàodé) — morality; ethics; moral
道德 (dàodé) 道德 refers to morality, ethics, and the standards of right and wrong behaviour in society, and is one of the most important terms in Chinese philosophical and social discourse at B2 level. Meanings [noun] morality; ethics; moral principles [adjective] moral; ethical (as in a moral person or moral behaviour) Example Sentences 商业活动必须在法律和道德的双重框架内进行。 Shāngyè huódòng bìxū zài fǎlǜ hé dàodé de shuāngchóng kuàngjià nèi jìnxíng. Business activities must be...
绿色 (lǜsè) — green; eco-friendly
绿色 (lǜsè) 绿色 literally means the colour green, but at HSK 5 level it is most important as a metaphorical adjective meaning eco-friendly, sustainable, clean, or low-carbon. It is central to Chinese environmental policy discourse. Meanings [noun/adjective] green (the colour) [adjective] eco-friendly; sustainable; clean; low-carbon; environmentally sound Example Sentences 政府大力推广绿色出行，鼓励市民骑自行车或乘坐公共交通。 Zhèngfǔ dàlì tuīguǎng lǜsè chūxíng, gǔlì shìmín qí zìxíngchē huò chéngzuò gōnggòng jiāotōng. The government is actively promoting green travel,...
Lesson 8: Philosophy & Ethics
Overview Philosophy and ethics represent one of the richest domains of Chinese intellectual tradition. At the B2 level, learners are expected not only to recognize classical philosophical concepts but to engage with contemporary ethical debates using appropriate vocabulary and analytical frameworks. Chinese philosophical discourse has distinctive features — a preference for relational ethics over individual rights, a concern with the cultivation of character, and a persistent engagement with the tension...
体制 (tǐzhì) — system, institutional structure
体制 (tǐzhì) 体制 refers to the overarching institutional structure or organizational system, especially in the context of government, political, or large-scale social organization, often implying the fundamental framework within which institutions operate. Meanings [noun] system, institutional structure (especially political or administrative) [noun] system of organization or governance at a macro level Example Sentences 改革开放以来，中国的经济体制发生了根本性变化。 Gǎigé kāifàng yǐlái, Zhōngguó de jīngjì tǐzhì fāshēng le gēnběn xìng biànhuà. Since reform and opening...
粉丝 (fěnsī) — fan; follower
粉丝 (fěnsī) 粉丝 is a loanword borrowing the sound of English "fans." It refers to devoted followers or fans of a celebrity, brand, sports team, or content creator. It also retains its original food meaning (glass noodles made from starch), though the fan meaning dominates in modern media contexts. Meanings [noun] fan; follower; supporter (of a celebrity, influencer, or brand) [noun] glass noodles; cellophane noodles (original food meaning) Example Sentences...
营销 (yíngxiāo) — marketing
营销 (yíngxiāo) 营销 is the standard Chinese term for marketing -- the activities involved in promoting and selling products or services, including research, advertising, and brand management. Meanings [noun] marketing [verb] to market; to promote and sell Example Sentences 内容营销是当前最受品牌青睐的数字营销策略之一。 Nèiróng yíngxiāo shì dāngqián zuì shòu pínpái qīnglài de shùzì yíngxiāo cèlüè zhī yī. Content marketing is currently one of the most favoured digital marketing strategies among brands. 这家初创公司凭借精准的社交媒体营销，以极低的成本迅速打开了市场。 Zhè...
揭示 (jiēshì) — to reveal; to uncover
揭示 (jiēshì) 揭示 means to reveal or bring to light something that was hidden, obscure, or not yet understood, and is commonly used in academic, literary, and investigative contexts. Meanings [verb] to reveal; to uncover; to lay bare [verb] to illuminate; to expose underlying truths or causes Example Sentences 这项研究揭示了城市化与环境污染之间的关联。 Zhè xiàng yánjiū jiēshìle chéngshìhuà yǔ huánjìng wūrǎn zhījiān de guānlián. This research revealed the connection between urbanization and environmental...
合理 (hélǐ) — reasonable; rational
合理 (hélǐ) 合理 means reasonable, rational, or sensible -- describing something that conforms to logic, fairness, or common sense and can be justified. Meanings [adjective] reasonable; rational; sensible; justified; appropriate Example Sentences 这个价格非常合理，我们决定接受。 Zhège jiàgé fēicháng hélǐ, wǒmen juédìng jiēshòu. This price is very reasonable, so we decided to accept it. 他的要求是合理的，管理层应该认真考虑。 Tā de yāoqiú shì hélǐ de, guǎnlǐ céng yīnggāi rènzhēn kǎolǜ. His request is reasonable, and management should...
数字化 (shùzìhuà) — digitalization, to digitize
数字化 (shùzìhuà) The transformation of processes, content, or industries through digital technology -- a defining trend of 21st-century business and governance. Meanings [verb] to digitize, to digitalize [noun] digitalization, digitization Example Sentences 企业数字化转型已成为全球商业的核心议题。 Qǐyè shùzìhuà zhuǎnxíng yǐ chéngwéi quánqiú shāngyè de héxīn yìtí. Corporate digital transformation has become a core issue in global business. 政府正在推进政务服务的全面数字化。 Zhèngfǔ zhèngzài tuījìn zhèngwù fúwù de quánmiàn shùzìhuà. The government is pushing for comprehensive digitalization...
激发 (jīfā) — Stimulate, trigger, arouse
激发 (jīfā) 激发 means to stimulate or trigger something into action -- typically used for feelings, potential, interest, creativity, or reactions that are aroused by an external stimulus. Meanings [verb] to stimulate; to arouse; to trigger; to bring out; to activate Example Sentences 这本书激发了他对科学的浓厚兴趣。 Zhè běn shū jīfāle tā duì kēxué de nóng hòu xìngqù. This book stimulated his strong interest in science. 老师的提问激发了学生们的思考和讨论热情。 Lǎoshī de tíwèn jīfāle xuéshēngmen de...
持久 (chíjiǔ) — lasting; enduring; sustained
持久 (chíjiǔ) 持久 describes something that lasts for a long time or has the quality of endurance and sustainability, used for peace, effects, relationships, conflicts, and effort. Meanings [adjective] lasting; enduring; sustained; durable; long-lasting Example Sentences 只有解决根本矛盾，才能实现持久和平，而不是仅仅停止冲突。 Zhǐyǒu jiějué gēnběn máodùn, cái néng shíxiàn chíjiǔ hépíng, ér bùshì jǐnjǐn tíngzhǐ chōngtū. Only by resolving fundamental contradictions can lasting peace be achieved, rather than merely stopping the conflict. 养成良好习惯需要持久的坚持，短期的努力很难带来根本性的改变。 Yǎngchéng liánghǎo...
Lesson 5: Science & Technology
Overview Science and technology reporting in Chinese demands a vocabulary set that blends technical precision with accessible journalism. At the B2 level, learners are expected to read and comprehend articles in publications like Science and Technology Daily (科技日报) or technology sections of major newspapers, and to discuss recent scientific developments with appropriate terminology. This lesson addresses the language of scientific evidence, research claims, and technology policy — areas where China...
发表 (fābiǎo) — to publish; to deliver
发表 (fābiǎo) 发表 means to publish an article or academic paper, or to deliver a speech, statement, or opinion in a formal public context, and is essential vocabulary for academic and official discourse. Meanings [verb] to publish (an article, paper, or commentary) [verb] to deliver (a speech); to make (a statement or announcement) Example Sentences 这位科学家在国际顶级期刊上发表了多篇论文。 Zhè wèi kēxuéjiā zài guójì dǐng jí qīkān shàng fābiǎole duō piān lùnwén. This...
程序 (chéngxù) — procedure; program
程序 (chéngxù) 程序 refers to either a formal sequence of steps or procedures that must be followed, or a computer program, making it a versatile term across legal, administrative, and technical contexts. Meanings [noun] procedure; process; formal steps [noun] computer program; software application Example Sentences 申请签证需要按照规定的程序提交相关材料。 Shēnqǐng qiānzhèng xūyào ànzhào guīdìng de chéngxù tíjiāo xiāngguān cáiliào. Applying for a visa requires submitting relevant documents following the prescribed procedures. 这个程序运行时占用大量内存，影响了电脑速度。 Zhège...
号召 (hàozhào) — to call on; appeal
号召 (hàozhào) 号召 means to publicly call on or appeal to people to take action, and also refers to such a call or appeal itself, often used in political, social, and organizational contexts. Meanings [verb] to call on; to appeal to; to rally (people to a cause or action) [noun] a call; an appeal; a rallying cry Example Sentences 政府号召全体公民积极参与环保行动。 Zhèngfǔ hàozhào quántǐ gōngmín jījí cānyù huánbǎo xíngdòng. The government...
Lesson 6: Literature & Arts
Overview Literary and artistic discourse in Chinese carries a long and distinctive tradition. At the B2 level, learners move from appreciating individual works to analyzing them — identifying themes, evaluating styles, and situating texts within their cultural and historical contexts. This requires both a specialized vocabulary of literary criticism and a set of grammatical patterns that allow for thematic and aesthetic judgment. Chinese literary culture places particular emphasis on the...
此外 (cǐ wài) — In addition, besides
此外 (cǐ wài) This conjunction is used to introduce additional points beyond what has already been stated, functioning as a formal connective in written and spoken Chinese. Meanings [conj] in addition; besides; moreover; apart from this Example Sentences 他擅长数学和物理。此外，他还会弹钢琴。 Tā shàncháng shùxué hé wùlǐ. Cǐ wài, tā hái huì tán gāngqín. He is good at math and physics. In addition, he can play the piano. 我们需要更多资金。此外，还需要专业人才。 Wǒmen xūyào gèng duō...
据悉 (jùxī) — it is learned that; reportedly; according to sources
据悉 (jùxī) 据悉 is a formal journalistic expression meaning "it is learned that" or "reportedly," used to introduce information obtained from an unspecified source, signaling that the speaker or writer is passing on information without necessarily confirming it personally. Meanings [discourse marker] it is learned that; reportedly; it has been learned that; according to sources Example Sentences 据悉，该公司计划在年底前完成新工厂的建设，届时将新增两千个就业岗位。 Jùxī, gāi gōngsī jìhuà zài niándǐ qián wánchéng xīn gōngchǎng de jiànshè,...
应用程序 (yìngyòng chéngxù) — application; app
应用程序 (yìngyòng chéngxù) An application or app is a software program designed to perform a specific function directly for the user, whether on a computer, smartphone, or other device. Meanings [noun] application; app; software application; program Example Sentences 这款应用程序可以帮助用户管理日常任务和日程安排。 Zhè kuǎn yìngyòng chéngxù kěyǐ bāngzhù yònghù guǎnlǐ rìcháng rènwù hé rìchéng ānpái. This application can help users manage daily tasks and schedules. 下载这个应用程序需要注册账户并同意服务条款。 Xiàzài zhège yìngyòng chéngxù xūyào zhùcè zhànghù...
Lesson 11: Advanced Grammar Review
Overview At the B2 level, grammatical mastery is not merely about knowing rules but about deploying structures with pragmatic precision — understanding when a passive construction creates appropriate rhetorical effects, when nominalization produces the analytical density expected in academic prose, and how sentence structure interacts with information flow. This lesson reviews and extends two major grammatical domains — the 把/被 constructions and noun phrase nominalization — with a focus on...
稳健 (wěnjiàn) — steady and sound; prudent
稳健 (wěnjiàn) 稳健 describes a quality of being steady, reliable, and sound in approach, commonly applied to management style, policy decisions, economic strategies, and personal conduct. Meanings [adjective] steady and sound; prudent; solid; well-grounded Example Sentences 央行采取了稳健的货币政策以防止通货膨胀。 Yāngháng cǎiqǔ le wěnjiàn de huòbì zhèngcè yǐ fángzhǐ tōnghuò péngzhàng. The central bank adopted a prudent monetary policy to prevent inflation. 这位投资者以稳健的风格著称，从不追逐短期热点。 Zhè wèi tóuzīzhě yǐ wěnjiàn de fēnggé zhùchēng, cóng bù...
版权 (bǎnquán) — Copyright
版权 (bǎnquán) 版权 refers to the legal right that protects creators from having their original works reproduced, distributed, or adapted without permission -- encompassing books, music, software, films, and other creative content. Meanings [noun] copyright; intellectual property rights over creative works Example Sentences 未经授权转载他人的文章是侵犯版权的行为。 Wèi jīng shòuquán zhuǎnzǎi tārén de wénzhāng shì qīnfàn bǎnquán de xíngwéi. Reprinting someone else's article without authorization is a copyright infringement. 这首歌曲的版权归唱片公司所有。 Zhè shǒu gēqǔ...
社会影响 (shèhuì yǐngxiǎng) — social influence
社会影响 (shèhuì yǐngxiǎng) 社会影响 refers to the ways in which the presence, behavior, or attitudes of other people affect an individual's own thoughts, feelings, and actions. It is a fundamental concept in social psychology and sociology. 社会影响 can be direct, such as peer pressure, or indirect, such as cultural norms. Meanings noun social influence, the impact of society or social groups on individual behavior Example Sentences 社会影响对青少年的行为有重要作用。 Shèhuì yǐngxiǎng duì...
理性 (lǐxìng) — Rationality, rational
理性 (lǐxìng) 理性 refers to the capacity for rational, logical thinking that is based on reason rather than emotion or impulse. It describes both the quality of being rational and the faculty of reason itself. Meanings [noun] rationality; reason; rational thinking [adj] rational; reasonable; logical; level-headed Example Sentences 面对危机，保持理性判断是解决问题的关键。 Miànduì wēijī, bǎochí lǐxìng pànduàn shì jiějué wèntí de guānjiàn. When facing a crisis, maintaining rational judgment is the key to...
重要 (zhòngyào) — important; significant
重要 (zhòngyào) 重要 is one of the most fundamental adjectives in Chinese, meaning important, significant, or crucial, and is used pervasively across all registers to describe people, things, decisions, or issues of great consequence. Meanings [adjective] important; significant; crucial; of great consequence Example Sentences 健康是人生中最重要的财富，没有健康就谈不上其他。 Jiànkāng shì rénshēng zhōng zuì zhòngyào de cáifù, méiyǒu jiànkāng jiù tán bu shàng qítā. Health is the most important wealth in life; without health,...
区块链 (qūkuài liàn) — blockchain
区块链 (qūkuài liàn) 区块链 is the Chinese term for blockchain technology -- a distributed, decentralized digital ledger that records transactions across a network of computers in a way that is secure, transparent, and difficult to alter. Meanings [noun] blockchain (a distributed ledger technology) Example Sentences 区块链技术的核心优势在于其去中心化和不可篡改的特性。 Qūkuài liàn jìshù de héxīn yōushì zàiyú qí qù zhōngxīnhuà hé bùkě cuāngǎi de tèxìng. The core advantage of blockchain technology lies in its...
数据库 (shùjùkù) — database
数据库 (shùjùkù) An organized, structured repository of data stored electronically, designed for efficient retrieval, management, and updating -- the backbone of modern software systems. Meanings [noun] database Example Sentences 这家医院建立了一个全国联网的患者数据库。 Zhè jiā yīyuàn jiànlìle yī gè quánguó liánwǎng de huànzhě shùjùkù. This hospital has established a nationally networked patient database. 工程师需要定期备份数据库以防止数据丢失。 Gōngchéngshī xūyào dìngqī bèifèn shùjùkù yǐ fángzhǐ shùjù diūshī. Engineers need to regularly back up the database to prevent...
以致 (yǐzhì) — as a result; so that; causing
以致 (yǐzhì) 以致 is a formal conjunction that introduces a negative or undesirable consequence that was caused by the preceding action or situation, equivalent to "as a result," "causing," or "so that." Meanings [conjunction] as a result; causing; so that (introduces a negative consequence or undesirable outcome) Example Sentences 他长期忽视身体健康，以致病情愈发严重，最终不得不住院治疗。 Tā chángqī hūshì shēntǐ jiànkāng, yǐzhì bìngqíng yùfā yánzhòng, zuìzhōng bùdébù zhùyuàn zhìliáo. He neglected his health for a long...
激励 (jīlì) — Motivate, encourage, inspire
激励 (jīlì) 激励 means to motivate, inspire, or encourage someone to strive harder -- it implies an active push that fires up a person's determination and enthusiasm to achieve goals. Meanings [verb] to motivate; to inspire; to encourage; to spur on [noun] motivation; incentive; inspiration Example Sentences 老师的一番话深深地激励了学生们努力追求梦想。 Lǎoshī de yī fān huà shēnshēn de jīlìle xuéshēngmen nǔlì zhuīqiú mèngxiǎng. The teacher's words deeply motivated the students to pursue their...
经验 (jīngyàn) — experience
经验 (jīngyàn) 经验 refers to knowledge, skill, or insight gained through direct participation or practice over time. It emphasises practical, lived experience rather than theoretical knowledge. Meanings [noun] experience; practical knowledge; know-how gained through practice Example Sentences 这位老师有二十年的课堂教学经验，深受学生喜爱。 Zhè wèi lǎoshī yǒu èrshí nián de kètáng jiāoxué jīngyàn, shēn shòu xuéshēng xǐài. This teacher has twenty years of classroom teaching experience and is deeply loved by students. 失败也是一种宝贵的经验，能让我们从中学到教训。 Shībài yě...
诞生 (dànshēng) — to be born; birth
诞生 (dànshēng) 诞生 means to come into being or to be born, and is used for both the birth of notable people and, more commonly, the emergence or creation of significant things such as institutions, technologies, works of art, or ideas. Meanings [verb] to be born; to come into existence; to emerge [noun] birth; emergence; inception Example Sentences 这家公司诞生于车库，如今已成为行业巨头。 Zhè jiā gōngsī dànshēng yú chēkù, rújīn yǐ chéngle hángyè jùtóu....
能力 (nénglì) — ability; capability
能力 (nénglì) 能力 refers to the power, skill, or capacity to do something. It covers both innate abilities and developed competencies, and is one of the most frequently used nouns in formal Chinese across education, business, and policy contexts. Meanings [noun] ability; capability; capacity; competence Example Sentences 批判性思维能力是大学教育最应该培养的核心能力之一。 Pīpàn xìng sīwéi nénglì shì dàxué jiàoyù zuì yīnggāi péiyǎng de héxīn nénglì zhī yī. Critical thinking ability is one of the...
民主的 (mínzhǔ de) — democratic
民主的 (mínzhǔ de) 民主的 is the adjective form of 民主, describing something characterized by democratic principles such as equal participation, free elections, and protection of rights. It modifies nouns directly in Chinese. Meanings [adj] democratic; of or relating to democracy; characterized by equal participation Example Sentences 民主的选举制度是现代政治的基础。 Mínzhǔ de xuǎnjǔ zhìdù shì xiàndài zhèngzhì de jīchǔ. A democratic electoral system is the foundation of modern politics. 这家公司采取了民主的管理方式，鼓励员工发表意见。 Zhè jiā gōngsī...
适应 (shìyìng) — to adapt; to adjust to
适应 (shìyìng) 适应 means to adapt or adjust to new circumstances, environments, or demands, and is used across biological, psychological, social, and professional contexts at B2 level. Meanings [verb] to adapt to; to adjust to; to become accustomed to [verb] to suit; to be adapted for (of a thing fitting a condition) Example Sentences 刚来到新城市时，他花了几个月才适应当地的生活方式。 Gāng láidào xīn chéngshì shí, tā huāle jǐ gè yuè cái shìyìng dāngdì de shēnghuó...
算法 (suànfǎ) — algorithm
算法 (suànfǎ) 算法 refers to a step-by-step set of instructions for solving a problem or accomplishing a task, fundamental to computer science, mathematics, and artificial intelligence. Meanings [noun] algorithm; a defined procedure for solving a problem or making calculations Example Sentences 推荐算法根据用户的浏览历史来推送个性化内容。 Tuījiàn suànfǎ gēnjù yònghù de liúlǎn lìshǐ lái tuīsòng gèxìnghuà nèiróng. Recommendation algorithms push personalized content based on users' browsing history. 人工智能系统的核心是复杂的机器学习算法。 Réngōng zhìnéng xìtǒng de héxīn shì...
标准 (biāozhǔn) — standard, criterion
标准 (biāozhǔn) An established benchmark, norm, or criterion that serves as a reference for quality, behavior, or measurement -- also used as an adjective meaning "standard" or "normal." Meanings [noun] standard, criterion, benchmark, norm [adjective] standard, orthodox, correct (as in standard Mandarin pronunciation) Example Sentences 她的普通话发音非常标准，让外国学生十分羡慕。 Tā de pǔtōnghuà fāyīn fēicháng biāozhǔn, ràng wàiguó xuéshēng shífēn xiànmù. Her Mandarin pronunciation is very standard, making foreign students very envious. 这款产品必须符合国家质量标准才能上市销售。 Zhè...
多样化 (duōyànghuà) — diversification, to diversify
多样化 (duōyànghuà) 多样化 describes the process of becoming or making something more diverse and varied, encompassing a broader range of forms, options, or approaches than before. Meanings [verb] to diversify, to become more varied and diverse [noun/adjective] diversification; diversified, varied Example Sentences 消费者需求的多样化促使企业不断开发新产品。 Xiāofèi zhě xūqiú de duōyàng huà cùshǐ qǐyè bùduàn kāifā xīn chǎnpǐn. The diversification of consumer demand has prompted companies to continuously develop new products. 现代社会中，人们的生活方式日趋多样化。 Xiàndài...
实施 (shíshī) — to implement; to carry out
实施 (shíshī) To implement or carry out means to put a plan, policy, decision, or law into actual practice or effect. Meanings [verb] to implement; to carry out; to put into effect; to execute (a plan or policy) Example Sentences 新的环保法规将于明年开始实施。 Xīn de huánbǎo fǎguī jiāng yú míngnián kāishǐ shíshī. The new environmental regulations will come into effect next year. 政府决定实施一系列经济刺激措施。 Zhèngfǔ juédìng shíshī yī xìliè jīngjì cìjī cuòshī. The...
消费 (xiāofèi) — Consume, consumption
消费 (xiāofèi) 消费 refers to the use of goods, services, or resources, especially in an economic context where money is spent. It is a key concept in economics and daily life. Meanings [verb] to consume; to spend money on goods or services [noun] consumption; consumer spending Example Sentences 国内消费的增长对经济发展起着重要作用。 Guónèi xiāofèi de zēngzhǎng duì jīngjì fāzhǎn qǐzhe zhòngyào zuòyòng. The growth of domestic consumption plays an important role in economic...
研发 (yánfā) — research and development
研发 (yánfā) 研发 is the abbreviation of 研究与开发 (research and development), and refers to the systematic activity of researching and developing new technologies, products, or processes. Meanings [verb] to research and develop (a technology or product) [noun] research and development; R&D Example Sentences 该公司每年将营业额的15%投入研发。 Gāi gōngsī měi nián jiāng yíngyè é de 15% tóurù yánfā. The company invests 15% of its annual revenue into R&D. 这款新药历经十年研发，终于获批上市。 Zhè kuǎn xīn yào...
民生 (mínshēng) — People's livelihood, public welfare
民生 (mínshēng) 民生 refers to the material and social welfare of ordinary citizens, encompassing employment, housing, healthcare, and education -- the basic conditions of people's daily lives. Meanings [noun] people's livelihood; public welfare; the living conditions of ordinary citizens Example Sentences 政府把改善民生列为首要任务。 Zhèngfǔ bǎ gǎishàn mínshēng liè wéi shǒuyào rènwù. The government listed improving people's livelihood as its top priority. 民生问题直接关系到社会的稳定。 Mínshēng wèntí zhíjiē guānxì dào shèhuì de wěndìng. Issues...
冲突 (chōngtū) — conflict, clash
冲突 (chōngtū) 冲突 refers to a clash, disagreement, or collision between opposing forces, interests, values, or people, ranging from personal disputes to international conflicts. Meanings [noun] conflict, clash, confrontation [verb] to conflict with, to clash Example Sentences 两国之间的边境冲突已持续了数月。 Liǎng guó zhī jiān de biānjìng chōngtū yǐ chíxù le shù yuè. The border conflict between the two countries has lasted for several months. 他的个人价值观与公司文化产生了严重冲突。 Tā de gèrén jiàzhíguān yǔ gōngsī wénhuà...
繁荣 (fánróng) — prosperous; to flourish
繁荣 (fánróng) 繁荣 describes a state of great activity, growth, and prosperity, typically applied to economies, cultures, societies, or markets. It can function as an adjective (thriving, prosperous) or a verb (to make prosper, to flourish). Meanings [adjective] prosperous; thriving; flourishing; booming [verb] to prosper; to flourish; to make something thrive Example Sentences 改革开放政策推动了中国经济的持续繁荣。 Gǎigé kāifàng zhèngcè tuīdòngle Zhōngguó jīngjì de chíxù fánróng. The reform and opening-up policy has driven...
环境保护 (huánjìng bǎohù) — Environmental protection
环境保护 (huánjìng bǎohù) 环境保护 refers to the actions, policies, and practices aimed at protecting the natural environment from degradation and harm caused by human activities. Meanings [noun phrase] environmental protection; conservation of the natural environment Example Sentences 环境保护是全人类共同面临的重大责任。 Huánjìng bǎohù shì quán rénlèi gòngtóng miànlín de zhòngdà zérèn. Environmental protection is a major responsibility shared by all of humanity. 政府出台了一系列法规，以加强环境保护工作。 Zhèngfǔ chūtáile yī xìliè fǎguī, yǐ jiāqiáng huánjìng bǎohù gōngzuò....
证据 (zhèngjù) — evidence; proof
证据 (zhèngjù) 证据 refers to concrete evidence or proof that establishes facts in legal, scientific, or argumentative contexts, and is an essential term in law, journalism, and academic reasoning. Meanings [noun] evidence; proof; supporting material Example Sentences 检察官向法庭提交了大量证据。 Jiǎncháguān xiàng fǎtíng tíjiāo le dàliàng zhèngjù. The prosecutor submitted a large amount of evidence to the court. 没有证据，就不能随意指控他人。 Méiyǒu zhèngjù, jiù bù néng suíyì zhǐkòng tārén. Without evidence, you cannot accuse...
焦虑 (jiāolǜ) — Anxiety, anxious
焦虑 (jiāolǜ) 焦虑 describes the emotional state of anxiety, worry, and unease -- a persistent feeling of apprehension about uncertain outcomes or future events. Meanings [noun] anxiety; worry; apprehension [adj] anxious; worried; uneasy Example Sentences 考试前夕，很多学生都会感到焦虑。 Kǎoshì qiányè, hěn duō xuéshēng dōu huì gǎndào jiāolǜ. On the eve of an exam, many students feel anxious. 长期的工作压力让她产生了严重的焦虑情绪。 Chángqī de gōngzuò yālì ràng tā chǎnshēngle yánzhòng de jiāolǜ qíngxù. Long-term work pressure...
稳定 (wěndìng) — stable; to stabilize
稳定 (wěndìng) 稳定 describes a state of being free from significant change, disruption, or fluctuation, and is used extensively in political, economic, social, and scientific contexts. Meanings [adjective] stable; steady; unchanged [verb] to stabilize; to make stable Example Sentences 政治稳定是经济持续发展的重要前提条件。 Zhèngzhì wěndìng shì jīngjì chíxù fāzhǎn de zhòngyào qiántí tiáojiàn. Political stability is an important prerequisite for sustained economic development. 这段时间股市波动较大，尚未恢复稳定。 Zhè duàn shíjiān gǔshì bōdòng jiào dà, shàng wèi...
市场份额 (shìchǎng fèn'é) — market share
市场份额 (shìchǎng fèn'é) Market share refers to the percentage of a market's total sales or revenue that is earned by a particular company, product, or brand over a specified period. Meanings [noun phrase] market share; the portion of market controlled by a company or product Example Sentences 该公司在智能手机市场的份额已超过30%。 Gāi gōngsī zài zhìnéng shǒujī shìchǎng de fèn'é yǐ chāoguò 30%. The company's share of the smartphone market has exceeded 30%. 两家企业激烈竞争，争夺国内市场份额。...
污染 (wūrǎn) — Pollution, to pollute
污染 (wūrǎn) 污染 refers to the introduction of harmful substances or contaminants into the natural environment, and also the act of causing such contamination. Meanings [noun] pollution; contamination [verb] to pollute; to contaminate; to taint Example Sentences 工业排放是城市空气污染的主要原因之一。 Gōngyè páifàng shì chéngshì kōngqì wūrǎn de zhǔyào yuányīn zhī yī. Industrial emissions are one of the main causes of urban air pollution. 河流污染威胁着当地居民的饮用水安全。 Héliú wūrǎn wēixiézhe dāngdì jūmín de yǐnyòng shuǐ...
哪怕 (nǎpà) — even if; no matter
哪怕 (nǎpà) 哪怕 is a concessive conjunction meaning "even if" or "no matter how," used to express that the outcome in the main clause holds regardless of the condition introduced. Meanings [conjunction] even if; even though; no matter (introduces an extreme concessive condition) Example Sentences 哪怕只有一线希望，我也要坚持下去。 Nǎpà zhǐyǒu yī xiàn xīwàng, wǒ yě yào jiānchí xiàqù. Even if there is only a sliver of hope, I will keep going. 哪怕下大雪，她也会按时来上班。...
濒危 (bīnwēi) — Endangered, on the verge of danger
濒危 (bīnwēi) 濒危 describes a state of being on the verge of a crisis or extinction -- most commonly used for endangered species, but also applicable to languages, cultures, or situations facing imminent collapse. Meanings [adj] endangered; on the brink of extinction; critically threatened Example Sentences 大熊猫曾经是濒危物种，经过多年保护，数量有所回升。 Dàxióngmāo céngjīng shì bīnwēi wùzhǒng, jīngguò duō nián bǎohù, shùliàng yǒu suǒ huíshēng. The giant panda was once an endangered species; after years...
案例 (ànlì) — case, case study
案例 (ànlì) A specific, documented instance or example -- used in legal, medical, academic, or business contexts for analysis, learning, or illustration. Meanings [noun] case, case study, example instance Example Sentences 法学院学生通过分析经典案例来理解法律原则。 Fǎxuéyuàn xuéshēng tōngguò fēnxī jīngdiǎn ànlì lái lǐjiě fǎlǜ yuánzé. Law school students understand legal principles by analyzing classic cases. 这个公司的成功案例被写入了多所商学院的教材。 Zhège gōngsī de chénggōng ànlì bèi xiě rùle duō suǒ shāngxuéyuàn de jiàocái. This company's success story...
医疗 (yīliáo) — medical care, healthcare
医疗 (yīliáo) 医疗 refers to the organized system of medical treatment, care, and health services provided by healthcare professionals and institutions. Meanings [noun] medical care, healthcare, medical treatment [adjective] medical (as a modifier in compound terms) Example Sentences 政府承诺提高农村地区的医疗服务水平。 Zhèngfǔ chéngnuò tígāo nóngcūn dìqū de yīliáo fúwù shuǐpíng. The government pledged to improve the level of medical services in rural areas. 先进的医疗技术使许多过去无法治愈的疾病变得可控。 Xiānjìn de yīliáo jìshù shǐ xǔduō guòqù wúfǎ...
考核 (kǎohé) — assessment; to evaluate
考核 (kǎohé) 考核 means to formally assess, evaluate, or appraise someone's performance, qualifications, or results against a set of criteria. It is commonly used for employee performance reviews, academic assessments, and official evaluations. Meanings [verb] to assess; to evaluate; to appraise (performance or qualifications) [noun] assessment; evaluation; appraisal Example Sentences 公司每年对员工进行一次绩效考核，结果与奖金直接挂钩。 Gōngsī měi nián duì yuángōng jìnxíng yī cì jìxiào kǎohé, jiéguǒ yǔ jiǎngjīn zhíjiē guàgōu. The company conducts an...
视角 (shìjiǎo) — perspective, point of view
视角 (shìjiǎo) 视角 literally means "viewing angle" and is used both literally (the angle of a camera lens) and figuratively (a perspective or standpoint). In literary and critical contexts it translates as "point of view" or "narrative perspective." It is more visual and spatial in connotation than 观点 (guāndiǎn), which focuses on opinion, or 立场 (lìchǎng), which emphasizes position or stance. Meanings [n] perspective; point of view; angle of vision...
一方面 (yī fāngmiàn) — on one hand
一方面 (yī fāngmiàn) 一方面 is a discourse marker used to introduce one aspect of a situation, typically paired with 另一方面 (lìng yī fāngmiàn) to contrast two perspectives at B2 level. Meanings [conjunction] on one hand; in one respect (introduces the first of two contrasting points) [adverb] from one angle or perspective Example Sentences 一方面，经济发展很重要；另一方面，环境保护也不能忽视。 Yī fāngmiàn, jīngjì fāzhǎn hěn zhòngyào; lìng yī fāngmiàn, huánjìng bǎohù yě bù néng hūshì. On...
资产 (zīchǎn) — assets; property
资产 (zīchǎn) 资产 refers to anything of value owned by a person, company, or government -- including financial investments, property, and equipment -- and is a foundational term in economics, accounting, and business journalism. Meanings [noun] assets; property; holdings (financial or physical) Example Sentences 这家公司的总资产超过五百亿元。 Zhè jiā gōngsī de zǒng zīchǎn chāoguò wǔ bǎi yì yuán. The company's total assets exceed 50 billion yuan. 资产与负债的平衡是企业财务管理的核心。 Zīchǎn yǔ fùzhài de pínghéng...
激进的 (jījìn de) — radical
激进的 (jījìn de) 激进的 describes views, actions, or people that advocate for drastic, rapid, or extreme change -- going far beyond mainstream or moderate positions. It can carry a neutral analytical tone in academic writing or a negative connotation in everyday speech. Meanings [adj] radical; extreme; advocating drastic or rapid change Example Sentences 激进的改革方案可能会引发社会的强烈反对。 Jījìn de gǎigé fāng'àn kěnéng huì yǐnfā shèhuì de qiángliè fǎnduì. Radical reform proposals may trigger...
相比之下 (xiāng bǐ zhī xià) — by comparison; in comparison
相比之下 (xiāng bǐ zhī xià) 相比之下 is a formal discourse marker used to introduce a comparison, highlighting how one thing differs from another that was previously mentioned. Meanings [phrase] by comparison; in comparison; comparatively speaking Example Sentences 美国的医疗费用非常高昂，相比之下，加拿大的全民医保更为实惠。 Měiguó de yīliáo fèiyòng fēicháng gāo'áng, xiāng bǐ zhī xià, Jiānádà de quánmín yībǎo gèng wéi shíhuì. Medical costs in the United States are very high; by comparison, Canada's universal healthcare is...
可持续发展 (kě chíxù fāzhǎn) — sustainable development
可持续发展 (kě chíxù fāzhǎn) 可持续发展 is the Chinese term for "sustainable development," referring to growth that meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. Meanings [noun phrase] sustainable development (development that balances economic, social, and environmental needs) Example Sentences 可持续发展是当今世界面临的重要课题。 Kě chíxù fāzhǎn shì dāngjīn shìjiè miànlín de zhòngyào kètí. Sustainable development is an important issue facing the world today. 联合国提出了17项可持续发展目标。 Liánhéguó tíchū le 17...
文学流派 (wénxué liúpài) — literary movement, school
文学流派 (wénxué liúpài) 文学流派 refers to a school or movement in literature defined by shared ideology, style, or historical period. Unlike 风格 (fēnggé), which describes an individual writer's style, 流派 implies a collective identity. The term is standard in academic and critical discourse about literary history. Meanings [n] literary movement; literary school; a grouping of writers united by shared aesthetic or ideological principles Example Sentences 浪漫主义是十九世纪欧洲最重要的文学流派之一。 Làngmàn zhǔyì shì shíjiǔ...
文化 (wénhuà) — culture, cultural
文化 (wénhuà) One of the most expansive words in Chinese -- covering shared beliefs, traditions, and arts of a civilization, as well as an individual's level of education or literacy. Meanings [noun] culture, civilization [noun] education, literacy (when describing an individual's level of learning) Example Sentences 了解一个国家的文化有助于更好地与当地人沟通。 Liǎojiě yī gè guójiā de wénhuà yǒuzhù yú gèng hǎo de yǔ dāngedì rén gōutōng. Understanding a country's culture helps communicate better with...
数字经济 (shùzì jīngjì) — digital economy
数字经济 (shùzì jīngjì) An economic system built on digital technologies, the internet, and data -- including e-commerce, fintech, cloud computing, and AI-driven industries. Meanings [noun] digital economy Example Sentences 中国的数字经济规模已跃居全球前列。 Zhōngguó de shùzì jīngjì guīmó yǐ yuèjū quánqiú qiánliè. China's digital economy has leaped to a leading position globally. 数字经济的快速发展创造了大量新型就业岗位。 Shùzì jīngjì de kuàisù fāzhǎn chuàngzàole dàliàng xīnxíng jiùyè gǎngwèi. The rapid development of the digital economy has created a...
敬佩 (jìngpèi) — to admire, to have deep respect for
敬佩 (jìngpèi) Expresses a deep, heartfelt combination of respect and admiration, typically directed at a person's moral character, achievements, or perseverance. Meanings [verb] to admire deeply, to hold in high esteem, to have profound respect for Example Sentences 我非常敬佩她在逆境中坚持不懈的精神。 Wǒ fēicháng jìngpèi tā zài nìjìng zhōng jiānchí bùxiè de jīngshén. I deeply admire her unwavering spirit in the face of adversity. 同学们对这位老教授的学识和品格深感敬佩。 Tóngxuémen duì zhè wèi lǎo jiàoshòu de xuéshí...
利益 (lìyì) — interest, benefit, profit
利益 (lìyì) 利益 refers to a broad range of advantages, gains, or benefits -- material or non-material -- that serve the welfare or goals of an individual, group, or country. Meanings [noun] interest, benefit, profit, gain (used broadly for material and non-material advantages) Example Sentences 国家利益是外交政策制定的核心出发点。 Guójiā lìyì shì wàijiāo zhèngcè zhìdìng de héxīn chūfādiǎn. National interest is the core starting point for formulating foreign policy. 这项协议对双方都有利，符合共同利益。 Zhè xiàng xiéyì...
臭氧层 (chòuyǎng céng) — ozone layer
臭氧层 (chòuyǎng céng) 臭氧层 refers to the ozone layer -- the region of Earth's stratosphere containing a high concentration of ozone (O3) that absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation. It is a key term in environmental science and ecology. Meanings [noun] the ozone layer; the stratospheric ozone layer Example Sentences 臭氧层的破坏会导致到达地表的紫外线增加，从而引发皮肤癌等疾病。 Chòuyǎng céng de pòhuài huì dǎozhì dào dá dìbiǎo de zǐwàixiàn zēngjiā, cóng ér yǐnfā pífūái děng jíbìng....
深入 (shēnrù) — Deep, in-depth, thorough
深入 (shēnrù) 深入 describes going deeply into something -- whether physically, intellectually, or analytically. It conveys thoroughness, depth of understanding, or the act of penetrating far into a place or subject. Meanings [adj] deep; in-depth; thorough; penetrating [verb] to go deep into; to penetrate; to delve into Example Sentences 这篇文章对该问题进行了深入的分析。 Zhè piān wénzhāng duì gāi wèntí jìnxíngle shēnrù de fēnxī. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the issue. 研究人员深入山区，收集第一手数据。...
体验 (tǐyàn) — to experience; experience
体验 (tǐyàn) 体验 means to experience something personally and directly, or the personal knowledge and understanding gained through such direct experience, often emphasizing the subjective, firsthand nature of the encounter. Meanings [verb] to experience firsthand; to feel personally; to go through something directly [noun] (personal) experience; user experience; sense of experience Example Sentences 他利用暑假去农村体验了一个月的农耕生活，深刻感受到了农民的艰辛。 Tā lìyòng shǔjià qù nóngcūn tǐyànle yī gè yuè de nónggēng shēnghuó, shēnkè gǎnshòudào le nóngmín...
教材 (jiàocái) — teaching material, textbook
教材 (jiàocái) The printed, digital, or multimedia resources used in formal teaching -- broader than just textbooks and including all instructional content. Meanings [noun] teaching material, textbook, instructional resource Example Sentences 这套教材专为中级汉语学习者设计。 Zhè tào jiàocái zhuān wèi zhōngjí Hànyǔ xuéxízhě shèjì. This set of teaching materials is designed specifically for intermediate Chinese learners. 学校决定更新老化的数学教材以适应新课程标准。 Xuéxiào juédìng gēngxīn lǎohuà de shùxué jiàocái yǐ shìyìng xīn kèchéng biāozhǔn. The school decided to...
认知 (rènzhī) — cognition; to recognize and understand
认知 (rènzhī) 认知 covers both the process of knowing and understanding (cognition) and the resulting knowledge or awareness one holds, making it a central term in psychology, education, and social commentary. Meanings [noun] cognition; understanding; awareness [verb] to recognize; to perceive; to understand Example Sentences 人工智能研究离不开对人类认知的深入理解。 Réngōng zhìnéng yánjiū lí bù kāi duì rénlèi rènzhī de shēnrù lǐjiě. AI research cannot be separated from a deep understanding of human cognition....
广泛 (guǎngfàn) — extensive; widespread; broad
广泛 (guǎngfàn) Extensive or widespread describes something that covers a large range, affects many people or areas, or involves many different kinds of things or subjects. Meanings [adjective] extensive; widespread; broad; wide-ranging [adverb] extensively; widely; broadly Example Sentences 这种技术已经在各个行业得到了广泛应用。 Zhè zhǒng jìshù yǐjīng zài gège hángyè dédàole guǎngfàn yìngyòng. This technology has already been widely applied across various industries. 该事件引起了社会各界的广泛关注。 Gāi shìjiàn yǐnqǐle shèhuì gèjiè de guǎngfàn guānzhù. The incident...
说明 (shuōmíng) — to explain; explanation
说明 (shuōmíng) 说明 is one of the most common verbs for explaining or clarifying in Chinese, and as a noun it refers to explanatory text, instructions, or descriptions. Meanings [verb] to explain; to illustrate; to indicate; to show [noun] explanation; instructions; description; manual Example Sentences 请说明你为什么选择这个专业。 Qǐng shuōmíng nǐ wèishénme xuǎnzé zhège zhuānyè. Please explain why you chose this major. 这份产品说明书写得非常清楚。 Zhè fèn chǎnpǐn shuōmíngshū xiě de fēicháng qīngchǔ. This...
假设 (jiǎshè) — assumption; hypothesis; suppose
假设 (jiǎshè) 假设 refers to a hypothesis or assumption that is supposed to be true for the purpose of argument or investigation, and as a verb it means "to suppose" or "to assume," introducing a hypothetical scenario. Meanings [noun] hypothesis; assumption (a supposition taken as a starting point for reasoning or investigation) [verb] to suppose; to assume; to hypothesize (to posit something as true for the sake of argument) Example...
招募 (zhāomù) — to recruit; to enlist
招募 (zhāomù) 招募 means to actively seek and recruit people to join an organization, army, project, or cause, often through open calls or campaigns. Meanings [verb] to recruit; to enlist; to sign up (people for a cause, organization, or task) Example Sentences 这家科技公司正在全球范围内招募顶尖工程师，提供极具竞争力的薪资待遇。 Zhè jiā kējì gōngsī zhèngzài quánqiú fànwéi nèi zhāomù dǐngjiān gōngchéngshī, tígōng jí jù jìngzhēnglì de xīnzī dàiyù. This tech company is recruiting top engineers worldwide, offering...
来源 (láiyuán) — source, origin
来源 (láiyuán) The origin or source from which something comes -- whether information, funds, goods, or ideas. Meanings [noun] source, origin, provenance [verb] to originate from, to come from Example Sentences 记者有义务核实新闻信息的来源。 Jìzhě yǒu yìwù héshí xīnwén xìnxī de láiyuán. Journalists have an obligation to verify the sources of news information. 这笔资金的来源目前尚不明确。 Zhè bǐ zījīn de láiyuán mùqián shàng bù míngquè. The source of these funds is currently unclear. 这个词语来源于古代汉语，有着悠久的历史。...
物种 (wùzhǒng) — Species
物种 (wùzhǒng) 物种 refers to a biological species -- a group of organisms that share common characteristics and are capable of interbreeding. It is the fundamental unit of biological classification. Meanings [noun] species (biology); biological species Example Sentences 地球上已知的物种超过了八百万种。 Dìqiú shàng yǐzhī de wùzhǒng chāoguòle bā bǎi wàn zhǒng. The number of known species on Earth exceeds eight million. 热带雨林是地球上物种多样性最丰富的生态系统之一。 Rèdài yǔlín shì dìqiú shàng wùzhǒng duōyàng xìng zuì fēngfù...
换言之 (huàn yán zhī) — in other words; that is to say
换言之 (huàn yán zhī) 换言之 is a formal discourse marker used to introduce a restatement or clarification of something just said, equivalent to "in other words" or "that is to say" in English. Meanings [discourse marker] in other words; that is to say; to put it another way Example Sentences 这项政策对所有纳税人都适用，换言之，任何有收入的公民都必须遵守这一规定。 Zhè xiàng zhèngcè duì suǒyǒu nàshuì rén dōu shìyòng, huàn yán zhī, rènhé yǒu shōurù de gōngmín dōu bìxū...
编程 (biānchéng) — programming; to write code
编程 (biānchéng) 编程 means computer programming -- the activity of writing instructions for a computer to execute. It is the standard Chinese term used in education, technology, and digital literacy contexts. Meanings [verb] to program; to write code; to do programming [noun] programming; coding Example Sentences 越来越多的中小学将编程课程纳入必修课，培养学生的计算思维。 Yuè lái yuè duō de zhōngxiǎoxué jiāng biānchéng kèchéng nàrù bìxiū kè, péiyǎng xuéshēng de jìsuàn sīwéi. More and more primary and secondary...
可再生 (kě zàishēng) — renewable
可再生 (kě zàishēng) 可再生 means "renewable" and is primarily used to describe energy sources and natural resources that can be naturally replenished, as opposed to finite fossil fuels. Meanings [adjective] renewable; regenerable (describing resources or energy that can be naturally replenished) Example Sentences 太阳能和风能都是可再生能源。 Tàiyángnéng hé fēngnéng dōu shì kě zàishēng néngyuán. Solar energy and wind energy are both renewable energy sources. 发展可再生能源是应对气候变化的关键措施。 Fāzhǎn kě zàishēng néngyuán shì yìngduì qìhòu...
负责任的 (fùzérèn de) — accountable, responsible
负责任的 (fùzérèn de) 负责任的 describes a person, organization, or system that takes responsibility for its actions and their consequences. It implies both a willingness to answer for one's conduct and a moral commitment to doing what is right. Meanings [adj] accountable; responsible; willing to take responsibility for one's actions Example Sentences 负责任的政府必须对公民的需求做出回应。 Fùzérèn de zhèngfǔ bìxū duì gōngmín de xūqiú zuòchū huíyìng. A responsible government must respond to the needs...
论点 (lùndiǎn) — thesis; argument; point
论点 (lùndiǎn) 论点 is the specific claim, proposition, or thesis that a writer or speaker sets out to prove, and is the centerpiece of any structured argument in Chinese. Meanings [noun] thesis; argument; point; proposition Example Sentences 这篇文章的中心论点是技术进步有利于社会发展。 Zhè piān wénzhāng de zhōngxīn lùndiǎn shì jìshù jìnbù yǒulì yú shèhuì fāzhǎn. The central thesis of this article is that technological progress benefits social development. 他的论点很有说服力，让听众信服。 Tā de lùndiǎn hěn yǒu...
诉讼 (sùsòng) — lawsuit; litigation
诉讼 (sùsòng) 诉讼 refers to formal legal proceedings in court, encompassing both civil and criminal litigation, and is the standard term in Chinese legal and journalistic writing for lawsuits and court cases. Meanings [noun] lawsuit; litigation; legal proceedings Example Sentences 这场诉讼历时两年才最终判决。 Zhè chǎng sùsòng lìshí liǎng nián cái zuìzhōng pànjué. This lawsuit took two years before a final verdict was reached. 公司因违反合同而面临诉讼风险。 Gōngsī yīn wéifǎn hétong ér miànlín sùsòng fēngxiǎn....
因此 (yīncǐ) — therefore; as a result
因此 (yīncǐ) 因此 is a causal conjunction meaning "therefore" or "as a result," used to introduce a conclusion or consequence that follows logically from a stated reason. Meanings [conjunction] therefore; as a result; consequently; for this reason Example Sentences 他努力学习，因此取得了优异的成绩。 Tā nǔlì xuéxí, yīncǐ qǔdé le yōuyì de chéngjì. He studied hard; therefore, he achieved excellent results. 该地区连续几个月干旱，因此粮食短缺严重。 Gāi dìqū liánxù jǐ gè yuè gānhàn, yīncǐ liángshí duǎnquē yánzhòng. The...
创新 (chuàngxīn) — innovation, to innovate
创新 (chuàngxīn) 创新 refers to the introduction of something genuinely new -- whether ideas, methods, products, or systems -- that represents a significant departure from what existed before. Meanings [noun] innovation [verb] to innovate, to introduce something new Example Sentences 科技创新是推动经济高质量发展的重要引擎。 Kējì chuàngxīn shì tuīdòng jīngjì gāo zhìliàng fāzhǎn de zhòngyào yǐnqíng. Technological innovation is an important engine driving high-quality economic development. 这家公司鼓励员工大胆创新，不怕失败。 Zhè jiā gōngsī gǔlì yuángōng dàdǎn chuàngxīn,...
秩序 (zhìxù) — order; social order
秩序 (zhìxù) 秩序 refers to a state of orderly arrangement and proper functioning, whether in social conduct, public spaces, legal systems, or international relations. Meanings [noun] order; orderliness; social order; discipline Example Sentences 维护公共秩序是每个公民的基本义务。 Wéihù gōnggòng zhìxù shì měi gè gōngmín de jīběn yìwù. Maintaining public order is a basic obligation of every citizen. 法律是保障社会秩序的重要工具。 Fǎlǜ shì bǎozhàng shèhuì zhìxù de zhòngyào gōngjù. Law is an important tool for ensuring...
克制 (kèzhì) — to restrain, self-control
克制 (kèzhì) 克制 refers to the act of consciously suppressing or restraining one's emotions, desires, or impulses through willpower and discipline. Meanings [verb] to restrain, to suppress, to hold back (emotions or impulses) [adjective] restrained, self-controlled, measured Example Sentences 面对挑衅，他努力克制住自己的愤怒。 Miànduì tiǎoxìn, tā nǔlì kèzhì zhù zìjǐ de fènnù. Facing provocation, he worked hard to restrain his anger. 谈判代表在整个过程中保持了高度克制。 Tánpàn dàibiǎo zài zhěnggè guòchéng zhōng bǎochí le gāodù kèzhì. The...
突破 (tūpò) — breakthrough; to break through
突破 (tūpò) 突破 means to break through a barrier, limit, or obstacle, and as a noun refers to a significant breakthrough in research, technology, or achievement. Meanings [verb] to break through; to overcome; to surpass [noun] breakthrough; major advance Example Sentences 科研团队在癌症治疗领域取得了重大突破。 Kēyán tuánduì zài áizhèng zhìliáo lǐngyù qǔdé le zhòngdà tūpò. The research team achieved a major breakthrough in the field of cancer treatment. 这项技术突破了传统方法的瓶颈，大幅提升了生产效率。 Zhè xiàng jìshù tūpò...
开发 (kāifā) — to develop; to exploit
开发 (kāifā) 开发 means to develop resources, land, technology, or products, with an emphasis on bringing something new into active use or creating new value from existing potential. Meanings [verb] to develop; to open up (resources, land, or potential) [verb] to develop (software, products, technology) Example Sentences 公司正在开发一款新的移动应用程序。 Gōngsī zhèngzài kāifā yī kuǎn xīn de yídòng yìngyòng chéngxù. The company is developing a new mobile application. 政府计划开发西部地区的矿产资源。 Zhèngfǔ jìhuà kāifā...
振奋 (zhènfèn) — to invigorate; inspiring; uplifting
振奋 (zhènfèn) 振奋 means to feel or cause a great surge of excitement, spirit, or inspiration, often used to describe news, achievements, or speeches that lift people's morale and energize them. Meanings [verb] to inspire; to invigorate; to uplift; to stir up enthusiasm or spirit [adjective] inspiring; invigorating; exciting; uplifting Example Sentences 运动员夺冠的消息令全国人民振奋，街上自发聚集了许多庆祝的市民。 Yùndòng yuán duóguàn de xiāoxi lìng quánguó rénmín zhènfèn, jiē shàng zìfā jùjíle xǔduō qìngzhù de shìmín....
传染病 (chuánrǎnbìng) — infectious disease; contagious disease
传染病 (chuánrǎnbìng) 传染病 refers to diseases caused by pathogens that can spread from one person to another through various modes of transmission, including airborne, contact, and vector-borne routes. Meanings [noun] infectious disease; communicable disease; contagious disease (illness that can be transmitted from person to person) Example Sentences 新冠肺炎是近年来影响最广泛的传染病之一，导致全球数百万人死亡。 Xīnguān fèiyán shì jìn nián lái yǐngxiǎng zuì guǎngfàn de chuánrǎnbìng zhī yī, dǎozhì quánqiú shùbǎi wàn rén sǐwáng. COVID-19 is one...
投入 (tóurù) — to invest; to put into; input; absorbed
投入 (tóurù) 投入 means to put something into a project, cause, or activity, either in terms of money, energy, or effort. It can also function as a noun meaning "input" or an adjective meaning deeply absorbed or engaged. Meanings [verb] to put into; to invest (resources, energy, effort) in something; to throw oneself into [noun] input; investment; the amount put in [adjective] absorbed; engrossed; deeply engaged Example Sentences 政府加大了对基础教育的投入，新建了数百所农村学校。 Zhèngfǔ...
总而言之 (zǒng ér yán zhī) — in summary; in short; to sum up
总而言之 (zǒng ér yán zhī) 总而言之 is a formal discourse marker used to introduce a concluding summary of what has been said, equivalent to "in short," "in summary," or "to sum up" in English. Meanings [discourse marker] in summary; in short; to sum up; all in all Example Sentences 总而言之，这次改革的核心目标是提高教育质量，让每一个学生都能获得公平的机会。 Zǒng ér yán zhī, zhè cì gǎigé de héxīn mùbiāo shì tígāo jiàoyù zhìliàng, ràng měi yī gè xuéshēng dōu...
指标 (zhǐbiāo) — indicator; target; index
指标 (zhǐbiāo) 指标 refers to a specific measurable indicator, metric, or target figure used to assess performance, evaluate progress, or measure a specific condition, widely used in business, economics, healthcare, and government planning. Meanings [noun] indicator; metric; index; target figure (a quantifiable measure of performance or status) Example Sentences 国内生产总值是衡量一个国家经济规模的重要指标，但不能完全反映民众的生活质量。 Guónèi shēngchǎn zǒngzhí shì héngliáng yī gè guójiā jīngjì guīmó de zhòngyào zhǐbiāo, dàn bù néng wánquán fǎnyìng mínzhòng de...
自尊 (zìzūn) — self-esteem
自尊 (zìzūn) 自尊 refers to the degree to which a person values and respects themselves. It is a central concept in psychology and is linked to emotional health, confidence, and social behavior. Low 自尊 is often associated with anxiety and depression, while healthy 自尊 supports resilience and positive relationships. Meanings noun self-esteem, self-respect, sense of personal dignity Example Sentences 自尊心强的人更容易坚持自己的观点。 Zìzūnxīn qiáng de rén gèng róngyì jiānchí zìjǐ de guāndiǎn....
改革 (gǎigé) — reform, to reform
改革 (gǎigé) Refers to deliberate, systematic changes made to institutions, policies, or systems in order to improve them -- a cornerstone word in Chinese political and social discourse. Meanings [noun] reform [verb] to reform, to restructure Example Sentences 中国自1978年起推行了一系列经济改革。 Zhōngguó zì 1978 nián qǐ tuīxíngle yī xìliè jīngjì gǎigé. China has implemented a series of economic reforms since 1978. 教育改革的目标是减轻学生的课业负担。 Jiàoyù gǎigé de mùbiāo shì jiǎnqīng xuéshēng de kèyè fùdān....
促使 (cùshǐ) — to prompt; to cause; to drive
促使 (cùshǐ) 促使 means to cause or prompt a person, organization, or situation to take action or undergo change, emphasizing the motivating or driving force behind an action or development. Meanings [verb] to prompt; to cause; to drive; to motivate (to make someone or something act or change) Example Sentences 市场竞争的加剧促使企业不得不加大技术创新的投入。 Shìchǎng jìngzhēng de jiājù cùshǐ qǐyè bùdébù jiādà jìshù chuàngxīn de tóurù. The intensification of market competition has prompted...
Lesson 19: Technology Ethics
Overview Technology ethics has emerged as one of the most urgent intellectual and policy challenges of the twenty-first century, and China is both a significant participant in global debates on this topic and a context in which the ethical dimensions of technology play out in distinctive ways. At the B2 level, learners engaging with this topic must navigate a specialized vocabulary that blends technical, legal, and philosophical registers. This lesson...
不仅如此 (bù jǐn rúcǐ) — not only that; moreover
不仅如此 (bù jǐn rúcǐ) 不仅如此 is a formal conjunction used to add further information or escalate a point, meaning "not only that" or "what is more," commonly found in written Chinese and formal speech. Meanings [conjunction] not only that; moreover; what is more (introduces an additional, often stronger point) Example Sentences 他精通英语和法语，不仅如此，他还能流利地说日语。 Tā jīngtōng Yīngyǔ hé Fǎyǔ, bù jǐn rúcǐ, tā hái néng liúlì de shuō Rìyǔ. He is proficient...
媒体 (méitǐ) — media
媒体 (méitǐ) Media refers to the main means of mass communication -- broadcasting, publishing, and the internet -- considered collectively as a powerful social force. Meanings [noun] media; mass media; press and broadcasting organizations Example Sentences 媒体在塑造公众舆论方面发挥着重要作用。 Méitǐ zài sùzào gōngzhòng yúlùn fāngmiàn fāhuīzhe zhòngyào zuòyòng. The media plays an important role in shaping public opinion. 社交媒体改变了人们获取信息的方式。 Shèjiāo méitǐ gǎibiànle rénmen huòqǔ xìnxī de fāngshì. Social media has changed the...
相反 (xiāngfǎn) — opposite; on the contrary
相反 (xiāngfǎn) 相反 is used to express opposition or contradiction between two things, either as an adjective describing opposite states or as a discourse marker introducing a contrasting statement. Meanings [adjective] opposite; contrary; reverse [adverb/conjunction] on the contrary; conversely Example Sentences 他们两人的性格截然相反，一个内敛，一个开朗。 Tāmen liǎng rén de xìnggé jiérán xiāngfǎn, yī gè nèilǎn, yī gè kāilǎng. The two of them have completely opposite personalities -- one introverted, one outgoing. 我以为他会反对，相反，他非常支持这个计划。 Wǒ...
腐败 (fǔbài) — corruption; corrupt
腐败 (fǔbài) 腐败 literally means to rot or decay (of organic matter), and figuratively refers to moral decay, corruption, and abuse of power for private gain. It is the standard term in political, social, and ethical discourse for corruption. Meanings [noun] corruption; bribery and abuse of power [adjective] corrupt; rotten; morally decayed [verb] to rot; to decay (literal); to become corrupt (figurative) Example Sentences 打击腐败是中国政府近年来持续推进的重要政治议程。 Dǎjī fǔbài shì Zhōngguó zhèngfǔ...
Lesson 4: Economy & Finance
Overview Economic reporting constitutes a significant portion of Chinese print and broadcast media, and the vocabulary of finance and macroeconomics is dense with technical terms that B2 learners must master to engage with real-world Chinese content. At this level, the goal is not merely to recognize economic vocabulary but to understand how causal relationships, trends, and statistics are expressed in journalistic and analytical prose. Chinese economic writing has a distinctive...
概括 (gàikuò) — to summarize; to generalize
概括 (gàikuò) 概括 means to summarize or give a concise overview of something, capturing the essential points without unnecessary detail. It also functions as an adjective meaning "concise" or "general." Meanings [verb] to summarize; to generalize; to give a concise account [adjective] concise; general; broad in scope Example Sentences 能否用几句话概括一下这篇文章的主旨？ Néng fǒu yòng jǐ jù huà gàikuò yīxià zhè piān wénzhāng de zhǔzhǐ? Can you summarize the main point of...
平等 (píngděng) — equality; equal
平等 (píngděng) Equality means the state of being equal, particularly in terms of rights, status, and opportunities, without discrimination based on gender, race, class, or other factors. Meanings [noun] equality; equal standing; parity [adjective] equal; on an equal footing; equitable Example Sentences 宪法保障所有公民在法律面前一律平等。 Xiànfǎ bǎozhàng suǒyǒu gōngmín zài fǎlǜ miànqián yīlǜ píngděng. The constitution guarantees that all citizens are equal before the law. 性别平等是现代社会追求的重要目标之一。 Xìngbié píngděng shì xiàndài shèhuì zhuīqiú...
倡导 (chàngdǎo) — to advocate; to promote
倡导 (chàngdǎo) 倡导 means to actively promote or advocate for a particular idea, value, practice, or cause, often used when someone or an organization takes a leading role in encouraging others to adopt a behavior or belief. Meanings [verb] to advocate; to promote; to champion (to actively encourage or promote an idea, value, or behavior) Example Sentences 政府大力倡导健康生活方式，鼓励市民多运动、少喝酒、戒烟。 Zhèngfǔ dàlì chàngdǎo jiànkāng shēnghuó fāngshì, gǔlì shìmín duō yùndòng, shǎo hējiǔ,...
带动 (dàidòng) — to drive; to spur; to lead along
带动 (dàidòng) To drive or spur something means to cause it to progress, develop, or move forward through direct influence, acting like a motor that pulls other parts along with it. Meanings [verb] to drive; to spur; to pull along; to lead the way for; to bring about (development or change in others) Example Sentences 旅游业的发展带动了当地经济的整体增长。 Lǚyóuyè de fāzhǎn dàidòngle dāngdì jīngjì de zhěngtǐ zēngzhǎng. The development of the tourism...
立场 (lìchǎng) — standpoint; position
立场 (lìchǎng) 立场 refers to a person's or organization's fundamental viewpoint or position on an issue, especially in political, diplomatic, or ideological debates. Meanings [noun] standpoint; position; stance; point of view Example Sentences 政府在这一问题上的立场十分明确，不会做出妥协。 Zhèngfǔ zài zhè yī wèntí shàng de lìchǎng shífēn míngquè, bù huì zuò chū tuǒxié. The government's position on this issue is very clear and will not compromise. 双方在谈判中坚守各自的立场，导致协议迟迟未能达成。 Shuāngfāng zài tánpàn zhōng jiānshǒu gèzì de...
描绘 (miáohuì) — to depict; to portray
描绘 (miáohuì) 描绘 means to depict or portray something in vivid detail, whether through words, images, or other artistic means, suggesting a rich, pictorial quality of description. Meanings [verb] to depict; to portray; to describe with vivid detail [verb] to draw or paint (a scene, figure, or world) in words or images Example Sentences 这位作家善于用细腻的笔触描绘人物的内心世界。 Zhè wèi zuòjiā shànyú yòng xìnì de bǐchù miáohuì rénwù de nèixīn shìjiè. This writer...
铸造 (zhùzào) — to cast; to forge; casting
铸造 (zhùzào) 铸造 refers to the process of casting or forging metal objects by melting and pouring into moulds, and is also used metaphorically to describe the shaping or forging of character, culture, or history. Meanings [verb/noun] to cast; casting (of metal or other materials) [verb] to forge; to shape; to create (metaphorical, of character or achievement) Example Sentences 这座铜像由古代工匠精心铸造而成，至今保存完好。 Zhè zuò tóngxiàng yóu gǔdài gōngjiàng jīngxīn zhùzào ér chéng,...
免疫 (miǎnyì) — immunity, immune
免疫 (miǎnyì) 免疫 refers to the biological capacity of an organism to resist disease, or more broadly, to being protected from or unaffected by something harmful. Meanings [noun] immunity (biological or metaphorical) [verb] to be immune to, to have immunity against Example Sentences 接种疫苗可以增强人体对疾病的免疫能力。 Jiēzhòng yìmiáo kěyǐ zēngqiáng réntǐ duì jíbìng de miǎnyì nénglì. Vaccination can enhance the body's immunity against disease. 他的免疫系统因长期压力而变得脆弱。 Tā de miǎnyì xìtǒng yīn chángqī yālì...
测试 (cèshì) — Test, to test
测试 (cèshì) 测试 refers to the process of examining, evaluating, or checking the performance, quality, or correctness of something -- commonly used in technical, academic, and product development contexts. Meanings [verb] to test; to examine; to evaluate; to trial [noun] test; trial; examination; assessment Example Sentences 软件发布前必须经过严格的测试。 Ruǎnjiàn fābù qián bìxū jīngguò yángé de cèshì. Software must undergo rigorous testing before release. 这款新产品正处于测试阶段，尚未正式上市。 Zhè kuǎn xīn chǎnpǐn zhèng chǔyú cèshì...
低碳 (dītàn) — low-carbon
低碳 (dītàn) 低碳 describes activities, technologies, lifestyles, or economies that produce significantly fewer carbon dioxide emissions, and is closely associated with efforts to combat climate change and promote sustainable development. Meanings [adjective] low-carbon; producing or emitting less carbon dioxide (describing sustainable, eco-friendly practices) Example Sentences 发展低碳经济是应对气候变化、实现可持续发展的必然选择。 Fāzhǎn dītàn jīngjì shì yìngduì qìhòu biànhuà, shíxiàn kěchíxù fāzhǎn de bìrán xuǎnzé. Developing a low-carbon economy is an inevitable choice for addressing climate...
灭绝 (mièjué) — Extinction, to exterminate
灭绝 (mièjué) 灭绝 refers to the complete dying out or elimination of a species, language, or group -- the point of no return where something ceases to exist entirely. Meanings [verb] to become extinct; to exterminate completely; to wipe out [noun] extinction; extermination Example Sentences 恐龙在大约六千五百万年前灭绝了。 Kǒnglóng zài dàyuē liù qiān wǔ bǎi wàn nián qián mièjué le. Dinosaurs went extinct approximately 65 million years ago. 人类的过度猎杀导致了许多动物物种的灭绝。 Rénlèi de guòdù...
辩论 (biànlùn) — to debate; a debate
辩论 (biànlùn) 辩论 refers to formal or structured argumentation between opposing sides, and as a noun, it denotes a debate or controversy, implying adversarial intellectual exchange. Meanings [verb] to debate; to argue opposing positions formally [noun] a debate; a controversy; a formal exchange of opposing arguments Example Sentences 两位候选人在电视上就经济政策展开了激烈辩论。 Liǎng wèi hòuxuǎn rén zài diànshì shàng jiù jīngjì zhèngcè zhǎnkāile jīliè biànlùn. The two candidates engaged in a fierce debate...
进口 (jìnkǒu) — import; to import
进口 (jìnkǒu) 进口 refers to the importation of goods or services from another country, or the imported goods themselves, and is a fundamental term in trade, economics, and commerce. Meanings [verb] to import (goods or services) [noun] imports; imported goods Example Sentences 这批进口设备大大提升了工厂的生产效率。 Zhè pī jìnkǒu shèbèi dàdà tíshēngle gōngchǎng de shēngchǎn xiàolǜ. This batch of imported equipment greatly improved the factory's production efficiency. 该国的石油主要依赖进口，国内储量有限。 Gāi guó de shíyóu zhǔyào...
资质 (zīzhì) — qualification; aptitude
资质 (zīzhì) 资质 refers to a person's innate ability, natural talent, or formally verified qualification, and is commonly used in professional, academic, and HR contexts at B2 level. Meanings [noun] qualification; credential; certification [noun] aptitude; natural ability; endowment Example Sentences 他的资质完全符合这个职位的要求。 Tā de zīzhì wánquán fúhé zhège zhíwèi de yāoqiú. His qualifications fully meet the requirements of this position. 这家公司拥有国家级的建筑资质。 Zhè jiā gōngsī yōngyǒu guójiājí de jiànzhù zīzhì. This company...
羡慕 (xiànmù) — to envy; to admire
羡慕 (xiànmù) 羡慕 describes the feeling of admiring someone else's qualities, situation, or possessions and wishing you had the same. It combines admiration with a gentle longing, and unlike the English word "envy," it does not necessarily carry a negative or resentful connotation in Chinese. Meanings [verb] to envy; to admire with longing; to look up to and wish you had the same Example Sentences 她羡慕同事能流利地说三门外语，决心也开始认真学习语言。 Tā xiànmù tóngshì néng...
内在 (nèizài) — intrinsic, internal
内在 (nèizài) 内在 describes qualities, forces, or characteristics that exist within something inherently, as opposed to those imposed or visible from the outside. Meanings [adjective] intrinsic, internal, inherent, inner Example Sentences 真正的美来自内在，而不仅仅是外表。 Zhēnzhèng de měi láizì nèizài, ér bù jǐnjǐn shì wàibiǎo. True beauty comes from within, not just from appearance. 我们需要理解事物发展的内在规律。 Wǒmen xūyào lǐjiě shìwù fāzhǎn de nèizài guīlǜ. We need to understand the intrinsic laws governing the development...
制约 (zhìyuē) — to constrain, to restrict
制约 (zhìyuē) 制约 refers to the limiting or constraining of something's development, action, or scope, especially through systemic, structural, or environmental factors. Meanings [verb] to constrain, to restrict, to check (especially through rules, systems, or conditions) [noun] constraint, restriction, check Example Sentences 资金不足是制约这家初创公司发展的主要因素。 Zījīn bùzú shì zhìyuē zhè jiā chūchuàng gōngsī fāzhǎn de zhǔyào yīnsù. Insufficient funding is the main factor constraining the development of this startup. 权力需要受到有效的制约，才能防止腐败的发生。 Quánlì xūyào...
警示 (jǐngshì) — to warn; a warning
警示 (jǐngshì) 警示 means to warn or to serve as a warning, and is commonly used in safety, legal, and educational contexts to alert people to dangers or consequences. Meanings [verb] to warn; to caution; to alert [noun] a warning; a caution; an alert Example Sentences 这个案例对其他企业具有重要的警示意义。 Zhège ànlì duì qítā qǐyè jùyǒu zhòngyào de jǐngshì yìyì. This case has important warning significance for other enterprises. 政府在危险路段设置了警示标志。 Zhèngfǔ zài wēixiǎn...
沟通 (gōutōng) — Communicate, communication
沟通 (gōutōng) 沟通 refers to the process of communicating effectively with others -- exchanging information, ideas, or feelings -- and is one of the most important interpersonal skills emphasized in Chinese professional and social contexts. Meanings [verb] to communicate; to liaise; to bridge a gap [noun] communication; coordination; mutual understanding Example Sentences 有效沟通是建立良好人际关系的基础。 Yǒuxiào gōutōng shì jiànlì liánghǎo rénjì guānxi de jīchǔ. Effective communication is the foundation of building good...
赞同 (zàntóng) — to agree; to approve
赞同 (zàntóng) 赞同 expresses active agreement with or approval of someone's opinion, proposal, or plan, and is widely used in formal discussion, debate, and written argument at B2 level. Meanings [verb] to agree with; to approve of; to endorse [noun] agreement; approval; endorsement Example Sentences 我完全赞同你的观点，这个方案非常合理。 Wǒ wánquán zàntóng nǐ de guāndiǎn, zhège fāng'àn fēicháng hélǐ. I fully agree with your view; this plan is very reasonable. 大多数委员投票赞同这项新规定。 Dàduōshù wěiyuán...
明确 (míngquè) — clear, explicit; to clarify
明确 (míngquè) Describes something that is clear, definite, and leaves no room for ambiguity -- also used as a verb meaning to state or establish something clearly. Meanings [adjective] clear, explicit, definite, unambiguous [verb] to clarify, to define clearly, to make explicit Example Sentences 合同中应明确双方的权利和义务。 Hétong zhōng yīng míngquè shuāngfāng de quánlì hé yìwù. The contract should clearly specify the rights and obligations of both parties. 领导明确表示，这项决定不会更改。 Lǐngdǎo míngquè biǎoshì,...
探讨 (tàntǎo) — to explore; to investigate
探讨 (tàntǎo) 探讨 means to explore or investigate a topic through inquiry, discussion, or research, with a connotation of open-minded, collaborative search for understanding. Meanings [verb] to explore; to investigate; to examine through inquiry [verb] to deliberate on; to probe into (an issue or topic) Example Sentences 这篇论文探讨了人工智能对就业市场的潜在影响。 Zhè piān lùnwén tàntǎole réngōng zhìnéng duì jiùyè shìchǎng de qiánzài yǐngxiǎng. This paper explores the potential impact of artificial intelligence on...
刻画 (kèhuà) — to portray; to delineate
刻画 (kèhuà) 刻画 means to portray or delineate a character, image, or scene with precision and depth, as if carving it into sharp relief, and is especially used in literary and artistic criticism. Meanings [verb] to portray; to delineate; to depict with precision [verb] to characterize (a person or role) with skillful detail Example Sentences 作家用精准的笔法刻画了一个复杂而真实的人物形象。 Zuòjiā yòng jīngzhǔn de bǐfǎ kèhuàle yī gè fùzá ér zhēnshí de rénwù xíngxiàng....
债券 (zhàiquàn) — bond; debenture
债券 (zhàiquàn) 债券 refers to a fixed-income debt security issued by a government or corporation to raise funds, with a promise to repay the principal and interest at a specified date, traded on financial markets. Meanings [noun] bond; debenture (a debt instrument issued to raise capital, with fixed interest payments and a maturity date) Example Sentences 中国国债被认为是低风险的投资工具，吸引了大量国内外投资者。 Zhōngguó guózhài bèi rènwéi shì dī fēngxiǎn de tóuzī gōngjù, xīyǐnle dàliàng guónèi...
公关 (gōngguān) — public relations, PR
公关 (gōngguān) 公关 is the abbreviated form of 公共关系 (public relations) and refers to the strategic communication between an organization and its public, as well as the professionals who manage it. Meanings [noun] public relations (PR); a PR professional [verb] to do PR work, to manage public image through strategic communication Example Sentences 这次丑闻对公司造成了严重的公关危机。 Zhè cì chǒuwén duì gōngsī zàochéng le yánzhòng de gōngguān wēijī. This scandal caused a serious...
说服 (shuōfú) — to persuade; to convince
说服 (shuōfú) 说服 means to use words and reasoning to change someone's mind or win their agreement, and is one of the most important verbs for describing communication and influence in Chinese. Meanings [verb] to persuade; to convince; to talk someone into something Example Sentences 他花了很长时间才说服父母同意他出国留学。 Tā huā le hěn cháng shíjiān cái shuōfú fùmǔ tóngyì tā chūguó liúxué. It took him a long time to persuade his parents to...
手术 (shǒushù) — surgery; surgical operation
手术 (shǒushù) 手术 refers to a medical surgical operation, a procedure in which doctors make incisions or use instruments to treat a disease, injury, or physical condition inside the body. Meanings [noun] surgery; surgical operation; medical operation Example Sentences 医生建议她接受手术治疗，因为药物已经无法有效控制病情的发展。 Yīshēng jiànyì tā jiēshòu shǒushù zhìliáo, yīnwèi yàowù yǐjīng wúfǎ yǒuxiào kòngzhì bìngqíng de fāzhǎn. The doctor recommended surgery, as medication was no longer able to effectively control the progression...
算法推荐 (suànfǎ tuījiàn) — algorithmic recommendation
算法推荐 (suànfǎ tuījiàn) 算法推荐 refers to the technology by which platforms use data-driven algorithms to automatically push content, products, or information tailored to individual users based on their behaviour and preferences. Meanings [noun phrase] algorithmic recommendation; algorithm-based content or product suggestion Example Sentences 短视频平台依靠算法推荐吸引用户不断刷新内容。 Duǎn shìpín píngtái yīkào suànfǎ tuījiàn xīyǐn yònghù bùduàn shuāxīn nèiróng. Short-video platforms rely on algorithmic recommendation to keep users endlessly scrolling through content. 算法推荐在提高用户体验的同时也带来了信息茧房的隐患。 Suànfǎ...
具体 (jùtǐ) — specific, concrete
具体 (jùtǐ) 具体 describes something that is clearly defined, detailed, and tangible rather than vague, general, or abstract, often implying practical specificity. Meanings [adjective] specific, concrete, detailed [adverb] specifically, concretely, in detail Example Sentences 请你具体说明一下这个计划的实施步骤。 Qǐng nǐ jùtǐ shuōmíng yīxià zhège jìhuà de shíshī bùzhòu. Please explain the implementation steps of this plan in specific detail. 你的建议太抽象了，能给出一些具体的例子吗？ Nǐ de jiànyì tài chōuxiàng le, néng gěi chū yīxiē jùtǐ de lìzi...
复杂 (fùzá) — complex; complicated
复杂 (fùzá) 复杂 describes something that has many interrelated parts, is difficult to understand or deal with, and cannot be reduced to simple terms -- complex or complicated. Meanings [adjective] complex; complicated; intricate; involved Example Sentences 人际关系有时非常复杂，难以处理。 Rénjì guānxi yǒushí fēicháng fùzá, nán yǐ chǔlǐ. Interpersonal relationships are sometimes very complicated and difficult to handle. 这个问题比看起来复杂得多。 Zhège wèntí bǐ kàn qǐlái fùzá de duō. This problem is much more complex...
Lesson 18: Healthcare Policy
Overview Healthcare policy is one of the most politically and socially significant domains in contemporary China. The aspiration to provide quality, affordable healthcare to 1.4 billion people has driven decades of reform, investment, and ongoing debate. At the B2 level, learners need both the specialized vocabulary of health policy and the grammar of systemic improvement — the language of raising standards, guaranteeing rights, and evaluating the outcomes of policy interventions....
系统 (xìtǒng) — system; systematic
系统 (xìtǒng) 系统 refers to an organised set of interconnected components that function as a whole. As an adjective it means systematic or comprehensive. It is one of the most productive words in formal Chinese, appearing across science, technology, medicine, education, and management. Meanings [noun] system (biological, technological, social, administrative, etc.) [adjective] systematic; comprehensive; well-organised Example Sentences 人体的免疫系统是抵御疾病入侵的第一道防线。 Réntǐ de miǎnyì xìtǒng shì dǐyù jíbìng rùqīn de dì yī dào...
范例 (fànlì) — model example; paradigm
范例 (fànlì) 范例 refers to a model or exemplary case that can serve as a standard or reference for others. It implies not just any example but a particularly good or instructive one worthy of being followed or studied. Meanings [noun] model example; exemplary case; paradigm; template Example Sentences 这家企业的可持续发展实践成为业界公认的范例，吸引了众多企业前来参观学习。 Zhè jiā qǐyè de kě chíxù fāzhǎn shíjiàn chéngwéi yèjiè gōngrèn de fànlì, xīyǐnle zhòngduō qǐyè qiánlái cānguān xuéxí. This...
自由 (zìyóu) — freedom; free
自由 (zìyóu) 自由 means freedom or liberty -- the state of being able to act, think, or move without constraint. As an adjective it describes something or someone that is free, unrestricted, or unconstrained. Meanings [noun] freedom; liberty [adjective] free; unrestricted; at liberty Example Sentences 言论自由是民主社会的基本权利之一，但也需要在法律框架内行使。 Yánlùn zìyóu shì mínzhǔ shèhuì de jīběn quánlì zhī yī, dàn yě xūyào zài fǎlǜ kuàngjià nèi xíngshǐ. Freedom of speech is one of...
消极 (xiāojí) — Negative, passive, pessimistic
消极 (xiāojí) 消极 describes a negative, passive, or pessimistic attitude or approach -- the opposite of 积极 (jījí, positive/active). It implies a lack of initiative, motivation, or optimism. Meanings [adj] negative (attitude); passive; pessimistic; lacking initiative Example Sentences 面对困难时，消极的态度只会让情况更糟。 Miànduì kùnnan shí, xiāojí de tàidù zhǐ huì ràng qíngkuàng gèng zāo. When facing difficulties, a negative attitude will only make things worse. 他在工作中表现得非常消极，经常抱怨却从不提出建议。 Tā zài gōngzuò zhōng biǎoxiàn de fēicháng...
本质 (běnzhì) — essence, nature
本质 (běnzhì) 本质 refers to the fundamental, underlying essence or true nature of something, as opposed to its surface appearance, often used in philosophical and analytical contexts to distinguish reality from appearance. Meanings [noun] essence, fundamental nature, true nature [adjective] essential, fundamental (in compound structures) Example Sentences 透过现象看本质，是哲学思考的基本要求。 Tòuguò xiànxiàng kàn běnzhì, shì zhéxué sīkǎo de jīběn yāoqiú. Looking through phenomena to see the essence is a basic requirement of...
表现 (biǎoxiàn) — to show; performance
表现 (biǎoxiàn) 表现 is a versatile and high-frequency word meaning to show or express something (especially a quality or emotion), and as a noun, it refers to one's performance, behavior, or the way something is manifested. Meanings [verb] to show; to express; to manifest; to perform [noun] performance; behavior; the way something is expressed or shown Example Sentences 他在课堂上的表现一直很出色。 Tā zài kètáng shàng de biǎoxiàn yīzhí hěn chūsè. His performance...
社会 (shèhuì) — society
社会 (shèhuì) 社会 refers to human beings collectively living in organized communities with shared laws, traditions, and values, and is one of the most fundamental concepts in Chinese social science discourse. Meanings [noun] society; community; the social world Example Sentences 每个公民都有责任为社会的发展做出贡献。 Měi gè gōngmín dōu yǒu zérèn wèi shèhuì de fāzhǎn zuò chū gòngxiàn. Every citizen has a responsibility to contribute to the development of society. 信息技术的发展深刻地改变了现代社会的面貌。 Xìnxī jìshù de...
机遇 (jīyù) — opportunity, chance
机遇 (jīyù) A favorable window of opportunity that arises from external circumstances -- more formal and weighty than 机会, often implying a historically significant or rare chance. Meanings [noun] opportunity, chance, favorable juncture Example Sentences 全球化为发展中国家提供了前所未有的发展机遇。 Quánqiú huà wèi fāzhǎn zhōng guójiā tígōngle qián suǒ wèi yǒu de fāzhǎn jīyù. Globalization has provided developing countries with unprecedented development opportunities. 他抓住了这次千载难逢的机遇，一举成名。 Tā zhuāzhùle zhè cì qiān zài nán féng de jīyù,...
Lesson 22: Writing Academic Essays
Overview Academic essay writing in Chinese (论说文) follows structural and rhetorical conventions that differ in important ways from Western essay traditions. At the B2 level, learners must move from producing grammatically correct paragraphs to constructing coherent, well-argued essays that meet the expectations of Chinese academic writing. This requires mastery of essay structure, transitional language, thesis statement conventions, and the specific vocabulary of academic argumentation. These skills are essential for university...
话题 (huàtí) — topic; subject of conversation
话题 (huàtí) 话题 is a versatile noun for any topic of conversation or discussion, from casual everyday subjects to trending social issues, and is especially common in informal and media contexts. Meanings [noun] topic; subject of conversation; talking point Example Sentences 天气是人们最常见的话题之一。 Tiānqì shì rénmen zuì chángjiàn de huàtí zhī yī. The weather is one of the most common topics of conversation. 这部电影上映后成为了社交媒体上的热门话题。 Zhè bù diànyǐng shàngyìng hòu chéngle shèjiāo...
诊断 (zhěnduàn) — to diagnose; diagnosis
诊断 (zhěnduàn) 诊断 refers to the process of identifying a disease or problem through examination and analysis, and is used in both medical contexts and metaphorically to describe identifying the root cause of any issue. Meanings [verb] to diagnose [noun] diagnosis Example Sentences 医生根据检查结果做出了诊断。 Yīshēng gēnjù jiǎnchá jiéguǒ zuòchū le zhěnduàn. The doctor made a diagnosis based on the examination results. 早期诊断对癌症治疗至关重要。 Zǎoqī zhěnduàn duì áizhèng zhìliáo zhìguān zhòngyào. Early...
与此同时 (yǔ cǐ tóngshí) — at the same time; meanwhile
与此同时 (yǔ cǐ tóngshí) 与此同时 is a formal discourse connector meaning "at the same time" or "meanwhile," used to introduce events or actions that occur simultaneously with what was just mentioned. Meanings [conjunction] at the same time; meanwhile; simultaneously (links two concurrent events or actions) Example Sentences 政府加大了对基础设施的投入，与此同时，也出台了一系列环保政策。 Zhèngfǔ jiādàle duì jīchǔ shèshī de tóurù, yǔ cǐ tóngshí, yě chūtāile yī xìliè huánbǎo zhèngcè. The government increased investment in infrastructure;...
Lesson 13: Idioms in Context (成语 II)
Overview The five idioms in this lesson share a common rhetorical character: they are all cautionary, ironic, or critical. Where the idioms in Lesson 12 mostly expressed positive values (success, persistence, reputation), the idioms here tend to point to human folly, wasted effort, or irrational fear. At the B2 level, learners must develop sensitivity to this register difference — deploying a critical or ironic idiom in the wrong context can...
协议 (xiéyì) — agreement, protocol
协议 (xiéyì) 协议 refers to a formal agreement or accord reached between two or more parties, covering everything from business contracts to international treaties and technical protocols. Meanings [noun] agreement, accord, protocol (a formal agreement between parties) Example Sentences 两国签署了一项关于自由贸易区建设的框架协议。 Liǎng guó qiānshǔ le yī xiàng guānyú zìyóu màoyì qū jiànshè de kuàngjià xiéyì. The two countries signed a framework agreement on the establishment of a free trade zone. 双方在经过谈判后终于达成了协议，化解了这场争端。...
另一方面 (lìng yī fāngmiàn) — on the other hand
另一方面 (lìng yī fāngmiàn) 另一方面 is a discourse marker used to introduce the second or contrasting aspect of an argument, equivalent to "on the other hand" or "from another perspective" in English. Meanings [phrase] on the other hand; from another perspective; at the same time (introduces a contrasting or complementary point) Example Sentences 一方面，城市化提高了生活水平；另一方面，也带来了环境问题。 Yī fāngmiàn, chéngshìhuà tígāo le shēnghuó shuǐpíng; lìng yī fāngmiàn, yě dàilái le huánjìng wèntí. On...
公正 (gōngzhèng) — just, impartial
公正 (gōngzhèng) 公正 refers to impartial and morally upright conduct, especially in making judgments or decisions, free from personal bias or favoritism. Meanings [adjective] just, impartial, fair-minded, unbiased [noun] justice, impartiality Example Sentences 法官必须保持公正，不受任何外部压力的干扰。 Fǎguān bìxū bǎochí gōngzhèng, bù shòu rènhé wàibù yālì de gānrǎo. A judge must remain impartial and not be influenced by any external pressure. 历史将以公正的眼光评价这位领导人的功过。 Lìshǐ jiāng yǐ gōngzhèng de yǎnguāng píngjià zhè wèi lǐngdǎorén de...
资源 (zīyuán) — resources
资源 (zīyuán) 资源 refers to any available supply of natural materials, energy, people, knowledge, or other inputs that can be drawn upon to achieve goals -- a word spanning environmental science, economics, and management. Meanings [noun] resources (natural, human, educational, financial, etc.) Example Sentences 中国拥有丰富的自然资源，但分布不均衡。 Zhōngguó yōngyǒu fēngfù de zìrán zīyuán, dàn fēnbù bù jūnhéng. China has abundant natural resources, but their distribution is uneven. 合理利用资源是可持续发展的关键。 Hélǐ lìyòng zīyuán shì...
承受 (chéngshòu) — to bear; to endure; to withstand
承受 (chéngshòu) 承受 means to bear, endure, or withstand something, typically referring to pressure, pain, hardship, loss, or responsibility that requires emotional or physical strength to tolerate. Meanings [verb] to bear; to endure; to withstand; to sustain (pressure, pain, hardship, weight, etc.) Example Sentences 失去至亲的痛苦是难以承受的，但时间和家人的陪伴会帮助她慢慢走出悲伤。 Shīqù zhì qīn de tòngkǔ shì nányǐ chéngshòu de, dàn shíjiān hé jiārén de péibàn huì bāngzhù tā mànmàn zǒuchū bēishāng. The pain of losing...
质疑 (zhìyí) — to question; to challenge
质疑 (zhìyí) 质疑 means to question or challenge the truth, validity, or authority of something, implying a critical skepticism that goes beyond simple curiosity. Meanings [verb] to question; to challenge; to express doubt about [noun] a challenge; a critical question; skepticism Example Sentences 研究人员对该实验的方法论提出了质疑。 Yánjiū rényuán duì gāi shíyàn de fānglùn lùn tíchūle zhìyí. Researchers raised questions about the methodology of the experiment. 公众对政府的处理方式表示质疑。 Gōngzhòng duì zhèngfǔ de chǔlǐ fāngshì...
扩大 (kuòdà) — to expand, to enlarge
扩大 (kuòdà) 扩大 means to expand or enlarge the scope, scale, or size of something, typically implying a deliberate or significant widening of reach or capacity. Meanings [verb] to expand, to enlarge, to extend, to broaden (scope, scale, influence) [noun] expansion, enlargement (in compound structures) Example Sentences 公司计划扩大在亚洲市场的业务范围。 Gōngsī jìhuà kuòdà zài Yàzhōu shìchǎng de yèwù fànwéi. The company plans to expand its business scope in the Asian market. 政府采取措施扩大就业，缓解失业压力。...
进步 (jìnbù) — progress; to make progress
进步 (jìnbù) 进步 expresses positive advancement or improvement, whether in a person's skills, a society's development, or the state of a field, and is one of the most common positive evaluative words in Chinese. Meanings [noun] progress; advancement; improvement [verb] to make progress; to improve; to advance Example Sentences 经过几个月的努力，她的中文水平有了明显的进步。 Jīngguò jǐ gè yuè de nǔlì, tā de zhōngwén shuǐpíng yǒule míngxiǎn de jìnbù. After several months of effort, her...
主权 (zhǔquán) — sovereignty
主权 (zhǔquán) 主权 refers to the supreme authority of a state to govern itself and its territory without external interference, a fundamental concept in international relations and political science. Meanings [noun] sovereignty; sovereign authority (the supreme power of a state over its territory and people) [noun] sovereign rights (in specific domains, e.g., maritime sovereignty) Example Sentences 国家主权是国际关系的基本原则，任何国家都不应干涉他国内政。 Guójiā zhǔquán shì guójì guānxi de jīběn yuánzé, rènhé guójiā dōu bù yīng...
干旱 (gānhàn) — drought; arid
干旱 (gānhàn) A drought is a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall that causes a serious shortage of water, threatening agriculture, ecosystems, and communities. Meanings [noun] drought; prolonged dry period with water shortage [adjective] arid; dry; drought-affected Example Sentences 严重的干旱导致农作物大量减产。 Yánzhòng de gānhàn dǎozhì nóngzuòwù dàliàng jiǎnchǎn. The severe drought caused a large reduction in crop yields. 这个地区长期干旱，水资源极度匮乏。 Zhège dìqū chángqī gānhàn, shuǐ zīyuán jídù kuìfá. This region is long...
领导 (lǐngdǎo) — to lead; leader; leadership
领导 (lǐngdǎo) 领导 functions as both a verb meaning to lead or guide an organisation, and as a noun referring to a leader or the leadership of an organisation, and is one of the most common words in Chinese organisational and political vocabulary. Meanings [verb] to lead; to guide; to head (an organisation or group) [noun] leader; leaders; leadership; those in charge Example Sentences 她被任命为新部门的负责人，领导一支由三十人组成的团队。 Tā bèi rènmìng wéi xīn...
有限 (yǒuxiàn) — limited, finite
有限 (yǒuxiàn) Describes something that is bounded or restricted -- not infinite or unlimited -- whether in quantity, time, ability, or scope. Meanings [adjective] limited, finite, restricted Example Sentences 由于资金有限，项目只能缩小规模进行。 Yóuyú zījīn yǒuxiàn, xiàngmù zhǐ néng suōxiǎo guīmó jìnxíng. Due to limited funding, the project can only proceed on a reduced scale. 时间有限，请尽量简短地表达您的观点。 Shíjiān yǒuxiàn, qǐng jǐnliàng jiǎnduǎn de biǎodá nín de guāndiǎn. Time is limited, so please express your...
Lesson 9: Historical Events
Overview History is not merely a subject in China — it is a foundation of national identity, political legitimacy, and cultural self-understanding. At the B2 level, learners must engage with Chinese historical discourse using the specific vocabulary and narrative grammar that characterizes how Chinese people talk and write about the past. This includes understanding not just what happened but how historical events are framed, interpreted, and contested in contemporary Chinese...
表明 (biǎomíng) — to indicate; to make clear
表明 (biǎomíng) 表明 means to make something evident or explicit, whether through actions, data, or statements, and is a formal alternative to 说明 when emphasizing that a fact or stance is clearly revealed. Meanings [verb] to indicate; to show; to make clear; to express Example Sentences 数据表明，今年的经济增长超出预期。 Shùjù biǎomíng, jīnnián de jīngjì zēngzhǎng chāochū yùqī. The data indicates that this year's economic growth has exceeded expectations. 他的行动表明他对这项工作非常认真。 Tā de xíngdòng...
特征 (tèzhēng) — characteristic, feature
特征 (tèzhēng) 特征 refers to a distinctive characteristic or feature that identifies or distinguishes something, typically an observable or measurable quality that helps define what something is. Meanings [noun] characteristic, feature, distinguishing mark [noun] typical trait (that defines a category or type) Example Sentences 城镇化是现代社会发展的重要特征之一。 Chéngzhèn huà shì xiàndài shèhuì fāzhǎn de zhòng yào tèzhēng zhī yī. Urbanization is one of the important characteristics of modern social development. 这种植物最显著的特征是它鲜艳的红色叶片。 Zhè...
进而 (jìn'ér) — furthermore; and then; going further
进而 (jìn'ér) 进而 is a formal conjunctive adverb that introduces a further step, consequence, or development following logically from what was previously stated, implying a natural progression or escalation. Meanings [conjunction] furthermore; and then; going a step further; thereby Example Sentences 他先掌握了基础知识，进而开始研究更复杂的理论。 Tā xiān zhǎngwòle jīchǔ zhīshi, jìn'ér kāishǐ yánjiū gèng fùzá de lǐlùn. He first mastered the basic knowledge and then went on to study more complex theories. 这项技术降低了生产成本，进而提高了企业的市场竞争力。...
急迫 (jípò) — urgent; pressing; hurried
急迫 (jípò) 急迫 describes a situation or manner that is urgent and pressing, requiring immediate attention or action, often carrying a sense of anxiety or impatience alongside the urgency. Meanings [adjective] urgent; pressing; critical (of a situation demanding immediate action) [adjective] hurried; anxious; impatient (of a person's manner or emotion) Example Sentences 灾区的救援工作形势十分急迫，政府已紧急调拨物资支援当地民众。 Zāiqū de jiùyuán gōngzuò xíngshì shífēn jípò, zhèngfǔ yǐ jǐnjí diàobō wùzī zhīyuán dāngdì mínzhòng. The rescue...
背景 (bèijǐng) — background; backdrop
背景 (bèijǐng) 背景 means background or backdrop in both the literal sense (the background of a photo or scene) and the figurative senses: the historical/social context of an event, or a person's family background and social connections. Meanings [noun] background; backdrop (visual or contextual) [noun] context; circumstances; background (of an event or issue) [noun] personal background; family connections; "connections" (informal) Example Sentences 了解这段历史的时代背景，有助于更深刻地理解当时人们的选择。 Liǎojiě zhè duàn lìshǐ de shídài bèijǐng,...
基础 (jīchǔ) — foundation, basis
基础 (jīchǔ) 基础 refers to the foundation or basis upon which something is built, whether physical, intellectual, or institutional, implying the indispensable groundwork that supports everything above it. Meanings [noun] foundation, basis, groundwork (physical or abstract) [adjective] basic, foundational (as in 基础教育, basic education) Example Sentences 扎实的理论基础是进行高水平研究的前提。 Zhāshí de lǐlùn jīchǔ shì jìnxíng gāo shuǐpíng yánjiū de qiántí. A solid theoretical foundation is a prerequisite for conducting high-level research. 诚信是社会文明的重要基础。...
监管 (jiānguǎn) — to regulate; regulation; oversight
监管 (jiānguǎn) 监管 refers to the official regulatory oversight and control exercised by authorities over industries, markets, or activities to ensure compliance with laws and standards. Meanings [verb] to regulate; to supervise; to oversee officially [noun] regulation; regulatory oversight Example Sentences 金融监管部门加强了对银行业的检查力度。 Jīnróng jiāngǎn bùmén jiāqiáng le duì yínhángyè de jiǎnchá lìdù. Financial regulatory authorities have strengthened their inspections of the banking sector. 科技巨头面临越来越严格的政府监管。 Kējì jùtóu miànlín yuèlái yuè yángé...
运营 (yùnyíng) — to operate; operations
运营 (yùnyíng) 运营 refers to the ongoing operation and management of a business, platform, or service, and is a core term in Chinese business, marketing, and management contexts at B2 level. Meanings [verb] to operate; to run (a business or service) [noun] operations; management of ongoing activities Example Sentences 这家公司运营着全国最大的电商平台之一。 Zhè jiā gōngsī yùnyíngzhe quánguó zuì dà de diànshāng píngtái zhī yī. This company operates one of the largest e-commerce...
诠释 (quánshì) — to interpret; to explain
诠释 (quánshì) 诠释 means to interpret or explain something in a thorough, often definitive way, and is used for interpreting texts, concepts, performances, or the meaning of experiences. Meanings [verb] to interpret; to explain thoroughly; to give an interpretation of [noun] interpretation; explanation Example Sentences 这位演员用精湛的表演诠释了这个角色。 Zhè wèi yǎnyuán yòng jīngzhàn de biǎoyǎn quánshì le zhège juésè. This actor gave a superb interpretation of the character through his brilliant performance....
核实 (héshí) — to verify, to confirm
核实 (héshí) To investigate and confirm whether information, a claim, or a set of facts is accurate -- a critical step in journalism, law, science, and official procedures. Meanings [verb] to verify, to confirm, to authenticate, to check the facts Example Sentences 记者在发表报道前必须核实所有信息的真实性。 Jìzhě zài fābiǎo bàodào qián bìxū héshí suǒyǒu xìnxī de zhēnshí xìng. Journalists must verify the authenticity of all information before publishing a report. 警方正在核实目击者的证词是否与监控录像相符。 Jǐngfāng zhèngzài...
统筹 (tǒngchóu) — to plan holistically; overall coordination
统筹 (tǒngchóu) 统筹 means to plan and coordinate all aspects of something in a unified and comprehensive way, taking the big picture into account rather than handling parts in isolation. It is a key term in Chinese administrative and policy language. Meanings [verb] to plan holistically; to coordinate comprehensively; to take an overall approach to planning [noun] overall planning; holistic coordination Example Sentences 政府需要统筹考虑经济发展与环境保护之间的关系。 Zhèngfǔ xūyào tǒngchóu kǎolǜ jīngjì fāzhǎn...
合同 (hétong) — contract; agreement
合同 (hétong) 合同 is the standard Chinese word for a contract -- a legally binding written agreement between parties that specifies obligations, rights, and terms. Meanings [noun] contract; written agreement; formal agreement Example Sentences 双方签署了一份为期三年的合同。 Shuāngfāng qiānshǔ le yī fèn wéiqī sān nián de hétong. Both parties signed a three-year contract. 请在签合同之前仔细阅读所有条款。 Qǐng zài qiān hétong zhīqián zīxì yuèdú suǒyǒu tiáokuǎn. Please read all the terms carefully before signing the...
Lesson 10: Debate & Argumentation
Overview Argumentation in Chinese differs from its Western counterpart in important stylistic ways. Chinese academic and public argument tends toward comprehensiveness — presenting multiple perspectives before arriving at a conclusion — rather than the single-thesis-supported approach common in Anglo-American rhetoric. At the B2 level, learners must both understand the structural conventions of Chinese debate and deploy the specific vocabulary of argument, concession, and counter-argument. These skills are essential for academic...
分析 (fēnxī) — to analyze
分析 (fēnxī) 分析 means to break something down into its component parts in order to understand it better, and is one of the most essential terms in academic, scientific, and professional Chinese. Meanings [verb] to analyze; to examine in detail [noun] analysis; a systematic examination Example Sentences 我们需要仔细分析这份数据。 Wǒmen xūyào zǐxì fēnxī zhè fèn shùjù. We need to carefully analyze this data. 报告对市场趋势进行了深入分析。 Bàogào duì shìchǎng qūshì jìnxíngle shēnrù fēnxī....
况且 (kuàngqiě) — moreover, besides, what is more
况且 (kuàngqiě) 况且 is a conjunction that introduces an additional reason or consideration that reinforces or strengthens a preceding argument, often implying that the added point makes the conclusion even more certain. Meanings [conjunction] moreover, besides, furthermore, what is more (with an emphatic or reinforcing tone) Example Sentences 我今天太累了，况且外面还在下雨，就不出去了。 Wǒ jīntiān tài lèi le, kuàngqiě wàimiàn hái zài xià yǔ, jiù bù chūqù le. I am too tired today; moreover,...
显著 (xiǎnzhù) — significant, notable, marked
显著 (xiǎnzhù) Describes a change, effect, or difference that is clearly visible and substantial -- the standard word in academic, scientific, and journalistic writing for "significant" or "marked." Meanings [adjective] significant, notable, marked, conspicuous, prominent Example Sentences 经过治疗，患者的病情有了显著改善。 Jīngguò zhìliáo, huànzhě de bìngqíng yǒule xiǎnzhù gǎishàn. After treatment, the patient's condition showed significant improvement. 这项政策实施后，环境质量有了显著提升。 Zhè xiàng zhèngcè shíshī hòu, huánjìng zhìliàng yǒule xiǎnzhù tíshēng. After the implementation of this...
政策 (zhèngcè) — policy
政策 (zhèngcè) An official set of principles or a plan of action adopted by a government, institution, or organization to guide decisions and achieve goals. Meanings [noun] policy, directive, official guideline Example Sentences 新的税收政策将从下月起正式实施。 Xīn de shuìshōu zhèngcè jiāng cóng xià yuè qǐ zhèngshì shíshī. The new tax policy will officially take effect from next month. 政府出台了一系列支持中小企业的优惠政策。 Zhèngfǔ chūtāile yī xìliè zhīchí zhōngxiǎo qǐyè de yōuhuì zhèngcè. The government has...
引导 (yǐndǎo) — to guide; to lead; to direct
引导 (yǐndǎo) To guide or lead means to help direct someone's thinking, behavior, or movement toward a particular goal or along a particular path. Meanings [verb] to guide; to lead; to direct; to steer; to channel (people, thinking, or development) Example Sentences 老师善于引导学生独立思考，而不是直接给出答案。 Lǎoshī shànyú yǐndǎo xuéshēng dúlì sīkǎo, ér bù shì zhíjiē gěi chū dá'àn. The teacher is good at guiding students to think independently rather than giving answers...
受众 (shòuzhòng) — audience; target audience
受众 (shòuzhòng) 受众 refers to the intended audience or target group for media, advertising, publications, or any form of communication -- the people who receive and consume a message. Meanings [noun] audience; target audience; readership; viewership Example Sentences 这部电影的受众主要是年轻人。 Zhè bù diànyǐng de shòuzhòng zhǔyào shì niánqīngrén. The primary audience for this film is young people. 广告公司需要了解产品的目标受众。 Guǎnggào gōngsī xūyào liǎojiě chǎnpǐn de mùbiāo shòuzhòng. Advertising companies need to understand...
理解力 (lǐjiělì) — comprehension ability
理解力 (lǐjiělì) Strong comprehension ability is essential for reading complex academic texts at the B2 level. Meanings [noun] comprehension ability; the power to understand Example Sentences 他的理解力非常强，一遍就能学会新概念。 Tā de lǐjiělì fēicháng qiáng, yī biàn jiù néng xuéhuì xīn gàiniàn. His comprehension ability is very strong; he can grasp new concepts in one pass. 阅读训练可以有效提高学生的理解力。 Yuèdú xùnliàn kěyǐ yǒuxiào tígāo xuéshēng de lǐjiělì. Reading practice can effectively improve students' comprehension ability....
挑战 (tiǎozhàn) — challenge; to challenge
挑战 (tiǎozhàn) 挑战 refers to a difficult task or situation that tests one's abilities and requires effort to overcome, as well as the act of challenging someone or something. It carries both positive (opportunity to grow) and neutral connotations. Meanings [noun] challenge; a test of ability; a demanding situation [verb] to challenge; to test; to take on (a difficulty or opponent) Example Sentences 人工智能的快速发展对传统就业市场提出了前所未有的挑战。 Réngōng zhìnéng de kuàisù fāzhǎn duì...
森林覆盖率 (sēnlín fùgài lǜ) — forest coverage rate
森林覆盖率 (sēnlín fùgài lǜ) A key environmental indicator measuring the proportion of a region's total land area that is covered by forest -- central to discussions of ecology, climate, and biodiversity. Meanings [noun] forest coverage rate, forest cover percentage Example Sentences 中国的森林覆盖率已从上世纪的不足10%提升至如今的24%以上。 Zhōngguó de sēnlín fùgài lǜ yǐ cóng shàng shìjì de bùzú 10% tíshēng zhì rújīn de 24% yǐshàng. China's forest coverage rate has risen from less than 10%...
引领 (yǐnlǐng) — to lead; to pioneer; to show the way
引领 (yǐnlǐng) To lead or pioneer means to go ahead and show the way, inspiring or guiding others to follow, often used for innovation, trends, or social progress. Meanings [verb] to lead; to pioneer; to guide forward; to show the way; to set the trend for Example Sentences 中国正在努力引领全球新能源技术的发展。 Zhōngguó zhèngzài nǔlì yǐnlǐng quánqiú xīn néngyyuán jìshù de fāzhǎn. China is working hard to lead the development of global new...
从而 (cóng'ér) — thus; thereby; and as a result
从而 (cóng'ér) 从而 is a formal conjunction that introduces a result, consequence, or purpose that follows logically from the preceding action or situation, equivalent to "thereby," "thus," or "and as a result." Meanings [conjunction] thereby; thus; and as a result; so as to (introduces a consequence or purpose that follows from the preceding clause) Example Sentences 公司加大了研发投入，从而推动了技术创新和产品升级。 Gōngsī jiādàle yánfā tóurù, cóng'ér tuīdòngle jìshù chuàngxīn hé chǎnpǐn shēngjí. The company...
Lesson 23: Listening to Lectures
Overview Listening to academic lectures in Chinese presents distinct challenges at the B2 level: lecturers speak rapidly, use technical vocabulary, and employ discourse strategies that differ from written academic prose. The ability to comprehend a Chinese lecture, extract key points, and formulate intelligent questions is essential for study in Chinese-medium institutions and for professional contexts where Chinese is the medium of communication. This lesson addresses the specific strategies and vocabulary...
点击率 (diǎnjī lǜ) — Click-through rate, click rate
点击率 (diǎnjī lǜ) 点击率 is a digital marketing and internet term referring to the ratio of users who click on a specific link, advertisement, or piece of content compared to the total number of users who view it. Meanings [noun] click-through rate (CTR); click rate; number of clicks (as a measure of popularity) Example Sentences 这篇文章的点击率在发布后几小时内就突破了一百万。 Zhè piān wénzhāng de diǎnjī lǜ zài fābù hòu jǐ xiǎoshí nèi jiù tūpòle...
融资 (róngzī) — to raise funds; financing
融资 (róngzī) 融资 refers to the process of raising or obtaining capital, and is a cornerstone term in Chinese business, finance, and start-up culture. Meanings [verb] to raise funds; to finance [noun] financing; fund-raising Example Sentences 这家初创公司成功融资一亿元。 Zhè jiā chūchuàng gōngsī chénggōng róngzī yī yì yuán. This start-up successfully raised 100 million yuan in financing. 融资渠道多元化对企业发展很重要。 Róngzī qúdào duōyuánhuà duì qǐyè fāzhǎn hěn zhòngyào. Diversifying financing channels is important for...
否定 (fǒudìng) — to negate; negation
否定 (fǒudìng) 否定 means to deny, negate, or refute something, and also functions as an adjective meaning "negative" (as opposed to affirmative). It is a key term in logic, debate, and critical discussion. Meanings [verb] to negate; to deny; to refute; to reject [adjective] negative (in logic or grammar); denying Example Sentences 他的观点遭到了与会者的否定。 Tā de guāndiǎn zāodàole yùhuì zhě de fǒudìng. His viewpoint was rejected by the participants at the...
利润 (lìrùn) — profit
利润 (lìrùn) 利润 refers to the financial gain a business makes after all costs, expenses, and taxes have been subtracted from total revenue -- the bottom-line measure of commercial success. Meanings [noun] profit (the net financial gain of a business) Example Sentences 该公司今年的净利润同比增长了百分之二十。 Gāi gōngsī jīnnián de jìng lìrùn tóng bǐ zēngzhǎng le bǎifēnzhī èrshí. The company's net profit grew by twenty percent year-on-year this year. 追求利润最大化是许多企业的核心经营目标。 Zhuīqiú lìrùn zuìdàhuà...
直播 (zhíbō) — live broadcast; to livestream
直播 (zhíbō) 直播 refers to broadcasting content in real time without pre-recording, a concept that has expanded dramatically with the rise of social media and e-commerce livestreaming in China. Meanings [verb] to broadcast live; to livestream [noun] live broadcast; livestream Example Sentences 这名主播每天晚上通过直播向粉丝展示新产品。 Zhè míng zhǔbō měitiān wǎnshang tōngguò zhíbō xiàng fěnsī zhǎnshì xīn chǎnpǐn. This streamer showcases new products to fans every evening through live broadcasts. 该体育赛事将在多个平台上进行全程直播。 Gāi tǐyù...
气候变化 (qìhòu biànhuà) — Climate change
气候变化 (qìhòu biànhuà) 气候变化 refers to significant, long-term changes in global or regional climate patterns, particularly those driven by human activity and the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Meanings [noun phrase] climate change; climate variation Example Sentences 气候变化已经成为全球最紧迫的环境挑战之一。 Qìhòu biànhuà yǐjīng chéngwéi quánqiú zuì jǐnpò de huánjìng tiǎozhàn zhī yī. Climate change has become one of the most urgent environmental challenges in the world. 科学家警告说，气候变化将导致更频繁的极端天气事件。 Kēxuéjiā jǐnggào shuō,...
仲裁 (zhòngcái) — arbitration
仲裁 (zhòngcái) 仲裁 refers to the process of resolving disputes outside of court through a neutral third party, whose decision is usually binding on the parties involved, commonly used in commercial, labor, and international disputes. Meanings [noun] arbitration (a method of dispute resolution using a neutral third party) [verb] to arbitrate; to settle a dispute through arbitration Example Sentences 两家公司因合同纠纷提交国际仲裁，最终由仲裁庭作出裁决。 Liǎng jiā gōngsī yīn hétong jiūfēn tíjiāo guójì zhòngcái, zuìzhōng...
依据 (yījù) — basis; according to; based on
依据 (yījù) 依据 means the basis, grounds, or evidence on which something is based, and as a preposition it means "according to" or "based on," commonly used in legal, academic, and formal contexts. Meanings [noun] basis; grounds; evidence; justification (the foundation or reason for something) [preposition] according to; based on; in accordance with Example Sentences 法院依据现有证据作出了有罪判决，被告对此提出了上诉。 Fǎyuàn yījù xiànyǒu zhèngjù zuòchūle yǒuzuì pànjué, bèigào duì cǐ tíchūle shàngsù. The court...
宣传 (xuānchuán) — to publicize; to promote; propaganda
宣传 (xuānchuán) To publicize or promote means to spread information about something in order to persuade people to support it, whether in commercial, political, or public service contexts. Meanings [verb] to publicize; to promote; to spread awareness; to propagandize [noun] publicity; promotion; propaganda; public information campaign Example Sentences 政府开展了大规模的环保宣传活动。 Zhèngfǔ kāizhǎnle dàguīmó de huánbǎo xuānchuán huódòng. The government launched a large-scale environmental protection publicity campaign. 这家公司在社交媒体上大力宣传新产品。 Zhè jiā gōngsī zài...
急救 (jíjiù) — first aid; emergency rescue
急救 (jíjiù) 急救 refers to immediate emergency medical treatment given to a person who is injured or suddenly ill before professional help arrives, as well as the broader practice of emergency rescue. Meanings [noun] first aid; emergency rescue; emergency treatment [verb] to give first aid; to perform emergency rescue Example Sentences 每个人都应该掌握基本的急救知识，以便在紧急情况下能及时帮助他人。 Měi gè rén dōu yīnggāi zhǎngwò jīběn de jíjiù zhīshì, yǐbiàn zài jǐnjí qíngkuàng xià néng jíshí bāngzhù...
影响 (yǐngxiǎng) — to influence; influence; impact
影响 (yǐngxiǎng) Influence or impact refers to the effect that one person, thing, or event has on another, shaping its development, behavior, or outcome. Meanings [verb] to influence; to affect; to have an impact on [noun] influence; impact; effect Example Sentences 气候变化正在深刻影响全球的生态系统。 Qìhòu biànhuà zhèngzài shēnkè yǐngxiǎng quánqiú de shēngtài xìtǒng. Climate change is profoundly affecting global ecosystems. 父母的言行举止对孩子有着深远的影响。 Fùmǔ de yán xíng jǔzhǐ duì háizi yǒuzhe shēnyuǎn de yǐngxiǎng....
先进 (xiānjìn) — advanced, progressive
先进 (xiānjìn) 先进 describes something that is at the forefront of development, ahead of current standards, and worthy of being learned from or emulated. Meanings [adjective] advanced, progressive, cutting-edge [noun] an advanced individual or model worker (used in socialist contexts to praise exemplary people) Example Sentences 我们应该积极学习和引进先进的技术。 Wǒmen yīnggāi jījí xuéxí hé yǐnjìn xiānjìn de jìshù. We should actively learn from and introduce advanced technology. 这家工厂采用了最先进的生产设备。 Zhè jiā gōngchǎng cǎiyòng...
优化 (yōuhuà) — to optimize, to improve
优化 (yōuhuà) 优化 means to optimize or systematically improve something to achieve better performance, efficiency, or quality, and is widely used in technical, business, and policy contexts. Meanings [verb] to optimize, to improve systematically, to streamline [noun] optimization, improvement (of processes, structures, or performance) Example Sentences 工程师正在优化算法，以提高程序运行速度。 Gōngchéng shī zhèngzài yōuhuà suànfǎ, yǐ tígāo chéngxù yùnxíng sùdù. Engineers are optimizing algorithms to improve program execution speed. 政府计划优化营商环境，吸引更多外资。 Zhèngfǔ jìhuà yōuhuà...
课程 (kèchéng) — course; curriculum
课程 (kèchéng) 课程 refers to a structured course of study, a curriculum, or a program of classes, and is essential vocabulary for discussing education, training, and academic planning in Chinese. Meanings [noun] course; class; curriculum; program of study Example Sentences 这门课程每周上三次课。 Zhè mén kèchéng měi zhōu shàng sān cì kè. This course meets three times a week. 学校为学生提供了丰富多样的选修课程。 Xuéxiào wèi xuéshēng tígōng le fēngfù duōyàng de xuǎnxiū kèchéng. The school...
督促 (dūcù) — to urge; to supervise and push
督促 (dūcù) 督促 means to urge or prompt someone to fulfill a responsibility or complete a task, often with an element of supervision and follow-up. Meanings [verb] to urge; to supervise and push; to prompt someone to act Example Sentences 老师每天督促学生按时完成作业。 Lǎoshī měitiān dūcù xuéshēng ànshí wánchéng zuòyè. The teacher urges students every day to complete homework on time. 家长应该督促孩子养成良好的学习习惯。 Jiāzhǎng yīnggāi dūcù háizi yǎngchéng liánghǎo de xuéxí xíguàn. Parents...
协商 (xiéshāng) — to negotiate, to consult
协商 (xiéshāng) 协商 refers to the process of discussing matters together to reach a mutually acceptable agreement or decision, emphasizing cooperation and consensus-building. Meanings [verb] to negotiate, to consult, to discuss toward agreement [noun] negotiation, consultation, deliberation Example Sentences 双方经过多轮协商，终于就合同条款达成了一致。 Shuāngfāng jīngguò duō lún xiéshāng, zhōngyú jiù hétong tiáokuǎn dáchéng le yīzhì. After multiple rounds of negotiation, the two parties finally reached agreement on the contract terms. 劳资双方将通过协商解决薪酬调整的争议。 Láozī shuāngfāng...
体现 (tǐxiàn) — to embody; to reflect
体现 (tǐxiàn) 体现 means to give concrete expression to an abstract quality or principle, or to embody a value in tangible form, and is one of the most frequently used words in formal Chinese analysis and commentary. Meanings [verb] to embody; to reflect; to give expression to; to manifest [noun] an embodiment; a concrete manifestation Example Sentences 这首诗充分体现了作者对故乡的深厚情感。 Zhè shǒu shī chōngfèn tǐxiànle zuòzhě duì gùxiāng de shēnhòu qínggǎn. This...
采访 (cǎifǎng) — to interview; interview (journalism)
采访 (cǎifǎng) 采访 refers to the journalistic activity of interviewing people or gathering news, and can function both as a verb (to interview/report on) and a noun (an interview or news coverage), making it essential for media and journalism vocabulary. Meanings [verb] to interview; to cover (a news story); to report on [noun] an interview; news coverage; a journalistic visit Example Sentences 记者在赛后采访了获胜球队的主教练。 Jìzhě zài sài hòu cǎifǎngle huòshèng qiúduì...
营养 (yíngyǎng) — nutrition; nourishment
营养 (yíngyǎng) 营养 refers to the substances in food that sustain life and promote growth and health. As a noun it means nutrition or nourishment; as an adjective it means nutritious or nutritional. Meanings [noun] nutrition; nourishment; nutrients [adjective] nutritious; nutritional Example Sentences 均衡饮食是保证身体获得充足营养的最基本方法。 Jūnhéng yǐnshí shì bǎozhèng shēntǐ huòdé chōngzú yíngyǎng de zuì jīběn fāngfǎ. A balanced diet is the most fundamental way to ensure the body receives adequate...
缩小 (suōxiǎo) — to reduce, to narrow, to shrink
缩小 (suōxiǎo) 缩小 means to reduce, narrow, or shrink the size, scope, or gap of something, and functions as the antonym of 扩大. It can be used both for physical dimensions and abstract concepts like differences or inequalities. Meanings [verb] to reduce, to narrow, to shrink, to diminish (size, gap, scope) [verb] to scale down, to miniaturize Example Sentences 政府出台政策，努力缩小城乡发展差距。 Zhèngfǔ chūtái zhèngcè, nǔlì suōxiǎo chéng xiāng fāzhǎn chājù. The...
期待 (qīdài) — to expect, to look forward to; expectation
期待 (qīdài) To look forward to something hoped-for with positive anticipation -- warmer and more emotionally charged than neutral 期望 or 预期. Meanings [verb] to look forward to, to eagerly anticipate, to expect with hope [noun] expectation, anticipation, hope Example Sentences 孩子们都非常期待明天的春游活动。 Háizimen dōu fēicháng qīdài míngtiān de chūnyóu huódòng. The children are all very much looking forward to tomorrow's spring outing. 观众对这部续集电影抱有很高的期待。 Guānzhòng duì zhè bù xùjí diànyǐng bàoyǒu...
落后 (luòhòu) — to fall behind; backward
落后 (luòhòu) To fall behind in development, progress, or competition is the core sense of 落后, a word used widely in economic, educational, and social contexts. Meanings [verb] to fall behind; to lag behind [adjective] backward; underdeveloped; outdated Example Sentences 他在比赛中落后了五分钟。 Tā zài bǐsài zhōng luòhòu le wǔ fēnzhōng. He fell five minutes behind in the race. 这个地区的经济发展相对落后。 Zhège dìqū de jīngjì fāzhǎn xiāngduì luòhòu. The economic development of this...
推动 (tuīdòng) — to drive; to promote; to advance
推动 (tuīdòng) 推动 means to push something forward or drive it ahead, used metaphorically to describe forces, policies, people, or events that cause progress, development, or change to occur. Meanings [verb] to drive forward; to promote; to advance; to push ahead; to give impetus to Example Sentences 技术创新是推动经济增长和社会进步的核心动力。 Jìshù chuàngxīn shì tuīdòng jīngjì zēngzhǎng hé shèhuì jìnbù de héxīn dònglì. Technological innovation is the core driving force behind economic growth...
宪法 (xiànfǎ) — constitution
宪法 (xiànfǎ) A constitution is the fundamental law of a nation that establishes the structure of government, the rights of citizens, and the principles that all other laws must follow. Meanings [noun] constitution; the fundamental/supreme law of a state Example Sentences 宪法是国家的根本大法，具有最高法律效力。 Xiànfǎ shì guójiā de gēnběn dàfǎ, jùyǒu zuìgāo fǎlǜ xiàolì. The constitution is the fundamental law of the country and has the highest legal authority. 所有公民的基本权利都受宪法的保护。 Suǒyǒu gōngmín...
Lesson 20: Global Affairs
Overview China's engagement with global affairs is one of the defining dynamics of the twenty-first century, and the vocabulary and grammar through which Chinese actors discuss international relations, globalization, and foreign policy reflect a distinctive worldview and set of priorities. At the B2 level, learners must be able to engage authentically with Chinese foreign policy discourse — understanding not only what is said but the conceptual frameworks and rhetorical conventions...
精湛 (jīngzhàn) — superb; masterly
精湛 (jīngzhàn) 精湛 describes a skill, technique, or craft that has reached a very high or masterful level. It is an elevated adjective used to praise professional excellence, especially in craftsmanship, performing arts, or technical work. Meanings [adjective] superb; masterly; consummate; exquisite (of a skill or craft) Example Sentences 这位木雕艺人以精湛的技艺闻名于整个地区。 Zhè wèi mùdiāo yìrén yǐ jīngzhàn de jìyì wénmíng yú zhěnggè dìqū. This wood-carving artisan is famous throughout the region...
彻底 (chèdǐ) — thorough; completely; thoroughly
彻底 (chèdǐ) Thorough or complete means going all the way through something without leaving any part unfinished, unexamined, or unchanged. Meanings [adjective] thorough; complete; radical; without reservation [adverb] thoroughly; completely; to the bottom; utterly Example Sentences 这次改革必须彻底，不能半途而废。 Zhè cì gǎigé bìxū chèdǐ, bù néng bàntú ér fèi. This reform must be thorough and cannot be left halfway done. 医生建议他彻底休息两周，不要工作。 Yīshēng jiànyì tā chèdǐ xiūxi liǎng zhōu, bùyào gōngzuò. The doctor...
遏制 (èzhì) — to contain; to curb; to suppress
遏制 (èzhì) 遏制 means to contain or suppress something harmful or undesirable, implying that the force or trend exists and must be actively held back, and is common in political, medical, and security contexts at B2 level. Meanings [verb] to contain; to curb; to suppress; to check (a negative trend or force) Example Sentences 国际社会正在努力遏制核武器的扩散。 Guójì shèhuì zhèngzài nǔlì èzhì héwǔqì de kuòsàn. The international community is working hard to...
知识 (zhīshì) — knowledge
知识 (zhīshì) 知识 refers to the body of facts, principles, and understanding gained through experience or education, a fundamental concept in learning, science, and philosophy. Meanings [noun] knowledge; information; learning Example Sentences 掌握扎实的基础知识是进一步深造的前提。 Zhǎngwò zhāshi de jīchǔ zhīshì shì jìnyībù shēnzào de qiántí. Mastering solid foundational knowledge is a prerequisite for further advanced study. 互联网使人们获取知识的方式发生了根本性变化。 Hùliánwǎng shǐ rénmen huòqǔ zhīshì de fāngshì fāshēng le gēnběnxìng biànhuà. The internet has fundamentally...
长远 (chángyuǎn) — long-term; far-reaching
长远 (chángyuǎn) 长远 describes something that extends over a long time span or far into the future, and is widely used in planning, strategy, and policy contexts at B2 level to contrast immediate gains with durable, lasting goals. Meanings [adjective] long-term; long-range; far-reaching (of plans, interests, or benefits) Example Sentences 为了长远发展，公司决定加大对研发的投入。 Wèile chángyuǎn fāzhǎn, gōngsī juédìng jiādà duì yánfā de tóurù. For the sake of long-term development, the company decided...
命题 (mìngtí) — proposition; to set a topic
命题 (mìngtí) 命题 has two related meanings: as a noun it means a proposition, thesis, or stated problem; as a verb it means to set the topic for an essay, exam, or debate. Meanings [noun] proposition; thesis; problem statement; stated topic [verb] to set a topic; to formulate a question; to propose a problem (for an exam or essay) Example Sentences 这道数学题的命题非常清晰。 Zhè dào shùxué tí de mìngtí fēicháng qīngxī....
示范 (shìfàn) — to demonstrate; to set an example
示范 (shìfàn) 示范 means to demonstrate a skill or behavior as a model for others to observe and follow, widely used in education, policy, and professional training. Meanings [verb] to demonstrate; to set an example; to model [noun] demonstration; model example Example Sentences 体育老师亲自示范了正确的跳远姿势。 Tǐyù lǎoshī qīnzì shìfàn le zhèngquè de tiào yuǎn zīshì. The PE teacher personally demonstrated the correct long-jump posture. 这个试点城市将作为绿色发展的示范，供全国学习借鉴。 Zhège shìdiǎn chéngshì jiāng zuòwéi lǜsè...
核心 (héxīn) — core, nucleus
核心 (héxīn) 核心 refers to the central, most essential part or element of something, the nucleus around which everything else is organized or depends. Meanings [noun] core, nucleus, central element [adjective] core, central, key (as in 核心概念, core concept) Example Sentences 创新是推动经济发展的核心动力。 Chuàngxīn shì tuīdòng jīngjì fāzhǎn de héxīn dònglì. Innovation is the core driving force behind economic development. 以人为本是这项政策的核心理念。 Yǐ rén wéi běn shì zhè xiàng zhèngcè de héxīn...
投资 (tóuzī) — to invest; investment
投资 (tóuzī) 投资 refers specifically to the act of committing money or capital to a project, business, or asset with the expectation of a financial return or benefit, and is the primary word for "investment" in economic and business contexts. Meanings [verb] to invest (money or capital into something) [noun] investment; capital investment Example Sentences 随着中国经济的持续增长，越来越多的外资企业选择在华投资兴业。 Suízhe Zhōngguó jīngjì de chíxù zēngzhǎng, yuè lái yuè duō de wài zī qǐyè...
调整 (tiáozhěng) — to adjust; adjustment
调整 (tiáozhěng) 调整 means to make adjustments or modifications to something in order to improve it or make it more appropriate, and is used across a wide range of contexts from personal habits to policy revision. Meanings [verb] to adjust; to modify; to revise; to fine-tune [noun] adjustment; modification; revision Example Sentences 公司根据市场变化对定价策略进行了调整。 Gōngsī gēnjù shìchǎng biànhuà duì dìngjià cèlüè jìnxíng le tiáozhěng. The company adjusted its pricing strategy based...
Lesson 14: Chinese Business Etiquette
Overview Business etiquette in China is a complex system of social behaviors that carries significant implications for professional relationships and deal outcomes. At the B2 level, learners need not only the vocabulary of business interaction but the ability to operate in a formal business register — one that conveys appropriate respect, signals seriousness of purpose, and demonstrates cultural competence. Chinese business culture is shaped by concepts of face (面子, miànzi),...
频道 (píndào) — channel (TV/radio/online)
频道 (píndào) 频道 refers to a television or radio channel, or more broadly any online channel or platform where content is broadcast or published, making it essential vocabulary for media and digital communication. Meanings [noun] channel (TV, radio, or online platform) Example Sentences 她订阅了一个专门教授中文的YouTube频道，每天坚持学习。 Tā dìngyuèle yīgè zhuānmén jiàoshòu zhōngwén de YouTube píndào, měi tiān jiānchí xuéxí. She subscribed to a YouTube channel dedicated to teaching Chinese and learns from...
敏感 (mǐngǎn) — sensitive
敏感 (mǐngǎn) Describes something or someone that reacts strongly to stimuli, emotions, or social pressures -- or a topic that requires delicacy because it can easily cause offense or controversy. Meanings [adjective] sensitive (physically, emotionally, or socially/politically) Example Sentences 她皮肤很敏感，用普通化妆品容易过敏。 Tā pífū hěn mǐngǎn, yòng pǔtōng huàzhuāngpǐn róngyì guòmǐn. Her skin is very sensitive, and ordinary cosmetics easily cause allergic reactions. 记者被提醒不要触碰某些政治上的敏感话题。 Jìzhě bèi tíxǐng bùyào chùpèng mǒuxiē zhèngzhì shàng...
普遍 (pǔbiàn) — universal, widespread, common
普遍 (pǔbiàn) Describes something that exists or applies broadly across a population or in most situations -- universally true, common, or widespread as a state of affairs. Meanings [adjective] universal, widespread, common, general [adverb] generally, universally, widely Example Sentences 焦虑是现代社会中普遍存在的心理问题。 Jiāolǜ shì xiàndài shèhuì zhōng pǔbiàn cúnzài de xīnlǐ wèntí. Anxiety is a psychological problem that is universally present in modern society. 这种观点在年轻一代中非常普遍。 Zhè zhǒng guāndiǎn zài niánqīng yīdài zhōng...
促进 (cùjìn) — to promote; to advance
促进 (cùjìn) 促进 means to actively promote, advance, or facilitate something, implying that an agent is pushing a positive process forward, and is one of the most important formal verbs in Chinese official and academic language. Meanings [verb] to promote; to advance; to facilitate [verb] to further; to spur on; to accelerate a positive process Example Sentences 经济发展有助于促进社会的整体进步。 Jīngjì fāzhǎn yǒuzhù yú cùjìn shèhuì de zhěngtǐ jìnbù. Economic development helps...
普及 (pǔjí) — to popularize, widespread
普及 (pǔjí) To spread something broadly so that it becomes commonly accessible or known -- also describes the state of being widely available throughout a population. Meanings [verb] to popularize, to spread widely, to make universally accessible [adjective] widespread, universal, popular Example Sentences 智能手机的普及改变了人们的日常生活方式。 Zhìnéng shǒujī de pǔjí gǎibiànle rénmen de rìcháng shēnghuó fāngshì. The widespread adoption of smartphones has changed people's daily lifestyles. 政府正在努力普及九年义务教育。 Zhèngfǔ zhèngzài nǔlì pǔjí jiǔnián...
乃至 (nǎizhì) — even; even up to; and even
乃至 (nǎizhì) 乃至 is a formal conjunction used to extend a range or escalate a statement, meaning "and even" or "ranging up to," often introducing an extreme or unexpected endpoint of a scale. Meanings [conjunction] even; and even; up to and including (extends a range to an extreme or surprising endpoint) [conjunction] ranging from ... to ... (marks the upper or outer limit of a range) Example Sentences 这一政策影响了整个地区乃至全国的经济发展。 Zhè...
锻炼 (duànliàn) — to exercise; to train; to temper
锻炼 (duànliàn) 锻炼 describes physical exercise, the training of skills, or the tempering of character through challenging experience, and is one of the most common and versatile verbs in Chinese for personal development. Meanings [verb] to exercise; to work out (physical fitness) [verb] to train; to develop; to temper (skills, willpower, or character) [noun] exercise; training; a workout Example Sentences 他每天早晨坚持锻炼身体，保持了良好的健康状况。 Tā měi tiān zǎochén jiānchí duànliàn shēntǐ, bǎochíle liánghǎo...
培育 (péiyù) — to breed; to nurture
培育 (péiyù) 培育 means to breed, cultivate, or nurture living things -- primarily plants, animals, or young people -- through careful tending and support over time. Meanings [verb] to breed; to cultivate; to nurture; to rear (plants, animals, or people with care) Example Sentences 农业科学家正在培育更耐旱的新品种小麦。 Nóngyè kēxuéjiā zhèngzài péiyù gèng nài hàn de xīn pǐnzhǒng xiǎomài. Agricultural scientists are breeding new drought-resistant wheat varieties. 这家育儿机构致力于培育儿童的全面发展。 Zhè jiā yùér jīgòu zhìlì...
温室效应 (wēnshì xiàoyìng) — Greenhouse effect
温室效应 (wēnshì xiàoyìng) 温室效应 refers to the process by which greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere trap heat from the sun, causing the planet's surface temperature to rise -- the primary driver of human-induced climate change. Meanings [noun phrase] greenhouse effect; the warming of the Earth's surface due to atmospheric greenhouse gases Example Sentences 温室效应是导致全球气候变暖的主要原因。 Wēnshì xiàoyìng shì dǎozhì quánqiú qìhòu biànnuǎn de zhǔyào yuányīn. The greenhouse effect is the main...
条款 (tiáokuǎn) — clause, provision, term
条款 (tiáokuǎn) A specific, individually numbered provision or clause within a legal document, contract, agreement, or regulation -- the building blocks of formal written agreements. Meanings [noun] clause, provision, term, article (in a contract or legal document) Example Sentences 合同中有一条款规定，任何一方都不得擅自转让权利。 Hétong zhōng yǒu yī tiáokuǎn guīdìng, rènhé yī fāng dōu bù dé shànzì zhuǎnràng quánlì. One clause in the contract stipulates that neither party may transfer rights without authorization. 请仔细阅读服务协议中的所有条款后再签字。...
特别 (tèbié) — Special, especially, particularly
特别 (tèbié) 特别 means special, extraordinary, or out of the ordinary as an adjective, and "especially" or "particularly" as an adverb emphasizing degree. Meanings [adj] special; extraordinary; unusual; out of the ordinary [adv] especially; particularly; in particular; very Example Sentences 今天是个特别的日子，我永远不会忘记。 Jīntiān shì gè tèbié de rìzi, wǒ yǒngyuǎn bù huì wàngjì. Today is a special day that I will never forget. 我特别喜欢在秋天去山里爬山。 Wǒ tèbié xǐhuān zài qiūtiān qù shānlǐ...
学历 (xuélì) — educational background; academic qualifications
学历 (xuélì) Educational background refers to the level of formal education a person has completed, typically indicated by the highest degree or diploma obtained. Meanings [noun] educational background; academic qualifications; level of formal schooling Example Sentences 这份工作要求应聘者具有本科及以上学历。 Zhè fèn gōngzuò yāoqiú yìngpìnzhě jùyǒu běnkē jí yǐshàng xuélì. This job requires applicants to have a bachelor's degree or above. 在中国，高学历往往意味着更好的就业机会。 Zài Zhōngguó, gāo xuélì wǎngwǎng yìwèizhe gèng hǎo de jiùyè jīhuì....
充足 (chōngzú) — sufficient; adequate; ample
充足 (chōngzú) 充足 describes a quantity or amount that is fully sufficient, adequate, or more than enough for a particular purpose or need. Meanings [adjective] sufficient; adequate; ample; plentiful (fully meeting needs or requirements) Example Sentences 充足的睡眠对于维持身体健康和提高工作效率都非常重要。 Chōngzú de shuìmián duìyú wéichí shēntǐ jiànkāng hé tígāo gōngzuò xiàolǜ dōu fēicháng zhòngyào. Adequate sleep is very important for maintaining physical health and improving work efficiency. 这个项目的成功实施需要充足的资金支持和专业团队的协作。 Zhège xiàngmù de chénggōng shíshī...
廉洁 (liánjié) — honest and clean; incorrupt
廉洁 (liánjié) Incorrupt or honest and clean describes a person, especially an official, who is free from corruption and bribery, acting with complete integrity in their position. Meanings [adjective] incorrupt; honest and upright; clean-handed; free from corruption Example Sentences 廉洁奉公是对每一位政府官员的基本要求。 Liánjié fènggōng shì duì měi yī wèi zhèngfǔ guānyuán de jīběn yāoqiú. Being incorrupt and devoted to public service is a basic requirement for every government official. 他以廉洁著称，在位多年从未接受过贿赂。 Tā yǐ...
严峻 (yánjùn) — severe; grim; stern
严峻 (yánjùn) 严峻 describes situations, conditions, or expressions that are severe, grim, or daunting, often used when discussing challenging circumstances that require serious attention. Meanings [adjective] severe; grim; daunting (describing a difficult situation or challenge) [adjective] stern; grave (describing a serious expression or demeanor) Example Sentences 当前全球经济面临严峻挑战，各国政府纷纷采取应对措施。 Dāngqián quánqiú jīngjì miànlín yánjùn tiǎozhàn, gè guó zhèngfǔ fēnfēn cǎiqǔ yìngduì cuòshī. The global economy currently faces severe challenges, and governments around...
公共卫生 (gōnggòng wèishēng) — public health
公共卫生 (gōnggòng wèishēng) 公共卫生 refers to organized efforts by society and governments to protect, promote, and improve the health of entire populations, as opposed to individual medical care. Meanings [noun phrase] public health (the science and practice of protecting community health) Example Sentences 新冠疫情暴露了全球公共卫生体系的脆弱性。 Xīnguān yìqíng bàolù le quánqiú gōnggòng wèishēng tǐxì de cuìruò xìng. The COVID-19 pandemic exposed the fragility of global public health systems. 政府加大了对公共卫生基础设施的投资。 Zhèngfǔ jiādà le...
抗体 (kàngtǐ) — antibody
抗体 (kàngtǐ) 抗体 refers to antibodies, which are proteins produced by the immune system in response to foreign substances such as bacteria, viruses, or vaccines, used to identify and neutralize these threats. Meanings [noun] antibody (immunology); protein that fights pathogens Example Sentences 接种疫苗后，人体会产生相应的抗体，从而对该病毒产生免疫力。 Jiēzhòng yìmiáo hòu, réntǐ huì chǎnshēng xiāngyìng de kàngtǐ, cóng ér duì gāi bìngdú chǎnshēng miǎnyì lì. After vaccination, the human body produces corresponding antibodies, thereby developing...
威权主义 (wēiquán zhǔyì) — authoritarianism
威权主义 (wēiquán zhǔyì) 威权主义 refers to a political ideology or system in which power is concentrated in a single authority with limited political freedoms and civil liberties. It is commonly contrasted with democracy and liberalism in political discourse. Meanings [noun] authoritarianism; a system of governance that prioritizes centralized control over individual freedoms Example Sentences 威权主义政府通常限制公民的言论自由。 Wēiquán zhǔyì zhèngfǔ tōngcháng xiànzhì gōngmín de yánlùn zìyóu. Authoritarian governments typically restrict citizens' freedom...
应对 (yìngduì) — coping; to cope with
应对 (yìngduì) 应对 means to respond to or deal with a challenge, problem, or difficult situation. It implies an active, strategic response rather than passive acceptance. In psychology, 应对 translates the English term "coping" and refers to the strategies people use to manage stress and adversity. Meanings noun/verb coping, response; to cope with, to deal with, to respond to Example Sentences 她学会了如何应对工作中的压力。 Tā xuéhuì le rúhé yìngduì gōngzuò zhōng de...
归纳 (guīnà) — to summarize; inductive reasoning
归纳 (guīnà) 归纳 means to bring together specific observations or facts and derive a general conclusion from them, corresponding to the concept of inductive reasoning in logic and academic work. Meanings [verb] to summarize; to sum up; to generalize from examples [noun] induction; inductive reasoning; a summary Example Sentences 老师要求学生归纳本章的主要内容。 Lǎoshī yāoqiú xuésheng guīnà běn zhāng de zhǔyào nèiróng. The teacher asked students to summarize the main content of this...
衰退 (shuāituì) — to decline; recession
衰退 (shuāituì) 衰退 describes a gradual weakening or deterioration of something -- most often an economy, physical capacity, or social system -- and is a key term in economic and health-related discourse. Meanings [verb] to decline; to deteriorate; to weaken [noun] recession; decline; deterioration Example Sentences 全球经济正面临衰退的风险。 Quánqiú jīngjì zhèng miànlín shuāituì de fēngxiǎn. The global economy is facing the risk of recession. 老年人的记忆力会随年龄增长而衰退。 Lǎonián rén de jìyìlì huì suí...
Lesson 15: Rhetoric & Persuasion
Overview Rhetoric in Chinese has a distinguished classical tradition, and its techniques remain highly valued in contemporary public speaking, essay writing, and political discourse. At the B2 level, learners move beyond grammatically correct writing to stylistically effective writing — learning to deploy specific rhetorical devices that elevate the force and memorability of their arguments. Two devices are central to this lesson: 排比 (pái bǐ, parallel structure) and 反问 (fǎn wèn,...
由此 (yóucǐ) — from this; thus; hence
由此 (yóucǐ) 由此 is a formal connective used to draw a conclusion or logical inference from information that has just been presented, common in academic writing and formal speech. Meanings [adverb] from this; thus; hence; therefore; as a result of this Example Sentences 数据显示销量持续下降，由此可以看出市场需求正在萎缩。 Shùjù xiǎnshì xiāoliàng chíxù xiàjiàng, yóucǐ kěyǐ kàn chū shìchǎng xūqiú zhèngzài wěisuō. Data shows sales continue to fall; hence it can be seen that market...
偏见 (piānjiàn) — prejudice, bias
偏见 (piānjiàn) 偏见 refers to an irrational or unfair judgment about a person, group, or idea that is formed without adequate knowledge or reason. It is a central concept in discussions of discrimination, fairness, and critical thinking. Overcoming 偏见 is considered essential to building an equitable society. Meanings noun prejudice, bias, preconceived notion, unfair judgment Example Sentences 我们应该努力消除对少数群体的偏见。 Wǒmen yīnggāi nǔlì xiāochú duì shǎoshù qúntǐ de piānjiàn. We should work...
创造 (chuàngzào) — to create; creation
创造 (chuàngzào) 创造 means to bring something new into existence through imagination, skill, or effort, and encompasses both artistic creation and the creation of material or social value. Meanings [verb] to create; to produce through original effort [noun] creation; a created work or achievement Example Sentences 这家公司在过去十年里创造了数万个就业机会。 Zhè jiā gōngsī zài guòqù shí nián lǐ chuàngzàole shù wàn gè jiùyè jīhuì. This company created tens of thousands of jobs over...
属性 (shǔxìng) — attribute, property
属性 (shǔxìng) 属性 refers to an inherent attribute or property that belongs to something as part of its nature, often used in philosophical, scientific, and technical contexts to describe what something fundamentally is or has. Meanings [noun] attribute, property, inherent quality [noun] (computing) attribute, parameter (of an object or element) Example Sentences 社会性是人类的基本属性之一。 Shèhuì xìng shì rénlèi de jīběn shǔxìng zhī yī. Sociality is one of the basic attributes of...
收益 (shōuyì) — revenue, profit, returns
收益 (shōuyì) A formal financial term referring to the returns, profits, or benefits gained from an investment, business activity, or project. Meanings [noun] revenue, profit, returns, earnings Example Sentences 这只基金去年的年化收益率达到了12%。 Zhè zhī jījīn qùnián de niánhuà shōuyì lǜ dádàole 12%. This fund achieved an annualized return rate of 12% last year. 企业的收益大幅增长，股东非常满意。 Qǐyè de shōuyì dàfú zēngzhǎng, gǔdōng fēicháng mǎnyì. The company's profits grew significantly, and shareholders are very satisfied....
股东 (gǔdōng) — shareholder; stockholder
股东 (gǔdōng) 股东 refers to a person or entity that holds shares in a company, giving them partial ownership and certain rights such as voting on company decisions and receiving dividends. It is the standard business and legal term for shareholder. Meanings [noun] shareholder; stockholder; equity holder Example Sentences 公司的重大决策需要经过股东大会的审议和批准。 Gōngsī de zhòngdà juécè xūyào jīngguò gǔdōng dàhuì de shěnyì hé pīzhǔn. Major decisions of a company need to be...