#b1
参与 (cānyù) — to participate in; participation
参与 (cānyù) 参与 means to participate in or be involved in an activity, event, or process. It implies active engagement rather than mere observation, and is used in contexts ranging from community activities to professional projects and political processes. Meanings [verb] To participate in; to take part in; to be involved in. [noun] Participation; involvement. Example Sentences 鼓励学生积极参与课堂讨论是提高学习效果的好方法。 Gǔlì xuéshēng jījí cānyù kètáng tǎolùn shì tígāo xuéxí xiàoguǒ de hǎo...
律师 (lǜshī) — lawyer
律师 (lǜshī) 律师 is the standard word for a lawyer or attorney -- a professional who provides legal advice and represents clients in legal matters. Meanings [noun] lawyer; attorney Example Sentences 她是一位有名的律师。 Tā shì yī wèi yǒumíng de lǜshī. She is a well-known lawyer. 我需要请一位律师。 Wǒ xūyào qǐng yī wèi lǜshī. I need to hire a lawyer. 律师帮他赢了官司。 Lǜshī bāng tā yíngle guānsī. The lawyer helped him win the lawsuit....
例如 (lìrú) — For example / such as
例如 (lìrú) 例如 is used to introduce one or more examples that illustrate a general statement, equivalent to "for example" or "such as" in English. Meanings [adverb/conjunction] for example, for instance, such as Example Sentences 很多水果对身体有好处，例如苹果、香蕉和橙子。 Hěn duō shuǐguǒ duì shēntǐ yǒu hǎochù, lìrú píngguǒ, xiāngjiāo hé chéngzi. Many fruits are good for the body, for example apples, bananas, and oranges. 学好外语有很多方法，例如多听、多说、多练习。 Xuéhǎo wàiyǔ yǒu hěn duō fāngfǎ, lìrú duō...
目标 (mùbiāo) — goal; target; objective
目标 (mùbiāo) 目标 refers to a goal, target, or objective that a person or group is working to achieve or reach. Meanings [noun] Goal; target; objective (an aim or destination one works toward). Example Sentences 我的目标是在一年内学会日语。 Wǒ de mùbiāo shì zài yī nián nèi xuéhuì Rìyǔ. My goal is to learn Japanese within one year. 他们定下了今年的销售目标。 Tāmen dìng xià le jīnnián de xiāoshòu mùbiāo. They set the sales target for...
需求 (xūqiú) — demand; need; requirement
需求 (xūqiú) 需求 refers to a requirement, need, or demand, whether personal, commercial, or economic. Meanings [noun] Demand; need; requirement; want. Example Sentences 市场对高技能人才的需求越来越大。 Shìchǎng duì gāo jìnéng réncái de xūqiú yuè lái yuè dà. The market's demand for highly skilled talent is growing. 这款产品满足了消费者的需求。 Zhè kuǎn chǎnpǐn mǎnzúle xiāofèizhě de xūqiú. This product meets the needs of consumers. 了解客户需求是服务的第一步。 Liǎojiě kèhù xūqiú shì fúwù de dì yī bù. Understanding...
知道 (zhīdào) — to know
知道 (zhīdào) 知道 is one of the most common verbs in Chinese, meaning to know or be aware of a fact, situation, or piece of information. Meanings [verb] to know, to be aware of, to realize Example Sentences 你知道他住在哪里吗？ Nǐ zhīdào tā zhù zài nǎlǐ ma? Do you know where he lives? 我不知道这件事。 Wǒ bù zhīdào zhè jiàn shì. I don't know about this matter. 她知道自己做错了。 Tā zhīdào zìjǐ zuò...
粗略 (cūlüè) — rough, approximate
粗略 (cūlüè) 粗略 describes something done or given in a rough, approximate, or cursory manner, without attention to detail or precision. Meanings [adjective] rough, approximate, cursory, not thorough Example Sentences 我只是粗略地看了一下这份报告。 Wǒ zhǐshì cūlüè de kàn le yīxià zhè fèn bàogào. I only skimmed through this report roughly. 他做了一个粗略的估计，认为需要三天完成。 Tā zuò le yīgè cūlüè de gūjì, rènwéi xūyào sān tiān wánchéng. He made a rough estimate that it would take...
饮食 (yǐnshí) — diet, eating habits
饮食 (yǐnshí) 饮食 refers to a person's overall eating and drinking habits or dietary patterns. It is broader than a single meal and is commonly used in health and lifestyle discussions. Meanings [noun] diet; eating habits; food and drink as a general lifestyle concept Example Sentences 健康的饮食习惯对预防疾病很重要。 Jiànkāng de yǐnshí xíguàn duì yùfáng jíbìng hěn zhòngyào. Healthy eating habits are very important for preventing disease. 他的饮食很不规律，经常不吃早饭。 Tā de yǐnshí hěn...
竞争对手 (jìngzhēng duìshǒu) — competitor; rival
竞争对手 (jìngzhēng duìshǒu) 竞争对手 means a competitor or rival, referring to an individual or organization that competes against you in the same field. Meanings [noun] competitor; rival; an entity that competes with you for the same goal or market Example Sentences 我们要了解竞争对手的优势和弱点。 Wǒmen yào liǎojiě jìngzhēng duìshǒu de yōushì hé ruòdiǎn. We need to understand the strengths and weaknesses of our competitors. 这两家公司是直接竞争对手。 Zhè liǎng jiā gōngsī shì zhíjiē jìngzhēng...
苦 (kǔ) — bitter
苦 (kǔ) 苦 describes a bitter taste, as found in certain vegetables, medicines, or coffee. It is also widely used figuratively to mean hardship, suffering, or a difficult life. Meanings adjective bitter (having an unpleasant sharp taste; also difficult, painful, or hard in figurative use) Example Sentences 这种草药很苦，但对身体有益。 Zhè zhǒng cǎoyào hěn kǔ, dàn duì shēntǐ yǒuyì. This herbal medicine is very bitter, but it is good for your health....
网站 (wǎngzhàn) — website; web page
网站 (wǎngzhàn) 网站 means "website" and refers to a collection of web pages accessible on the internet under a single domain. Meanings [noun] website; web site; online platform Example Sentences 这个网站提供很多免费资料。 Zhège wǎngzhàn tígōng hěn duō miǎnfèi zīliào. This website provides a lot of free materials. 我们公司有一个官方网站。 Wǒmen gōngsī yǒu yīgè guānfāng wǎngzhàn. Our company has an official website. 你可以在这个网站上学习中文。 Nǐ kěyǐ zài zhège wǎngzhàn shàng xuéxí Zhōngwén. You can...
承担 (chéngdān) — to bear; to undertake; to shoulder
承担 (chéngdān) 承担 means to bear, undertake, or shoulder a responsibility, cost, or burden, implying a willing or necessary acceptance of something significant. Meanings [verb] to bear; to undertake; to shoulder; to take on (responsibility) Example Sentences 他愿意承担这个项目的全部责任。 Tā yuànyì chéngdān zhège xiàngmù de quánbù zérèn. He is willing to take full responsibility for this project. 父母为孩子承担了很多压力。 Fùmǔ wèi háizi chéngdānle hěn duō yālì. Parents bear a lot of pressure...
丰富 (fēngfù) — rich; abundant; to enrich
丰富 (fēngfù) 丰富 describes something that is plentiful, varied, and full of substance, and can also be used as a verb meaning to enrich or expand. Meanings [adjective] Rich, abundant, plentiful, varied (in content or resources). [verb] To enrich, to make richer or more varied. Example Sentences 这座城市有着丰富的历史文化遗产，吸引了大量国内外游客。 Zhè zuò chéngshì yǒuzhe fēngfù de lìshǐ wénhuà yíchǎn, xīyǐn le dàliàng guónèi wài yóukè. This city has rich historical and cultural...
面对 (miànduì) — to face / to confront
面对 (miànduì) 面对 means to face or confront a situation, challenge, or person directly. Meanings [verb] to face; to confront; to deal with; to be faced with Example Sentences 我们必须勇敢地面对困难。 Wǒmen bìxū yǒnggǎn de miànduì kùnnán. We must bravely face difficulties. 面对失败，她没有放弃。 Miànduì shībài, tā méiyǒu fàngqì. Faced with failure, she did not give up. 他不敢面对现实。 Tā bù gǎn miànduì xiànshí. He does not dare to face reality. 我们要积极面对生活中的挑战。 Wǒmen...
关系 (guānxi) — relationship; connection; to matter
关系 (guānxi) 关系 can mean a relationship or connection between people or things as a noun, and as a verb it means "to matter" or "to be related to." Meanings [noun] Relationship; connection; tie (between people, organizations, or concepts). [verb] To matter; to be relevant; to affect. Example Sentences 他们两个人的关系非常好。 Tāmen liǎng gè rén de guānxi fēicháng hǎo. The relationship between the two of them is very good. 这件事和我没有关系。 Zhè...
期间 (qījiān) — period; duration; during
期间 (qījiān) 期间 refers to a span of time or a period during which something takes place, often used after a noun to indicate "during X." Meanings [noun] period; duration; the time during which something happens Example Sentences 假期期间，很多人选择去旅游。 Jiàqī qījiān, hěn duō rén xuǎnzé qù lǚyóu. During the holiday period, many people choose to travel. 活动期间请保持安静。 Huódòng qījiān qǐng bǎochí ānjìng. Please keep quiet during the event. 工作期间不能使用手机。 Gōngzuò...
甜 (tián) — sweet
甜 (tián) 甜 describes a sweet taste, like that of sugar, honey, or ripe fruit. It is also used figuratively to describe pleasant or happy feelings, such as a "sweet smile" or "sweet words." Meanings adjective sweet (having a pleasant sugary taste; also pleasant or happy in a figurative sense) Example Sentences 这个西瓜很甜。 Zhège xīguā hěn tián. This watermelon is very sweet. 她笑得很甜。 Tā xiào de hěn tián. She has...
合适 (héshì) — suitable; appropriate; fitting
合适 (héshì) 合适 means suitable, appropriate, or fitting, describing something that is the right match for a given situation, purpose, or person. Meanings [adjective] suitable, appropriate, fitting, or just right for a particular situation Example Sentences 这件衣服的颜色很合适，非常适合你。 Zhè jiàn yīfú de yánsè hěn héshì, fēicháng shìhé nǐ. The color of this outfit is very suitable; it suits you perfectly. 这个价格很合适，我就买这个吧。 Zhège jiàgé hěn héshì, wǒ jiù mǎi zhège ba. This...
科学 (kēxué) — scientific; systematic
科学 (kēxué) 科学 means science as a noun, or scientific and systematic as an adjective, describing knowledge or methods based on evidence and reason. Meanings [noun] science; a systematic body of knowledge based on observation and experiment [adjective] scientific; systematic; evidence-based Example Sentences 科学技术是第一生产力。 Kēxué jìshù shì dì yī shēngchǎnlì. Science and technology are the primary productive forces. 我们应该用科学的方法解决问题。 Wǒmen yīnggāi yòng kēxué de fāngfǎ jiějué wèntí. We should use...
Lesson 12: Environmental Issues
Overview Environmental discourse is a major theme in contemporary Chinese society and media. To participate meaningfully in this topic, you need both the vocabulary (climate change, carbon emissions, sustainable development) and the grammar structures that express causation and impact. The patterns 由于 (due to, because of) and 对...有影响 (has an impact on) are workhorses of formal written and spoken Chinese on any topic involving cause and effect. Understanding how these...
蔬菜 (shūcài) — vegetable
蔬菜 (shūcài) 蔬菜 is the general word for vegetables — all kinds of edible plants that are typically served as part of a meal alongside grains and protein. It is an essential word for talking about food and health. Meanings noun vegetable (an edible plant or part of a plant used as food) Example Sentences 医生建议我多吃蔬菜和水果。 Yīshēng jiànyì wǒ duō chī shūcài hé shuǐguǒ. The doctor recommended that I eat...
信息 (xìnxī) — information; data; news
信息 (xìnxī) 信息 refers to information, data, or news that is communicated, stored, or processed. Meanings [noun] Information; data; news; message. Example Sentences 互联网让我们获取信息更加方便。 Hùliánwǎng ràng wǒmen huòqǔ xìnxī gèngjiā fāngbiàn. The internet makes it more convenient for us to access information. 请确保提供的信息准确无误。 Qǐng quèbǎo tígōng de xìnxī zhǔnquè wúwù. Please ensure the information provided is accurate and error-free. 我还没有收到关于面试的信息。 Wǒ hái méiyǒu shōudào guānyú miànshì de xìnxī. I have...
可能 (kěnéng) — possible; maybe; likely
可能 (kěnéng) 可能 expresses possibility or probability, functioning as an adjective (possible), adverb (maybe, possibly), or noun (possibility). Meanings [adjective] possible, likely, or probable [adverb] maybe, possibly, or perhaps [noun] possibility or chance Example Sentences 明天可能会下雨，你最好带伞。 Míngtiān kěnéng huì xià yǔ, nǐ zuì hǎo dài sǎn. It might rain tomorrow; you had better bring an umbrella. 这件事很有可能是真的。 Zhè jiàn shì hěn yǒu kěnéng shì zhēn de. This matter is very...
精确 (jīngquè) — precise, accurate
精确 (jīngquè) 精确 means precise or accurate, describing information, measurements, or actions that are exact and free from error. Meanings [adjective] precise, accurate, exact Example Sentences 这台仪器的测量非常精确。 Zhè tái yíqì de cèliáng fēicháng jīngquè. The measurement of this instrument is very precise. 科学研究需要精确的数据。 Kēxué yánjiū xūyào jīngquè de shùjù. Scientific research requires accurate data. 他的翻译非常精确，没有任何错误。 Tā de fānyì fēicháng jīngquè, méiyǒu rènhé cuòwù. His translation is very accurate, without any...
冷静 (lěngjìng) — Calm / cool-headed
冷静 (lěngjìng) 冷静 describes a state of being calm, composed, and rational — especially when under pressure or in a difficult situation. Meanings [adjective] calm, cool-headed, composed, level-headed Example Sentences 遇到紧急情况时，一定要保持冷静。 Yùdào jǐnjí qíngkuàng shí, yīdìng yào bǎochí lěngjìng. When you encounter an emergency, you must stay calm. 他在压力下依然很冷静，处理问题很有条理。 Tā zài yālì xià yīrán hěn lěngjìng, chǔlǐ wèntí hěn yǒu tiáolǐ. He remained very calm under pressure and handled problems...
质量 (zhìliàng) — quality
质量 (zhìliàng) 质量 refers to the quality or standard of a product, service, or work, and in physics also means mass. Meanings [noun] quality; standard; level of excellence [noun] mass (in physics) Example Sentences 这家工厂生产的产品质量很高。 Zhè jiā gōngchǎng shēngchǎn de chǎnpǐn zhìliàng hěn gāo. The products made by this factory are of very high quality. 我们要提高工作质量，而不仅仅是速度。 Wǒmen yào tígāo gōngzuò zhìliàng, ér bù jǐnjǐn shì sùdù. We need to improve...
评论 (pínglùn) — to comment on; commentary; review
评论 (pínglùn) 评论 means to give an opinion or analysis about something, and as a noun refers to a comment, review, or piece of commentary. Meanings [verb] To comment on, to review, to discuss, to analyze. [noun] A comment, commentary, review, critique. Example Sentences 她在博客上发表了一篇评论这部小说叙事结构的深度文章。 Tā zài bókè shàng fābiǎo le yī piān pínglùn zhè bù xiǎoshuō xùshì jiégòu de shēndù wénzhāng. She published an in-depth article on her blog...
热情 (rèqíng) — enthusiasm, warmth
热情 (rèqíng) 热情 describes a warm, enthusiastic attitude toward people or activities, and is one of the highest compliments you can give someone's personality in Chinese. Meanings [adjective] enthusiastic, warm, passionate [noun] enthusiasm, warmth, passion Example Sentences 她对工作非常热情。 Tā duì gōngzuò fēicháng rèqíng. She is very enthusiastic about her work. 他热情地欢迎了每一位客人。 Tā rèqíng de huānyíng le měi yī wèi kèrén. He warmly welcomed every guest. 老师的热情影响了全班同学。 Lǎoshī de rèqíng yǐngxiǎng...
按时 (ànshí) — on time; punctually
按时 (ànshí) 按时 means on time or punctually, describing the act of doing something at the scheduled, agreed-upon, or required time without being late. Meanings [adverb] on time; punctually; at the appointed time Example Sentences 请按时提交作业，不要迟交。 Qǐng ànshí tíjiāo zuòyè, bùyào chí jiāo. Please submit your homework on time; do not hand it in late. 他每天按时去上班，从不迟到。 Tā měitiān ànshí qù shàngbān, cóng bù chídào. He goes to work on time...
现象 (xiànxiàng) — phenomenon; appearance
现象 (xiànxiàng) 现象 refers to something observable that occurs in the world, especially an event or trend that is noteworthy or in need of explanation. Meanings [noun] Phenomenon; occurrence; appearance; observable fact. Example Sentences 这种社会现象值得我们深思。 Zhè zhǒng shèhuì xiànxiàng zhídé wǒmen shēnsī. This social phenomenon deserves our deep reflection. 打雷闪电是一种自然现象。 Dǎléi shǎndiàn shì yī zhǒng zìrán xiànxiàng. Thunder and lightning are a natural phenomenon. 科学家研究了这种奇怪的现象。 Kēxuéjiā yánjiūle zhè zhǒng qíguài...
讨论 (tǎolùn) — to discuss; discussion
讨论 (tǎolùn) 讨论 means to discuss a topic by exchanging views among two or more people. It implies an open, interactive process aimed at exploring ideas, solving problems, or reaching a conclusion. Both the verb and noun forms are widely used in academic, professional, and everyday settings. Meanings [verb] To discuss; to deliberate; to talk over. [noun] Discussion; deliberation. Example Sentences 同学们就这个话题进行了热烈的讨论。 Tóngxuémen jiù zhège huàtí jìnxíng le rèliè de...
传统 (chuántǒng) — tradition; traditional
传统 (chuántǒng) 传统 refers to customs, beliefs, and practices that have been inherited and passed down through generations. As an adjective it means "traditional." It carries a generally positive connotation of cultural continuity, though it can also imply something outdated in certain contexts. Meanings [noun] Tradition; convention; heritage. [adjective] Traditional; conventional; classic. Example Sentences 春节是中国最重要的传统节日，有着几千年的历史。 Chūnjié shì Zhōngguó zuì zhòngyào de chuántǒng jiérì, yǒuzhe jǐ qiān nián de lìshǐ. The...
形式 (xíngshì) — form; format; formality
形式 (xíngshì) 形式 refers to the form, format, or structure of something, as opposed to its content or substance. It can also mean "formality" when something is done for appearance rather than substance. Meanings [noun] form; format; structure; shape [noun] formality; outward appearance (as opposed to substance) Example Sentences 这次活动的形式很新颖，吸引了很多人。 Zhè cì huódòng de xíngshì hěn xīnyǐng, xīyǐnle hěn duō rén. The format of this event was very novel and...
Lesson 19: Travel Experiences
Overview Narrating travel experiences in Chinese requires more than describing places: it involves recounting sequences of events, expressing subjective impressions, and reflecting on what an experience meant. The vocabulary cluster around 经历 (experience), 难忘 (unforgettable), 印象深刻 (deeply impressed), 当地 (local), and 风俗 (customs) forms the core of travel narrative in Chinese. At B1 level, the challenge is constructing multi-clause narratives that flow naturally rather than stringing together simple sentences. Transition...
批准 (pīzhǔn) — to approve; to authorize
批准 (pīzhǔn) 批准 means to officially approve or authorize something -- granting formal permission or endorsement, typically by a person in authority. Meanings [verb] to approve; to authorize; to sanction; to ratify Example Sentences 经理批准了我的请假申请。 Jǐnglǐ pīzhǔnle wǒ de qǐngjià shēnqǐng. The manager approved my leave application. 这个项目已经得到了政府的批准。 Zhège xiàngmù yǐjīng dédàole zhèngfǔ de pīzhǔn. This project has already received government approval. 他的申请被批准了。 Tā de shēnqǐng bèi pīzhǔn le. His...
面试 (miànshì) — interview; to interview
面试 (miànshì) 面试 means "interview" or "to interview" and specifically refers to a face-to-face evaluation, most commonly for a job or academic admission. Meanings [noun] interview; oral examination [verb] to interview; to have an interview Example Sentences 明天我有一个重要的面试。 Míngtiān wǒ yǒu yīgè zhòngyào de miànshì. I have an important interview tomorrow. 他面试了三家公司，最后选择了其中一家。 Tā miànshì le sān jiā gōngsī, zuìhòu xuǎnzé le qízhōng yī jiā. He interviewed at three companies and...
支持 (zhīchí) — to support; to back up; support
支持 (zhīchí) 支持 means to give active assistance, backing, or resources to someone or a cause, both in interpersonal and institutional contexts. Meanings [verb] To support, to back, to endorse, to stand behind. [noun] Support, backing, endorsement. Example Sentences 她的父母一直全力支持她追求艺术梦想，尽管这条路充满了不确定性。 Tā de fùmǔ yīzhí quánlì zhīchí tā zhuīqiú yìshù mèngxiǎng, jǐnguǎn zhè tiáo lù chōngmǎn le bù quèdìngxìng. Her parents have always fully supported her in pursuing her artistic dream,...
大约 (dàyuē) — approximately; about; roughly
大约 (dàyuē) 大约 introduces an approximate number or time, signaling that the figure given is an estimate, not an exact amount. Meanings [adverb] Approximately; about; roughly (indicates an estimate, not an exact figure). Example Sentences 从这里到车站大约需要二十分钟。 Cóng zhèlǐ dào chēzhàn dàyuē xūyào èrshí fēnzhōng. It takes approximately twenty minutes from here to the station. 这本书大约有三百页。 Zhè běn shū dàyuē yǒu sānbǎi yè. This book has about three hundred pages. 他大约下午五点到家。...
培训 (péixùn) — Train
培训 (péixùn) 培训 refers to organized training or instruction provided to develop skills or knowledge for a job or task. Meanings [verb] to train; to provide training for [noun] training; instruction program Example Sentences 公司每年都会培训新员工。 Gōngsī měi nián dōu huì péixùn xīn yuángōng. The company trains new employees every year. 她参加了一个为期两周的职业培训。 Tā cānjiāle yī gè wéiqī liǎng zhōu de zhíyè péixùn. She attended a two-week vocational training program. 这次培训对提高我们的工作效率很有帮助。 Zhè...
礼貌 (lǐmào) — polite, politeness
礼貌 (lǐmào) 礼貌 describes polite behavior and good manners, and is both a noun (politeness) and an adjective (polite) in Chinese. Meanings [adjective] polite, courteous, well-mannered [noun] politeness, courtesy, good manners Example Sentences 他说话很有礼貌。 Tā shuōhuà hěn yǒu lǐmào. He speaks very politely. 礼貌是与人交往的基本要求。 Lǐmào shì yǔ rén jiāowǎng de jīběn yāoqiú. Politeness is a basic requirement for getting along with others. 孩子们应该从小学会礼貌待人。 Háizimen yīnggāi cóng xiǎo xuéhuì lǐmào dài...
了解 (liǎojiě) — to understand; to find out; knowledge
了解 (liǎojiě) 了解 means to understand something by actively learning about it or gathering information. It implies a deeper familiarity than simply knowing a fact (知道 zhīdào), suggesting that you have taken steps to inquire, observe, or research in order to grasp the full picture. Meanings [verb] To understand; to find out; to learn about; to get to know. [noun] Understanding; knowledge; familiarity. Example Sentences 我想进一步了解这家公司的文化和发展方向。 Wǒ xiǎng jìnyībù liǎojiě...
有机 (yǒujī) — organic
有机 (yǒujī) 有机 means organic — whether referring to food grown without synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, or to organic chemistry. In everyday HSK-level usage, it most commonly describes organic food products. Meanings adjective organic (grown or produced without synthetic chemicals; also relating to organic compounds in chemistry) Example Sentences 有机蔬菜比普通蔬菜贵一些。 Yǒujī shūcài bǐ pǔtōng shūcài guì yīxiē. Organic vegetables are a bit more expensive than regular ones. 越来越多的人选择购买有机食品。 Yuè lái...
相对 (xiāngduì) — relatively; comparatively
相对 (xiāngduì) 相对 means relative or comparative, describing something that exists or is true in relation to something else rather than in absolute terms. Meanings [adjective] relative; comparative; not absolute [adverb] relatively; comparatively; in comparison Example Sentences 这道题相对比较简单。 Zhè dào tí xiāngduì bǐjiào jiǎndān. This question is relatively simple. 相对于大城市，小城市的生活压力更小。 Xiāngduì yú dà chéngshì, xiǎo chéngshì de shēnghuó yālì gèng xiǎo. Compared to big cities, small cities have less life...
维护 (wéihù) — to maintain; to uphold; to defend
维护 (wéihù) 维护 means "to maintain," "to uphold," or "to defend" and is commonly used to describe protecting rights, interests, or relationships. Meanings [verb] to maintain; to keep in good condition [verb] to uphold; to defend; to protect (rights, interests, order) Example Sentences 我们要维护社会的稳定。 Wǒmen yào wéihù shèhuì de wěndìng. We must maintain social stability. 他努力维护自己的权利。 Tā nǔlì wéihù zìjǐ de quánlì. He works hard to defend his own rights....
认真 (rènzhēn) — serious / earnest
认真 (rènzhēn) 认真 describes a serious, careful, and conscientious attitude toward work or study. Meanings [adjective] serious; earnest; conscientious; diligent; careful Example Sentences 她学习非常认真，每天都复习。 Tā xuéxí fēicháng rènzhēn, měitiān dōu fùxí. She studies very earnestly and reviews every day. 请认真听讲，不要走神。 Qǐng rènzhēn tīngjiǎng, bùyào zǒushén. Please listen carefully and do not let your mind wander. 认真工作的人更容易成功。 Rènzhēn gōngzuò de rén gèng róngyì chénggōng. People who work conscientiously are more likely...
客观 (kèguān) — objective; impartial
客观 (kèguān) 客观 describes something that is objective or impartial, based on facts and evidence rather than personal opinions or emotions. Meanings [adjective] objective; impartial; unbiased; based on facts Example Sentences 我们需要客观地看待这个问题。 Wǒmen xūyào kèguān de kàndài zhège wèntí. We need to look at this problem objectively. 他的评价非常客观，没有偏见。 Tā de píngjià fēicháng kèguān, méiyǒu piānjiàn. His evaluation was very objective, with no bias. 做决定时，要尽量保持客观。 Zuò juédìng shí, yào jǐnliàng bǎochí...
调查 (diàochá) — to investigate; survey; investigation
调查 (diàochá) 调查 means to investigate or survey something through systematic inquiry, observation, or research. It is used for everything from police investigations to market research surveys, from academic field studies to journalistic fact-finding. Meanings [verb] To investigate; to survey; to look into; to research. [noun] Investigation; survey; inquiry. Example Sentences 警察正在调查这起交通事故的原因。 Jǐngchá zhèngzài diàochá zhè qǐ jiāotōng shìgù de yuányīn. The police are investigating the cause of this traffic...
市场 (shìchǎng) — market; marketplace
市场 (shìchǎng) 市场 refers to a market in both the physical sense (a marketplace) and the economic sense (a market for goods, services, or ideas). Meanings [noun] a market; a marketplace (physical or economic) [noun] the market (economic context, such as demand and supply) Example Sentences 这家公司正在开拓海外市场。 Zhè jiā gōngsī zhèngzài kāituò hǎiwài shìchǎng. This company is expanding into overseas markets. 市场竞争越来越激烈。 Shìchǎng jìngzhēng yuèlái yuè jīliè. Market competition is...
补充 (bǔchōng) — to supplement; to add; to complement
补充 (bǔchōng) 补充 means "to supplement," "to add to," or "to complement" and describes filling in gaps or adding more to something that is incomplete. Meanings [verb] to supplement; to add; to replenish [noun] supplement; addition; complement Example Sentences 老师让同学们补充自己的答案。 Lǎoshī ràng tóngxuémen bǔchōng zìjǐ de dá'àn. The teacher asked students to supplement their answers. 我想补充一点重要信息。 Wǒ xiǎng bǔchōng yīdiǎn zhòngyào xìnxī. I would like to add one important piece...
证明 (zhèngmíng) — to prove; proof; certificate
证明 (zhèngmíng) 证明 means to prove or verify something using evidence or reasoning. As a noun it refers to a proof, a piece of evidence, or an official certificate (such as an employment certificate or medical certificate). Meanings [verb] To prove; to demonstrate; to verify. [noun] Proof; evidence; certificate; certification. Example Sentences 科学家用实验证明了这个理论的正确性。 Kēxuéjiā yòng shíyàn zhèngmíng le zhège lǐlùn de zhèngquè xìng. Scientists used experiments to prove the correctness...
原因 (yuányīn) — reason; cause
原因 (yuányīn) 原因 refers to the reason or cause behind an event, situation, or outcome. Meanings [noun] Reason; cause; explanation. Example Sentences 你知道他为什么迟到的原因吗？ Nǐ zhīdào tā wèishénme chídào de yuányīn ma? Do you know the reason why he was late? 这次事故的原因正在调查中。 Zhè cì shìgù de yuányīn zhèngzài diàochá zhōng. The cause of this accident is currently under investigation. 失败的原因是准备不够充分。 Shībài de yuányīn shì zhǔnbèi bùgòu chōngfèn. The reason for the...
独特 (dútè) — unique; distinctive; one-of-a-kind
独特 (dútè) 独特 describes something that is unique or distinctive, unlike anything else. It carries a positive connotation, often expressing admiration for an original style, approach, or quality that sets someone or something apart from the rest. Meanings [adjective] Unique; distinctive; one-of-a-kind; original. Example Sentences 这位设计师以其独特的风格在业界享有很高的声誉。 Zhè wèi shèjìshī yǐ qí dútè de fēnggé zài yèjiè xiǎngyǒu hěn gāo de shēngyù. This designer enjoys a high reputation in the industry...
模式 (móshì) — model; pattern; mode
模式 (móshì) 模式 refers to a pattern, mode, or established way of doing something, often describing a recurring structure or operational approach. Meanings [noun] model; pattern; mode; a standard or recurring way of operating or structuring something Example Sentences 这种工作模式越来越受欢迎。 Zhè zhǒng gōngzuò móshì yuè lái yuè shòu huānyíng. This work pattern is becoming increasingly popular. 传统的教育模式正在发生变化。 Chuántǒng de jiàoyù móshì zhèngzài fāshēng biànhuà. The traditional model of education is...
志愿者 (zhìyuànzhě) — volunteer
志愿者 (zhìyuànzhě) 志愿者 refers to a volunteer, a person who freely offers their time and effort to help others without expecting payment. Meanings [noun] a volunteer; someone who helps willingly without payment Example Sentences 他是一名社区志愿者，每周帮助老人。 Tā shì yī míng shèqū zhìyuànzhě, měi zhōu bāngzhù lǎorén. He is a community volunteer who helps elderly people every week. 这次活动需要招募五十名志愿者。 Zhè cì huódòng xūyào zhāomù wǔshí míng zhìyuànzhě. This event needs to recruit...
现场 (xiànchǎng) — site; scene; on the spot
现场 (xiànchǎng) 现场 refers to the actual scene or site where an event is happening or has happened, often meaning "on the spot" or "live." Meanings [noun] site; scene; the actual location where something is occurring or occurred Example Sentences 警察赶到了案件现场进行调查。 Jǐngchá gǎn dào le ànjiàn xiànchǎng jìnxíng diàochá. The police rushed to the crime scene to investigate. 现场观众对演出反应非常热烈。 Xiànchǎng guānzhòng duì yǎnchū fǎnyìng fēicháng rèliè. The live audience responded...
宁可 (nìngkě) — would rather; prefer to
宁可 (nìngkě) 宁可 expresses a preference for one choice even if it involves some cost or sacrifice, equivalent to "would rather" or "prefer to" in English. Meanings [adverb] Would rather; prefer to (chooses one option, often the harder one, over another). Example Sentences 我宁可走路，也不想坐那辆车。 Wǒ nìngkě zǒulù, yě bù xiǎng zuò nà liàng chē. I would rather walk than ride in that car. 她宁可少睡觉，也要完成作业。 Tā nìngkě shǎo shuìjiào, yě yào...
平台 (píngtái) — platform; stage
平台 (píngtái) 平台 refers to a physical raised flat surface or, more commonly in modern usage, a digital or organizational platform that supports activity. Meanings [noun] Platform; stage; terrace (physical). [noun] Platform; base (for online services, business, or opportunities). Example Sentences 这个电商平台拥有数百万用户。 Zhège diànshāng píngtái yōngyǒu shù bǎi wàn yònghù. This e-commerce platform has millions of users. 公司为员工提供了一个展示才华的平台。 Gōngsī wèi yuángōng tígōngle yīgè zhǎnshì cáihuá de píngtái. The company provided...
改变 (gǎibiàn) — to change; to alter; change
改变 (gǎibiàn) 改变 refers to a meaningful shift or transformation in something — a state, a plan, an attitude, or a situation — and works as both verb and noun. Meanings [verb] To change, to alter, to transform. [noun] A change, an alteration, a transformation. Example Sentences 出国留学的经历从根本上改变了他看待世界的方式。 Chūguó liúxué de jīnglì cóng gēnběn shàng gǎibiàn le tā kàndài shìjiè de fāngshì. The experience of studying abroad fundamentally changed the...
表扬 (biǎoyáng) — to praise
表扬 (biǎoyáng) 表扬 means to praise or commend someone for something positive they have done. Meanings [verb] to praise; to commend; to compliment [noun] praise; commendation Example Sentences 老师表扬了他的好表现。 Lǎoshī biǎoyáng le tā de hǎo biǎoxiàn. The teacher praised his good performance. 得到表扬会让孩子更有动力。 Dédào biǎoyáng huì ràng háizi gèng yǒu dònglì. Receiving praise will motivate children more. 他经常表扬努力工作的员工。 Tā jīngcháng biǎoyáng nǔlì gōngzuò de yuángōng. He often praises employees who...
特定 (tèdìng) — specific; particular; designated
特定 (tèdìng) 特定 means specific, particular, or designated — referring to a particular thing or condition that has been defined or set in advance. It is often used in formal and academic contexts to indicate that something applies to a particular set of circumstances rather than in general. Meanings [adjective] Specific; particular; designated; given; predetermined. Example Sentences 这条规定只适用于特定情况，不能一概而论。 Zhè tiáo guīdìng zhǐ shìyòng yú tèdìng qíngkuàng, bù néng yīgài ér...
行业 (hángyè) — industry; sector; trade
行业 (hángyè) 行业 refers to a specific sector, trade, or field of economic activity. Meanings [noun] Industry; sector; trade; line of work. Example Sentences 互联网行业发展得非常快。 Hùliánwǎng hángyè fāzhǎn de fēicháng kuài. The internet industry is developing very rapidly. 他在金融行业工作了很多年。 Tā zài jīnróng hángyè gōngzuòle hěn duō nián. He has worked in the financial industry for many years. 进入这个行业需要专业的技术。 Jìnrù zhège hángyè xūyào zhuānyè de jìshù. Entering this industry requires professional...
密码 (mìmǎ) — password, code
密码 (mìmǎ) 密码 means password or secret code. It is used for login passwords, PIN codes, and secret codes in general. It is an extremely common word in the digital age and also appears in historical or spy-related contexts to mean cipher or code. Meanings [noun] password; a secret string of characters for authentication [noun] code; a secret cipher or encrypted message Example Sentences 请不要把密码告诉别人。 Qǐng bùyào bǎ mìmǎ gàosù...
举办 (jǔbàn) — to hold; to host (an event)
举办 (jǔbàn) 举办 means to hold or host an organized event such as a conference, exhibition, competition, or ceremony. It implies that the subject is the organizer and host of a formal activity. It is more formal than 开 and more specific than 组织 in that it always refers to events. Meanings [verb] To hold; to host; to organize and run (an event or activity). Example Sentences 这座城市将于明年举办国际马拉松赛事。 Zhè zuò...
有效 (yǒuxiào) — effective; valid; efficacious
有效 (yǒuxiào) 有效 describes something that produces the desired result or is legally in force. Meanings [adjective] Effective; producing the intended result. [adjective] Valid; legally or officially in force. Example Sentences 这种方法非常有效。 Zhè zhǒng fāngfǎ fēicháng yǒuxiào. This method is very effective. 你的护照还有效吗？ Nǐ de hùzhào hái yǒuxiào ma? Is your passport still valid? 这个药对感冒很有效。 Zhège yào duì gǎnmào hěn yǒuxiào. This medicine is very effective against colds. 签证的有效期是三个月。 Qiānzhèng...
Lesson 20: HSK 4 Review
Overview This final lesson consolidates everything from the preceding nineteen lessons. Rather than introducing new material, it provides a structured review of the B1 grammar patterns you have learned, highlights the vocabulary items that are distinctive to HSK 4 (words unlikely to appear at HSK 3 or below), and offers integrated exercises that require you to combine multiple patterns in single pieces of writing. At B1 level, the test of...
模型 (móxíng) — model; template
模型 (móxíng) 模型 refers to a model or template, either a physical small-scale replica or a conceptual framework used as a reference. Meanings [noun] model; template; a physical replica or conceptual framework serving as a reference or example Example Sentences 他做了一个飞机模型送给儿子。 Tā zuò le yī gè fēijī móxíng sòng gěi érzi. He made a model airplane to give to his son. 这个经济模型可以预测市场趋势。 Zhège jīngjì móxíng kěyǐ yùcè shìchǎng qūshì. This...
深刻 (shēnkè) — deep; profound; incisive
深刻 (shēnkè) 深刻 describes something that is profound, penetrating, or deeply perceptive. It is used to describe insights, impressions, analyses, lessons, and experiences that go well beneath the surface and leave a lasting impact on one's understanding. Meanings [adjective] Profound; deep; incisive; penetrating; deeply felt. Example Sentences 这部小说对人性的描写非常深刻，读完让人久久难以忘怀。 Zhè bù xiǎoshuō duì rénxìng de miáoxiě fēicháng shēnkè, dú wán ràng rén jiǔjiǔ nányǐ wànghuái. This novel's portrayal of human nature...
病人 (bìngrén) — patient, sick person
病人 (bìngrén) 病人 refers to someone who is sick or who is receiving medical care. It is one of the most common words in medical contexts and is used in both formal and everyday speech. Meanings [noun] patient; a sick person receiving or needing medical treatment Example Sentences 医院里有很多病人在等待治疗。 Yīyuàn lǐ yǒu hěn duō bìngrén zài děngdài zhìliáo. There are many patients in the hospital waiting for treatment. 护士每天要照顾几十个病人。 Hùshi...
理论 (lǐlùn) — theory; in theory
理论 (lǐlùn) 理论 means a theory or theoretical framework, referring to a set of ideas that explains how something works. Meanings [noun] theory; a systematic set of ideas that explains phenomena or guides practice Example Sentences 这个理论已经被很多实验证明了。 Zhège lǐlùn yǐjīng bèi hěn duō shíyàn zhèngmíng le. This theory has been proven by many experiments. 理论和实践同样重要。 Lǐlùn hé shíjiàn tóngyàng zhòngyào. Theory and practice are equally important. 他在理论研究方面有很深的造诣。 Tā zài lǐlùn...
专业人士 (zhuānyè rénshì) — Professional / expert
专业人士 (zhuānyè rénshì) 专业人士 refers to a person who has specialized training or expertise in a particular field — a professional or expert. Meanings [noun] professional, expert, specialist (in a given field) Example Sentences 遇到法律问题，最好咨询专业人士。 Yùdào fǎlǜ wèntí, zuìhǎo zīxún zhuānyè rénshì. When you encounter legal issues, it is best to consult a professional. 这个项目需要很多不同领域的专业人士参与。 Zhège xiàngmù xūyào hěn duō bùtóng lǐngyù de zhuānyè rénshì cānyù. This project requires professionals...
组织 (zǔzhī) — to organize; organization
组织 (zǔzhī) 组织 means both to organize (the act of arranging things in a structured way) and an organization (a structured group of people with a shared purpose). It is used in political, social, professional, and everyday contexts. Meanings [verb] To organize; to arrange; to coordinate; to form. [noun] Organization; body; institution. Example Sentences 学校组织了一次参观博物馆的活动，深受同学们欢迎。 Xuéxiào zǔzhī le yī cì cānguān bówùguǎn de huódòng, shēn shòu tóngxuémen huānyíng. The school...
合伙人 (héhuǒrén) — partner; business partner
合伙人 (héhuǒrén) 合伙人 refers to a business partner or co-investor who shares in a venture, its risks, and its profits. Meanings [noun] a business partner or person who joins in a shared enterprise or venture Example Sentences 他找到了一个可靠的合伙人来共同创业。 Tā zhǎodào le yīgè kěkào de héhuǒrén lái gòngtóng chuàngyè. He found a reliable business partner to start a venture together. 两位合伙人对公司的发展方向产生了分歧。 Liǎng wèi héhuǒrén duì gōngsī de fāzhǎn fāngxiàng chǎnshēng le...
既然…就 (jìrán…jiù) — Since...then
既然…就 (jìrán…jiù) 既然…就 is a grammar pattern that expresses a logical conclusion drawn from an already-established or accepted fact. It translates as "since (it is already the case that)...then..." Structure 既然 + [accepted premise/fact] + 就 + [logical conclusion or action] The 既然 clause introduces a fact or situation that is already accepted as true or has already happened. The 就 clause then draws a natural conclusion or recommended action...
意义 (yìyì) — meaning; significance; purpose
意义 (yìyì) 意义 refers to the deeper meaning, significance, or value of something, going beyond simple dictionary definitions to encompass purpose and importance. Meanings [noun] Meaning; significance; purpose (the deeper value or importance of something). Example Sentences 这项工作对社会有重要的意义。 Zhè xiàng gōngzuò duì shèhuì yǒu zhòngyào de yìyì. This work has important significance for society. 他认为旅行的意义在于了解不同文化。 Tā rènwéi lǚxíng de yìyì zàiyú liǎojiě bùtóng wénhuà. He believes the meaning of travel...
解说 (jiěshuō) — to explain; to comment; to narrate
解说 (jiěshuō) 解说 means "to explain," "to comment," or "to narrate" and is often used for providing spoken commentary or interpretation of events, exhibits, or broadcasts. Meanings [verb] to explain; to interpret; to provide commentary [noun] commentary; narration; explanation Example Sentences 导游正在解说这座古建筑的历史。 Dǎoyóu zhèngzài jiěshuō zhè zuò gǔ jiànzhú de lìshǐ. The tour guide is explaining the history of this ancient building. 比赛时有专业解说员为观众讲解。 Bǐsài shí yǒu zhuānyè jiěshuō yuán wèi...
方法 (fāngfǎ) — method; way; approach
方法 (fāngfǎ) 方法 means a method, way, or approach used to accomplish a task or solve a problem. Meanings [noun] method; way; approach; a procedure or technique for achieving a goal Example Sentences 这个方法非常有效。 Zhège fāngfǎ fēicháng yǒuxiào. This method is very effective. 你有没有更好的方法？ Nǐ yǒu méiyǒu gèng hǎo de fāngfǎ? Do you have a better method? 学习语言需要正确的方法。 Xuéxí yǔyán xūyào zhèngquè de fāngfǎ. Learning a language requires the right...
负责 (fùzé) — to be responsible for; in charge of
负责 (fùzé) 负责 describes bearing responsibility for something, either by being assigned to manage it or by being accountable for its outcome. Meanings [verb] To be responsible for, to be in charge of, to take responsibility. [adjective] Responsible, conscientious (when used to describe a person's attitude). Example Sentences 她负责整个项目的协调工作，任务繁重但表现出色。 Tā fùzé zhěnggè xiàngmù de xiétiáo gōngzuò, rènwu fánzhòng dàn biǎoxiàn chūsè. She is responsible for coordinating the entire project —...
预算 (yùsuàn) — budget; to budget
预算 (yùsuàn) 预算 means "budget" as a noun and "to budget" as a verb, referring to a planned estimate of how money will be spent or allocated. Meanings [noun] budget; financial plan; estimate [verb] to budget; to plan financially Example Sentences 这个项目的预算是一百万元。 Zhège xiàngmù de yùsuàn shì yī bǎi wàn yuán. The budget for this project is one million yuan. 政府公布了今年的财政预算。 Zhèngfǔ gōngbù le jīnnián de cáizhèng yùsuàn. The government...
管理 (guǎnlǐ) — to manage; management
管理 (guǎnlǐ) 管理 means to manage or administer, whether it is a team of people, a project, an organization, or one's own time and resources. It implies systematic oversight and the authority to direct. As a noun it refers to management or administration. Meanings [verb] To manage; to administer; to oversee; to supervise. [noun] Management; administration. Example Sentences 这家公司的管理非常规范，员工满意度很高。 Zhè jiā gōngsī de guǎnlǐ fēicháng guīfàn, yuángōng mǎnyì dù hěn...
由于 (yóuyú) — due to, because of
由于 (yóuyú) 由于 is a formal conjunction or preposition used to introduce a cause or reason, equivalent to "due to," "because of," or "owing to" in English. Meanings [conjunction / preposition] due to, because of, owing to, as a result of Example Sentences 由于天气原因，比赛被取消了。 Yóuyú tiānqì yuányīn, bǐsài bèi qǔxiāo le. Due to weather reasons, the match was cancelled. 由于他的努力，项目提前完成了。 Yóuyú tā de nǔlì, xiàngmù tíqián wánchéng le. Owing to...
权利 (quánlì) — right, entitlement
权利 (quánlì) 权利 refers to a right or entitlement that a person holds, whether legal, civil, or human. It is distinct from 权力 (quánlì with a different character), which means "power or authority." Meanings n right, entitlement, legal right Example Sentences 每个人都有受教育的权利。 Měi gè rén dōu yǒu shòu jiàoyù de quánlì. Everyone has the right to receive education. 公民的基本权利受到法律的保护。 Gōngmín de jīběn quánlì shòudào fǎlǜ de bǎohù. Citizens' basic rights...
非正式 (fēizhèngshì) — informal; unofficial
非正式 (fēizhèngshì) 非正式 means "informal" or "unofficial" and describes situations, meetings, language, or relationships that are relaxed and not bound by official rules or protocol. Meanings [adjective] informal; unofficial; casual; not formal Example Sentences 我们进行了一次非正式的会谈。 Wǒmen jìnxíng le yī cì fēizhèngshì de huìtán. We held an informal meeting. 这是非正式场合，不需要穿正装。 Zhè shì fēizhèngshì chǎnghé, bù xūyào chuān zhèngzhuāng. This is an informal occasion; formal attire is not required. 他们通过非正式渠道进行了沟通。 Tāmen tōngguò...
文明 (wénmíng) — civilization; civilized
文明 (wénmíng) 文明 refers to civilization as a noun, or to civilized and cultured behavior as an adjective. Meanings [noun] civilization; a stage of human social development with advanced culture and society [adjective] civilized; cultured; well-mannered Example Sentences 中国有着悠久的文明历史。 Zhōngguó yǒuzhe yōujiǔ de wénmíng lìshǐ. China has a long history of civilization. 请文明使用公共设施。 Qǐng wénmíng shǐyòng gōnggòng shèshī. Please use public facilities in a civilized manner. 古代文明对现代社会影响很大。 Gǔdài wénmíng duì...
理解 (lǐjiě) — to understand; to comprehend
理解 (lǐjiě) 理解 means to understand or comprehend something at a deeper level, going beyond surface recognition to genuine comprehension. Meanings [verb] to understand; to comprehend; to grasp the meaning or significance of something [noun] understanding; comprehension Example Sentences 我完全理解你的感受。 Wǒ wánquán lǐjiě nǐ de gǎnshòu. I completely understand your feelings. 这道数学题我还没理解。 Zhè dào shùxué tí wǒ hái méi lǐjiě. I still haven't understood this math problem. 我们需要互相理解，才能更好地合作。 Wǒmen xūyào...
在于 (zàiyú) — to lie in; to consist in; to depend on
在于 (zàiyú) 在于 expresses that the key factor or essence of something lies in a particular cause or condition, similar to "the point is" or "it all depends on." Meanings [verb] To lie in; to consist in; to depend on (indicates where the key factor is located). Example Sentences 成功的关键在于坚持不懈。 Chénggōng de guānjiàn zàiyú jiānchí bùxiè. The key to success lies in perseverance. 问题的根源在于缺乏沟通。 Wèntí de gēnyuán zàiyú quēfá gōutōng....
不得不 (bùdébù) — Have no choice but to / must
不得不 (bùdébù) 不得不 expresses that someone has no alternative but to do something, conveying a sense of reluctant necessity or compulsion. Meanings [adverb] have no choice but to; cannot but; must (reluctantly) Example Sentences 下雨了，我不得不取消野餐计划。 Xià yǔ le, wǒ bùdébù qǔxiāo yěcān jìhuà. It rained, so I had no choice but to cancel the picnic plan. 因为生病，他不得不请假。 Yīnwèi shēngbìng, tā bùdébù qǐngjià. Because he was sick, he had no choice...
严格 (yángé) — strict; rigorous; stern
严格 (yángé) 严格 describes a person, rule, or standard that demands exact and thorough compliance without leniency. Meanings [adjective] Strict; rigorous; stern; demanding. Example Sentences 这所学校的纪律非常严格。 Zhè suǒ xuéxiào de jìlǜ fēicháng yángé. The discipline at this school is very strict. 他对自己的要求很严格。 Tā duì zìjǐ de yāoqiú hěn yángé. He has very strict requirements for himself. 父母严格要求孩子并不是坏事。 Fùmǔ yángé yāoqiú háizi bìng bù shì huàishì. It is not a bad...
流行病 (liúxíngbìng) — epidemic, pandemic
流行病 (liúxíngbìng) 流行病 refers to an epidemic or pandemic — a disease that spreads rapidly and widely among a population. It became especially prominent in global vocabulary after recent health crises. Meanings [noun] epidemic; pandemic; a widely spreading infectious disease Example Sentences 这次流行病在全世界范围内造成了很大的影响。 Zhè cì liúxíngbìng zài quán shìjiè fànwéi nèi zàochéng le hěn dà de yǐngxiǎng. This epidemic had a huge impact across the world. 历史上出现过许多严重的流行病。 Lìshǐ shàng chūxiàn...
Lesson 8: Expressing Regret
Overview Expressing regret in Chinese requires mastering counterfactual conditionals: statements about what would have been true if reality had been different. The core patterns are 要是/如果...就好了 (if only) and 早知道...就... (if I had known earlier). These differ from simple conditionals because they describe situations that did not occur. Additionally, 可惜 and 遗憾 introduce a comment of regret without a full conditional structure, and 幸好/幸亏 (luckily) expresses the opposite: relief that...
烹饪 (pēngrèn) — to cook, cooking
烹饪 (pēngrèn) 烹饪 refers to the act or art of cooking — applying techniques and heat to prepare food. It is a somewhat formal term compared to the colloquial 做饭 (zuò fàn). Meanings verb/noun to cook; cooking (the preparation of food using heat and technique) Example Sentences 她对烹饪很感兴趣。 Tā duì pēngrèn hěn gǎn xìngqù. She is very interested in cooking. 烹饪课越来越受年轻人欢迎。 Pēngrèn kè yuè lái yuè shòu niánqīngrén huānyíng. Cooking...
汇报 (huìbào) — to report
汇报 (huìbào) 汇报 means to report work progress or findings to a superior, or the act of making such a report. Meanings [verb] to report; to give a report; to brief (a superior) [noun] a report; a briefing Example Sentences 他每周向经理汇报工作情况。 Tā měi zhōu xiàng jīnglǐ huìbào gōngzuò qíngkuàng. He reports his work progress to the manager every week. 请你明天汇报一下项目进展。 Qǐng nǐ míngtiān huìbào yīxià xiàngmù jìnzhǎn. Please give a...
评估 (pínggū) — to evaluate / assessment
评估 (pínggū) 评估 means to evaluate or assess something, or refers to an evaluation or assessment process. Meanings [verb] to evaluate; to assess; to appraise [noun] evaluation; assessment; appraisal Example Sentences 公司每年对员工进行一次评估。 Gōngsī měi nián duì yuángōng jìnxíng yīcì pínggū. The company conducts an annual evaluation of employees. 我们需要认真评估这个计划的风险。 Wǒmen xūyào rènzhēn pínggū zhège jìhuà de fēngxiǎn. We need to carefully evaluate the risks of this plan. 这次项目评估的结果非常理想。 Zhè cì...
完善 (wánshàn) — to improve; to perfect; perfect; complete
完善 (wánshàn) 完善 describes the process of improving or perfecting something so that it approaches an ideal state, or describes something that is already complete and excellent. Meanings [verb] To improve, to perfect, to refine, to make more complete. [adjective] Perfect, complete, well-developed, comprehensive. Example Sentences 公司正在着手完善售后服务体系，以提升客户的整体满意度。 Gōngsī zhèngzài zhuóshǒu wánshàn shòuhòu fúwù tǐxì, yǐ tíshēng kèhù de zhěngtǐ mǎnyìdù. The company is working to improve its after-sales service system...
消费者 (xiāofèizhě) — consumer
消费者 (xiāofèizhě) 消费者 means a consumer, referring to a person who buys and uses goods or services. Meanings [noun] consumer; a person who purchases and uses products or services Example Sentences 消费者的需求决定了市场的发展方向。 Xiāofèizhě de xūqiú juédìng le shìchǎng de fāzhǎn fāngxiàng. Consumer demand determines the direction of market development. 我们要保护消费者的合法权益。 Wǒmen yào bǎohù xiāofèizhě de héfǎ quányì. We must protect the legitimate rights of consumers. 越来越多的消费者选择网上购物。 Yuè lái yuè duō...
体育 (tǐyù) — sports, physical education
体育 (tǐyù) 体育 refers to physical education as a school subject, as well as sports and athletics in general. It appears in compound words related to sporting events, facilities, and institutions. Meanings n physical education (PE); sports, athletics Example Sentences 我每周有两节体育课。 Wǒ měi zhōu yǒu liǎng jié tǐyù kè. I have two PE classes every week. 体育运动对身体健康非常重要。 Tǐyù yùndòng duì shēntǐ jiànkāng fēicháng zhòngyào. Sports are very important for physical...
数据 (shùjù) — data; figures; statistics
数据 (shùjù) 数据 refers to data, facts, or figures collected for reference or analysis, used in both everyday and technical contexts to support arguments or decision-making. Meanings [noun] data; figures; statistics; numerical information Example Sentences 这份报告包含了大量的市场数据。 Zhè fèn bàogào bāohánle dàliàng de shìchǎng shùjù. This report contains a large amount of market data. 数据显示，今年的销售额大幅增长。 Shùjù xiǎnshì, jīnnián de xiāoshòu é dàfú zēngzhǎng. Data shows that this year's sales figures have...
水果 (shuǐguǒ) — fruit
水果 (shuǐguǒ) 水果 is the general word for fruit — the sweet or sour fleshy edible product of plants, typically eaten as a snack or dessert. China has an enormous variety of tropical and temperate fruits. Meanings noun fruit (the sweet or fleshy edible product of a plant) Example Sentences 她每天都吃一些新鲜水果。 Tā měi tiān dōu chī yīxiē xīnxiān shuǐguǒ. She eats some fresh fruit every day. 这家水果店的苹果特别甜。 Zhè jiā shuǐguǒ...
学生 (xuéshēng) — Student
学生 (xuéshēng) 学生 is the general term for a student or pupil at any educational level. Meanings [noun] student; pupil; learner Example Sentences 这所学校有三千名学生。 Zhè suǒ xuéxiào yǒu sānqiān míng xuéshēng. This school has three thousand students. 老师鼓励学生积极发言。 Lǎoshī gǔlì xuéshēng jījí fāyán. The teacher encourages students to actively speak up. 他是一名非常认真的学生，从不缺课。 Tā shì yī míng fēicháng rènzhēn de xuéshēng, cóng bù quē kè. He is a very conscientious student...
政府 (zhèngfǔ) — government
政府 (zhèngfǔ) 政府 refers to the government as an institution — the body responsible for administering and governing a country, province, or municipality. It is used at all levels from central to local. Meanings n government Example Sentences 政府出台了新的环保政策。 Zhèngfǔ chūtái le xīn de huánbǎo zhèngcè. The government introduced new environmental protection policies. 市民希望政府能解决交通拥堵问题。 Shìmín xīwàng zhèngfǔ néng jiějué jiāotōng yōngdǔ wèntí. Citizens hope the government can solve traffic congestion...
经济 (jīngjì) — economy; economics
经济 (jīngjì) 经济 refers to the economy of a country or region, the field of economics, or colloquially something that is economical or cost-effective. Meanings [noun] Economy; economics; financial situation. [adjective] Economical; cost-effective; thrifty. Example Sentences 中国的经济近年来发展迅速。 Zhōngguó de jīngjì jìnnián lái fāzhǎn xùnsù. China's economy has developed rapidly in recent years. 全球经济正面临很多不确定因素。 Quánqiú jīngjì zhèng miànlín hěn duō bù quèdìng yīnsù. The global economy is currently facing many uncertainties....
成员 (chéngyuán) — member (of a group)
成员 (chéngyuán) 成员 refers to a person who belongs to and is part of a group, team, organization, or family. Meanings [noun] Member; member of a group, team, organization, or family. Example Sentences 我们团队有五名成员。 Wǒmen tuánduì yǒu wǔ míng chéngyuán. Our team has five members. 他是这个组织的正式成员。 Tā shì zhège zǔzhī de zhèngshì chéngyuán. He is a formal member of this organization. 每位家庭成员都有各自的责任。 Měi wèi jiātíng chéngyuán dōu yǒu gèzì de...
同事 (tóngshì) — Colleague
同事 (tóngshì) 同事 refers to a person who works at the same organization or company as you. Meanings [noun] colleague; coworker; workmate Example Sentences 我的同事们都非常友好。 Wǒ de tóngshìmen dōu fēicháng yǒuhǎo. My colleagues are all very friendly. 她和同事一起完成了这个项目。 Tā hé tóngshì yīqǐ wánchéngle zhège xiàngmù. She completed this project together with her colleagues. 我跟我的同事关系很好，经常一起吃午饭。 Wǒ gēn wǒ de tóngshì guānxi hěn hǎo, jīngcháng yīqǐ chī wǔfàn. I have a good...
互相 (hùxiāng) — mutually; each other; one another
互相 (hùxiāng) 互相 is an adverb indicating that an action is reciprocal — each party both performs and receives the action in relation to the other. Meanings [adverb] Mutually, each other, one another (indicating a reciprocal relationship). Example Sentences 两国之间需要互相尊重，才能建立起长久稳定的合作关系。 Liǎng guó zhī jiān xūyào hùxiāng zūnzhòng, cái néng jiànlì qǐ chángjiǔ wěndìng de hézuò guānxi. The two countries need to respect each other before they can establish a long-term,...
医生 (yīshēng) — Doctor
医生 (yīshēng) 医生 is the general term for a medical doctor or physician in Chinese. Meanings [noun] doctor; physician; medical practitioner Example Sentences 医生建议我多休息，少工作。 Yīshēng jiànyì wǒ duō xiūxi, shǎo gōngzuò. The doctor advised me to rest more and work less. 她从小就想成为一名医生。 Tā cóng xiǎo jiù xiǎng chéngwéi yī míng yīshēng. She has wanted to become a doctor since she was young. 请问，这里有没有会说英语的医生？ Qǐngwèn, zhèlǐ yǒu méiyǒu huì shuō Yīngyǔ...
确认 (quèrèn) — to confirm; to verify; confirmation
确认 (quèrèn) 确认 means to confirm or verify, establishing beyond doubt that something is accurate or agreed upon. It is used in professional communications, booking processes, agreements, and any situation where certainty is required before proceeding. Meanings [verb] To confirm; to verify; to acknowledge; to establish. [noun] Confirmation; verification. Example Sentences 请在提交申请之前，仔细确认所填写的信息是否正确。 Qǐng zài tíjiāo shēnqǐng zhīqián, zǐxì quèrèn suǒ tiánxiě de xìnxī shìfǒu zhèngquè. Please carefully verify that the...
预计 (yùjì) — to expect; to estimate; to anticipate
预计 (yùjì) 预计 means "to expect," "to estimate," or "to anticipate" and is used when making a formal or calculated estimate about a future event or outcome. Meanings [verb] to expect; to estimate; to anticipate; to project Example Sentences 预计明年公司的利润会增加。 Yùjì míngnián gōngsī de lìrùn huì zēngjiā. It is expected that the company's profits will increase next year. 这项工程预计需要三年时间完成。 Zhè xiàng gōngchéng yùjì xūyào sān nián shíjiān wánchéng. This project...
Lesson 10: Concession Patterns
Overview Concessive patterns are among the most important at B1 level because they allow you to acknowledge a counterargument while still asserting your main point. The three core patterns differ subtly: 即使...也 (even if) describes a hypothetical extreme case. 不管/无论...都 (no matter what) asserts that the outcome holds regardless of any variation. 尽管...还是/仍然 (even though, although) acknowledges a real fact rather than a hypothesis. Confusing these three is the most...
Lesson 14: Education System
Overview China's education system is one of the most discussed topics in Chinese society and in international conversation about China. To engage with this topic you need the vocabulary for the stages of education (high school, the Gaokao, university, graduate school), as well as the grammatical tools for discussing how things are achieved (通过 + means) and what success depends on (依靠). The high-stakes nature of 高考 (the national college...
数据库 (shùjùkù) — database
数据库 (shùjùkù) 数据库 means database, referring to an organized collection of data stored and accessed electronically. It is used in technology, business, and research contexts, and is one of the key terms in modern computing vocabulary. Meanings [noun] database; a structured set of data stored in a computer system Example Sentences 这家公司有一个很大的客户数据库。 Zhè jiā gōngsī yǒu yī gè hěn dà de kèhù shùjùkù. This company has a very large customer...
管理者 (guǎnlǐzhě) — manager; administrator
管理者 (guǎnlǐzhě) 管理者 refers to a manager or administrator, a person responsible for overseeing and directing a team, department, or organization. Meanings [noun] manager; administrator; a person who is in charge of managing people or resources Example Sentences 一个好的管理者需要有强大的沟通能力。 Yī gè hǎo de guǎnlǐzhě xūyào yǒu qiángdà de gōutōng nénglì. A good manager needs strong communication skills. 管理者要能够激励团队成员努力工作。 Guǎnlǐzhě yào néng gòu jīlì tuánduì chéngyuán nǔlì gōngzuò. A manager should...
宁可…也不 (nìngkě…yě bù) — Would rather...than
宁可…也不 (nìngkě…yě bù) 宁可…也不 is a grammar pattern used to express a strong preference: "would rather [do A] than [do B]," where B is something the speaker strongly wishes to avoid. Structure 宁可 + [preferred action/state] + 也不 + [rejected action/state] The pattern expresses that the speaker is willing to accept something difficult or undesirable (the 宁可 clause) in order to avoid something else they consider worse (the 也不 clause)....
流媒体 (liú méitǐ) — streaming
流媒体 (liú méitǐ) 流媒体 refers to streaming media, meaning audio or video content that is delivered continuously over the internet rather than downloaded. It describes both the technology and services like streaming platforms for music and video. Meanings [noun] streaming; streaming media; continuous delivery of audio or video over the internet Example Sentences 越来越多的人选择流媒体而不买光盘。 Yuèlái yuè duō de rén xuǎnzé liú méitǐ ér bù mǎi guāngpán. More and more people...
Lesson 2: Complex Comparisons
Overview Basic comparison with 比 (A比B + adjective) is an A2 skill. At B1 you need to express how much bigger, how many times more, and approximate equivalence. The patterns 是...的N倍, 比...V得多, and 差不多 allow you to make quantified and graduated comparisons that appear constantly in academic writing, news, and everyday persuasion. The tricky part is controlling word order: Chinese comparison structures place the degree word after the verb, not...
资料 (zīliào) — material; data; reference
资料 (zīliào) 资料 means "material," "data," or "reference" and refers to information, documents, or source materials used for research, study, or work. Meanings [noun] material; reference material; data; information [noun] source; documentation; records Example Sentences 我需要收集更多相关资料。 Wǒ xūyào shōují gèng duō xiāngguān zīliào. I need to collect more relevant materials. 图书馆有很多学习资料可以借阅。 Túshūguǎn yǒu hěn duō xuéxí zīliào kěyǐ jièyuè. The library has many study materials available for borrowing. 请把资料整理好发给我。 Qǐng...
处于 (chǔyú) — Be in a state of
处于 (chǔyú) 处于 means to be in or find oneself in a particular state, condition, or position. Meanings [verb] to be in (a state/condition/situation); to find oneself at (a position) Example Sentences 公司目前处于快速发展阶段。 Gōngsī mùqián chǔyú kuàisù fāzhǎn jiēduàn. The company is currently in a stage of rapid development. 他处于一种很矛盾的状态，不知道该怎么选择。 Tā chǔyú yī zhǒng hěn máodùn de zhuàngtài, bù zhīdào gāi zěnme xuǎnzé. He is in a very conflicted state...
情况 (qíngkuàng) — situation; circumstances
情况 (qíngkuàng) 情况 is a versatile noun meaning situation, circumstances, or condition -- it describes the state of affairs at a given time or in a given context. Meanings [noun] situation; circumstances; condition; state of affairs Example Sentences 目前情况怎么样？ Mùqián qíngkuàng zěnmeyàng? How is the current situation? 在这种情况下，我们应该冷静。 Zài zhè zhǒng qíngkuàng xià, wǒmen yīnggāi lěngjìng. In this kind of situation, we should stay calm. 他的健康情况有所改善。 Tā de jiànkāng qíngkuàng...
实际 (shíjì) — practical; actual; realistic
实际 (shíjì) 实际 means practical, actual, or realistic, referring to what is real and concrete rather than theoretical or idealistic. As a noun it means "reality" or "actual conditions." It is commonly used to contrast what is ideal with what is actually happening. Meanings [adjective] Practical; actual; realistic; concrete. [noun] Reality; actual conditions; practice. Example Sentences 计划听起来不错，但实际上执行起来面临很多困难。 Jìhuà tīng qǐlái búcuò, dàn shíjì shàng zhíxíng qǐlái miànlín hěn duō kùnnán....
及时 (jíshí) — timely; in time
及时 (jíshí) 及时 means timely or in time, describing an action that is done promptly when needed, without unnecessary delay. Meanings [adjective/adverb] timely, in time, done at the right moment without delay Example Sentences 他及时发现了问题并采取了措施。 Tā jíshí fāxiàn le wèntí bìng cǎiqǔ le cuòshī. He identified the problem in time and took action. 医生的及时救治挽救了他的生命。 Yīshēng de jíshí jiùzhì wǎnjiù le tā de shēngmìng. The doctor's timely treatment saved his life....
食谱 (shípǔ) — recipe
食谱 (shípǔ) 食谱 is a recipe — a written or verbal guide describing the ingredients and steps needed to prepare a particular food or dish. It is widely used in cooking culture and education. Meanings noun recipe (instructions for preparing a dish) Example Sentences 她从网上找到了一个好食谱。 Tā cóng wǎngshàng zhǎodào le yī gè hǎo shípǔ. She found a good recipe online. 这本食谱里有很多传统菜肴。 Zhè běn shípǔ lǐ yǒu hěn duō chuántǒng càiyáo....
抽象 (chōuxiàng) — Abstract
抽象 (chōuxiàng) 抽象 describes something that is theoretical, conceptual, or not concrete and tangible. Meanings [adjective] abstract; theoretical; intangible; not concrete [verb] to abstract; to extract (a concept from something) Example Sentences 哲学上的很多概念都非常抽象，很难理解。 Zhéxué shàng de hěn duō gàiniàn dōu fēicháng chōuxiàng, hěn nán lǐjiě. Many philosophical concepts are very abstract and difficult to understand. 他喜欢画抽象画，风格很独特。 Tā xǐhuān huà chōuxiàng huà, fēnggé hěn dútè. He likes to paint abstract art;...
懒惰 (lǎnduò) — lazy
懒惰 (lǎnduò) 懒惰 describes someone who is lazy or unwilling to work and make effort -- a negative character trait involving a lack of energy or motivation. Meanings [adjective] lazy; indolent; idle Example Sentences 他太懒惰了，什么事都不想做。 Tā tài lǎnduò le, shénme shì dōu bù xiǎng zuò. He is too lazy; he doesn't want to do anything. 懒惰是成功的最大敌人。 Lǎnduò shì chénggōng de zuìdà dírén. Laziness is the greatest enemy of success. 不要让懒惰影响你的学习。...
逐渐 (zhújiàn) — gradually; little by little
逐渐 (zhújiàn) 逐渐 describes a change that happens slowly and step by step over time, equivalent to "gradually" or "little by little." Meanings [adverb] Gradually; little by little; step by step (change happens slowly over time). Example Sentences 天气逐渐变冷了，要多穿衣服。 Tiānqì zhújiàn biàn lěng le, yào duō chuān yīfu. The weather is gradually getting colder; you should wear more clothes. 他的中文水平逐渐提高了。 Tā de Zhōngwén shuǐpíng zhújiàn tígāo le. His Chinese level...
变化 (biànhuà) — Change
变化 (biànhuà) 变化 refers to any change or transformation in state, condition, or situation. Meanings [noun] change; transformation; variation [verb] to change; to vary; to transform Example Sentences 这座城市十年间发生了巨大变化。 Zhè zuò chéngshì shí nián jiān fāshēngle jùdà biànhuà. This city has undergone enormous changes over ten years. 天气变化很快，出门要带伞。 Tiānqì biànhuà hěn kuài, chūmén yào dài sǎn. The weather changes quickly; bring an umbrella when you go out. 科技的发展给生活带来了很多变化。 Kējì de...
无论 (wúlùn) — no matter; regardless of
无论 (wúlùn) 无论 introduces a conditional clause meaning "no matter (what/who/how)," and the main clause typically contains 都 or 也 to complete the pattern. Meanings [conjunction] No matter; regardless of (introduces a condition that does not affect the outcome). Example Sentences 无论天气怎么样，我都会来。 Wúlùn tiānqì zěnme yàng, wǒ dōu huì lái. No matter what the weather is like, I will come. 无论你走到哪里，家人都会支持你。 Wúlùn nǐ zǒu dào nǎlǐ, jiārén dōu huì zhīchí...
措施 (cuòshī) — measure; step; action
措施 (cuòshī) 措施 refers to a concrete action, step, or measure deliberately taken to address a problem or achieve an objective. Meanings [noun] Measure; step; action; countermeasure. Example Sentences 政府采取了有效的措施控制污染。 Zhèngfǔ cǎiqǔle yǒuxiào de cuòshī kòngzhì wūrǎn. The government took effective measures to control pollution. 我们需要立即采取行动，否则问题会更严重。 Wǒmen xūyào lìjí cǎiqǔ cuòshī, fǒuzé wèntí huì gèng yánzhòng. We need to take measures immediately, or the problem will get worse. 学校制定了一系列安全措施。 Xuéxiào...
推广 (tuīguǎng) — Promote
推广 (tuīguǎng) 推广 means to promote something widely or to extend its use to a broader audience or area. Meanings [verb] to promote; to popularize; to spread widely; to roll out Example Sentences 政府正在努力推广新能源汽车。 Zhèngfǔ zhèngzài nǔlì tuīguǎng xīn néngyuán qìchē. The government is working hard to promote new energy vehicles. 这项技术已经在全国范围内得到推广。 Zhè xiàng jìshù yǐjīng zài quánguó fànwéi nèi dédào tuīguǎng. This technology has been promoted and rolled out...
被动 (bèidòng) — passive; reactive
被动 (bèidòng) 被动 means "passive" or "reactive" and describes a state in which someone or something is acted upon rather than taking initiative. Meanings [adjective] passive; not taking initiative [adjective] reactive; in a disadvantaged or responding position Example Sentences 他在工作中太被动了，需要主动一些。 Tā zài gōngzuò zhōng tài bèidòng le, xūyào zhǔdòng yīxiē. He is too passive at work and needs to take more initiative. 这个团队处于被动的局面。 Zhège tuánduì chǔyú bèidòng de júmiàn. This...
展示 (zhǎnshì) — to display; to show; to demonstrate
展示 (zhǎnshì) 展示 means to display, show, or demonstrate something, especially in a way that highlights its qualities or allows others to see it clearly. Meanings [verb] to display; to show; to demonstrate; to exhibit Example Sentences 她在舞台上展示了自己的才华。 Tā zài wǔtái shàng zhǎnshìle zìjǐ de cáihuá. She displayed her talent on the stage. 这次展览展示了公司最新的产品。 Zhè cì zhǎnlǎn zhǎnshìle gōngsī zuìxīn de chǎnpǐn. This exhibition displayed the company's latest products. 他用数据展示了项目的成果。...
认为 (rènwéi) — to think; to believe; to consider
认为 (rènwéi) 认为 means "to think," "to believe," or "to consider" and is used to express a personal opinion or judgment about something. Meanings [verb] to think; to believe; to consider; to be of the opinion that Example Sentences 我认为这个计划很可行。 Wǒ rènwéi zhège jìhuà hěn kěxíng. I think this plan is very feasible. 她认为学习语言最重要的是坚持。 Tā rènwéi xuéxí yǔyán zuì zhòngyào de shì jiānchí. She believes the most important thing in...
发展 (fāzhǎn) — development; to develop
发展 (fāzhǎn) 发展 means to develop or describes development, covering growth and progress of economies, skills, relationships, or ideas. Meanings [verb] to develop, grow, or expand [noun] development, growth, or progress Example Sentences 中国的经济发展速度令世界惊叹。 Zhōngguó de jīngjì fāzhǎn sùdù lìng shìjiè jīngtàn. China's speed of economic development is astonishing to the world. 他的中文水平发展得很快。 Tā de zhōngwén shuǐpíng fāzhǎn de hěn kuài. His Chinese level is developing very quickly. 这个城市的基础设施发展得非常好。 Zhège...
Lesson 3: 不但...而且 Patterns
Overview The three patterns in this lesson all express an additive relationship: "not only A, but also B." What distinguishes them is register, nuance, and the grammatical category of what they connect. 不但...而且 is the most versatile and appears in both speech and writing. 既...又 typically connects adjectives or verb phrases describing simultaneous states and tends toward formal or literary style. 不仅...还 emphasizes that B is an additional, sometimes surprising,...
税收 (shuìshōu) — tax revenue, taxation
税收 (shuìshōu) 税收 refers to tax revenue — the income that a government collects from taxes. It can also refer to the system of taxation in general. Meanings n tax revenue, taxation, tax income Example Sentences 政府依靠税收来资助公共服务。 Zhèngfǔ yīkào shuìshōu lái zīzhù gōnggòng fúwù. The government relies on tax revenue to fund public services. 今年全国税收总额创下了历史新高。 Jīnnián quánguó shuìshōu zǒng'é chuàngxià le lìshǐ xīngāo. This year's total national tax revenue hit...
现代 (xiàndài) — modern; contemporary
现代 (xiàndài) 现代 refers to the modern era as a noun, or describes something as modern and contemporary as an adjective. Meanings [noun] the modern era; modern times; the contemporary period [adjective] modern; contemporary; up-to-date Example Sentences 现代科技极大地改变了我们的生活。 Xiàndài kējì jídà de gǎibiàn le wǒmen de shēnghuó. Modern technology has greatly changed our lives. 她喜欢现代风格的家具。 Tā xǐhuān xiàndài fēnggé de jiājù. She likes modern-style furniture. 现代社会中，竞争越来越激烈。 Xiàndài shèhuì zhōng, jìngzhēng...
机制 (jīzhì) — mechanism; system
机制 (jīzhì) 机制 refers to a mechanism or system, describing how something is organized or how it operates internally. Meanings [noun] mechanism; system; the structured way in which something functions or is organized Example Sentences 公司需要建立有效的管理机制。 Gōngsī xūyào jiànlì yǒuxiào de guǎnlǐ jīzhì. The company needs to establish an effective management mechanism. 市场机制决定了商品的价格。 Shìchǎng jīzhì juédìng le shāngpǐn de jiàgé. The market mechanism determines the price of goods. 我们要完善监督机制。 Wǒmen...
Lesson 13: Economy & Business
Overview Business and economic vocabulary appear constantly in Chinese news, interviews, and professional settings. At B1 level you need to go beyond listing facts and instead make structured arguments about economic trends, compare sectors, and discuss business decisions. The patterns 在...方面 (in the area of) and 就...而言 (as far as...is concerned) are the workhorses of analytical written Chinese. They allow you to partition a complex topic and address each part...
主要 (zhǔyào) — main; primary; major
主要 (zhǔyào) 主要 points to the most important or central part of something, distinguishing it from secondary elements. Meanings [adjective] Main; primary; major; principal. Example Sentences 这是我们主要的问题。 Zhè shì wǒmen zhǔyào de wèntí. This is our main problem. 他的主要工作是教书。 Tā de zhǔyào gōngzuò shì jiāo shū. His main job is teaching. 主要原因是缺乏经验。 Zhǔyào yuányīn shì quēfá jīngyàn. The main reason is a lack of experience. 这本书主要介绍中国历史。 Zhè běn shū zhǔyào...
总之 (zǒngzhī) — in short; in a word
总之 (zǒngzhī) 总之 is a discourse marker used to introduce a summary or conclusion after listing several points, equivalent to "in short," "in a word," or "to sum up." Meanings [conjunction/adverb] in short; in a word; to sum up; in summary Example Sentences 总之，这件事很复杂。 Zǒngzhī, zhè jiàn shì hěn fùzá. In short, this matter is very complicated. 他聪明、努力、善良，总之是个好人。 Tā cōngmíng, nǔlì, shànliáng, zǒngzhī shì gè hǎorén. He is smart, hardworking,...
预防 (yùfáng) — prevention; to prevent
预防 (yùfáng) 预防 means to prevent or take precautionary measures against something undesirable, especially illness or disaster. It is widely used in public health and safety contexts. Meanings [verb] to prevent; to take precautions against [noun] prevention; precautionary measures Example Sentences 洗手是预防传染病最有效的方法之一。 Xǐshǒu shì yùfáng chuánrǎnbìng zuì yǒuxiào de fāngfǎ zhī yī. Washing hands is one of the most effective methods of preventing infectious diseases. 政府采取了多种措施来预防流感的传播。 Zhèngfǔ cǎiqǔ le duō...
主动 (zhǔdòng) — active; proactive; initiative
主动 (zhǔdòng) 主动 describes doing something on one's own initiative, without being asked or forced, conveying a proactive and self-driven attitude. Meanings [adjective] proactive, taking the initiative, acting independently [adverb] on one's own initiative, voluntarily Example Sentences 她主动帮助同事解决问题。 Tā zhǔdòng bāngzhù tóngshì jiějué wèntí. She proactively helped her colleagues solve problems. 学生应该主动参与课堂讨论。 Xuéshēng yīnggāi zhǔdòng cānyù kètáng tǎolùn. Students should actively participate in classroom discussions. 他主动提出要承担这项任务。 Tā zhǔdòng tíchū yào...
举例 (jǔlì) — to give an example; to cite
举例 (jǔlì) 举例 means to give or cite an example in order to explain, illustrate, or support a point in a discussion or writing. Meanings [verb] to give an example, to cite an instance as illustration Example Sentences 老师举例说明了这个语法规则。 Lǎoshī jǔlì shuōmíng le zhège yǔfǎ guīzé. The teacher gave an example to explain this grammar rule. 我可以举个例子来帮你理解吗？ Wǒ kěyǐ jǔ gè lìzi lái bāng nǐ lǐjiě ma? Can I give...
应用程序 (yìngyòng chéngxù) — application, app
应用程序 (yìngyòng chéngxù) 应用程序 is the formal term for a software application or app. It is commonly shortened to 应用 (yìngyòng) or even 软件 in daily conversation, but 应用程序 is used in technical and written contexts. Meanings [noun] application; app; a software program designed to perform a specific task Example Sentences 我下载了一个学中文的应用程序。 Wǒ xiàzài le yí gè xué zhōngwén de yìngyòng chéngxù. I downloaded a Chinese learning application. 这个应用程序需要更新。 Zhège...
培养 (péiyǎng) — to cultivate; to train; to develop
培养 (péiyǎng) 培养 means to cultivate, train, or develop a person or quality over time through deliberate effort and care. Meanings [verb] to cultivate or nurture (talent, ability, habits) [verb] to train or develop (a person, skill, or interest) Example Sentences 学校要培养学生的创造力。 Xuéxiào yào péiyǎng xuéshēng de chuàngzàolì. The school aims to cultivate students' creativity. 父母应该培养孩子的好习惯。 Fùmǔ yīnggāi péiyǎng háizi de hǎo xíguàn. Parents should develop good habits in their...
效果 (xiàoguǒ) — effect; result; impact
效果 (xiàoguǒ) 效果 refers to the effect, result, or impression that an action, plan, or treatment produces. Meanings [noun] Effect; result; outcome; impact. Example Sentences 这个治疗方法的效果很明显。 Zhège zhìliáo fāngfǎ de xiàoguǒ hěn míngxiǎn. The effect of this treatment is very noticeable. 这部电影的视觉效果令人印象深刻。 Zhè bù diànyǐng de shìjué xiàoguǒ lìng rén yìnxiàng shēnkè. The visual effects of this movie are impressive. 新政策取得了良好的效果。 Xīn zhèngcè qǔdéle liánghǎo de xiàoguǒ. The new policy...
竞争 (jìngzhēng) — to compete; competition
竞争 (jìngzhēng) 竞争 describes the act of competing against others for a shared objective, whether it is a prize, a job, a market share, or recognition. As a noun it refers to competition in general, and it can carry either a positive (motivating) or negative (harmful) connotation depending on context. Meanings [verb] To compete; to contend; to vie. [noun] Competition; rivalry. Example Sentences 在全球化的背景下，企业面临越来越激烈的市场竞争。 Zài quánqiú huà de bèijǐng xià,...
下载 (xiàzài) — to download
下载 (xiàzài) 下载 means to download, referring to transferring files, apps, or data from the internet or a server to a local device. It is one of the most commonly used tech verbs in everyday Chinese. Meanings [verb] to download; to transfer data from a remote source to a local device Example Sentences 我需要下载这个应用程序。 Wǒ xūyào xiàzài zhège yìngyòng chéngxù. I need to download this application. 文件太大，下载需要一点时间。 Wénjiàn tài dà,...
尽管 (jǐnguǎn) — although; even though
尽管 (jǐnguǎn) 尽管 is a conjunction meaning "although" or "even though," used to introduce a clause that acknowledges a fact while the main clause states a contrasting or unexpected result. Meanings [conjunction] although; even though; despite the fact that Example Sentences 尽管很累，他还是坚持完成了工作。 Jǐnguǎn hěn lèi, tā háishì jiānchí wánchéngle gōngzuò. Although he was very tired, he still persisted and finished the work. 尽管困难重重，我们没有放弃。 Jǐnguǎn kùnnán chóngchóng, wǒmen méiyǒu fàngqì. Even...
积极 (jījí) — positive; active; proactive; enthusiastic
积极 (jījí) 积极 describes a positive, proactive, and energetic attitude or approach. It implies initiative and constructive engagement rather than passivity. It is frequently used to encourage people to take an active role and maintain a positive mindset. Meanings [adjective] Positive; active; proactive; enthusiastic; constructive. Example Sentences 她对工作始终保持积极的态度，深受同事和领导的喜爱。 Tā duì gōngzuò shǐzhōng bǎochí jījí de tàidù, shēn shòu tóngshì hé lǐngdǎo de xǐài. She always maintains a positive attitude toward...
法律 (fǎlǜ) — law, legislation
法律 (fǎlǜ) 法律 refers to law as a formal system of rules created and enforced by society or government. It covers both specific laws and the general concept of the legal system. Meanings n law, legislation, the law Example Sentences 每个公民都应该遵守法律。 Měi gè gōngmín dōu yīnggāi zūnshǒu fǎlǜ. Every citizen should abide by the law. 法律面前人人平等。 Fǎlǜ miànqián rénrén píngděng. Everyone is equal before the law. 这项行为违反了国家法律。 Zhè xiàng xíngwéi...
平衡 (pínghéng) — balanced; to balance
平衡 (pínghéng) 平衡 means balance or equilibrium, and can be used as an adjective to describe a balanced state or as a verb meaning to balance or keep in balance. Meanings [adjective] balanced; in equilibrium [verb] to balance; to keep in balance Example Sentences 要保持工作和生活的平衡。 Yào bǎochí gōngzuò hé shēnghuó de pínghéng. It's important to maintain a balance between work and life. 他的饮食很平衡，每天吃不同种类的食物。 Tā de yǐnshí hěn pínghéng, měitiān chī...
制度 (zhìdù) — system; institution; regime
制度 (zhìdù) 制度 refers to an established system, institution, or set of rules that governs how an organization or society functions. Meanings [noun] a system, institution, or established set of rules and regulations Example Sentences 这家公司建立了完善的管理制度。 Zhè jiā gōngsī jiànlì le wánshàn de guǎnlǐ zhìdù. This company has established a comprehensive management system. 良好的教育制度对国家发展很重要。 Liánghǎo de jiàoyù zhìdù duì guójiā fāzhǎn hěn zhòngyào. A good education system is very important...
下降 (xiàjiàng) — to decline; to fall; to drop
下降 (xiàjiàng) 下降 is the opposite of 上升, describing a downward movement in numbers, levels, or abstract measures such as quality, performance, or temperature. Meanings [verb] to decline, fall, or drop in position, level, or quantity Example Sentences 今天气温下降了很多。 Jīntiān qìwēn xiàjiàng le hěn duō. The temperature dropped a lot today. 公司的利润出现了下降。 Gōngsī de lìrùn chūxiàn le xiàjiàng. The company's profits showed a decline. 他的学习成绩开始下降。 Tā de xuéxí chéngjì kāishǐ...
反映 (fǎnyìng) — to reflect; to report; to mirror
反映 (fǎnyìng) 反映 has two main uses: it can mean that something reflects or mirrors a situation (as a mirror reflects light), and it can mean to report or convey information, especially problems or opinions, to a relevant person or authority. Meanings [verb] To reflect; to mirror (a condition or reality). [verb] To report; to convey; to relay (feedback or a complaint). Example Sentences 这部电影真实地反映了当时社会的状况。 Zhè bù diànyǐng zhēnshí de...
综上所述 (zōng shàng suǒ shù) — in summary, to summarize
综上所述 (zōng shàng suǒ shù) 综上所述 is a formal written phrase used to signal the beginning of a summary or final conclusion, equivalent to "in summary," "to sum up," or "as stated above." Meanings [phrase] in summary, to sum up, as stated above, in conclusion Example Sentences 综上所述，我们可以得出这个方法是有效的。 Zōng shàng suǒ shù, wǒmen kěyǐ dé chū zhège fāngfǎ shì yǒuxiào de. In summary, we can conclude that this method is...
技能 (jìnéng) — skill; ability
技能 (jìnéng) 技能 refers to a practical skill or technical ability -- something learned and developed through training and practice. Meanings [noun] skill; technical ability; competence Example Sentences 沟通技能对工作很重要。 Gōutōng jìnéng duì gōngzuò hěn zhòngyào. Communication skills are very important for work. 他有很多实用的技能。 Tā yǒu hěn duō shíyòng de jìnéng. He has many practical skills. 学习新技能可以提升竞争力。 Xuéxí xīn jìnéng kěyǐ tíshēng jìngzhēnglì. Learning new skills can boost competitiveness. 这份工作需要计算机技能。 Zhè...
劣势 (lièshì) — Disadvantage
劣势 (lièshì) 劣势 refers to a position of weakness or inferiority compared to a competitor or rival. Meanings [noun] disadvantage; inferior position; the weaker side Example Sentences 我们在价格方面处于劣势。 Wǒmen zài jiàgé fāngmiàn chǔyú lièshì. We are at a disadvantage in terms of price. 了解自己的劣势才能改进。 Liǎojiě zìjǐ de lièshì cái néng gǎijìn. Only by understanding your disadvantages can you improve. 这支球队在体力上有明显劣势。 Zhè zhī qiúduì zài tǐlì shàng yǒu míngxiǎn lièshì. This...
显然 (xiǎnrán) — obviously; clearly; evidently
显然 (xiǎnrán) 显然 signals that something is obvious, clear, or self-evident, often used to introduce a conclusion the speaker considers undeniable. Meanings [adverb] Obviously; clearly; evidently; apparently. Example Sentences 他显然没有认真听讲。 Tā xiǎnrán méiyǒu rènzhēn tīng jiǎng. He obviously was not listening carefully. 显然，这个计划需要修改。 Xiǎnrán, zhège jìhuà xūyào xiūgǎi. Obviously, this plan needs to be revised. 她显然对这个结果感到不满。 Tā xiǎnrán duì zhège jiéguǒ gǎndào bùmǎn. She is clearly unhappy with this result....
主题 (zhǔtí) — theme; topic; subject
主题 (zhǔtí) 主题 refers to the main theme, topic, or subject of a text, speech, event, or creative work. Meanings [noun] theme, main topic, or central subject of something Example Sentences 这篇文章的主题是环境保护。 Zhè piān wénzhāng de zhǔtí shì huánjìng bǎohù. The theme of this article is environmental protection. 今天会议的主题是提高工作效率。 Jīntiān huìyì de zhǔtí shì tígāo gōngzuò xiàolǜ. The topic of today's meeting is improving work efficiency. 这部电影的主题非常深刻。 Zhè bù diànyǐng...
朋友 (péngyou) — friend
朋友 (péngyou) 朋友 refers to a friend or companion, someone you have a close and friendly relationship with. Meanings [noun] friend; companion Example Sentences 他是我最好的朋友。 Tā shì wǒ zuì hǎo de péngyou. He is my best friend. 我和朋友一起去看电影。 Wǒ hé péngyou yīqǐ qù kàn diànyǐng. I went to see a movie with my friend. 交朋友对成长很重要。 Jiāo péngyou duì chéngzhǎng hěn zhòngyào. Making friends is very important for personal growth. 她在国外结交了很多新朋友。...
收集 (shōují) — Collect
收集 (shōují) 收集 means to gather or collect things, whether physical objects, data, or information. Meanings [verb] to collect; to gather; to compile Example Sentences 研究人员收集了大量的数据进行分析。 Yánjiū rényuán shōujíle dàliàng de shùjù jìnxíng fēnxī. Researchers collected a large amount of data for analysis. 他从小就喜欢收集邮票。 Tā cóng xiǎo jiù xǐhuān shōují yóupiào. He has enjoyed collecting stamps since he was young. 我们需要收集更多的证据才能做出判断。 Wǒmen xūyào shōují gèng duō de zhèngjù cái néng...
安慰 (ānwèi) — Comfort
安慰 (ānwèi) 安慰 means to comfort or console someone who is sad, worried, or distressed. Meanings [verb] to comfort; to console; to soothe [noun] comfort; consolation; solace Example Sentences 朋友的话给了她很大的安慰。 Péngyǒu de huà gěile tā hěn dà de ānwèi. Her friend's words gave her great comfort. 她失败后，家人纷纷赶来安慰她。 Tā shībài hòu, jiārén fēnfēn gǎn lái ānwèi tā. After she failed, her family all rushed over to comfort her. 有时候，一个拥抱胜过千言万语的安慰。 Yǒu shíhòu,...
引起 (yǐnqǐ) — to cause; to give rise to; to trigger
引起 (yǐnqǐ) 引起 describes one thing causing or triggering another, typically a reaction, feeling, problem, or event. Meanings [verb] To cause, to give rise to, to trigger, to arouse, to lead to. Example Sentences 这篇报道引起了社会各界的广泛关注和讨论。 Zhè piān bàodào yǐnqǐ le shèhuì gèjiè de guǎngfàn guānzhù hé tǎolùn. This report aroused widespread attention and discussion across all sectors of society. 长期不规律的饮食习惯可能引起多种慢性疾病。 Chángqī bù guīlǜ de yǐnshí xíguàn kěnéng yǐnqǐ duō zhǒng...
毕业 (bìyè) — to graduate; graduation
毕业 (bìyè) 毕业 means to graduate or finish a course of study, marking the completion of formal education at a school or university. Meanings [verb] to graduate; to complete a course of study [noun] graduation; the act of completing one's studies Example Sentences 她去年从大学毕业了。 Tā qùnián cóng dàxué bìyè le. She graduated from university last year. 毕业以后，他找到了一份好工作。 Bìyè yǐhòu, tā zhǎodào le yī fèn hǎo gōngzuò. After graduating, he found...
注意 (zhùyì) — to pay attention; attention
注意 (zhùyì) 注意 means to pay attention, to take note of, or to be careful about something. Meanings [verb] to pay attention to; to be mindful of; to take note [noun] attention; notice Example Sentences 请注意安全，小心地滑。 Qǐng zhùyì ānquán, xiǎoxīn dì huá. Please pay attention to safety; watch out for slippery ground. 上课时要注意听老师讲课。 Shàngkè shí yào zhùyì tīng lǎoshī jiǎngkè. During class you should pay attention to the teacher's lecture....
专家 (zhuānjiā) — expert; specialist
专家 (zhuānjiā) 专家 refers to a person who has deep expertise or mastery in a particular field, equivalent to "expert" or "specialist" in English. Meanings [noun] an expert or specialist with advanced knowledge in a field Example Sentences 我们请了一位医学专家来给我们讲课。 Wǒmen qǐng le yī wèi yīxué zhuānjiā lái gěi wǒmen jiǎngkè. We invited a medical expert to give us a lecture. 这位专家在环境保护方面很有经验。 Zhè wèi zhuānjiā zài huánjìng bǎohù fāngmiàn hěn yǒu...
过敏 (guòmǐn) — allergy; to be allergic
过敏 (guòmǐn) 过敏 describes an allergic reaction or the state of being allergic to something. It is commonly used in medical consultations and everyday health conversations. Meanings [noun] allergy; an allergic condition [verb] to be allergic; to have an allergic reaction Example Sentences 我对花粉过敏，每年春天都很难受。 Wǒ duì huāfěn guòmǐn, měi nián chūntiān dōu hěn nánshòu. I am allergic to pollen, and every spring is very uncomfortable for me. 他吃了海鲜之后出现了过敏反应。 Tā chī...
商量 (shāngliang) — to discuss; to consult; to talk over
商量 (shāngliang) 商量 describes the informal process of talking something through with another person in order to reach a shared decision or understanding. Meanings [verb] To discuss, to consult, to talk over, to deliberate together. Example Sentences 在做出这么重大的决定之前，他应该先和家人好好商量一下。 Zài zuòchū zhème zhòngdà de juédìng zhīqián, tā yīnggāi xiān hé jiārén hǎohǎo shāngliang yīxià. Before making such an important decision, he should first discuss it thoroughly with his family. 合同的条款还需要双方进一步商量，目前尚未达成最终协议。 Hétong...
强调 (qiángdiào) — to emphasize; to stress
强调 (qiángdiào) 强调 means to emphasize or stress something, drawing special attention to it in speech or writing. It is commonly used in formal settings such as meetings, reports, and academic papers, but also appears in everyday conversation when a speaker wants to underline an important point. Meanings [verb] To emphasize; to stress; to underline the importance of. Example Sentences 老师反复强调考试时要注意审题。 Lǎoshī fǎnfù qiángdiào kǎoshì shí yào zhùyì shěntí. The...
接受 (jiēshòu) — to accept; to receive; to take
接受 (jiēshòu) 接受 means to accept or receive, implying a willingness to take something offered, whether an object, idea, criticism, or invitation. Meanings [verb] to accept; to receive; to take; to agree to Example Sentences 她接受了公司的录用通知。 Tā jiēshòule gōngsī de lùyòng tōngzhī. She accepted the company's job offer. 他很难接受失败，总是想着再试一次。 Tā hěn nán jiēshòu shībài, zǒngshì xiǎngzhe zài shì yī cì. He has difficulty accepting failure and always thinks about trying...
任务 (rènwù) — task; mission
任务 (rènwù) 任务 refers to a task, assignment, or mission given to someone to accomplish, used in both everyday and professional contexts. Meanings [noun] task, mission, or assigned duty that must be completed Example Sentences 我们今天的任务是完成这份报告。 Wǒmen jīntiān de rènwù shì wánchéng zhè fèn bàogào. Our task today is to complete this report. 他顺利完成了这次任务。 Tā shùnlì wánchéng le zhè cì rènwù. He successfully completed this mission. 这项任务需要团队合作才能完成。 Zhè xiàng rènwù...
合作 (hézuò) — to cooperate; cooperation; collaboration
合作 (hézuò) 合作 means to cooperate or collaborate, combining the efforts of two or more parties to achieve a common goal. It is widely used in professional, academic, and interpersonal contexts and carries a positive connotation of productive partnership. Meanings [verb] To cooperate; to collaborate; to work together. [noun] Cooperation; collaboration; partnership. Example Sentences 两家公司决定展开长期合作，共同开发新产品。 Liǎng jiā gōngsī juédìng zhǎnkāi cháng qī hézuò, gòng tóng kāifā xīn chǎnpǐn. The two...
立刻 (lìkè) — immediately; at once; right away
立刻 (lìkè) 立刻 describes an action happening immediately, without any delay, equivalent to "at once," "right away," or "immediately." Meanings [adverb] Immediately; at once; right away (no delay between trigger and action). Example Sentences 听到消息后，他立刻给家人打了电话。 Tīng dào xiāoxi hòu, tā lìkè gěi jiārén dǎ le diànhuà. After hearing the news, he immediately called his family. 老师一说开始，学生们立刻安静下来。 Lǎoshī yī shuō kāishǐ, xuéshengmen lìkè ānjìng xiàlái. As soon as the teacher said...
领域 (lǐngyù) — field; domain; realm
领域 (lǐngyù) 领域 means "field," "domain," or "realm" and refers to a specific area of knowledge, activity, or expertise. Meanings [noun] field; domain; area; realm Example Sentences 他在医学领域做出了重大贡献。 Tā zài yīxué lǐngyù zuòchū le zhòngdà gòngxiàn. He made major contributions in the field of medicine. 人工智能是一个发展迅速的领域。 Réngōng zhìnéng shì yīgè fāzhǎn xùnsù de lǐngyù. Artificial intelligence is a rapidly developing field. 她在艺术领域非常有才华。 Tā zài yìshù lǐngyù fēicháng yǒu cáihuá. She...
压力 (yālì) — pressure; stress
压力 (yālì) 压力 refers to physical pressure exerted on an object or, more commonly in everyday Chinese, the psychological stress or burden a person feels. Meanings [noun] Pressure (physical). [noun] Stress; pressure; burden (psychological or social). Example Sentences 工作压力太大让他很难入睡。 Gōngzuò yālì tài dà ràng tā hěn nán rùshuì. The work pressure is so great that he finds it hard to fall asleep. 现代年轻人面临很大的生活压力。 Xiàndài niánqīngrén miànlín hěn dà de shēnghuó...
保持 (bǎochí) — to maintain; to keep; to preserve
保持 (bǎochí) 保持 describes the act of keeping something in its current state, preventing it from changing or deteriorating over time. Meanings [verb] To maintain, to keep, to preserve, to sustain (a state or condition). Example Sentences 无论多忙，她都坚持保持每天锻炼的习惯。 Wúlùn duō máng, tā dōu jiānchí bǎochí měitiān duànliàn de xíguàn. No matter how busy she is, she insists on maintaining the habit of exercising every day. 两国之间一直保持着友好的外交关系。 Liǎng guó zhī jiān...
实现 (shíxiàn) — to realize; to achieve
实现 (shíxiàn) 实现 means to realize or achieve something, particularly a goal, dream, or plan, by turning it into reality through action. Meanings [verb] to realize; to achieve; to make real; to fulfill Example Sentences 他终于实现了自己的梦想。 Tā zhōngyú shíxiànle zìjǐ de mèngxiǎng. He finally realized his dream. 通过努力，我们可以实现目标。 Tōngguò nǔlì, wǒmen kěyǐ shíxiàn mùbiāo. Through hard work, we can achieve our goals. 这个计划很难在短期内实现。 Zhège jìhuà hěn nán zài duǎnqī nèi...
胜利 (shènglì) — victory, win; to win
胜利 (shènglì) 胜利 expresses the idea of winning or achieving a triumphant outcome. It functions as both a noun ("victory") and a verb ("to win, to triumph"), and carries a more formal or heroic tone than the simple verb 赢 (yíng). Meanings n victory, triumph, win v to win, to triumph Example Sentences 球队赢得了比赛的胜利。 Qiúduì yíngdé le bǐsài de shènglì. The team won victory in the match. 他们经过艰苦努力终于取得了胜利。 Tāmen jīngguò...
表达 (biǎodá) — to express; to convey
表达 (biǎodá) 表达 refers to the act of making internal thoughts, emotions, or intentions known through words, actions, or other means of communication. Meanings [verb] To express, to convey, to communicate (feelings, ideas, opinions). Example Sentences 他不擅长用语言表达自己内心的感受。 Tā bù shàncháng yòng yǔyán biǎodá zìjǐ nèixīn de gǎnshòu. He is not good at expressing his inner feelings through words. 这幅画以独特的方式表达了艺术家对自由的渴望。 Zhè fú huà yǐ dútè de fāngshì biǎodá le yìshùjiā duì...
授权 (shòuquán) — to authorize; authorization
授权 (shòuquán) 授权 means to authorize or grant authority, referring to the act of giving someone official permission or delegating power to act on one's behalf. Meanings [verb] to authorize; to grant permission; to delegate authority [noun] authorization; granted permission Example Sentences 经理授权他处理这个紧急项目。 Jīnglǐ shòuquán tā chǔlǐ zhège jǐnjí xiàngmù. The manager authorized him to handle this urgent project. 没有授权，不能访问这些文件。 Méiyǒu shòuquán, bù néng fǎngwèn zhèxiē wénjiàn. Without authorization, these...
文件 (wénjiàn) — document; file; official paper
文件 (wénjiàn) 文件 refers to a document, file, or official paper, whether physical or digital, containing written information that serves as a record or official communication. Meanings [noun] a document; a file; an official paper; a record Example Sentences 请把这份文件发给所有部门的负责人。 Qǐng bǎ zhè fèn wénjiàn fāgěi suǒyǒu bùmén de fùzérén. Please send this document to the heads of all departments. 我需要打印几份重要文件。 Wǒ xūyào dǎyìn jǐ fèn zhòngyào wénjiàn. I need...
癌症 (áizhèng) — cancer
癌症 (áizhèng) 癌症 is the general term for cancer in Chinese. It refers to diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells and is one of the most discussed serious medical conditions. Meanings [noun] cancer; a malignant disease caused by uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells Example Sentences 早期发现癌症可以大大提高治愈率。 Zǎoqī fāxiàn áizhèng kěyǐ dàdà tígāo zhìyù lǜ. Early detection of cancer can greatly improve the cure rate. 他的父亲去年被诊断出患有肺癌症。 Tā de...
目的 (mùdì) — purpose; objective; aim
目的 (mùdì) 目的 means the purpose, objective, or aim of an action, describing the intended goal behind doing something. Meanings [noun] purpose; objective; aim; the intended result or goal of an action Example Sentences 我们学习的目的是为了增长知识。 Wǒmen xuéxí de mùdì shì wèile zēngzhǎng zhīshì. The purpose of our learning is to increase knowledge. 他此行的目的是拜访老朋友。 Tā cǐ xíng de mùdì shì bàifǎng lǎo péngyǒu. The purpose of his trip is to visit...
突出 (tūchū) — prominent; outstanding; to stick out
突出 (tūchū) 突出 means to be noticeably prominent or excellent, or physically to protrude and stand out beyond a surface. Meanings [adjective] Prominent; outstanding; remarkable; conspicuous. [verb] To stick out; to protrude; to highlight; to emphasize. Example Sentences 她在班里的表现非常突出。 Tā zài bān lǐ de biǎoxiàn fēicháng tūchū. Her performance in class is very outstanding. 这个设计的突出特点是简洁。 Zhège shèjì de tūchū tèdiǎn shì jiǎnjié. The outstanding feature of this design is its...
支出 (zhīchū) — expenditure; spending; outlay
支出 (zhīchū) 支出 refers to expenditure or spending, describing money that is paid out or disbursed for goods, services, or operations, used in both financial and everyday contexts. Meanings [noun] expenditure; spending; outlay; expenses [verb] to spend; to disburse; to pay out Example Sentences 今年公司的总支出比去年增加了百分之十。 Jīnnián gōngsī de zǒng zhīchū bǐ qùnián zēngjiāle bǎifēnzhī shí. The company's total expenditure this year increased by ten percent compared to last year. 政府增加了在教育方面的支出。...
比较 (bǐjiào) — to compare / relatively
比较 (bǐjiào) 比较 functions both as a verb meaning "to compare" and as an adverb meaning "relatively" or "fairly." Meanings [verb] to compare; to contrast [adverb] relatively; fairly; rather; comparatively Example Sentences 我们来比较一下这两个方案。 Wǒmen lái bǐjiào yīxià zhè liǎng gè fāng'àn. Let us compare these two plans. 这道题比较难。 Zhè dào tí bǐjiào nán. This problem is relatively difficult. 比较起来，这个方法更简单。 Bǐjiào qǐlái, zhège fāngfǎ gèng jiǎndān. Comparatively speaking, this method is...
设计师 (shèjìshī) — designer
设计师 (shèjìshī) 设计师 refers to a professional designer, such as a graphic designer, fashion designer, or architect. Meanings [noun] designer; creative professional Example Sentences 她是一位非常有才华的服装设计师。 Tā shì yī wèi fēicháng yǒu cáihuá de fúzhuāng shèjìshī. She is a very talented fashion designer. 这栋建筑的设计师获得了国际大奖。 Zhè dòng jiànzhú de shèjìshī huòdé le guójì dàjiǎng. The designer of this building won an international award. 我想成为一名平面设计师。 Wǒ xiǎng chéngwéi yī míng pínmiàn shèjìshī. I...
社交媒体 (shèjiāo méitǐ) — social media
社交媒体 (shèjiāo méitǐ) 社交媒体 refers to social media platforms such as WeChat, Weibo, and TikTok. It is a neutral, widely used term in both journalism and casual conversation to describe online social networking services. Meanings [noun] social media; digital platforms for sharing content and connecting with others Example Sentences 很多人通过社交媒体了解新闻。 Hěn duō rén tōngguò shèjiāo méitǐ liǎojiě xīnwén. Many people learn about news through social media. 他每天花很多时间刷社交媒体。 Tā měitiān huā...
观点 (guāndiǎn) — viewpoint; perspective; standpoint
观点 (guāndiǎn) 观点 refers to a person's point of view, perspective, or standpoint on a topic, especially in discussion or debate. Meanings [noun] Viewpoint; perspective; standpoint (a personal position on a topic). Example Sentences 我们应该尊重不同人的观点。 Wǒmen yīnggāi zūnzhòng bùtóng rén de guāndiǎn. We should respect the viewpoints of different people. 从我的观点来看，这个决定是正确的。 Cóng wǒ de guāndiǎn lái kàn, zhège juédìng shì zhèngquè de. From my perspective, this decision is correct. 他的观点很有意思，值得认真考虑。...
接触 (jiēchù) — Come into contact
接触 (jiēchù) 接触 means to come into contact with someone or something, whether physically, socially, or through exposure. Meanings [verb] to come into contact with; to touch; to get in touch with; to be exposed to Example Sentences 她从小就接触音乐，有很好的音感。 Tā cóng xiǎo jiù jiēchù yīnyuè, yǒu hěn hǎo de yīngǎn. She was exposed to music from a young age and has a great sense of tone. 在工作中，他经常接触来自不同文化的人。 Zài gōngzuò zhōng,...
限制 (xiànzhì) — to restrict; to limit; restriction
限制 (xiànzhì) 限制 means to impose or describe boundaries that prevent something from exceeding a certain level, quantity, or scope. Meanings [verb] To restrict, to limit, to constrain. [noun] A restriction, a limitation, a constraint. Example Sentences 年龄限制是申请这项奖学金的重要条件之一，申请者必须在三十五岁以下。 Niánlíng xiànzhì shì shēnqǐng zhè xiàng jiǎngxuéjīn de zhòngyào tiáojiàn zhī yī, shēnqǐng zhě bìxū zài sānshíwǔ suì yǐxià. The age restriction is one of the important conditions for applying for this...
描述 (miáoshù) — to describe; to depict
描述 (miáoshù) 描述 means to describe or depict, referring to the act of using words to portray or explain something in detail so others can understand or visualize it. Meanings [verb] to describe; to depict; to portray [noun] a description; a depiction; an account Example Sentences 请描述一下你看到的情况。 Qǐng miáoshù yīxià nǐ kàndào de qíngkuàng. Please describe what you saw. 他生动地描述了旅行中的经历。 Tā shēngdòng de miáoshùle lǚxíng zhōng de jīnglì. He vividly...
注重 (zhùzhòng) — to attach importance to; to emphasize
注重 (zhùzhòng) 注重 means to consciously place emphasis on something, treating it as a priority worthy of care and attention. Meanings [verb] To attach importance to, to emphasize, to pay attention to, to value. Example Sentences 这家公司非常注重员工的职业发展，每年为员工提供大量培训机会。 Zhè jiā gōngsī fēicháng zhùzhòng yuángōng de zhíyè fāzhǎn, měi nián wèi yuángōng tígōng dàliàng péixùn jīhuì. This company places great emphasis on employees' professional development and provides extensive training opportunities each year....
坚持 (jiānchí) — to insist; to persist; to stick to
坚持 (jiānchí) 坚持 means to persist in or stick to something, continuing despite challenges or pressure to stop, and also to insist on a particular position. Meanings [verb] to persist in, stick to, or insist on something with determination Example Sentences 他坚持每天早起锻炼身体。 Tā jiānchí měi tiān zǎoqǐ duànliàn shēntǐ. He persists in getting up early every day to exercise. 无论多难，你都要坚持下去。 Wúlùn duō nán, nǐ dōu yào jiānchí xiàqù. No matter...
协调 (xiétiáo) — Coordinate
协调 (xiétiáo) 协调 means to coordinate different parts or people so they work together harmoniously, or describes a state of harmony and balance. Meanings [verb] to coordinate; to harmonize; to reconcile [adjective] coordinated; harmonious; well-balanced Example Sentences 项目经理负责协调各部门的工作。 Xiàngmù jīnglǐ fùzé xiétiáo gè bùmén de gōngzuò. The project manager is responsible for coordinating the work of each department. 这两种颜色搭配得非常协调。 Zhè liǎng zhǒng yánsè dāpèi de fēicháng xiétiáo. These two colors...
尊重 (zūnzhòng) — to respect
尊重 (zūnzhòng) 尊重 means to respect or show esteem toward someone or something, and is used both as a verb and a noun in everyday Chinese. Meanings [verb] to respect; to show respect for [noun] respect; esteem Example Sentences 我们应该尊重老人。 Wǒmen yīnggāi zūnzhòng lǎorén. We should respect the elderly. 尊重别人的意见很重要。 Zūnzhòng biérén de yìjiàn hěn zhòngyào. Respecting others' opinions is very important. 他赢得了大家的尊重。 Tā yíngdéle dàjiā de zūnzhòng. He earned...
休闲 (xiūxián) — leisure, recreation
休闲 (xiūxián) 休闲 describes leisure time and recreational activities, as well as a casual, relaxed style or atmosphere. It is used both as a noun and as an adjective modifying clothing, venues, and lifestyles. Meanings n leisure, recreation, free time adj casual, leisure (as in clothing style) Example Sentences 周末我喜欢做一些休闲活动，比如看电影。 Zhōumò wǒ xǐhuān zuò yīxiē xiūxián huódòng, bǐrú kàn diànyǐng. On weekends I like to do leisure activities, such as...
顾客 (gùkè) — customer; client
顾客 (gùkè) 顾客 means "customer" or "client" and refers to a person who purchases goods or services from a business. Meanings [noun] customer; client; patron Example Sentences 这家餐厅的顾客服务非常好。 Zhè jiā cāntīng de gùkè fúwù fēicháng hǎo. The customer service at this restaurant is excellent. 今天店里的顾客比平时多了很多。 Jīntiān diàn lǐ de gùkè bǐ píngshí duō le hěn duō. Today the store has many more customers than usual. 我们要尽力满足每一位顾客的需求。 Wǒmen yào jìnlì mǎnzú...
利用 (lìyòng) — to use; to make use of; to utilize
利用 (lìyòng) 利用 means to make use of or utilize something, taking advantage of available resources, opportunities, or situations to achieve a goal. Meanings [verb] to use, make use of, or utilize something for a specific purpose Example Sentences 我们应该充分利用有限的资源。 Wǒmen yīnggāi chōngfèn lìyòng yǒuxiàn de zīyuán. We should make full use of limited resources. 他利用空闲时间学习外语。 Tā lìyòng kòngxián shíjiān xuéxí wàiyǔ. He uses his free time to study foreign...
简单 (jiǎndān) — simple; easy; uncomplicated
简单 (jiǎndān) 简单 means simple, easy, or straightforward. It can describe things that are not difficult (a simple task), people who are uncomplicated (a simple, honest person), or situations that are not involved (a simple explanation). In some contexts it can be slightly dismissive, implying something is too basic. Meanings [adjective] Simple; easy; uncomplicated; plain; straightforward. Example Sentences 这道数学题看起来简单，但实际上需要一定的技巧。 Zhè dào shùxué tí kàn qǐlái jiǎndān, dàn shíjì shàng xūyào...
必要 (bìyào) — necessary; essential; indispensable
必要 (bìyào) 必要 means necessary or essential, describing something that is required or cannot be avoided in a given situation. Meanings [adjective] necessary; essential; indispensable; required Example Sentences 有必要在会议前准备好材料。 Yǒu bìyào zài huìyì qián zhǔnbèi hǎo cáiliào. It is necessary to prepare materials before the meeting. 沟通是解决问题的必要条件。 Gōutōng shì jiějué wèntí de bìyào tiáojiàn. Communication is a necessary condition for solving problems. 这次手术是必要的，不能推迟。 Zhè cì shǒushù shì bìyào de, bù...
Lesson 18: Technology & Innovation
Overview Technology is a central topic in contemporary Chinese society, politics, and everyday life. China is both a massive consumer and producer of digital technology, so tech vocabulary appears everywhere from news and policy documents to casual conversation. The key grammar pattern in this lesson is 利用 + [technology] + Verb: "using X to do Y." This differs from 用 (to use casually) and 通过 (through the means of) in...
民主 (mínzhǔ) — democracy, democratic
民主 (mínzhǔ) 民主 refers to democracy as a political system in which power rests with the people. As an adjective, it describes a decision-making process that is open, fair, and participatory. Meanings n democracy adj democratic, fair and open Example Sentences 民主是现代社会的重要价值观。 Mínzhǔ shì xiàndài shèhuì de zhòngyào jiàzhíguān. Democracy is an important value in modern society. 这次会议以民主的方式做出了决定。 Zhè cì huìyì yǐ mínzhǔ de fāngshì zuòchū le juédìng. This meeting...
虽然 (suīrán) — although / even though
虽然 (suīrán) 虽然 is a conjunction that introduces a concessive clause, acknowledging one fact while contrasting it with another. Meanings [conjunction] although; even though; though; while Example Sentences 虽然很累，但他还是坚持完成了任务。 Suīrán hěn lèi, dàn tā háishi jiānchí wánchéng le rènwù. Although he was very tired, he still persisted and completed the task. 虽然这道菜看起来很普通，但味道非常好。 Suīrán zhè dào cài kànqǐlái hěn pǔtōng, dàn wèidào fēicháng hǎo. Although this dish looks ordinary, it tastes...
Lesson 5: Topics in Chinese
Overview Chinese is a topic-prominent language, which means the topic of a sentence — what the sentence is about — is often placed first, regardless of its grammatical role as subject or object. This differs fundamentally from English, which is subject-prominent. At B1 level you need to consciously manipulate topic-comment structure to sound fluent and to follow the flow of Chinese discourse. You also need to deploy topic-introducing expressions such...
尤其 (yóuqí) — especially; particularly; in particular
尤其 (yóuqí) 尤其 highlights one item or situation as standing out above others, equivalent to "especially" or "particularly" in English. Meanings [adverb] Especially; particularly; in particular (singles out one thing as most notable). Example Sentences 我喜欢中国菜，尤其是四川菜。 Wǒ xǐhuān Zhōngguó cài, yóuqí shì Sìchuān cài. I like Chinese food, especially Sichuan cuisine. 这里夏天很热，尤其是七月和八月。 Zhèlǐ xiàtiān hěn rè, yóuqí shì qīyuè hé bāyuè. It is very hot here in summer, particularly in...
成果 (chéngguǒ) — achievement; result; fruit of effort
成果 (chéngguǒ) 成果 refers to the positive results or achievements gained through hard work, effort, or research, often described as the "fruits" of one's labor. Meanings [noun] achievement; result; fruit of effort; accomplishment Example Sentences 科学家发布了最新的研究成果。 Kēxuéjiā fābùle zuìxīn de yánjiū chéngguǒ. The scientists released their latest research findings. 多年的努力终于取得了丰硕的成果。 Duō nián de nǔlì zhōngyú qǔdéle fēngshuò de chéngguǒ. Years of effort finally yielded fruitful results. 这个团队的工作成果令人印象深刻。 Zhège tuánduì de...
间接 (jiànjiē) — indirect; roundabout
间接 (jiànjiē) 间接 means "indirect" or "roundabout" and describes something that does not happen directly but through an intermediate step or agent. Meanings [adjective] indirect; not direct; roundabout Example Sentences 他间接地表达了自己的不满。 Tā jiànjiē de biǎodá le zìjǐ de bùmǎn. He expressed his dissatisfaction indirectly. 污染对健康的间接影响不可忽视。 Wūrǎn duì jiànkāng de jiànjiē yǐngxiǎng bù kě hūshì. The indirect effects of pollution on health cannot be ignored. 他们通过间接渠道获取了信息。 Tāmen tōngguò jiànjiē qúdào huòqǔ...
专业 (zhuānyè) — professional; specialized
专业 (zhuānyè) 专业 refers to a specific field of study or work, and can describe something as professional or specialized in nature. Meanings [noun] a field of study, major, or profession [adjective] professional, specialized, or expert-level Example Sentences 他学的专业是计算机科学。 Tā xué de zhuānyè shì jìsuànjī kēxué. His major is computer science. 我们需要专业的意见来解决这个问题。 Wǒmen xūyào zhuānyè de yìjiàn lái jiějué zhège wèntí. We need professional advice to solve this problem. 她的专业技能让公司非常满意。...
咸 (xián) — salty
咸 (xián) 咸 describes food or liquid that contains a noticeable amount of salt. It is one of the five core tastes in Chinese culinary vocabulary and is the opposite of 淡 (dàn, bland/mild). Meanings adjective salty (having the taste characteristic of salt) Example Sentences 这道汤太咸了，能加点水吗？ Zhè dào tāng tài xián le, néng jiā diǎn shuǐ ma? This soup is too salty. Can you add some water? 沿海地区的菜口味偏咸。 Yán hǎi...
网上支付 (wǎngshàng zhīfù) — online payment
网上支付 (wǎngshàng zhīfù) 网上支付 refers to online payment, covering all forms of electronic payment made via the internet, including mobile payment apps, bank transfers, and e-commerce checkout. China is a world leader in mobile payments, making this a very common term. Meanings [noun] online payment; electronic payment conducted over the internet Example Sentences 现在很多商店都支持网上支付。 Xiànzài hěn duō shāngdiàn dōu zhīchí wǎngshàng zhīfù. Nowadays many shops support online payment. 我用手机完成了网上支付。 Wǒ...
值得注意 (zhídé zhùyì) — Worth noting / noteworthy
值得注意 (zhídé zhùyì) 值得注意 is a common phrase meaning that something is worthy of attention or noteworthy — it signals the reader or listener to pay special attention. Meanings [phrase] worth noting, noteworthy, deserving attention, it should be noted that Example Sentences 值得注意的是，这项研究还没有得到证实。 Zhídé zhùyì de shì, zhè xiàng yánjiū hái méiyǒu dédào zhèngshí. It is worth noting that this research has not yet been confirmed. 有几个值得注意的问题需要讨论。 Yǒu jǐ gè...
代表 (dàibiǎo) — to represent; representative; delegation
代表 (dàibiǎo) 代表 can mean the act of representing (as a verb), a person who represents (as a noun), or a delegation or body of representatives. Meanings [verb] To represent, to stand for, to act on behalf of. [noun] A representative, a delegate. [noun] A delegation; a group of representatives. Example Sentences 她作为公司代表出席了本次国际贸易峰会。 Tā zuòwéi gōngsī dàibiǎo chūxí le běn cì guójì màoyì fēnghuì. She attended this international trade summit...
功能 (gōngnéng) — Function / feature / capability
功能 (gōngnéng) 功能 refers to the specific function, feature, or capability of something — what a device, system, body part, or tool is designed or able to do. Meanings [noun] function, feature, capability, functionality Example Sentences 这款手机有很多实用的功能。 Zhè kuǎn shǒujī yǒu hěn duō shíyòng de gōngnéng. This smartphone has many practical features. 大脑的主要功能之一是处理信息。 Dànǎo de zhǔyào gōngnéng zhī yī shì chǔlǐ xìnxī. One of the brain's main functions is to...
失败 (shībài) — defeat, failure; to fail
失败 (shībài) 失败 describes the outcome of not achieving a goal, or the act of failing. It is used both as a noun meaning "failure" and as a verb meaning "to fail" or "to be defeated." Meanings n failure, defeat v to fail, to be defeated Example Sentences 失败是成功之母。 Shībài shì chénggōng zhī mǔ. Failure is the mother of success. 他们在比赛中失败了，但没有放弃。 Tāmen zài bǐsài zhōng shībài le, dàn méiyǒu fàngqì....
虚伪 (xūwěi) — hypocritical / false
虚伪 (xūwěi) 虚伪 describes behavior or a person that is hypocritical, insincere, or putting on a false front. Meanings [adjective] hypocritical; false; insincere; two-faced Example Sentences 他的笑容很虚伪，让人感觉不舒服。 Tā de xiàoróng hěn xūwěi, ràng rén gǎnjué bù shūfú. His smile is insincere and makes people feel uncomfortable. 人们不喜欢虚伪的人。 Rénmen bù xǐhuān xūwěi de rén. People do not like hypocritical people. 不要虚伪，要诚实地说出自己的想法。 Bùyào xūwěi, yào chénshí de shuō chū zìjǐ de xiǎngfǎ....
战略 (zhànlüè) — strategy
战略 (zhànlüè) 战略 means strategy in a broad, high-level sense -- a long-term plan or approach to achieving a major goal, originally military but now widely used in business and politics. Meanings [noun] strategy; strategic plan [adjective] strategic Example Sentences 公司制定了新的发展战略。 Gōngsī zhìdìngle xīn de fāzhǎn zhànlüè. The company formulated a new development strategy. 这是一个重要的战略决定。 Zhè shì yīgè zhòngyào de zhànlüè juédìng. This is an important strategic decision. 他们的战略非常成功。 Tāmen...
信任 (xìnrèn) — to trust; trust; confidence
信任 (xìnrèn) 信任 means to have confidence in someone's reliability, honesty, or ability, and can describe both the act of trusting and the relationship of trust itself. Meanings [verb] To trust, to have confidence in, to rely on (someone's character or ability). [noun] Trust, confidence, faith (in a person or institution). Example Sentences 多年的合作让双方建立了深厚的互信关系，信任是这段伙伴关系的基石。 Duō nián de hézuò ràng shuāngfāng jiànlì le shēnhòu de hùxìn guānxi, xìnrèn shì zhè duàn...
场所 (chǎngsuǒ) — place; venue; premises
场所 (chǎngsuǒ) 场所 refers to a specific place, venue, or premises designated for a particular activity or purpose. Meanings [noun] a place, venue, or premises for a specific activity or purpose Example Sentences 图书馆是学习的好场所。 Túshūguǎn shì xuéxí de hǎo chǎngsuǒ. The library is a good place for studying. 这些公共场所必须保持整洁。 Zhèxiē gōnggòng chǎngsuǒ bìxū bǎochí zhěngjié. These public places must be kept clean and tidy. 会议在一个专业的场所举行。 Huìyì zài yīgè zhuānyè de...
员工 (yuángōng) — employee; staff; worker
员工 (yuángōng) 员工 refers to an employee or staff member of an organization, company, or institution. Meanings [noun] employee, staff member, or worker at an organization Example Sentences 公司有五百名员工。 Gōngsī yǒu wǔbǎi míng yuángōng. The company has five hundred employees. 管理者应该尊重每一位员工。 Guǎnlǐzhě yīnggāi zūnzhòng měi yī wèi yuángōng. Managers should respect every employee. 公司为员工提供了很好的福利待遇。 Gōngsī wèi yuángōng tígōng le hěn hǎo de fúlì dàiyù. The company provides employees with excellent...
曾经 (céngjīng) — once; formerly; at some point
曾经 (céngjīng) 曾经 indicates that something happened at some point in the past, with the implication that the situation may have since changed, equivalent to "once," "used to," or "formerly." Meanings [adverb] Once; formerly; at some point in the past (an action or state that occurred before, now possibly ended). Example Sentences 我曾经在北京住过三年。 Wǒ céngjīng zài Běijīng zhù guò sān nián. I once lived in Beijing for three years. 他曾经是一名职业运动员。...
分配 (fēnpèi) — Allocate / distribute / assign
分配 (fēnpèi) 分配 means to allocate, distribute, or assign something — such as tasks, resources, time, or roles — among people or categories. Meanings [verb] to allocate, distribute, assign, apportion [noun] allocation, distribution, assignment Example Sentences 老师把任务分配给每个学生。 Lǎoshī bǎ rènwù fēnpèi gěi měi gè xuésheng. The teacher assigned tasks to each student. 合理分配时间对学习非常重要。 Hélǐ fēnpèi shíjiān duì xuéxí fēicháng zhòngyào. Reasonably allocating time is very important for studying. 公司把资源分配到最重要的项目上。 Gōngsī...
成熟 (chéngshú) — mature; ripe; well-developed
成熟 (chéngshú) 成熟 means mature or ripe, used to describe things that are fully developed, whether fruit on a tree, a person's character, or a plan or idea that is ready to be implemented. Meanings [adjective] mature; ripe; well-developed; ready [verb] to mature; to ripen; to become fully developed Example Sentences 苹果成熟了，可以摘了。 Píngguǒ chéngshúle, kěyǐ zhāi le. The apples are ripe; they can be picked. 他经历了很多挫折，变得更加成熟。 Tā jīnglìle hěn duō...
历史 (lìshǐ) — history; historical
历史 (lìshǐ) 历史 refers to history as a body of knowledge about past events, and can also function as an adjective meaning historical. Meanings [noun] history, the study or record of past events [adjective] historical, relating to the past Example Sentences 中国有五千年的历史。 Zhōngguó yǒu wǔqiān nián de lìshǐ. China has a history of five thousand years. 学习历史可以帮助我们了解现在。 Xuéxí lìshǐ kěyǐ bāngzhù wǒmen liǎojiě xiànzài. Studying history can help us understand...
转变 (zhuǎnbiàn) — to transform; to change; transition
转变 (zhuǎnbiàn) 转变 means "to transform," "to change," or "transition" and describes a significant shift in nature, form, attitude, or direction. Meanings [verb] to transform; to change; to shift; to convert [noun] transformation; change; transition Example Sentences 他的态度发生了很大的转变。 Tā de tàidù fāshēng le hěn dà de zhuǎnbiàn. His attitude underwent a great transformation. 这个城市正在从工业城市向服务业城市转变。 Zhège chéngshì zhèngzài cóng gōngyè chéngshì xiàng fúwùyè chéngshì zhuǎnbiàn. This city is transforming from an...
总体 (zǒngtǐ) — overall; in general; on the whole
总体 (zǒngtǐ) 总体 means overall or in general, used to describe something from a comprehensive, whole-picture perspective rather than focusing on individual parts. Meanings [adjective] overall; general; comprehensive [adverb] on the whole; in general; overall Example Sentences 总体来说，这次活动非常成功。 Zǒngtǐ lái shuō, zhè cì huódòng fēicháng chénggōng. Overall, this event was very successful. 公司总体表现不错，但还有改进的空间。 Gōngsī zǒngtǐ biǎoxiàn bùcuò, dàn hái yǒu gǎijìn de kōngjiān. The company's overall performance is good, but...
范围 (fànwéi) — range; scope; extent
范围 (fànwéi) 范围 means "range," "scope," or "extent" and is used to describe the boundaries or limits within which something operates or applies. Meanings [noun] range; scope; extent; boundary Example Sentences 这次考试的范围很广。 Zhè cì kǎoshì de fànwéi hěn guǎng. The scope of this exam is very wide. 请在规定范围内完成任务。 Qǐng zài guīdìng fànwéi nèi wánchéng rènwù. Please complete the task within the specified scope. 这个问题超出了我们的工作范围。 Zhège wèntí chāochū le wǒmen de...
同学 (tóngxué) — Classmate
同学 (tóngxué) 同学 refers to someone who studies or studied at the same school or in the same class as you. Meanings [noun] classmate; schoolmate; fellow student Example Sentences 我和我的同学一起复习功课。 Wǒ hé wǒ de tóngxué yīqǐ fùxí gōngkè. My classmates and I review our lessons together. 她是我大学时最好的同学。 Tā shì wǒ dàxué shí zuì hǎo de tóngxué. She was my best classmate during university. 同学们，请翻开教材第三十页。 Tóngxuémen, qǐng fān kāi jiàocái dìsānshí...
动机 (dòngjī) — motive; motivation
动机 (dòngjī) 动机 refers to the reason, motive, or inner motivation behind a person's action or behavior. Meanings [noun] motive, motivation, or the underlying reason for doing something Example Sentences 他犯罪的动机是什么？ Tā fànzuì de dòngjī shì shénme? What was his motive for committing the crime? 了解学生的学习动机对老师很重要。 Liǎojiě xuéshēng de xuéxí dòngjī duì lǎoshī hěn zhòngyào. Understanding students' motivation to learn is very important for teachers. 他的动机是纯粹的，只是想帮助别人。 Tā de dòngjī shì...
服务 (fúwù) — service; to serve
服务 (fúwù) 服务 refers to the provision of assistance or work done for others, as well as the act of serving. Meanings [noun] Service; assistance provided. [verb] To serve; to provide service to. Example Sentences 这家餐厅的服务非常好。 Zhè jiā cāntīng de fúwù fēicháng hǎo. The service at this restaurant is very good. 我们的目标是为客户提供最好的服务。 Wǒmen de mùbiāo shì wèi kèhù tígōng zuì hǎo de fúwù. Our goal is to provide the best...
诚实 (chénɡshí) — honest / honesty
诚实 (chéngshí) 诚实 means honest or truthful, describing a person who says what they truly think and does not deceive others. Meanings [adjective] honest; truthful; sincere; straightforward Example Sentences 诚实是最重要的品质之一。 Chéngshí shì zuì zhòngyào de pǐnzhì zhī yī. Honesty is one of the most important qualities. 你应该诚实地告诉他真相。 Nǐ yīnggāi chéngshí de gàosù tā zhēnxiàng. You should honestly tell him the truth. 他是一个非常诚实的人，从不说谎。 Tā shì yīgè fēicháng chéngshí de rén, cóng...
危机 (wēijī) — Crisis
危机 (wēijī) 危机 refers to a dangerous or critical turning point in a situation, often requiring urgent action. Meanings [noun] crisis; critical juncture; emergency situation Example Sentences 公司正面临一场严重的财务危机。 Gōngsī zhèng miànlín yī chǎng yánzhòng de cáiwù wēijī. The company is currently facing a serious financial crisis. 政府迅速采取措施解决了这次危机。 Zhèngfǔ xùnsù cǎiqǔ cuòshī jiějuéle zhè cì wēijī. The government quickly took measures to resolve the crisis. 危机往往也是转机的开始。 Wēijī wǎngwǎng yěshì zhuǎnjī de...
餐厅 (cāntīng) — restaurant, dining room
餐厅 (cāntīng) 餐厅 refers to a restaurant or dining hall where people go to eat prepared meals. It covers everything from casual eateries to formal dining establishments. Meanings noun restaurant, dining room (a place where meals are prepared and served) Example Sentences 这家餐厅的服务非常好。 Zhè jiā cāntīng de fúwù fēicháng hǎo. The service at this restaurant is excellent. 我们周末去一家新餐厅试试吧。 Wǒmen zhōumò qù yī jiā xīn cāntīng shì shì ba. Let's try...
克服 (kèfú) — to overcome; to surmount
克服 (kèfú) 克服 means to overcome or conquer a difficulty, fear, or obstacle through effort and determination. Meanings [verb] to overcome, conquer, or surmount a challenge, difficulty, or obstacle Example Sentences 他克服了对公开演讲的恐惧。 Tā kèfú le duì gōngkāi yǎnjiǎng de kǒngjù. He overcame his fear of public speaking. 成功需要克服许多困难和挑战。 Chénggōng xūyào kèfú xǔduō kùnnán hé tiǎozhàn. Success requires overcoming many difficulties and challenges. 她凭着坚强的意志克服了重病。 Tā píng zhe jiānqiáng de yìzhì kèfú...
思维 (sīwéi) — thinking; thought process
思维 (sīwéi) 思维 refers to the process or capacity of thinking -- how a person reasons, perceives, and forms ideas. It often describes a mode or style of thought. Meanings [noun] thinking; thought process; way of thinking Example Sentences 她有很强的逻辑思维。 Tā yǒu hěn qiáng de luójí sīwéi. She has strong logical thinking. 创新思维对工作很有帮助。 Chuàngxīn sīwéi duì gōngzuò hěn yǒu bāngzhù. Creative thinking is very helpful at work. 学习新语言可以改变思维方式。 Xuéxí xīn...
想象 (xiǎngxiàng) — to imagine; imagination
想象 (xiǎngxiàng) 想象 means to imagine or picture something in the mind, and as a noun it means imagination -- the creative faculty of forming mental images. Meanings [verb] to imagine; to picture [noun] imagination Example Sentences 你能想象未来是什么样子吗？ Nǐ néng xiǎngxiàng wèilái shì shénme yàngzi ma? Can you imagine what the future will look like? 他有丰富的想象力。 Tā yǒu fēngfù de xiǎngxiànglì. He has a rich imagination. 这个故事超出了我的想象。 Zhège gùshi chāochūle...
设计 (shèjì) — to design; design; plan
设计 (shèjì) 设计 describes the intentional creation of a plan, structure, or aesthetic for a product, system, or experience, and works as both verb and noun. Meanings [verb] To design, to plan, to devise (a product, system, or scheme). [noun] Design, a design, a plan. Example Sentences 这款手机的外观设计简洁大方，深受年轻消费者的喜爱。 Zhè kuǎn shǒujī de wàiguān shèjì jiǎnjié dàfāng, shēn shòu niánqīng xiāofèizhě de xǐ'ài. The appearance design of this phone is sleek...
吸引 (xīyǐn) — to attract; to draw; to fascinate
吸引 (xīyǐn) 吸引 describes the power to draw someone's attention, interest, or presence toward something, whether physical or psychological. Meanings [verb] To attract, to draw, to fascinate, to captivate. Example Sentences 这座城市丰富的夜生活和多元文化深深吸引了来自世界各地的年轻人。 Zhè zuò chéngshì fēngfù de yèshēnghuó hé duōyuán wénhuà shēnshēn xīyǐn le láizì shìjiè gèdì de niánqīngrén. The city's vibrant nightlife and diverse culture deeply attracted young people from all over the world. 她的演讲极具感染力，吸引了在场所有听众的注意力。 Tā de yǎnjiǎng jí...
公民 (gōngmín) — citizen
公民 (gōngmín) 公民 refers to a citizen — a person who is a legally recognized member of a country and who holds certain rights and responsibilities under its laws. Meanings n citizen, national Example Sentences 每位公民都有权利参与民主选举。 Měi wèi gōngmín dōu yǒu quánlì cānyù mínzhǔ xuǎnjǔ. Every citizen has the right to participate in democratic elections. 公民有责任遵守国家的法律。 Gōngmín yǒu zérèn zūnshǒu guójiā de fǎlǜ. Citizens have a responsibility to obey the...
探索 (tànsuǒ) — to explore; to probe
探索 (tànsuǒ) 探索 means to explore or probe into the unknown, involving active investigation and discovery, used for both physical exploration and intellectual inquiry. Meanings [verb] to explore; to investigate; to probe; to search for answers Example Sentences 科学家们一直在探索宇宙的奥秘。 Kēxuéjiāmen yīzhí zài tànsuǒ yǔzhòu de àomì. Scientists have been exploring the mysteries of the universe. 她喜欢探索不同的文化和生活方式。 Tā xǐhuān tànsuǒ bùtóng de wénhuà hé shēnghuó fāngshì. She enjoys exploring different cultures...
吃惊 (chījīng) — to be surprised; to be shocked
吃惊 (chījīng) 吃惊 describes the involuntary feeling of surprise or shock that comes when something unexpected occurs. Meanings [verb] To be surprised, to be shocked, to be startled (by something unexpected). Example Sentences 当她得知自己获得了奖学金时，不禁大吃一惊。 Dāng tā dézhī zìjǐ huòdé le jiǎngxuéjīn shí, bùjīn dà chī yī jīng. When she found out she had received the scholarship, she could not help but be completely shocked. 他的突然离职让整个团队都感到十分吃惊。 Tā de tūrán lízhí ràng...
预测 (yùcè) — to predict; to forecast
预测 (yùcè) 预测 means "to predict" or "to forecast" and refers to making an informed judgment about what will happen in the future, often based on data or analysis. Meanings [verb] to predict; to forecast; to project [noun] prediction; forecast; projection Example Sentences 天气预报预测明天会下雨。 Tiānqì yùbào yùcè míngtiān huì xià yǔ. The weather forecast predicts rain tomorrow. 经济学家预测今年的经济增长率为5%。 Jīngjìxuéjiā yùcè jīnnián de jīngjì zēngzhǎnglǜ wéi 5%. Economists forecast an economic...
直接 (zhíjiē) — direct; straightforward
直接 (zhíjiē) 直接 means direct or straightforward, describing something done without any intermediary step or in a frank, unambiguous manner. Meanings [adjective] direct; without intermediary; straightforward [adverb] directly; straight; without going through an intermediate step Example Sentences 有问题请直接告诉我。 Yǒu wèntí qǐng zhíjiē gàosù wǒ. If you have a problem, please tell me directly. 这件事与你有直接关系。 Zhè jiàn shì yǔ nǐ yǒu zhíjiē guānxi. This matter is directly related to you. 你可以直接联系负责人。...
不合理 (bù hélǐ) — Unreasonable / irrational
不合理 (bù hélǐ) 不合理 describes something that does not conform to reason, logic, or fairness — the opposite of 合理 (reasonable). Meanings [adjective] unreasonable, irrational, unfair, illogical Example Sentences 这个规定非常不合理，大家都不满意。 Zhège guīdìng fēicháng bù hélǐ, dàjiā dōu bù mǎnyì. This rule is very unreasonable, and everyone is dissatisfied. 他的要求太不合理了，我没办法答应。 Tā de yāoqiú tài bù hélǐ le, wǒ méi bànfǎ dāying. His demands are too unreasonable; I have no way to...
与其…不如 (yǔqí… bùrú) — Rather than… it's better to
与其…不如 (yǔqí… bùrú) This paired grammar pattern expresses a preference: rather than doing the first thing, it is better to do the second. It implies the second option is clearly superior. Meanings [conjunction pattern] rather than (A), it is better to (B); used to express a preference or recommendation Example Sentences 与其在家抱怨，不如出去想办法解决问题。 Yǔqí zài jiā bàoyuàn, bùrú chūqù xiǎng bànfǎ jiějué wèntí. Rather than staying home and complaining, it is...
条件 (tiáojiàn) — condition; requirement; terms
条件 (tiáojiàn) 条件 refers to the requirements, prerequisites, or terms that must be met for something to happen or be accepted. Meanings [noun] Condition; requirement; terms (a prerequisite or stated stipulation). Example Sentences 申请这份工作需要满足一定的条件。 Shēnqǐng zhè fèn gōngzuò xūyào mǎnzú yīdìng de tiáojiàn. Applying for this job requires meeting certain conditions. 在这样的条件下工作真的很辛苦。 Zài zhèyàng de tiáojiàn xià gōngzuò zhēn de hěn xīnkǔ. Working under such conditions is really hard. 他们提出了三个合作条件。...
分别 (fēnbié) — separately; respectively; apart
分别 (fēnbié) 分别 means separately or respectively, indicating that items or people are dealt with individually, and can also mean to part from someone. Meanings [adverb] separately, respectively, each in turn [verb] to part from or separate from someone Example Sentences 这两种方法分别有不同的优点。 Zhè liǎng zhǒng fāngfǎ fēnbié yǒu bùtóng de yōudiǎn. These two methods each have different advantages. 他们在机场分别了，各自回到了自己的国家。 Tāmen zài jīchǎng fēnbié le, gèzì huídào le zìjǐ de guójiā....
结果 (jiéguǒ) — result; outcome; as a result
结果 (jiéguǒ) 结果 refers to the final outcome or result of a process, and it also functions as a connective meaning "as a result" or "in the end." Meanings [noun] Result; outcome; conclusion. [conjunction] As a result; consequently; in the end. Example Sentences 考试结果明天才能知道。 Kǎoshì jiéguǒ míngtiān cái néng zhīdào. We won't know the exam results until tomorrow. 他努力工作，结果获得了晋升。 Tā nǔlì gōngzuò, jiéguǒ huòdéle jìnshēng. He worked hard, and as...
然而 (rán'ér) — however; but; nevertheless
然而 (rán'ér) 然而 is a formal conjunction meaning however, but, or nevertheless, used to introduce a contrasting statement. Meanings [conjunction] however; but; nevertheless; used to introduce a contrast or unexpected turn Example Sentences 他努力工作，然而结果并不理想。 Tā nǔlì gōngzuò, rán'ér jiéguǒ bìng bù lǐxiǎng. He worked hard; however, the result was not ideal. 计划听起来不错，然而实施起来并不容易。 Jìhuà tīng qǐlái búcuò, rán'ér shíshī qǐlái bìng bù róngyì. The plan sounds good; however, it is not...
娱乐 (yúlè) — entertainment, recreation
娱乐 (yúlè) 娱乐 refers to entertainment in a broad sense, including music, film, games, and any activity that brings amusement or enjoyment. It is closely related to the entertainment industry. Meanings n entertainment, recreation, amusement Example Sentences 看电视是他最喜欢的娱乐方式。 Kàn diànshì shì tā zuì xǐhuān de yúlè fāngshì. Watching TV is his favorite form of entertainment. 娱乐产业在中国发展得非常迅速。 Yúlè chǎnyè zài Zhōngguó fāzhǎn de fēicháng xùnsù. The entertainment industry has developed very...
拒绝 (jùjué) — Refuse
拒绝 (jùjué) 拒绝 means to refuse, reject, or decline a request, offer, or suggestion. Meanings [verb] to refuse; to reject; to decline; to turn down Example Sentences 他拒绝了那家公司的工作邀请。 Tā jùjuéle nà jiā gōngsī de gōngzuò yāoqǐng. He turned down the job offer from that company. 她礼貌地拒绝了他的求婚。 Tā lǐmào de jùjuéle tā de qiúhūn. She politely rejected his marriage proposal. 你有权利拒绝任何让你感到不舒服的要求。 Nǐ yǒu quánlì jùjué rènhé ràng nǐ gǎndào bù shūfu...
方式 (fāngshì) — Method
方式 (fāngshì) 方式 refers to the way, manner, or mode in which something is done or approached. Meanings [noun] method; way; manner; mode; approach Example Sentences 每个人都有自己独特的学习方式。 Měi gè rén dōu yǒu zìjǐ dútè de xuéxí fāngshì. Everyone has their own unique way of learning. 沟通方式对于建立良好关系非常重要。 Gōutōng fāngshì duìyú jiànlì liánghǎo guānxi fēicháng zhòngyào. The way you communicate is very important for building good relationships. 我们需要改变解决问题的方式。 Wǒmen xūyào gǎibiàn jiějué...
模糊 (móhu) — vague / blurry
模糊 (móhu) 模糊 describes something that is unclear, blurry, or vague, whether visually or conceptually. Meanings [adjective] vague; blurry; indistinct [verb] to blur; to make unclear Example Sentences 他的记忆已经变得模糊了。 Tā de jìyì yǐjīng biàn de móhu le. His memories have become blurry. 这张照片太模糊，看不清楚。 Zhè zhāng zhàopiàn tài móhu, kàn bù qīngchu. This photo is too blurry to see clearly. 他的回答很模糊，没有说明白。 Tā de huídá hěn móhu, méiyǒu shuō míngbai. His answer...
一方面…另一方面 (yī fāngmiàn… lìng yī fāngmiàn) — On one hand… on the other hand
一方面…另一方面 (yī fāngmiàn… lìng yī fāngmiàn) This is a paired grammar pattern used to present two sides, aspects, or reasons of a situation, similar to "on one hand… on the other hand" in English. Meanings [conjunction pattern] on one hand… on the other hand; used to balance or contrast two points Example Sentences 一方面，工作很有意思；另一方面，压力也很大。 Yī fāngmiàn, gōngzuò hěn yǒu yìsi; lìng yī fāngmiàn, yālì yě hěn dà. On one hand,...
趋势 (qūshì) — trend; tendency
趋势 (qūshì) 趋势 means "trend" or "tendency" and refers to the general direction or pattern in which something is developing or moving over time. Meanings [noun] trend; tendency; direction of development Example Sentences 网上购物是未来的发展趋势。 Wǎng shàng gòuwù shì wèilái de fāzhǎn qūshì. Online shopping is the future development trend. 这种趋势在年轻人中尤其明显。 Zhè zhǒng qūshì zài niánqīngrén zhōng yóuqí míngxiǎn. This trend is especially obvious among young people. 经济学家预测了未来几年的市场趋势。 Jīngjìxuéjiā yùcè le...
满足 (mǎnzú) — to satisfy; to meet; satisfied
满足 (mǎnzú) 满足 means either to fulfill or meet a need or standard (as a verb), or to feel contentment and satisfaction with what one has (as an adjective). Meanings [verb] To satisfy, to meet, to fulfill (a need, condition, or requirement). [adjective] Satisfied, content, fulfilled. Example Sentences 这家公司努力满足客户不断变化的需求，赢得了良好的口碑。 Zhè jiā gōngsī nǔlì mǎnzú kèhù bùduàn biànhuà de xūqiú, yíngdé le liánghǎo de kǒubēi. This company works hard to meet...
进程 (jìnchéng) — progress; process; course
进程 (jìnchéng) 进程 means "progress," "process," or "course" and refers to the forward movement or development of an ongoing situation, often at a larger or more formal scale. Meanings [noun] progress; course; development; process (often large-scale) Example Sentences 历史的进程不可阻挡。 Lìshǐ de jìnchéng bùkě zǔdǎng. The course of history cannot be stopped. 改革的进程比预期的要慢。 Gǎigé de jìnchéng bǐ yùqī de yào màn. The progress of reform is slower than expected. 科技的进程加速了社会变化。 Kējì...
出现 (chūxiàn) — to appear; to emerge; to occur
出现 (chūxiàn) 出现 means to appear, emerge, or come into existence, often used when something new or unexpected comes to light. Meanings [verb] to appear, emerge, or come into view or existence Example Sentences 屏幕上出现了一条错误提示。 Píngmù shàng chūxiàn le yī tiáo cuòwù tíshì. An error message appeared on the screen. 最近城市里出现了很多新餐厅。 Zuìjìn chéngshì lǐ chūxiàn le hěn duō xīn cāntīng. Many new restaurants have appeared in the city recently. 这个问题在讨论中反复出现。...
要求 (yāoqiú) — to require; to demand; requirement
要求 (yāoqiú) 要求 covers both the act of demanding or requesting that something be done, and the standard or condition that must be met. Meanings [verb] To require, to demand, to request, to ask (that something be done). [noun] A requirement, a demand, a standard, a condition. Example Sentences 客户对产品质量提出了更高的要求，促使公司不断改进生产工艺。 Kèhù duì chǎnpǐn zhìliàng tíchū le gèng gāo de yāoqiú, cùshǐ gōngsī bùduàn gǎijìn shēngchǎn gōngyì. Customers put forward higher...
价值 (jiàzhí) — value; worth
价值 (jiàzhí) 价值 refers to the worth or importance of something, whether monetary, practical, or philosophical. Meanings [noun] Value; worth; importance. Example Sentences 这幅画的艺术价值很高。 Zhè fú huà de yìshù jiàzhí hěn gāo. This painting has very high artistic value. 金钱不是衡量一个人价值的唯一标准。 Jīnqián bù shì héngliàng yīgè rén jiàzhí de wéiyī biāozhǔn. Money is not the only standard for measuring a person's worth. 这份工作对我来说有很大的价值。 Zhè fèn gōngzuò duì wǒ lái shuō yǒu...
态度 (tàidu) — attitude
态度 (tàidu) 态度 refers to a person's attitude, stance, or manner, including their mental approach, emotional response, or behavioral disposition toward a person, thing, or situation. Meanings [noun] attitude; stance; manner; approach Example Sentences 他对工作的态度非常认真。 Tā duì gōngzuò de tàidu fēicháng rènzhēn. His attitude toward work is very serious. 面对挑战，要保持积极的态度。 Miànduì tiǎozhàn, yào bǎochí jījí de tàidu. When facing challenges, you should maintain a positive attitude. 她对客户的态度总是很礼貌。 Tā duì kèhù...
问题 (wèntí) — problem; question; issue
问题 (wèntí) 问题 covers both a question asked to seek information and a problem or issue that needs to be resolved, making it one of the most frequently used nouns in Chinese. Meanings [noun] Problem; issue; matter that needs resolving. [noun] Question (asked to obtain information or in a test). Example Sentences 这台电脑出了问题，无法正常运行。 Zhè tái diànnǎo chū le wèntí, wúfǎ zhèngcháng yùnxíng. This computer has a problem and cannot run...
记忆 (jìyì) — to memorize; memory
记忆 (jìyì) 记忆 means "memory" as a noun and "to memorize" or "to remember" as a verb, referring to the mental faculty of retaining and recalling information or past experiences. Meanings [noun] memory; recollection; remembrance [verb] to memorize; to commit to memory Example Sentences 那段童年的记忆至今难忘。 Nà duàn tóngnián de jìyì zhìjīn nánwàng. Those childhood memories are still unforgettable to this day. 她的记忆力非常好，什么都记得住。 Tā de jìyìlì fēicháng hǎo, shénme dōu jìde...
主观 (zhǔguān) — subjective; personal
主观 (zhǔguān) 主观 describes something that is based on personal feelings, opinions, or bias rather than objective facts, equivalent to "subjective" in English. Meanings [adjective] subjective, based on personal perspective or feeling rather than objective reality Example Sentences 这只是你主观的看法，不代表事实。 Zhè zhǐ shì nǐ zhǔguān de kànfǎ, bù dàibiǎo shìshí. This is just your subjective view and does not represent the facts. 评价艺术作品往往是主观的。 Píngjià yìshù zuòpǐn wǎngwǎng shì zhǔguān de. Evaluating...
建议 (jiànyì) — to suggest; suggestion; recommendation
建议 (jiànyì) 建议 means to suggest or recommend something. It is commonly used to offer advice, make proposals in meetings, or put forward ideas for consideration. It is polite and constructive in tone, making it suitable for both professional and social contexts. Meanings [verb] To suggest; to recommend; to propose. [noun] Suggestion; recommendation; proposal. Example Sentences 我建议大家在做决定之前先充分讨论。 Wǒ jiànyì dàjiā zài zuò juédìng zhīqián xiān chōngfèn tǎolùn. I suggest everyone...
总结 (zǒngjié) — to summarize; summary
总结 (zǒngjié) 总结 means to summarize or wrap up, used both as a verb (to summarize) and a noun (a summary or conclusion), especially at the end of an activity or period. Meanings [verb] to summarize; to wrap up; to draw conclusions [noun] a summary; a conclusion; a review Example Sentences 老师在课末总结了今天的重点内容。 Lǎoshī zài kè mò zǒngjiéle jīntiān de zhòngdiǎn nèiróng. The teacher summarized the key content of today's lesson...
软件 (ruǎnjiàn) — software
软件 (ruǎnjiàn) 软件 is the standard Chinese term for software, covering everything from operating systems to mobile apps. It contrasts directly with 硬件 (hardware) and is used in both technical and everyday contexts. Meanings [noun] software; computer programs, applications, and operating systems Example Sentences 这款软件使用起来非常简单。 Zhè kuǎn ruǎnjiàn shǐyòng qǐlái fēicháng jiǎndān. This software is very easy to use. 公司开发了一款新的管理软件。 Gōngsī kāifā le yī kuǎn xīn de guǎnlǐ ruǎnjiàn. The...
全面 (quánmiàn) — comprehensive; all-around; thorough
全面 (quánmiàn) 全面 means comprehensive or all-around, indicating that something covers every aspect of a subject or situation without omission. It is used to describe analyses, plans, reforms, understanding, and abilities that are thorough and complete. Meanings [adjective] Comprehensive; all-around; thorough; all-encompassing. Example Sentences 这份报告对市场现状进行了全面而深入的分析。 Zhè fèn bàogào duì shìchǎng xiànzhuàng jìnxíng le quánmiàn ér shēnrù de fēnxī. This report conducted a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the current market...
老板 (lǎobǎn) — boss / owner
老板 (lǎobǎn) 老板 refers to a boss, business owner, or employer, and is used both in formal workplace settings and casual conversation. Meanings [noun] boss; owner; employer; proprietor Example Sentences 我的老板对员工非常严格。 Wǒ de lǎobǎn duì yuángōng fēicháng yángé. My boss is very strict with the employees. 他决定自己创业，做自己的老板。 Tā juédìng zìjǐ chuàngyè, zuò zìjǐ de lǎobǎn. He decided to start his own business and be his own boss. 老板今天开会迟到了。 Lǎobǎn jīntiān...
友好 (yǒuhǎo) — Friendly
友好 (yǒuhǎo) 友好 describes a warm, amicable relationship between people, groups, or countries. Meanings [adjective] friendly; amicable; cordial Example Sentences 她对每个人都非常友好。 Tā duì měi gè rén dōu fēicháng yǒuhǎo. She is very friendly to everyone. 两国之间建立了友好的外交关系。 Liǎng guó zhījiān jiànlìle yǒuhǎo de wàijiāo guānxi. The two countries established friendly diplomatic relations. 他用友好的语气跟我说话，让我感到很舒服。 Tā yòng yǒuhǎo de yǔqì gēn wǒ shuōhuà, ràng wǒ gǎndào hěn shūfu. He spoke to me in...
硬件 (yìngjiàn) — hardware
硬件 (yìngjiàn) 硬件 refers to the physical components of a computer or electronic system, such as the processor, memory, and screen. It is the counterpart of 软件 (software) and is used in both technical and general conversation. Meanings [noun] hardware; the physical parts and components of a computer or device Example Sentences 这台电脑的硬件配置很高。 Zhè tái diànnǎo de yìngjiàn pèizhì hěn gāo. This computer has high hardware specifications. 硬件损坏了，需要维修。 Yìngjiàn sǔnhuài...
紧张 (jǐnzhāng) — tense; nervous; tight; in short supply
紧张 (jǐnzhāng) 紧张 covers both the internal feeling of nervousness or anxiety and the external state of tension, tightness, or scarcity. Meanings [adjective] Nervous; anxious (about a person's mental state). [adjective] Tense; strained (about a situation or relationship). [adjective] In short supply; tight (about resources or time). Example Sentences 考试前我总是很紧张。 Kǎoshì qián wǒ zǒng shì hěn jǐnzhāng. I am always very nervous before exams. 两国之间的关系十分紧张。 Liǎng guó zhījiān de guānxi...
形成 (xíngchéng) — to form; to develop; to take shape
形成 (xíngchéng) 形成 means to form, develop, or take shape, describing the process by which something new comes into existence or a pattern becomes established over time. Meanings [verb] to form; to develop; to take shape; to come into being Example Sentences 这条河是由冰川融水形成的。 Zhè tiáo hé shì yóu bīngchuān róng shuǐ xíngchéng de. This river was formed by glacial meltwater. 他渐渐形成了自己独特的写作风格。 Tā jiànjiàn xíngchéngle zìjǐ dútè de xiězuò fēnggé. He...
Lesson 11: Chinese Society & Values
Overview Understanding Chinese society requires more than grammar: it requires vocabulary for concepts that may not have direct English equivalents. 面子 (face), 关系 (relationships/connections), and 孝顺 (filial piety) are not just words but conceptual frameworks that shape how people interact, make decisions, and evaluate each other. At B1 level you should be able to discuss these concepts in Chinese, explain them to someone unfamiliar with them, and recognize them being...
当时 (dāngshí) — at that time; then; at the time
当时 (dāngshí) 当时 refers to a specific moment in the past that has already been mentioned or is understood from context, meaning "at that time" or "back then." Meanings [adverb] At that time; then; at the time (refers to a past moment in context). [noun] That time; that moment (used as a time noun). Example Sentences 我当时不知道他已经离开了。 Wǒ dāngshí bù zhīdào tā yǐjīng líkāi le. At that time, I did...
Lesson 1: 连...也/都 — Even X
Overview The 连...也/都 pattern is one of the most expressive tools in Mandarin for marking extremity and unexpectedness. It singles out an item that represents the most unlikely or extreme case, then asserts that even that item falls under the statement. What makes this pattern challenging at B1 level is knowing precisely where 连 attaches (before noun phrases, pronouns, or verbs), how to distinguish 也 from 都 in context, and...
比如 (bǐrú) — for example
比如 (bǐrú) 比如 is used to introduce an example or illustration of a general statement. Meanings [conjunction] for example; for instance; such as Example Sentences 很多水果对身体好，比如苹果和橙子。 Hěn duō shuǐguǒ duì shēntǐ hǎo, bǐrú píngguǒ hé chéngzi. Many fruits are good for your health, for example apples and oranges. 你可以用多种方式学习，比如看书或者看视频。 Nǐ kěyǐ yòng duō zhǒng fāngshì xuéxí, bǐrú kànshū huòzhě kàn shìpín. You can learn in many ways, for example by...
明显 (míngxiǎn) — obvious; evident; marked
明显 (míngxiǎn) 明显 describes something that is clear, obvious, or easy to perceive. It is used to highlight that a fact, difference, improvement, or problem is apparent and not difficult to notice. It often indicates a significant degree of change or contrast. Meanings [adjective] Obvious; evident; marked; noticeable; apparent. Example Sentences 经过一个学期的努力，她的成绩有了明显的提高。 Jīngguò yī gè xuéqī de nǔlì, tā de chéngjì yǒu le míngxiǎn de tígāo. After one semester of...
相关 (xiāngguān) — related; relevant; associated
相关 (xiāngguān) 相关 means related to or connected with a particular subject, person, or issue. It is widely used in formal and academic writing to indicate that something is pertinent or relevant, and also in everyday speech to mean "related." Meanings [adjective] Related; relevant; associated; correlated; pertaining to. Example Sentences 请提供与申请职位相关的工作经历和证书。 Qǐng tígōng yǔ shēnqǐng zhíwèi xiāngguān de gōngzuò jīnglì hé zhèngshū. Please provide work experience and certificates relevant to...
城市 (chéngshì) — city; urban area
城市 (chéngshì) 城市 refers to a city or urban area as opposed to the countryside or rural regions. Meanings [noun] City; urban area; town. Example Sentences 上海是中国最大的城市之一。 Shànghǎi shì Zhōngguó zuì dà de chéngshì zhī yī. Shanghai is one of the largest cities in China. 越来越多的人搬到城市生活。 Yuè lái yuè duō de rén bāndào chéngshì shēnghuó. More and more people are moving to cities to live. 这座城市的交通非常方便。 Zhè zuò chéngshì de...
风险 (fēngxiǎn) — risk
风险 (fēngxiǎn) 风险 refers to risk or the possibility of something going wrong, particularly in business, health, or decision-making. Meanings [noun] risk; danger; hazard; potential loss Example Sentences 投资有风险，决策需谨慎。 Tóuzī yǒu fēngxiǎn, juécè xū jǐnshèn. Investment involves risks; decisions must be made carefully. 医生提醒病人手术存在一定的风险。 Yīshēng tíxǐng bìngrén shǒushù cúnzài yīdìng de fēngxiǎn. The doctor reminded the patient that surgery carries certain risks. 创业者要学会承担风险。 Chuàngyèzhě yào xuéhuì chéngdān fēngxiǎn. Entrepreneurs need...
部门 (bùmén) — department; section; division
部门 (bùmén) 部门 refers to a distinct unit or division within an organization, government, or company. Meanings [noun] Department; section; division; unit (within an organization). Example Sentences 你在哪个部门工作？ Nǐ zài nǎge bùmén gōngzuò? Which department do you work in? 这件事需要各个部门合作完成。 Zhè jiàn shì xūyào gège bùmén hézuò wánchéng. This matter requires cooperation from every department to complete. 销售部门本季度超额完成了任务。 Xiāoshòu bùmén běn jìdù chāo'é wánchéngle rènwù. The sales department exceeded its...
上升 (shàngshēng) — to rise; to go up; to ascend
上升 (shàngshēng) 上升 describes movement upward in a physical, numerical, or abstract sense, commonly used when talking about prices, temperatures, or rankings rising. Meanings [verb] to rise, go up, or ascend in position, level, or quantity Example Sentences 气温上升了五度。 Qìwēn shàngshēng le wǔ dù. The temperature rose by five degrees. 公司的销售额每年都在上升。 Gōngsī de xiāoshòu'é měi nián dōu zài shàngshēng. The company's sales increase every year. 他的成绩不断上升。 Tā de chéngjì búduàn...
规律 (guīlǜ) — law; rule; pattern; regularity
规律 (guīlǜ) 规律 refers to a consistent natural law, pattern, or regularity that governs the way things happen. Meanings [noun] Law; rule; regularity; pattern (of nature or behavior). Example Sentences 科学家努力发现自然界的规律。 Kēxuéjiā nǔlì fāxiàn zìránjiè de guīlǜ. Scientists work hard to discover the laws of nature. 生活要有规律，按时吃饭和睡觉。 Shēnghuó yào yǒu guīlǜ, ànshí chīfàn hé shuìjiào. Life should follow a regular pattern, eating and sleeping on time. 找到学习的规律可以让你事半功倍。 Zhǎodào xuéxí de...
创造力 (chuàngzàolì) — creativity; creative power
创造力 (chuàngzàolì) 创造力 refers to one's creative ability or power, the capacity to produce original ideas, solutions, or works. Meanings [noun] creativity, creative power, or the ability to invent and imagine Example Sentences 孩子们的创造力令人惊叹。 Háizimen de chuàngzàolì lìng rén jīngtàn. Children's creativity is astonishing. 这份工作需要很强的创造力。 Zhè fèn gōngzuò xūyào hěn qiáng de chuàngzàolì. This job requires strong creativity. 良好的教育应该培养学生的创造力。 Liánghǎo de jiàoyù yīnggāi péiyǎng xuéshēng de chuàngzàolì. Good education should...
结论 (jiélùn) — conclusion
结论 (jiélùn) 结论 is the conclusion or final judgment reached at the end of a process of reasoning, research, or discussion. Meanings [noun] conclusion, final judgment, finding Example Sentences 研究人员得出了一个重要的结论。 Yánjiū rényuán dé chū le yīgè zhòngyào de jiélùn. The researchers reached an important conclusion. 在没有足够证据之前，不要轻易下结论。 Zài méiyǒu zúgòu zhèngjù zhīqián, bùyào qīngyì xià jiélùn. Do not jump to conclusions before there is enough evidence. 这篇文章的结论很清晰，让人容易理解。 Zhè piān wénzhāng de...
安排 (ānpái) — to arrange; to plan; arrangement
安排 (ānpái) 安排 refers to deliberately organizing people, events, or resources into a coherent plan, and can function as both the act of arranging and the resulting arrangement itself. Meanings [verb] To arrange, to plan, to schedule, to assign. [noun] An arrangement, a plan, a schedule. Example Sentences 经理已经安排好了明天的会议室。 Jīnglǐ yǐjīng ānpái hǎo le míngtiān de huìyìshì. The manager has already arranged tomorrow's meeting room. 请你提前安排好旅行中的每一个细节。 Qǐng nǐ tíqián ānpái...
Lesson 7: Formal Negation Patterns
Overview At A2 level, negation is straightforward: 不 and 没有. At B1 you need to negate with nuance, expressing doubt, probabilistic negation, and qualified denial. Patterns like 不见得, 未必, 不一定, and 也许 all occupy a space between clear affirmation and clear negation: "not necessarily," "not definitely," "it's possible but not certain." Controlling these patterns allows you to hedge, express skepticism politely, and avoid overstating certainty, all of which are important...
放弃 (fàngqì) — to give up; to abandon
放弃 (fàngqì) 放弃 means to give up or abandon, referring to the act of voluntarily stopping an effort, relinquishing a right, or letting go of a goal or possession. Meanings [verb] to give up; to abandon; to relinquish; to let go of Example Sentences 不管多难，我都不会放弃。 Bùguǎn duō nán, wǒ dōu bù huì fàngqì. No matter how difficult, I will not give up. 她放弃了高薪工作，去追求自己的梦想。 Tā fàngqìle gāo xīn gōngzuò, qù zhuīqiú...
位置 (wèizhì) — position; location; place
位置 (wèizhì) 位置 refers to the physical or abstract position, location, or place that someone or something occupies, including roles in organizations or rankings. Meanings [noun] position, location, or place in physical or abstract space Example Sentences 请把书放回原来的位置。 Qǐng bǎ shū fàng huí yuánlái de wèizhì. Please put the book back in its original place. 他在公司的位置越来越重要。 Tā zài gōngsī de wèizhì yuè lái yuè zhòngyào. His position in the company...
基本上 (jīběnshàng) — basically; fundamentally; essentially
基本上 (jīběnshàng) 基本上 is an adverb meaning "basically" or "essentially," used to indicate that something is mostly or largely the case, though not necessarily 100% perfect. Meanings [adverb] basically; for the most part; largely Example Sentences 这个项目基本上完成了。 Zhège xiàngmù jīběnshàng wánchéngle. This project is basically finished. 我基本上同意你的看法。 Wǒ jīběnshàng tóngyì nǐ de kànfǎ. I basically agree with your view. 新员工基本上已经适应了工作环境。 Xīn yuángōng jīběnshàng yǐjīng shìyìngle gōngzuò huánjìng. The new employees...
合理 (hélǐ) — reasonable; rational; justified
合理 (hélǐ) 合理 describes something that conforms to reason, logic, fairness, or established principles. It is used to evaluate whether a decision, plan, price, request, or arrangement makes sense and can be justified. Meanings [adjective] Reasonable; rational; sensible; justified; fair. Example Sentences 这个价格是合理的，符合市场行情。 Zhège jiàgé shì hélǐ de, fúhé shìchǎng hángqíng. This price is reasonable and consistent with market rates. 他的要求非常合理，公司应该予以考虑。 Tā de yāoqiú fēicháng hélǐ, gōngsī yīnggāi yǔyǐ kǎolǜ....
奥运会 (Àoyùnhuì) — Olympics, Olympic Games
奥运会 (Àoyùnhuì) 奥运会 refers to the Olympic Games, the world's foremost international multi-sport event held every four years. The name is a shortening of 奥林匹克运动会 (Àolínpǐkè Yùndònghuì). Meanings n the Olympic Games; the Olympics Example Sentences 北京在2008年举办了奥运会。 Běijīng zài 2008 nián jǔbàn le Àoyùnhuì. Beijing hosted the Olympic Games in 2008. 她的梦想是参加奥运会并赢得金牌。 Tā de mèngxiǎng shì cānjiā Àoyùnhuì bìng yíngdé jīnpái. Her dream is to compete in the Olympics and...
Lesson 15: Media & News
Overview Reading and discussing news in Chinese requires a specific set of discourse markers that signal the source of information. 据...报道 (according to reports) and 消息说 (sources say) are the workhorses of reported speech in Chinese media. At B1 level you need to recognize these patterns when reading news and produce them when discussing what you have heard or read. The challenge is understanding the pragmatics: these markers not only...
明白 (míngbai) — to understand / clear
明白 (míngbai) 明白 means to understand something clearly, or to describe something as clear and obvious. Meanings [verb] to understand; to realize [adjective] clear; obvious; plain Example Sentences 你明白我的意思吗？ Nǐ míngbai wǒ de yìsi ma? Do you understand what I mean? 我现在终于明白了。 Wǒ xiànzài zhōngyú míngbaile. I finally understand now. 他把问题说得很明白。 Tā bǎ wèntí shuō de hěn míngbai. He explained the problem very clearly. 这件事情你要明白。 Zhè jiàn shìqíng nǐ yào...
团队 (tuánduì) — team; group
团队 (tuánduì) 团队 refers to a group of people who work together, coordinate their efforts, and share a common objective. Meanings [noun] Team; group; collective working unit. Example Sentences 我们的团队由来自五个国家的人组成。 Wǒmen de tuánduì yóu lái zì wǔ gè guójiā de rén zǔchéng. Our team is made up of people from five countries. 良好的团队合作是成功的关键。 Liánghǎo de tuánduì hézuò shì chénggōng de guānjiàn. Good teamwork is the key to success. 她是团队里最有经验的成员。 Tā...
区域 (qūyù) — area; zone; region
区域 (qūyù) 区域 refers to a defined area, zone, or region, which can be geographical, administrative, or functional in nature. Meanings [noun] an area, zone, or defined region of space or territory Example Sentences 这个区域的气候非常温暖。 Zhège qūyù de qìhòu fēicháng wēnnuǎn. The climate in this area is very warm. 公司在不同区域设立了办事处。 Gōngsī zài bùtóng qūyù shèlì le bànshìchù. The company has set up offices in different regions. 禁止在这个区域内吸烟。 Jìnzhǐ zài zhège...
教育 (jiàoyù) — Education
教育 (jiàoyù) 教育 refers to the broad system and process of educating people, or the act of teaching someone proper values and knowledge. Meanings [noun] education; schooling; upbringing [verb] to educate; to instruct; to teach (values or discipline) Example Sentences 教育是国家发展的基础。 Jiàoyù shì guójiā fāzhǎn de jīchǔ. Education is the foundation of a country's development. 父母要重视对孩子的早期教育。 Fùmǔ yào zhòngshì duì háizi de zǎoqī jiàoyù. Parents should pay attention to their...
可靠 (kěkào) — reliable; dependable; trustworthy
可靠 (kěkào) 可靠 describes a person, source, system, or method that is reliable, dependable, and worthy of trust. It implies consistency and proven performance over time, making it a high compliment in professional and personal relationships. Meanings [adjective] Reliable; dependable; trustworthy; solid. Example Sentences 她是一个非常可靠的人，交给她的任务从来不会出差错。 Tā shì yīgè fēicháng kěkào de rén, jiāo gěi tā de rènwù cónglái bù huì chū chācuò. She is a very reliable person; tasks entrusted...
号召 (hàozhào) — to call on; to appeal to; call
号召 (hàozhào) 号召 describes the act of publicly calling on people to take action, often for a collective or social purpose. Meanings [verb] To call on, to appeal to, to rally, to mobilize. [noun] A call, an appeal, a rallying cry. Example Sentences 政府号召全体市民积极参与垃圾分类，共同保护环境。 Zhèngfǔ hàozhào quántǐ shìmín jījí cānyù lājī fēnlèi, gòngtóng bǎohù huánjìng. The government called on all citizens to actively participate in waste sorting and protect the...
程序 (chéngxù) — program, procedure
程序 (chéngxù) 程序 has two main senses: in computing, it means a program or piece of software; in general usage, it means a procedure, process, or set of steps to follow. Both meanings are common in formal and everyday Chinese. Meanings [noun] program; a set of instructions for a computer [noun] procedure; a sequence of steps or formal process Example Sentences 这个程序运行速度很快。 Zhège chéngxù yùnxíng sùdù hěn kuài. This program...
打扰 (dǎrǎo) — to disturb; to bother; to interrupt
打扰 (dǎrǎo) 打扰 means to disturb or interrupt someone, and is frequently used in polite phrases when asking for help or attention. Meanings [verb] To disturb, to bother, to interrupt, to intrude upon. Example Sentences 对不起，打扰一下，请问附近有没有地铁站？ Duìbuqǐ, dǎrǎo yīxià, qǐngwèn fùjìn yǒu méiyǒu dìtiě zhàn? Sorry to bother you — could you tell me if there is a metro station nearby? 他在开重要会议，请大家不要随意打扰他。 Tā zài kāi zhòngyào huìyì, qǐng dàjiā bù...
此外 (cǐwài) — in addition; besides; moreover
此外 (cǐwài) 此外 introduces additional information that goes beyond what has already been mentioned, meaning "in addition," "besides," or "apart from this." Meanings [conjunction] In addition; besides; moreover; apart from this (adds supplementary information). Example Sentences 这个城市有很多博物馆。此外，还有很多公园可以参观。 Zhège chéngshì yǒu hěn duō bówùguǎn. Cǐwài, hái yǒu hěn duō gōngyuán kěyǐ cānguān. This city has many museums. In addition, there are also many parks to visit. 他会说英语和法语。此外，他还在学习日语。 Tā huì shuō Yīngyǔ...
判断 (pànduàn) — to judge; judgment; to determine
判断 (pànduàn) 判断 means to judge or determine something based on available information. It implies an active mental process of weighing evidence and reaching a conclusion. As a noun it refers to the judgment or determination itself. Meanings [verb] To judge; to determine; to assess; to conclude. [noun] Judgment; determination; assessment. Example Sentences 根据现有的信息，很难判断哪个方案更合适。 Gēnjù xiànyǒu de xìnxī, hěn nán pànduàn nǎge fāng'àn gèng héshì. Based on the available information,...
演讲 (yǎnjiǎng) — speech; to give a speech
演讲 (yǎnjiǎng) 演讲 refers to a formal speech or lecture given to an audience, or the act of giving such a speech. Meanings [noun] speech; lecture; a formal address given to an audience [verb] to give a speech; to deliver a lecture Example Sentences 他在大会上做了一次精彩的演讲。 Tā zài dàhuì shàng zuò le yī cì jīngcǎi de yǎnjiǎng. He gave a wonderful speech at the conference. 我需要为明天的演讲做充分准备。 Wǒ xūyào wèi míngtiān de...
教授 (jiàoshòu) — Professor
教授 (jiàoshòu) 教授 refers to a university professor, or as a verb, the act of teaching and imparting knowledge. Meanings [noun] professor (academic title) [verb] to teach; to instruct; to impart (knowledge or skills) Example Sentences 这位教授在大学里教了三十年的历史。 Zhè wèi jiàoshòu zài dàxué lǐ jiāole sānshí nián de lìshǐ. This professor has taught history at the university for thirty years. 他是一位著名的经济学教授。 Tā shì yī wèi zhùmíng de jīngjìxué jiàoshòu. He is...
理性 (lǐxìng) — rational; reasonable
理性 (lǐxìng) 理性 refers to rationality as a noun, or describes something as rational and reasonable as an adjective. Meanings [noun] rationality; reason; the capacity for logical and reasoned thinking [adjective] rational; reasonable; guided by reason rather than emotion Example Sentences 面对问题，我们应该保持理性。 Miànduì wèntí, wǒmen yīnggāi bǎochí lǐxìng. When facing problems, we should remain rational. 做决定时需要理性思考，而不仅仅靠感情。 Zuò juédìng shí xūyào lǐxìng sīkǎo, ér bù jǐnjǐn kào gǎnqíng. When making decisions,...
消失 (xiāoshī) — to disappear; to vanish
消失 (xiāoshī) 消失 means to disappear or vanish, referring to something that ceases to be visible or no longer exists. Meanings [verb] to disappear; to vanish; to cease to exist or be seen Example Sentences 他的身影慢慢消失在人群中。 Tā de shēnyǐng mànmàn xiāoshī zài rénqún zhōng. His figure slowly disappeared into the crowd. 这种珍稀动物正在慢慢消失。 Zhè zhǒng zhēnxī dòngwù zhèngzài mànmàn xiāoshī. This rare animal is gradually disappearing. 疼痛感在吃了药之后消失了。 Téngtòng gǎn zài chī...
按照 (ànzhào) — according to; in accordance with
按照 (ànzhào) 按照 is a preposition meaning "according to" or "in accordance with," used to indicate that an action follows a certain rule, plan, or instruction. Meanings [preposition] According to; in accordance with; following (a rule, plan, or standard). Example Sentences 请按照说明书使用这台机器。 Qǐng ànzhào shuōmíngshū shǐyòng zhè tái jīqì. Please use this machine according to the instruction manual. 按照计划，我们明天出发。 Ànzhào jìhuà, wǒmen míngtiān chūfā. According to the plan, we depart...
食材 (shícái) — ingredient, foodstuff
食材 (shícái) 食材 refers to the raw ingredients or foodstuffs used in preparing a meal. It is a common word in everyday cooking contexts. Meanings noun ingredient, foodstuff (raw material used in cooking) Example Sentences 新鲜的食材是做好菜的关键。 Xīnxiān de shícái shì zuò hǎo cài de guānjiàn. Fresh ingredients are the key to cooking a good dish. 他去市场买了很多食材。 Tā qù shìchǎng mǎile hěn duō shícái. He went to the market and bought...
同时 (tóngshí) — at the same time; simultaneously
同时 (tóngshí) 同时 means at the same time or simultaneously, and is also used as a conjunction to add supplementary information or a parallel point. Meanings [adverb] at the same time, simultaneously [conjunction] at the same time, moreover, in addition (linking two simultaneous facts) Example Sentences 他同时做好几件事，效率非常高。 Tā tóngshí zuò hǎo jǐ jiàn shì, xiàolǜ fēicháng gāo. He does several things at the same time with very high efficiency. 这个方案既节省时间，同时也降低了成本。...
经验 (jīngyàn) — experience
经验 (jīngyàn) 经验 refers to experience gained through practice, repeated activity, or life events, as opposed to theoretical knowledge. Meanings [noun] experience, practical knowledge gained from doing something Example Sentences 他有多年的工作经验。 Tā yǒu duō nián de gōngzuò jīngyàn. He has many years of work experience. 这次旅行给了我很多宝贵的经验。 Zhè cì lǚxíng gěi le wǒ hěn duō bǎoguì de jīngyàn. This trip gave me a lot of valuable experience. 缺乏经验的人容易犯错。 Quēfá jīngyàn de...
资金 (zījīn) — funds; capital; funding
资金 (zījīn) 资金 means "funds," "capital," or "funding" and refers to money available or allocated for a specific purpose such as investment, a project, or running an organization. Meanings [noun] funds; capital; financial resources; funding Example Sentences 公司正在寻求新的投资资金。 Gōngsī zhèngzài xúnqiú xīn de tóuzī zījīn. The company is seeking new investment funds. 这个项目需要大量资金支持。 Zhège xiàngmù xūyào dàliàng zījīn zhīchí. This project needs substantial funding support. 政府为小企业提供了专项资金。 Zhèngfǔ wèi xiǎo qǐyè...
对于 (duìyú) — regarding; with respect to; as for
对于 (duìyú) 对于 is a preposition that introduces the topic or target of a statement, meaning "regarding," "with respect to," or "as for." Meanings [preposition] Regarding; with respect to; as for (marks the subject matter of a comment or attitude). Example Sentences 对于这个问题，我有不同的看法。 Duìyú zhège wèntí, wǒ yǒu bùtóng de kànfǎ. Regarding this problem, I have a different opinion. 对于学生来说，时间管理非常重要。 Duìyú xuésheng lái shuō, shíjiān guǎnlǐ fēicháng zhòngyào. For students,...
能力 (nénglì) — ability; capability; capacity
能力 (nénglì) 能力 refers to the power, skill, or capacity that enables a person or thing to do or achieve something. Meanings [noun] Ability; capability; capacity; competence. Example Sentences 她有很强的组织能力。 Tā yǒu hěn qiáng de zǔzhī nénglì. She has very strong organizational ability. 提高语言能力需要大量练习。 Tígāo yǔyán nénglì xūyào dàliàng liànxí. Improving language ability requires a great deal of practice. 这个任务超出了他的能力范围。 Zhège rènwù chāochū le tā de nénglì fànwéi. This task...
申请 (shēnqǐng) — to apply for; application
申请 (shēnqǐng) 申请 means to formally apply for something such as a job, visa, or admission, or it refers to the application itself as a noun. Meanings [verb] to apply for; to formally request something through an official process [noun] application; a formal request submitted to an authority Example Sentences 我申请了一所美国大学的研究生项目。 Wǒ shēnqǐng le yī suǒ měiguó dàxué de yánjiūshēng xiàngmù. I applied to a graduate program at an American...
参考 (cānkǎo) — to refer to; to consult; reference
参考 (cānkǎo) 参考 means to look at or consult something as a source of information or guidance, without necessarily copying it directly. Meanings [verb] To refer to, to consult, to take as a reference. [noun] Reference, source material. Example Sentences 写报告之前，她参考了大量国内外的相关文献。 Xiě bàogào zhīqián, tā cānkǎo le dàliàng guónèi wài de xiāngguān wénxiàn. Before writing the report, she consulted a large number of relevant domestic and foreign documents. 这份数据仅供参考，不能作为最终决策的依据。 Zhè...
新鲜 (xīnxiān) — fresh
新鲜 (xīnxiān) 新鲜 describes food or produce that is recently harvested, prepared, or obtained, and therefore not spoiled or stale. It can also describe fresh air, a new idea, or a novel experience. Meanings adjective fresh (recently produced and not spoiled; also new, novel, or invigorating) Example Sentences 市场上的蔬菜都很新鲜。 Shìchǎng shàng de shūcài dōu hěn xīnxiān. The vegetables at the market are all very fresh. 早上呼吸新鲜空气对身体有好处。 Zǎoshang hūxī xīnxiān kōngqì...
标准 (biāozhǔn) — standard; criterion; up to standard
标准 (biāozhǔn) 标准 refers to a standard, criterion, or benchmark used to evaluate whether something meets a required level. As an adjective it means "standard" or "up to standard." It is used in quality control, language learning, and all situations where norms need to be established. Meanings [noun] Standard; criterion; benchmark; norm. [adjective] Standard; up to standard; correct. Example Sentences 这家工厂生产的产品完全符合国家质量标准。 Zhè jiā gōngchǎng shēngchǎn de chǎnpǐn wánquán fúhé guójiā...
实施 (shíshī) — to implement; to carry out
实施 (shíshī) 实施 means to implement or put into effect a plan, policy, law, or measure. It is a formal verb that emphasizes the transition from planning to action. It is commonly used in government, legal, business, and project management contexts. Meanings [verb] To implement; to carry out; to put into effect; to execute. Example Sentences 新法规将于下个季度正式实施。 Xīn fǎguī jiāng yú xià gè jìdù zhèngshì shíshī. The new regulations will...
周期 (zhōuqī) — cycle; period
周期 (zhōuqī) 周期 refers to a cycle or period, a sequence of events that repeats regularly or a defined span of time for a process. Meanings [noun] a cycle, recurring period, or time span in a process Example Sentences 经济发展有其固定的周期。 Jīngjì fāzhǎn yǒu qí gùdìng de zhōuqī. Economic development has its own fixed cycles. 这个项目的完成周期大约是六个月。 Zhège xiàngmù de wánchéng zhōuqī dàyuē shì liù gè yuè. The completion period for this...
没必要 (méi bìyào) — no need / unnecessary
没必要 (méi bìyào) 没必要 expresses that something is unnecessary or that there is no need to do a particular thing. Meanings [phrase] there is no need; it is unnecessary; no need to Example Sentences 没必要那么担心。 Méi bìyào nàme dānxīn. There is no need to worry so much. 这件事没必要告诉所有人。 Zhè jiàn shì méi bìyào gàosù suǒyǒu rén. There is no need to tell everyone about this matter. 你没必要亲自来，发邮件就可以了。 Nǐ méi bìyào...
学会 (xuéhuì) — Learn to
学会 (xuéhuì) 学会 means to have learned something to the point of mastery, indicating that a skill has been successfully acquired. Meanings [verb] to learn to; to master; to acquire a skill through learning Example Sentences 他三个月就学会了开车。 Tā sān gè yuè jiù xuéhuìle kāi chē. He learned to drive in just three months. 你学会这首歌了吗？ Nǐ xuéhuì zhè shǒu gē le ma? Have you learned this song yet? 学会倾听是一种非常重要的能力。 Xuéhuì qīngtīng...
重要 (zhòngyào) — important; significant
重要 (zhòngyào) 重要 describes something that carries great weight, consequence, or significance. Meanings [adjective] Important; significant; crucial. Example Sentences 健康是最重要的事情。 Jiànkāng shì zuì zhòngyào de shìqíng. Health is the most important thing. 这次会议非常重要，请不要缺席。 Zhè cì huìyì fēicháng zhòngyào, qǐng bùyào quēxí. This meeting is very important; please do not be absent. 学好外语对未来很重要。 Xué hǎo wàiyǔ duì wèilái hěn zhòngyào. Learning a foreign language well is very important for the future....
提供 (tígōng) — to provide; to offer; to supply
提供 (tígōng) 提供 means to provide, supply, or offer something to someone. It emphasizes the act of making a resource, service, or information available to someone who needs it. It is used in formal and informal contexts alike. Meanings [verb] To provide; to supply; to offer; to furnish. Example Sentences 公司为员工提供免费的健康体检服务。 Gōngsī wèi yuángōng tígōng miǎnfèi de jiànkāng tǐjiǎn fúwù. The company provides free health check-up services for its employees....
表示 (biǎoshì) — to indicate; to express; to show
表示 (biǎoshì) 表示 means to express, indicate, or show something through words, actions, or symbols. It is used when conveying attitudes, emotions, opinions, or when one thing represents or symbolizes another. Meanings [verb] To indicate; to express; to show; to mean; to signify. Example Sentences 她微笑着表示对这个决定的支持。 Tā wēixiào zhe biǎoshì duì zhège juédìng de zhīchí. She smiled to express her support for this decision. 红灯表示禁止通行，绿灯表示可以通行。 Hóngdēng biǎoshì jìnzhǐ tōngxíng, lǜdēng...
稳定 (wěndìng) — stable; steady; to stabilize
稳定 (wěndìng) 稳定 means stable or steady as an adjective, or to stabilize something as a verb, describing a state of balance and consistency. Meanings [adjective] stable; steady; consistent; not subject to sudden change [verb] to stabilize; to make steady or secure Example Sentences 他有一份稳定的工作和收入。 Tā yǒu yī fèn wěndìng de gōngzuò hé shōurù. He has a stable job and income. 政府采取措施稳定市场价格。 Zhèngfǔ cǎiqǔ cuòshī wěndìng shìchǎng jiàgé. The government...
屏幕 (píngmù) — screen
屏幕 (píngmù) 屏幕 refers to the screen or display of any electronic device, including smartphones, computers, tablets, and televisions. It is used in both technical descriptions and casual speech. Meanings [noun] screen; the display surface of an electronic device Example Sentences 手机屏幕碎了，需要换一块。 Shǒujī píngmù suì le, xūyào huàn yī kuài. The phone screen is cracked; it needs to be replaced. 这台电视的屏幕非常清晰。 Zhè tái diànshì de píngmù fēicháng qīngxī. The screen...
老师 (lǎoshī) — teacher
老师 (lǎoshī) 老师 is the standard word for teacher in Chinese and is also used as a respectful form of address for educators at all levels. Meanings [noun] teacher, instructor, educator Example Sentences 她是一位非常受学生喜爱的老师。 Tā shì yī wèi fēicháng shòu xuéshēng xǐ'ài de lǎoshī. She is a teacher who is very well-liked by students. 老师鼓励我们勇于提问。 Lǎoshī gǔlì wǒmen yǒngyú tíwèn. The teacher encourages us to be bold in asking questions....
环境 (huánjìng) — environment; surroundings; setting
环境 (huánjìng) 环境 refers to the physical surroundings of a place, the social setting of a situation, or the natural environment, covering both concrete and abstract contexts. Meanings [noun] Environment; surroundings; setting (the conditions or context around a person or thing). Example Sentences 保护环境是每个人的责任。 Bǎohù huánjìng shì měi gè rén de zérèn. Protecting the environment is everyone's responsibility. 这里的学习环境非常安静。 Zhèlǐ de xuéxí huánjìng fēicháng ānjìng. The study environment here is...
策略 (cèlüè) — strategy; tactic; approach
策略 (cèlüè) 策略 refers to a strategy, tactic, or planned approach used to achieve a specific goal or handle a situation effectively. Meanings [noun] strategy; tactic; approach; a carefully planned method for achieving a goal Example Sentences 公司需要制定新的市场策略。 Gōngsī xūyào zhìdìng xīn de shìchǎng cèlüè. The company needs to develop a new marketing strategy. 在谈判中，掌握正确的策略非常重要。 Zài tánpàn zhōng, zhǎngwò zhèngquè de cèlüè fēicháng zhòngyào. In negotiations, mastering the right tactics...
机构 (jīgòu) — institution; organization; agency
机构 (jīgòu) 机构 refers to an institution, organization, or agency, typically a formal body with a specific function or purpose. Meanings [noun] institution; organization; agency; a formal body or establishment Example Sentences 这家研究机构在全国很有名。 Zhè jiā yánjiū jīgòu zài quánguó hěn yǒumíng. This research institution is well known throughout the country. 政府机构需要提高工作效率。 Zhèngfǔ jīgòu xūyào tígāo gōngzuò xiàolǜ. Government agencies need to improve their work efficiency. 他在一家国际机构工作。 Tā zài yī jiā...
移动 (yídòng) — to move; to shift; mobile
移动 (yídòng) 移动 means to move or shift from one place to another, or describes something as mobile or portable. Meanings [verb] to move; to shift; to change position [adjective] mobile; portable; designed to be moved Example Sentences 请把椅子移动到窗边。 Qǐng bǎ yǐzi yídòng dào chuāng biān. Please move the chair to the window. 移动互联网改变了人们的沟通方式。 Yídòng hùliánwǎng gǎibiàn le rénmen de gōutōng fāngshì. Mobile internet has changed the way people communicate....
顺利 (shùnlì) — smooth; without a hitch; successful
顺利 (shùnlì) 顺利 describes a process or event that goes smoothly, without unexpected problems or obstacles. Meanings [adjective] Smooth; without a hitch; going well; successful. Example Sentences 祝你旅途顺利！ Zhù nǐ lǚtú shùnlì! Wishing you a smooth journey! 会议进行得很顺利。 Huìyì jìnxíng de hěn shùnlì. The meeting went very smoothly. 他顺利地通过了面试。 Tā shùnlì de tōngguòle miànshì. He passed the interview without a hitch. 希望你的手术顺利。 Xīwàng nǐ de shǒushù shùnlì. I hope your...
收入 (shōurù) — income; revenue; earnings
收入 (shōurù) 收入 refers to income, revenue, or earnings, meaning money received from employment, business activities, or investments. Meanings [noun] income; revenue; earnings; receipts [verb] to receive (money); to take in (income) Example Sentences 他的月收入是五千元。 Tā de yuè shōurù shì wǔqiān yuán. His monthly income is five thousand yuan. 这家公司去年的收入大幅增长。 Zhè jiā gōngsī qùnián de shōurù dàfú zēngzhǎng. This company's revenue grew significantly last year. 提高低收入群体的生活水平是政府的目标。 Tígāo dī shōurù qúntǐ...
竞争力 (jìngzhēnglì) — competitiveness
竞争力 (jìngzhēnglì) 竞争力 refers to competitiveness, the ability or strength to compete effectively in a market, workplace, or other competitive environment. Meanings [noun] competitiveness; competitive strength; the capacity to compete effectively Example Sentences 提高产品质量是增强竞争力的关键。 Tígāo chǎnpǐn zhìliàng shì zēngqiáng jìngzhēnglì de guānjiàn. Improving product quality is the key to enhancing competitiveness. 他不断学习新技能，以保持竞争力。 Tā bùduàn xuéxí xīn jìnéng, yǐ bǎochí jìngzhēnglì. He continually learns new skills in order to maintain his...
血压 (xuèyā) — blood pressure
血压 (xuèyā) 血压 refers to the pressure of blood as it flows through the arteries. It is an important medical term used in health check-ups and discussions about cardiovascular health. Meanings [noun] blood pressure; the force exerted by blood against artery walls Example Sentences 他的血压有点高，医生让他少吃盐。 Tā de xuèyā yǒudiǎn gāo, yīshēng ràng tā shǎo chī yán. His blood pressure is a bit high, so the doctor told him to eat...
选择 (xuǎnzé) — to choose; to select; choice
选择 (xuǎnzé) 选择 means "to choose," "to select," or "choice" and refers to the act of picking from available options, or the option itself. Meanings [verb] to choose; to select; to pick [noun] choice; option; selection Example Sentences 你有权利选择自己的生活方式。 Nǐ yǒu quánlì xuǎnzé zìjǐ de shēnghuó fāngshì. You have the right to choose your own way of life. 这道题有四个选择，只能选一个。 Zhè dào tí yǒu sì gè xuǎnzé, zhǐ néng xuǎn yīgè....
决定 (juédìng) — to decide; to determine; decision
决定 (juédìng) 决定 means to decide or make a decision, and can also be used as a noun referring to the decision itself. Meanings [verb] to decide, to determine, or to resolve on a course of action [noun] a decision or resolution that has been made Example Sentences 我决定明年去中国留学。 Wǒ juédìng míngnián qù Zhōngguó liúxué. I have decided to study in China next year. 这个决定对公司的未来非常重要。 Zhège juédìng duì gōngsī de...
深入 (shēnrù) — in-depth; thorough; penetrating
深入 (shēnrù) 深入 means in-depth or thorough as an adjective, or to go deep into something as a verb, describing a penetrating engagement with a topic or place. Meanings [adjective] in-depth; thorough; penetrating; going beyond the surface [verb] to go deep into; to penetrate; to immerse oneself in Example Sentences 我们需要对这个问题进行深入研究。 Wǒmen xūyào duì zhège wèntí jìnxíng shēnrù yánjiū. We need to conduct an in-depth study of this problem. 记者深入农村，了解当地的生活情况。...
家人 (jiārén) — Family member
家人 (jiārén) 家人 refers to the members of one's family, used collectively or individually. Meanings [noun] family member; family; one's family (collectively) Example Sentences 她每天都给家人打电话。 Tā měitiān dōu gěi jiārén dǎ diànhuà. She calls her family every day. 节日里，家人聚在一起吃饭，非常热闹。 Jiérì lǐ, jiārén jù zài yīqǐ chīfàn, fēicháng rènào. During the holidays, the family gathers together for meals; it's very lively. 他的成功离不开家人的支持。 Tā de chénggōng lí bù kāi jiārén de zhīchí....
说明 (shuōmíng) — to explain; explanation; manual
说明 (shuōmíng) 说明 means to explain or make something clear through words. As a noun it refers to an explanation, a description, or an instruction manual (such as a product manual). It is a very versatile word used in both spoken and written Chinese. Meanings [verb] To explain; to illustrate; to demonstrate; to show. [noun] Explanation; description; instruction manual. Example Sentences 请你说明一下这个计划的具体步骤。 Qǐng nǐ shuōmíng yīxià zhège jìhuà de jùtǐ...
广泛 (guǎngfàn) — widespread; extensive; broad
广泛 (guǎngfàn) 广泛 describes something that covers a wide range, affects many areas, or is spread across a large scope. It is used to modify nouns or to describe how extensively something is done. It carries a neutral to positive connotation of breadth and reach. Meanings [adjective] Widespread; extensive; broad; wide-ranging. Example Sentences 这项技术在医疗、教育和工业领域都得到了广泛应用。 Zhè xiàng jìshù zài yīliáo, jiàoyù hé gōngyè lǐngyù dōu dédào le guǎngfàn yìngyòng. This technology...
威胁 (wēixié) — Threaten
威胁 (wēixié) 威胁 means to threaten someone or something, or refers to a threat that puts someone at risk. Meanings [verb] to threaten; to intimidate; to pose a threat to [noun] threat; menace Example Sentences 污染正在严重威胁这里的生态环境。 Wūrǎn zhèngzài yánzhòng wēixié zhèlǐ de shēngtài huánjìng. Pollution is seriously threatening the ecological environment here. 他受到了恐怖分子的威胁，不敢出门。 Tā shòudào le kǒngbù fènzǐ de wēixié, bù gǎn chūmén. He was threatened by terrorists and didn't...
正式 (zhèngshì) — formal; official; proper
正式 (zhèngshì) 正式 means formal, official, or proper, describing something done according to official procedures or in a formal setting. Meanings [adjective] formal; official; done in accordance with proper or established procedures Example Sentences 请穿正式的服装参加面试。 Qǐng chuān zhèngshì de fúzhuāng cānjiā miànshì. Please wear formal attire for the interview. 公司正式宣布了新计划。 Gōngsī zhèngshì xuānbù le xīn jìhuà. The company officially announced the new plan. 这是一次正式的外交会议。 Zhè shì yī cì zhèngshì de...
科技 (kējì) — technology; science and technology
科技 (kējì) 科技 is a shorthand combining 科学 (science) and 技术 (technology), referring to the field of science and technology together. Meanings [noun] technology; science and technology; the combined field of scientific knowledge and its technical applications Example Sentences 现代科技改变了人们的生活方式。 Xiàndài kējì gǎibiàn le rénmen de shēnghuó fāngshì. Modern technology has changed people's way of life. 这家公司专注于高科技产品的研发。 Zhè jiā gōngsī zhuānzhù yú gāo kējì chǎnpǐn de yánfā. This company focuses...
效率 (xiàolǜ) — efficiency; effectiveness
效率 (xiàolǜ) 效率 refers to efficiency, describing how well resources such as time and energy are used to achieve results, with minimal waste. Meanings [noun] efficiency; effectiveness; productivity Example Sentences 提高工作效率是每个员工的目标。 Tígāo gōngzuò xiàolǜ shì měi gè yuángōng de mùbiāo. Improving work efficiency is the goal of every employee. 这个新软件大大提高了数据处理的效率。 Zhège xīn ruǎnjiàn dàdà tígāole shùjù chǔlǐ de xiàolǜ. This new software greatly improved data processing efficiency. 开会太多会降低团队的工作效率。 Kāihuì tài...
历程 (lìchéng) — course; journey; process
历程 (lìchéng) 历程 refers to the course or journey that something or someone goes through over time, emphasizing the process of development or change. Meanings [noun] course, process, or journey of development through a period of time Example Sentences 这本书记录了他的成长历程。 Zhè běn shū jìlù le tā de chéngzhǎng lìchéng. This book records his journey of growing up. 中国的现代化历程令世界瞩目。 Zhōngguó de xiàndàihuà lìchéng lìng shìjiè zhǔmù. China's modernization process has attracted...
因此 (yīncǐ) — therefore; as a result; thus
因此 (yīncǐ) 因此 connects a cause to its result, meaning "therefore" or "as a result," and is commonly used in written and spoken Chinese. Meanings [conjunction] Therefore; as a result; thus (links a cause to its consequence). Example Sentences 他努力学习，因此考试得了高分。 Tā nǔlì xuéxí, yīncǐ kǎoshì dé le gāo fēn. He studied hard; therefore he got a high score on the exam. 天气很冷，因此很多人待在家里。 Tiānqì hěn lěng, yīncǐ hěn duō rén dāi...
创新 (chuàngxīn) — to innovate; innovation
创新 (chuàngxīn) 创新 means to innovate or bring about innovation, referring to the creation of new ideas, methods, or products that improve on what exists. Meanings [verb] to innovate, to create new approaches or ideas [noun] innovation, a new idea or method that represents an improvement Example Sentences 创新是推动社会进步的重要力量。 Chuàngxīn shì tuīdòng shèhuì jìnbù de zhòngyào lìliàng. Innovation is an important force driving social progress. 这家公司鼓励员工不断创新。 Zhè jiā gōngsī gǔlì...
正确 (zhèngquè) — correct / right
正确 (zhèngquè) 正确 means correct, right, or accurate, used to evaluate answers, methods, attitudes, and decisions. Meanings [adjective] correct; right; accurate; proper Example Sentences 你的答案是正确的。 Nǐ de dá'àn shì zhèngquè de. Your answer is correct. 我们需要用正确的方法解决问题。 Wǒmen xūyào yòng zhèngquè de fāngfǎ jiějué wèntí. We need to use the correct method to solve the problem. 他的判断非常正确。 Tā de pànduàn fēicháng zhèngquè. His judgment was very accurate. 保持正确的态度很重要。 Bǎochí zhèngquè de...
地区 (dìqū) — region; area; district
地区 (dìqū) 地区 refers to a geographical region, area, or district, often used to describe areas defined by location, climate, or administrative boundaries. Meanings [noun] a region, area, or district defined by geography or administration Example Sentences 这个地区的经济发展非常迅速。 Zhège dìqū de jīngjì fāzhǎn fēicháng xùnsù. The economic development of this region is very rapid. 不同地区的饮食文化差异很大。 Bùtóng dìqū de yǐnshí wénhuà chāyì hěn dà. Food culture varies greatly across different regions....
勤奋 (qínfèn) — Diligent
勤奋 (qínfèn) 勤奋 describes a person who works hard and persistently without laziness. Meanings [adjective] diligent; hardworking; industrious Example Sentences 她非常勤奋，每天学习十个小时。 Tā fēicháng qínfèn, měitiān xuéxí shí gè xiǎoshí. She is very diligent and studies ten hours every day. 勤奋的人往往比聪明的人更成功。 Qínfèn de rén wǎngwǎng bǐ cōngmíng de rén gèng chénggōng. Diligent people are often more successful than clever ones. 他以勤奋著称，从不迟到早退。 Tā yǐ qínfèn zhùchēng, cóng bù chídào zǎotuì. He is...
方案 (fāng'àn) — plan; scheme; program; proposal
方案 (fāng'àn) 方案 is a detailed, thought-out plan or proposal designed to achieve a specific goal or solve a problem. Meanings [noun] Plan; scheme; program; proposal; solution. Example Sentences 我们提出了一个新的发展方案。 Wǒmen tíchūle yīgè xīn de fāzhǎn fāng'àn. We put forward a new development plan. 这个方案需要进一步讨论。 Zhège fāng'àn xūyào jìnyībù tǎolùn. This proposal needs further discussion. 请在明天前提交你的方案。 Qǐng zài míngtiān qián tíjiāo nǐ de fāng'àn. Please submit your plan before tomorrow....
客户 (kèhù) — Client
客户 (kèhù) 客户 refers to a client or customer in a business context, typically someone who has an ongoing relationship with a company. Meanings [noun] client; customer; account Example Sentences 我们公司有来自全球各地的客户。 Wǒmen gōngsī yǒu láizì quánqiú gèdì de kèhù. Our company has clients from all over the world. 保持良好的客户关系是业务成功的关键。 Bǎochí liánghǎo de kèhù guānxi shì yèwù chénggōng de guānjiàn. Maintaining good client relationships is the key to business success. 他花了一个下午拜访重要客户。...
研究员 (yánjiūyuán) — researcher
研究员 (yánjiūyuán) 研究员 refers to a researcher or research scientist, typically someone employed at a research institute, university, or laboratory to conduct systematic investigation. Meanings [noun] researcher, research fellow, research scientist Example Sentences 她是一位优秀的研究员。 Tā shì yī wèi yōuxiù de yánjiūyuán. She is an outstanding researcher. 这位研究员在实验室工作了二十年。 Zhè wèi yánjiūyuán zài shíyànshì gōngzuò le èrshí nián. This researcher has worked in the laboratory for twenty years. 研究员们发现了一种新的治疗方法。 Yánjiūyuánmen fāxiàn le...
项目 (xiàngmù) — project; item; program
项目 (xiàngmù) 项目 means "project," "item," or "program" and refers to a planned undertaking or a specific item in a list or program. Meanings [noun] project; program; initiative [noun] item; entry (in a list, form, or program) Example Sentences 这个研究项目已经进行了两年。 Zhège yánjiū xiàngmù yǐjīng jìnxíng le liǎng nián. This research project has been underway for two years. 奥运会有很多不同的比赛项目。 Àoyùnhuì yǒu hěn duō bùtóng de bǐsài xiàngmù. The Olympics has many...
保护 (bǎohù) — to protect; to safeguard
保护 (bǎohù) 保护 means to actively shield a person, animal, object, or environment from damage, harm, or loss. Meanings [verb] To protect, to safeguard, to preserve from harm. Example Sentences 政府出台了新的法律来保护濒危野生动物。 Zhèngfǔ chūtái le xīn de fǎlǜ lái bǎohù bīndāng yěshēng dòngwù. The government introduced new laws to protect endangered wildlife. 戴口罩是保护自己和他人不受病毒感染的有效方式。 Dài kǒuzhào shì bǎohù zìjǐ hé tārén bù shòu bìngdú gǎnrǎn de yǒuxiào fāngshì. Wearing a mask is...
自信 (zìxìn) — confident / confidence
自信 (zìxìn) 自信 means having confidence in oneself, or the quality of self-confidence. Meanings [adjective] confident; self-confident [noun] self-confidence; confidence Example Sentences 她在舞台上表现得非常自信。 Tā zài wǔtái shàng biǎoxiàn de fēicháng zìxìn. She performed very confidently on stage. 你要对自己有自信。 Nǐ yào duì zìjǐ yǒu zìxìn. You need to have confidence in yourself. 成功能给人带来自信。 Chénggōng néng gěi rén dài lái zìxìn. Success can give people confidence. 他缺乏自信，不敢开口说话。 Tā quēfá zìxìn, bù gǎn...
不过 (búguò) — However / but / only
不过 (búguò) 不过 is a versatile word used either as a conjunction meaning "however/but" (softer than 但是) or as an adverb meaning "only/merely." Meanings [conjunction] however, but (introduces a mild contrast or exception) [adverb] only, merely, just (downplays the scale of something) Example Sentences 这道题很难，不过我还是做出来了。 Zhè dào tí hěn nán, búguò wǒ háishì zuò chūlái le. This problem was very difficult, but I still managed to solve it. 他不过是个孩子，不要对他太严格。 Tā...
阶段 (jiēduàn) — stage; phase; period
阶段 (jiēduàn) 阶段 means "stage," "phase," or "period" and refers to a distinct part or step within a longer process or development. Meanings [noun] stage; phase; period; step in a process Example Sentences 这个项目分三个阶段进行。 Zhège xiàngmù fēn sān gè jiēduàn jìnxíng. This project is carried out in three stages. 青少年时期是人生的重要阶段。 Qīngshàonián shíqī shì rénshēng de zhòngyào jiēduàn. Adolescence is an important stage of life. 我们现在处于第二阶段。 Wǒmen xiànzài chǔyú dì èr...
改革 (gǎigé) — reform; to reform
改革 (gǎigé) 改革 means reform — the process of making meaningful changes to a system, institution, or policy in order to improve it. It is used both as a noun and a verb. Meanings n reform v to reform, to carry out reforms Example Sentences 中国在1978年开始了重大的经济改革。 Zhōngguó zài 1978 nián kāishǐ le zhòngdà de jīngjì gǎigé. China began major economic reforms in 1978. 政府计划改革现有的教育制度。 Zhèngfǔ jìhuà gǎigé xiànyǒu de jiàoyù...
学习 (xuéxí) — to study; to learn
学习 (xuéxí) 学习 is a fundamental Chinese verb meaning to study or learn, referring to the active process of acquiring knowledge, skills, or understanding. Meanings [verb] to study; to learn; to pursue knowledge [noun] study; learning; the act of learning Example Sentences 她每天花两个小时学习中文。 Tā měitiān huā liǎng gè xiǎoshí xuéxí zhōngwén. She spends two hours every day studying Chinese. 学习一门新技能需要时间和耐心。 Xuéxí yī mén xīn jìnéng xūyào shíjiān hé nàixīn. Learning...
媒体 (méitǐ) — media; medium
媒体 (méitǐ) 媒体 refers to the media, including television, newspapers, the internet, and other channels used to communicate information to the public. Meanings [noun] the media; mass media; a medium of communication Example Sentences 媒体对这件事进行了大量报道。 Méitǐ duì zhè jiàn shì jìnxíngle dàliàng bàodào. The media covered this matter extensively. 社交媒体改变了人们的沟通方式。 Shèjiāo méitǐ gǎibiànle rénmen de gōutōng fāngshì. Social media has changed the way people communicate. 他在一家大型媒体公司工作。 Tā zài yī jiā...
费用 (fèiyòng) — fee; cost; expense
费用 (fèiyòng) 费用 means "fee," "cost," or "expense" and refers to money that is spent or charged in connection with an activity, service, or transaction. Meanings [noun] fee; cost; expense; charge Example Sentences 这次旅行的费用大概是五千元。 Zhè cì lǚxíng de fèiyòng dàgài shì wǔqiān yuán. The cost of this trip is approximately five thousand yuan. 医疗费用越来越高，让很多人担忧。 Yīliáo fèiyòng yuèláiyuè gāo, ràng hěn duō rén dānyōu. Medical expenses are getting higher and higher,...
谦虚 (qiānxū) — humble / modest
谦虚 (qiānxū) 谦虚 describes the quality of being humble or modest, not boasting about one's achievements or abilities. Meanings [adjective] humble; modest; unassuming Example Sentences 他虽然很有才华，但总是非常谦虚。 Tā suīrán hěn yǒu cáihuá, dàn zǒng shì fēicháng qiānxū. Although he is very talented, he is always very humble. 谦虚的人更容易受到大家的尊重。 Qiānxū de rén gèng róngyì shòudào dàjiā de zūnzhòng. Humble people are more likely to earn everyone's respect. 面对赞美，她谦虚地说自己还需要进步。 Miànduì zànměi, tā qiānxū...
耐心 (nàixīn) — patient / patience
耐心 (nàixīn) 耐心 describes the quality of being patient, or refers to patience itself as a trait or resource. Meanings [adjective] patient; forbearing [noun] patience Example Sentences 老师很耐心地解释每一个问题。 Lǎoshī hěn nàixīn de jiěshì měi yīgè wèntí. The teacher patiently explained every question. 学习语言需要很大的耐心。 Xuéxí yǔyán xūyào hěn dà de nàixīn. Learning a language requires a great deal of patience. 他对孩子总是很有耐心。 Tā duì háizi zǒng shì hěn yǒu nàixīn. He is...
但是 (dànshì) — But / however
但是 (dànshì) 但是 is one of the most common conjunctions in Chinese, used to introduce a contrasting or qualifying statement — equivalent to "but" or "however" in English. Meanings [conjunction] but, however, yet (introduces contrast or an opposing point) Example Sentences 这道菜很好吃，但是太辣了。 Zhè dào cài hěn hǎochī, dànshì tài là le. This dish is delicious, but it is too spicy. 他很努力，但是成绩还是不够好。 Tā hěn nǔlì, dànshì chéngjì háishì bùgòu hǎo. He...
期限 (qīxiàn) — deadline; time limit
期限 (qīxiàn) 期限 means a deadline or time limit, referring to the fixed date or period by which something must be done. Meanings [noun] deadline; time limit; a set period within which something must be completed Example Sentences 这个项目的期限是下周五。 Zhège xiàngmù de qīxiàn shì xià zhōuwǔ. The deadline for this project is next Friday. 我们必须在规定期限内完成任务。 Wǒmen bìxū zài guīdìng qīxiàn nèi wánchéng rènwu. We must complete the task within the...
思考 (sīkǎo) — to think; to ponder
思考 (sīkǎo) 思考 means to think carefully or reflect on something -- it implies a deliberate, focused mental effort rather than casual thought. Meanings [verb] to think (carefully); to ponder; to reflect on [noun] thought; reflection; consideration Example Sentences 请认真思考这个问题。 Qǐng rènzhēn sīkǎo zhège wèntí. Please think carefully about this question. 他深思考了很久才做出决定。 Tā shēn sīkǎole hěn jiǔ cái zuòchū juédìng. He pondered for a long time before making a decision....
担任 (dānrèn) — to serve as; to hold (a position)
担任 (dānrèn) 担任 describes the formal holding of a position, role, or responsibility, often in an official or professional context. Meanings [verb] To serve as, to hold (a position or role), to take on (a responsibility). Example Sentences 他在这家公司担任首席财务官已有十年之久。 Tā zài zhè jiā gōngsī dānrèn shǒuxí cáiwùguān yǐ yǒu shí nián zhī jiǔ. He has served as Chief Financial Officer of this company for ten years. 她被邀请担任本届国际学术会议的主席。 Tā bèi yāoqǐng...
心理健康 (xīnlǐ jiànkāng) — mental health
心理健康 (xīnlǐ jiànkāng) 心理健康 refers to mental and emotional wellbeing. As awareness of mental health grows in Chinese society, this term has become increasingly important in both everyday and formal contexts. Meanings [noun] mental health; psychological wellbeing; emotional health Example Sentences 我们要同样重视身体健康和心理健康。 Wǒmen yào tóngyàng zhòngshì shēntǐ jiànkāng hé xīnlǐ jiànkāng. We should pay equal attention to physical health and mental health. 长期的压力会影响一个人的心理健康。 Chángqī de yālì huì yǐngxiǎng yī gè...
正常 (zhèngcháng) — normal; regular; usual
正常 (zhèngcháng) 正常 describes a state, condition, or behavior that falls within the expected, standard, or healthy range. Meanings [adjective] Normal; regular; usual; within the standard range. Example Sentences 他的体温很正常。 Tā de tǐwēn hěn zhèngcháng. His body temperature is quite normal. 今天一切都很正常。 Jīntiān yīqiè dōu hěn zhèngcháng. Everything is completely normal today. 这种担心是正常的。 Zhè zhǒng dānyōu shì zhèngcháng de. This kind of worry is normal. 火车运行正常，没有延误。 Huǒchē yùnxíng zhèngcháng, méiyǒu...
怀疑 (huáiyí) — to doubt; to suspect
怀疑 (huáiyí) 怀疑 means to doubt or suspect something or someone, and can also function as a noun meaning doubt or suspicion. Meanings [verb] to doubt; to suspect; to question [noun] doubt; suspicion Example Sentences 我怀疑他说的不是真话。 Wǒ huáiyí tā shuō de bù shì zhēnhuà. I suspect what he said is not true. 她对这个计划有很多怀疑。 Tā duì zhège jìhuà yǒu hěn duō huáiyí. She has many doubts about this plan. 别怀疑自己的能力。 Bié...
通过 (tōngguò) — through; by means of; to pass
通过 (tōngguò) 通过 can mean "to pass through" a place, "to pass" an exam or vote, or "by means of" as a preposition indicating a method or channel. Meanings [preposition] Through; by means of; via (indicates the method or channel used). [verb] To pass (an exam, a law, a review); to go through. Example Sentences 他通过努力学习，终于考上了大学。 Tā tōngguò nǔlì xuéxí, zhōngyú kǎo shàng le dàxué. By studying hard, he finally...
提到 (tídào) — to mention; to bring up
提到 (tídào) 提到 means to mention or bring up a topic, referring to the act of briefly referring to something in conversation or writing without necessarily elaborating on it. Meanings [verb] to mention; to bring up; to refer to Example Sentences 他在演讲中提到了环境污染的问题。 Tā zài yǎnjiǎng zhōng tídàole huánjìng wūrǎn de wèntí. He mentioned the issue of environmental pollution in his speech. 你刚才提到的那本书，我也读过。 Nǐ gāngcái tídào de nà běn shū, wǒ...
根据 (gēnjù) — according to; based on; basis
根据 (gēnjù) 根据 introduces the source, evidence, or basis upon which an action or conclusion rests, and also functions as a noun meaning a foundation or grounds. Meanings [preposition] According to, based on, in accordance with. [noun] Basis, grounds, evidence, foundation. Example Sentences 根据最新的调查报告，超过半数的受访者对现有的医疗服务不满意。 Gēnjù zuìxīn de diàochá bàogào, chāoguò bànshù de shòufǎng zhě duì xiànyǒu de yīliáo fúwù bù mǎnyì. According to the latest survey report, more than half...
证书 (zhèngshū) — certificate; credential
证书 (zhèngshū) 证书 means "certificate" or "credential" and refers to an official document that proves a qualification, achievement, or authorization. Meanings [noun] certificate; credential; diploma; license Example Sentences 她获得了汉语水平考试的证书。 Tā huòdé le Hànyǔ Shuǐpíng Kǎoshì de zhèngshū. She obtained a certificate from the Chinese Proficiency Test. 申请这份工作需要提交相关证书。 Shēnqǐng zhè fèn gōngzuò xūyào tíjiāo xiāngguān zhèngshū. Applying for this job requires submitting relevant certificates. 他的办公室挂着各种专业证书。 Tā de bàngōngshì guà zhe gèzhǒng...
技术 (jìshù) — technology; technique; skill
技术 (jìshù) 技术 refers to technology, technical skill, or a specialized technique used in a particular field. Meanings [noun] Technology; technique; technical skill. Example Sentences 这家公司在技术方面领先全球。 Zhè jiā gōngsī zài jìshù fāngmiàn lǐngxiān quánqiú. This company leads the world in technology. 他的技术非常熟练。 Tā de jìshù fēicháng shúliàn. His technical skills are very proficient. 新技术的应用改变了我们的生活方式。 Xīn jìshù de yìngyòng gǎibiàn le wǒmen de shēnghuó fāngshì. The application of new technology has...
处理 (chǔlǐ) — to handle; to deal with; to process
处理 (chǔlǐ) 处理 covers the full range of managing, resolving, and processing — from everyday problems to technical operations. Meanings [verb] To handle, to deal with, to manage, to take care of (a situation or problem). [verb] To process, to treat (data, materials, or cases). Example Sentences 她每天都要处理大量的工作邮件，效率非常高。 Tā měitiān dōu yào chǔlǐ dàliàng de gōngzuò yóujiàn, xiàolǜ fēicháng gāo. She has to handle a large volume of work emails...
总的来说 (zǒng de lái shuō) — generally speaking
总的来说 (zǒng de lái shuō) 总的来说 is a set phrase used to introduce a general conclusion or overall assessment, equivalent to "generally speaking," "overall," or "on the whole." Meanings [phrase] generally speaking; on the whole; overall Example Sentences 总的来说，这次旅行很愉快。 Zǒng de lái shuō, zhè cì lǚxíng hěn yúkuài. Generally speaking, this trip was very enjoyable. 总的来说，他的表现还不错。 Zǒng de lái shuō, tā de biǎoxiàn hái bùcuò. Overall, his performance was not...
治疗师 (zhìliáoshī) — therapist
治疗师 (zhìliáoshī) 治疗师 refers to a therapist, a trained professional who provides treatment for physical or psychological conditions. It covers a range of specialists from physical therapists to psychotherapists. Meanings [noun] therapist; a professional who provides therapeutic treatment Example Sentences 她每周去看治疗师，帮助自己处理焦虑问题。 Tā měi zhōu qù kàn zhìliáoshī, bāngzhù zìjǐ chǔlǐ jiāolǜ wèntí. She sees a therapist every week to help manage her anxiety. 治疗师建议他进行呼吸练习来减轻压力。 Zhìliáoshī jiànyì tā jìnxíng hūxī liànxí...
批评 (pīpíng) — to criticize; criticism
批评 (pīpíng) 批评 means to point out errors, faults, or problems with someone or something, ranging from constructive feedback to harsh condemnation. Meanings [verb] To criticize, to reproach, to find fault with. [noun] Criticism, critique, reproach. Example Sentences 这位导演的新作品受到了影评人的严厉批评，票房也十分惨淡。 Zhè wèi dǎoyǎn de xīn zuòpǐn shòudào le yǐngpíngrén de yánlì pīpíng, piàofáng yě shífēn cǎndàn. The director's new work received harsh criticism from film critics, and the box office was...
通报 (tōngbào) — to notify; to brief; to inform
通报 (tōngbào) 通报 means "to notify," "to brief," or "to inform" and refers to officially communicating information to a group, often in a formal or organizational context. Meanings [verb] to notify; to inform officially; to brief [noun] official notice; bulletin; circular Example Sentences 领导向全体员工通报了公司的最新情况。 Lǐngdǎo xiàng quántǐ yuángōng tōngbào le gōngsī de zuìxīn qíngkuàng. The leader briefed all employees on the latest company situation. 学校发了通报，说明新的规定。 Xuéxiào fā le tōngbào, shuōmíng...
手术 (shǒushù) — surgery, operation
手术 (shǒushù) 手术 refers to a surgical operation performed by a doctor to treat injury or disease. It is a common medical term used in everyday conversations about health and hospitals. Meanings [noun] surgery; a medical operation involving incision or other physical intervention Example Sentences 医生说他需要做手术才能康复。 Yīshēng shuō tā xūyào zuò shǒushù cái néng kāngfù. The doctor said he needs surgery in order to recover. 手术很成功，病人已经醒了。 Shǒushù hěn chénggōng, bìngrén...
辛辣 (xīnlà) — spicy, pungent
辛辣 (xīnlà) 辛辣 describes a sharp, pungent, or spicy taste typically caused by chili peppers, ginger, or other strong spices. It can also describe sharp, biting language or criticism. Meanings adjective spicy, pungent (having a hot or sharp flavor; also used figuratively for sharp criticism) Example Sentences 四川菜以辛辣著名。 Sìchuān cài yǐ xīnlà zhùmíng. Sichuan cuisine is famous for being spicy. 她不能吃太辛辣的食物。 Tā bù néng chī tài xīnlà de shíwù. She...
从来 (cónglái) — always; at all times (with negation: never)
从来 (cónglái) 从来 indicates that something has consistently been true from the past up to now. In positive sentences it means "always"; when negated with 不 or 没 it means "never." Meanings [adverb] Always; at all times (consistently true from the past to now). [adverb] Never (when used with negation 不 or 没). Example Sentences 她从来不迟到，总是准时到达。 Tā cónglái bù chídào, zǒngshì zhǔnshí dàodá. She never arrives late; she is always...
努力 (nǔlì) — to work hard; effort; diligently
努力 (nǔlì) 努力 describes the sustained application of energy and determination toward a goal, and can function as a verb, noun, or adverb. Meanings [verb] To work hard, to make an effort, to strive. [noun] Effort, hard work, endeavor. [adverb] Diligently, hard, with effort. Example Sentences 尽管她天资平平，但凭借不懈的努力，最终考上了理想的大学。 Jǐnguǎn tā tiānzī píngpíng, dàn píngjiè bùxiè de nǔlì, zuìzhōng kǎo shàng le lǐxiǎng de dàxué. Despite her average natural ability, through relentless...
作用 (zuòyòng) — Function / effect / role
作用 (zuòyòng) 作用 refers to the function, effect, or role that something has — what it does or how it influences something else. Meanings [noun] function, effect, role, action (what something does or contributes) Example Sentences 睡眠对健康有很重要的作用。 Shuìmián duì jiànkāng yǒu hěn zhòngyào de zuòyòng. Sleep plays a very important role in health. 这种药对感冒有很好的作用。 Zhè zhǒng yào duì gǎnmào yǒu hěn hǎo de zuòyòng. This medicine has a good effect...
复杂 (fùzá) — complex; complicated
复杂 (fùzá) 复杂 describes something that has many parts, layers, or factors that make it difficult to understand, analyze, or handle. It can describe situations, problems, systems, relationships, or feelings. Meanings [adjective] Complex; complicated; intricate; involved. Example Sentences 这个案件涉及多方利益，情况十分复杂。 Zhège ànjian shèjí duō fāng lìyì, qíngkuàng shífēn fùzá. This case involves the interests of multiple parties, and the situation is extremely complex. 学习一门语言是一个复杂的过程，需要长期坚持。 Xuéxí yī mén yǔyán shì yīgè fùzá...
考虑 (kǎolǜ) — to consider; to think over
考虑 (kǎolǜ) 考虑 means "to consider" or "to think over" and is used when someone is carefully weighing options or thinking about a situation before making a decision. Meanings [verb] to consider; to think about carefully [verb] to take into account; to bear in mind Example Sentences 你考虑清楚了再做决定。 Nǐ kǎolǜ qīngchǔ le zài zuò juédìng. Think it through carefully before making a decision. 我们需要考虑所有可能性。 Wǒmen xūyào kǎolǜ suǒyǒu kěnéngxìng. We...
推测 (tuīcè) — Infer
推测 (tuīcè) 推测 means to draw a conclusion or make an inference based on available evidence or reasoning. Meanings [verb] to infer; to speculate; to deduce; to conjecture [noun] inference; speculation; conjecture Example Sentences 根据这些数据，我们可以推测市场的未来走向。 Gēnjù zhèxiē shùjù, wǒmen kěyǐ tuīcè shìchǎng de wèilái zǒuxiàng. Based on this data, we can infer the future direction of the market. 他推测天气可能会变，出门带了雨伞。 Tā tuīcè tiānqì kěnéng huì biàn, chūmén dàile yǔsǎn. He speculated...
系统 (xìtǒng) — system; systematic
系统 (xìtǒng) 系统 refers to an organized, interconnected set of parts working together, or describes an approach that is thorough and methodical. Meanings [noun] System; network; organized structure. [adjective] Systematic; thorough; methodical. Example Sentences 这套教育系统需要改革。 Zhè tào jiàoyù xìtǒng xūyào gǎigé. This education system needs reform. 电脑系统突然崩溃了。 Diànnǎo xìtǒng tūrán bēngkuì le. The computer system suddenly crashed. 我们需要系统地解决这个问题。 Wǒmen xūyào xìtǒng de jiějué zhège wèntí. We need to solve this...
依赖 (yīlài) — to rely on; to depend on; dependence
依赖 (yīlài) 依赖 describes a state of needing someone or something for support, functioning, or well-being, and can imply either healthy reliance or unhealthy dependence. Meanings [verb] To rely on, to depend on, to be dependent on. [noun] Dependence, reliance. Example Sentences 过度依赖智能手机导致许多人失去了独立思考和解决问题的能力。 Guòdù yīlài zhìnéng shǒujī dǎozhì xǔduō rén shīqù le dúlì sīkǎo hé jiějué wèntí de nénglì. Excessive dependence on smartphones has caused many people to lose their...
消极 (xiāojí) — negative; passive; pessimistic
消极 (xiāojí) 消极 describes a negative, passive, or pessimistic attitude or approach, the opposite of 积极 (positive, proactive). Meanings [adjective] negative; passive; pessimistic; lacking motivation or a positive outlook Example Sentences 我们不应该用消极的态度面对困难。 Wǒmen bù yīnggāi yòng xiāojí de tàidu miànduì kùnnán. We should not face difficulties with a negative attitude. 他最近情绪很消极，不愿意参加活动。 Tā zuìjìn qíngxù hěn xiāojí, bù yuànyì cānjiā huódòng. He has been very negative lately and unwilling to join...
本质 (běnzhì) — essence; nature; intrinsic
本质 (běnzhì) 本质 refers to the essential nature or fundamental character of something, what something truly is at its core. Meanings [noun] essence; nature; the intrinsic, fundamental quality of a person or thing Example Sentences 我们要认清问题的本质。 Wǒmen yào rènqīng wèntí de běnzhì. We need to clearly understand the essence of the problem. 这两件事的本质是一样的。 Zhè liǎng jiàn shì de běnzhì shì yīyàng de. The nature of these two things is the...
Lesson 6: 越...越 — The More...
Overview The 越...越 pattern expresses proportional change: as one condition increases, another increases correspondingly. It covers everything from "the more you study the better you get" to "the faster it goes the more dangerous it becomes." The related pattern 越来越 (increasingly) describes a unidirectional change over time. Both are frequent in everyday conversation and written Chinese. The challenge is that Chinese places 越 directly before the adjective or verb, whereas...
Lesson 17: City Life
Overview City life is one of the most immediately relevant topics for Chinese learners, particularly those living in or visiting Chinese cities. The vocabulary covers housing costs, transportation, cost of living, and urban facilities. At B1 level you need to go beyond describing what a city has and instead analyze tradeoffs: why people move to cities, what they sacrifice, what urban development means for different groups. The locative pattern 在...
解决 (jiějué) — to solve; to resolve; to settle
解决 (jiějué) 解决 means "to solve," "to resolve," or "to settle" and is used when a problem, conflict, or issue is successfully dealt with. Meanings [verb] to solve; to resolve; to settle (a problem or conflict) [verb] to deal with; to handle; to take care of Example Sentences 这个问题很难解决。 Zhège wèntí hěn nán jiějué. This problem is very difficult to solve. 我们一起找方法解决这个困难。 Wǒmen yīqǐ zhǎo fāngfǎ jiějué zhège kùnnán. Let's...
表现 (biǎoxiàn) — to perform / performance
表现 (biǎoxiàn) 表现 means to show or display behavior, or refers to one's performance or conduct in a given context. Meanings [verb] to show; to display; to perform; to express [noun] performance; behavior; manifestation Example Sentences 他在比赛中的表现非常出色。 Tā zài bǐsài zhōng de biǎoxiàn fēicháng chūsè. His performance in the competition was outstanding. 这个学生在课堂上表现很积极。 Zhège xuéshēng zài kètáng shàng biǎoxiàn hěn jījí. This student performs very actively in class. 她的表现让所有人都印象深刻。 Tā...
机遇 (jīyù) — opportunity / chance
机遇 (jīyù) 机遇 refers to a fortunate opportunity or favorable chance that arises at the right moment. Meanings [noun] opportunity; favorable chance; lucky break Example Sentences 这是一个难得的机遇。 Zhè shì yīgè nándé de jīyù. This is a rare opportunity. 我们要抓住这次机遇。 Wǒmen yào zhuāzhù zhè cì jīyù. We must seize this opportunity. 机遇总是留给有准备的人。 Jīyù zǒng shì liú gěi yǒu zhǔnbèi de rén. Opportunity always favors the prepared. 经济发展带来了新的机遇。 Jīngjì fāzhǎn dài lái...
社会 (shèhuì) — society; community
社会 (shèhuì) 社会 refers to the organized collective of people with shared laws, institutions, and culture, or to the broader community outside one's immediate circle. Meanings [noun] Society; community; the public. Example Sentences 每个人都应该对社会做出贡献。 Měi gè rén dōu yīnggāi duì shèhuì zuòchū gòngxiàn. Everyone should make a contribution to society. 科技的进步推动了社会的发展。 Kējì de jìnbù tuīdòng le shèhuì de fāzhǎn. Advances in science and technology have driven the development of society....
速度 (sùdù) — speed; pace; velocity
速度 (sùdù) 速度 refers to the rate of movement or change, covering physical speed as well as the pace of development or progress. Meanings [noun] Speed; pace; velocity; rate. Example Sentences 这列高铁的速度超过三百公里每小时。 Zhè liè gāotiě de sùdù chāoguò sānbǎi gōnglǐ měi xiǎoshí. The speed of this high-speed train exceeds 300 kilometers per hour. 请说话慢一点，你的速度太快了。 Qǐng shuōhuà màn yīdiǎn, nǐ de sùdù tài kuài le. Please speak more slowly; your pace...
同意 (tóngyì) — Agree
同意 (tóngyì) 同意 means to agree with someone's opinion or to give consent or approval for something. Meanings [verb] to agree; to consent; to approve; to give permission Example Sentences 我完全同意你的看法。 Wǒ wánquán tóngyì nǐ de kànfǎ. I completely agree with your view. 父母同意了她去国外留学。 Fùmǔ tóngyìle tā qù guówài liúxué. Her parents agreed to let her study abroad. 他不同意这个方案，提出了很多意见。 Tā bù tóngyì zhège fāng'àn, tíchūle hěn duō yìjiàn. He did...
提出 (tíchū) — to propose; to put forward; to raise
提出 (tíchū) 提出 means to propose, raise, or put forward an idea, question, or suggestion, introducing it into a discussion or bringing it to someone's attention for consideration. Meanings [verb] to propose; to put forward; to raise; to bring up Example Sentences 他在会议上提出了一个新的解决方案。 Tā zài huìyì shàng tíchūle yīgè xīn de jiějué fāng'àn. He put forward a new solution at the meeting. 学生们可以向老师提出问题。 Xuéshēngmen kěyǐ xiàng lǎoshī tíchū wèntí. Students...
原则 (yuánzé) — principle; rule; tenet
原则 (yuánzé) 原则 refers to a fundamental principle, rule, or guiding belief that directs one's behavior or approach to decisions. Meanings [noun] a principle, rule, or fundamental tenet that guides behavior or decisions Example Sentences 诚实是他做人的基本原则。 Chénshí shì tā zuòrén de jīběn yuánzé. Honesty is his basic principle in life. 我们必须坚持公平公正的原则。 Wǒmen bìxū jiānchí gōngpíng gōngzhèng de yuánzé. We must adhere to the principle of fairness and justice. 这个决定违反了公司的核心原则。 Zhège...
具体 (jùtǐ) — specific; concrete; detailed
具体 (jùtǐ) 具体 describes information, plans, or ideas that are particular, detailed, and concrete rather than vague or abstract. Meanings [adjective] Specific; concrete; detailed; particular. Example Sentences 你能说得更具体一点吗？ Nǐ néng shuō de gèng jùtǐ yīdiǎn ma? Can you be a bit more specific? 我们需要一个具体的计划。 Wǒmen xūyào yīgè jùtǐ de jìhuà. We need a concrete plan. 请告诉我具体的时间和地点。 Qǐng gàosù wǒ jùtǐ de shíjiān hé dìdiǎn. Please tell me the specific time...
味道 (wèidào) — flavor, taste
味道 (wèidào) 味道 describes the flavor or taste of food and drink, and can also be used figuratively to describe the "feel" or impression of a situation or experience. Meanings noun flavor, taste (sensation perceived when eating or smelling food) Example Sentences 这道菜的味道真好！ Zhè dào cài de wèidào zhēn hǎo! This dish tastes really good! 她尝了一口，觉得味道有点咸。 Tā cháng le yī kǒu, juéde wèidào yǒudiǎn xián. She took a bite and...
控制 (kòngzhì) — to control; to manage; control
控制 (kòngzhì) 控制 means to regulate, restrain, or keep something within desired limits, whether physical, emotional, or systemic. Meanings [verb] To control, to manage, to regulate, to restrain. [noun] Control, management, regulation. Example Sentences 政府采取了一系列措施来控制物价上涨的速度。 Zhèngfǔ cǎiqǔ le yī xìliè cuòshī lái kòngzhì wùjià shàngzhǎng de sùdù. The government took a series of measures to control the pace of price increases. 在压力极大的情况下，他依然能够控制自己的情绪，冷静应对。 Zài yālì jí dà de qíngkuàng xià, tā...
统计 (tǒngjì) — statistics, to count
统计 (tǒngjì) 统计 refers to statistics as a body of data, and also means to compile or tally data systematically. Meanings [noun] statistics, statistical data [verb] to compile statistics, to count up, to tally Example Sentences 根据最新统计，这个城市有一千万人口。 Gēnjù zuìxīn tǒngjì, zhège chéngshì yǒu yīqiān wàn rénkǒu. According to the latest statistics, this city has a population of ten million. 我们需要统计一下参加会议的人数。 Wǒmen xūyào tǒngjì yīxià cānjiā huìyì de rénshù. We need...
Lesson 16: Health & Medicine
Overview Health and medicine vocabulary at B1 extends beyond symptoms and appointments into the realm of medical systems, insurance, procedures, and recovery. Two key grammar points accompany this topic: the advanced 被 passive (which expresses that a patient undergoes a procedure or suffers a condition) and 受 + noun (which expresses undergoing an experience, often an emotional or physical impact). The challenge with 被 at this level is knowing when...
粗鲁 (cūlǔ) — rude, crude
粗鲁 (cūlǔ) 粗鲁 describes behavior or speech that is rude, rough, or lacking in consideration for others, often carrying a strongly negative judgment. Meanings [adjective] rude, crude, rough, impolite, boorish Example Sentences 他说话很粗鲁，让大家都很不舒服。 Tā shuōhuà hěn cūlǔ, ràng dàjiā dōu hěn bù shūfu. He speaks very rudely, making everyone feel uncomfortable. 粗鲁的行为会让人失去朋友。 Cūlǔ de xíngwéi huì ràng rén shīqù péngyou. Rude behavior will cause people to lose friends. 不要对长辈说话粗鲁。 Bùyào...
方向 (fāngxiàng) — direction; orientation
方向 (fāngxiàng) 方向 refers to a physical direction such as north or left, or a figurative direction such as the path of a career or project. Meanings [noun] Direction; orientation (a physical bearing or figurative course of action). Example Sentences 请问火车站在哪个方向？ Qǐngwèn huǒchēzhàn zài nǎge fāngxiàng? Excuse me, in which direction is the train station? 我们需要重新考虑公司的发展方向。 Wǒmen xūyào chóngxīn kǎolǜ gōngsī de fāzhǎn fāngxiàng. We need to reconsider the direction...
进步 (jìnbù) — to improve / progress
进步 (jìnbù) 进步 means to make progress or improve, and as a noun refers to progress or advancement. Meanings [verb] to make progress; to improve; to advance [noun] progress; improvement; advancement Example Sentences 你的中文进步很快！ Nǐ de Zhōngwén jìnbù hěn kuài! Your Chinese is improving very quickly! 只要坚持努力，就一定会有进步。 Zhǐyào jiānchí nǔlì, jiù yīdìng huì yǒu jìnbù. As long as you keep working hard, you will definitely make progress. 科技的进步改变了我们的生活。 Kējì de...
扩大 (kuòdà) — to expand; to enlarge; to extend
扩大 (kuòdà) 扩大 means to expand, enlarge, or extend something, making its scope, size, or scale greater than before. Meanings [verb] to expand; to enlarge; to extend; to broaden Example Sentences 公司计划扩大在亚洲的市场。 Gōngsī jìhuà kuòdà zài yàzhōu de shìchǎng. The company plans to expand its market in Asia. 我们需要扩大交流与合作的范围。 Wǒmen xūyào kuòdà jiāoliú yǔ hézuò de fànwéi. We need to expand the scope of exchange and cooperation. 这次活动扩大了他的社交圈。 Zhè cì...
领导 (lǐngdǎo) — leader; leadership; to lead
领导 (lǐngdǎo) 领导 means "leader," "leadership," or "to lead" and refers to guiding or being in charge of a group, organization, or effort. Meanings [verb] to lead; to guide; to head [noun] leader; leadership; (a person in authority) Example Sentences 她被选为团队的领导。 Tā bèi xuǎn wéi tuánduì de lǐngdǎo. She was selected as the team leader. 好的领导要能够激励团队成员。 Hǎo de lǐngdǎo yào nénggòu jīlì tuánduì chéngyuán. A good leader must be able...
灵活 (línghuó) — flexible; agile; adaptable
灵活 (línghuó) 灵活 describes the quality of being flexible, agile, or adaptable — able to move, think, or respond quickly and easily in response to changing conditions. It is used for people (quick-thinking), schedules (flexible hours), and methods (versatile approaches). Meanings [adjective] Flexible; agile; nimble; adaptable; versatile. Example Sentences 公司为员工提供了灵活的工作时间安排，有助于提高工作积极性。 Gōngsī wèi yuángōng tígōng le línghuó de gōngzuò shíjiān ānpái, yǒu zhù yú tígāo gōngzuò jījí xìng. The company offers...
帮助 (bāngzhù) — to help; help
帮助 (bāngzhù) 帮助 means to help or assist someone, and can also function as a noun meaning help or assistance. Meanings [verb] to help; to assist [noun] help; assistance Example Sentences 谢谢你帮助我。 Xièxiè nǐ bāngzhù wǒ. Thank you for helping me. 他的帮助对我很重要。 Tā de bāngzhù duì wǒ hěn zhòngyào. His help is very important to me. 我需要你的帮助。 Wǒ xūyào nǐ de bāngzhù. I need your help. 她帮助了很多人找到工作。 Tā bāngzhùle hěn...
表明 (biǎomíng) — to indicate; to make clear; to show
表明 (biǎomíng) 表明 means "to indicate," "to make clear," or "to show" and is used when someone or something clearly demonstrates or states a position, attitude, or fact. Meanings [verb] to indicate; to show clearly [verb] to make clear; to express; to state explicitly Example Sentences 他的行动表明他非常认真。 Tā de xíngdòng biǎomíng tā fēicháng rènzhēn. His actions show that he is very serious. 调查结果表明这个方法有效。 Diàochá jiéguǒ biǎomíng zhège fāngfǎ yǒuxiào. The...
特征 (tèzhēng) — characteristic; feature; trait
特征 (tèzhēng) 特征 refers to a distinguishing characteristic, feature, or trait that sets something or someone apart. Meanings [noun] characteristic; feature; trait; a distinguishing property or quality Example Sentences 这种动物最明显的特征是它的长脖子。 Zhè zhǒng dòngwù zuì míngxiǎn de tèzhēng shì tā de cháng bózi. The most obvious characteristic of this animal is its long neck. 了解文化特征有助于促进跨文化交流。 Liǎojiě wénhuà tèzhēng yǒu zhù yú cùjìn kuà wénhuà jiāoliú. Understanding cultural characteristics helps promote cross-cultural...
智能手机 (zhìnéng shǒujī) — smartphone
智能手机 (zhìnéng shǒujī) 智能手机 refers to a smartphone, a handheld device that combines phone functions with computing power. It is the standard term used in everyday speech and writing across all age groups. Meanings [noun] smartphone; an intelligent mobile phone with apps, internet access, and advanced features Example Sentences 他每天都用智能手机查天气。 Tā měitiān dōu yòng zhìnéng shǒujī chá tiānqì. He checks the weather on his smartphone every day. 这款智能手机的电池很耐用。 Zhè kuǎn...
所以 (suǒyǐ) — therefore; so
所以 (suǒyǐ) 所以 is a conjunction meaning "therefore," "so," or "as a result" -- it introduces a conclusion or consequence based on a reason given earlier. Meanings [conjunction] therefore; so; as a result; that is why Example Sentences 他生病了，所以没来上班。 Tā shēngbìng le, suǒyǐ méi lái shàngbān. He was sick, so he didn't come to work. 因为下雨，所以我们取消了比赛。 Yīnwèi xià yǔ, suǒyǐ wǒmen qǔxiāole bǐsài. Because it was raining, we cancelled the...
总共 (zǒnggòng) — in total; altogether; in all
总共 (zǒnggòng) 总共 indicates the total sum of something when all parts are counted together, meaning "in total," "altogether," or "in all." Meanings [adverb] In total; altogether; in all (states the combined count or amount). Example Sentences 这次旅行总共花了三千元。 Zhè cì lǚxíng zǒnggòng huā le sānqiān yuán. This trip cost three thousand yuan in total. 班上总共有三十名学生。 Bān shàng zǒnggòng yǒu sānshí míng xuésheng. There are thirty students in the class altogether....
解释 (jiěshì) — to explain; to interpret; explanation
解释 (jiěshì) 解释 means to explain by giving reasons, causes, or the meaning behind something. It is used when someone wants to justify an action, clarify a misunderstanding, or define a concept. As a noun it refers to an explanation or interpretation. Meanings [verb] To explain; to interpret; to account for; to justify. [noun] Explanation; interpretation. Example Sentences 他详细解释了迟到的原因，大家表示理解。 Tā xiángxì jiěshì le chídào de yuányīn, dàjiā biǎoshì lǐjiě. He...
节省 (jiéshěng) — to save; to economize
节省 (jiéshěng) 节省 means "to save" or "to economize" and refers to using resources such as money, time, or energy carefully to avoid waste. Meanings [verb] to save; to economize; to be frugal with [adjective] economical; thrifty Example Sentences 坐地铁可以节省很多时间。 Zuò dìtiě kěyǐ jiéshěng hěn duō shíjiān. Taking the subway can save a lot of time. 他养成了节省的好习惯。 Tā yǎngchéng le jiéshěng de hǎo xíguàn. He developed the good habit of...
交流 (jiāoliú) — to exchange; to communicate; exchange
交流 (jiāoliú) 交流 describes the two-way sharing of ideas, information, or experiences, emphasizing the mutual and interactive nature of the exchange. Meanings [verb] To exchange, to communicate, to share (ideas, experiences, views). [noun] An exchange, communication, interaction. Example Sentences 这次国际学术会议为来自不同国家的研究人员提供了交流的平台。 Zhè cì guójì xuéshù huìyì wèi láizì bùtóng guójiā de yánjiū rényuán tígōng le jiāoliú de píngtái. This international academic conference provided a platform for researchers from different countries to...
基础 (jīchǔ) — foundation; basis; groundwork
基础 (jīchǔ) 基础 refers to the foundational knowledge, skills, or physical structure upon which something more advanced is built. Meanings [noun] Foundation; basis; groundwork; base; fundamentals. Example Sentences 学好数学需要打好基础。 Xué hǎo shùxué xūyào dǎ hǎo jīchǔ. Learning mathematics well requires building a solid foundation. 这栋楼的基础非常牢固。 Zhè dòng lóu de jīchǔ fēicháng láogù. The foundation of this building is very solid. 没有良好的语言基础很难阅读专业文章。 Méiyǒu liánghǎo de yǔyán jīchǔ hěn nán yuèdú zhuānyè...
Lesson 4: Pivotal Constructions
Overview A pivotal construction (兼语句, jiānyǔ jù) is a sentence where the object of the first verb simultaneously serves as the subject of the second verb. The structure is V1 + [pivot NP] + V2. This creates a chain where the middle noun phrase carries two grammatical roles. In English you use "make someone do" or "let someone do" similarly, but Chinese has a richer set of pivotal verbs with...
设施 (shèshī) — facility; installation; infrastructure
设施 (shèshī) 设施 means "facility," "installation," or "infrastructure" and refers to physical systems or equipment set up to serve a specific purpose. Meanings [noun] facility; installation; infrastructure; amenity Example Sentences 这个酒店的设施非常完善。 Zhège jiǔdiàn de shèshī fēicháng wánshàn. The facilities of this hotel are very complete. 城市的基础设施需要不断改善。 Chéngshì de jīchǔ shèshī xūyào bùduàn gǎishàn. Urban infrastructure needs continuous improvement. 学校新建了很多现代化教育设施。 Xuéxiào xīn jiàn le hěn duō xiàndàihuà jiàoyù shèshī. The school...
相比之下 (xiāng bǐ zhī xià) — by comparison, in contrast
相比之下 (xiāng bǐ zhī xià) 相比之下 is a fixed phrase used at the beginning of a sentence or clause to signal that a comparison is being made, meaning "by comparison" or "in contrast." Meanings [phrase] by comparison, in contrast, comparatively speaking Example Sentences 相比之下，这个方法更简单。 Xiāng bǐ zhī xià, zhège fāngfǎ gèng jiǎndān. By comparison, this method is simpler. 他的成绩很好，相比之下，我的成绩就差多了。 Tā de chéngjì hěn hǎo, xiāng bǐ zhī xià, wǒ de...
拥有 (yōngyǒu) — to possess; to own; to have
拥有 (yōngyǒu) 拥有 describes the possession of something — typically something valuable, significant, or abstract — and carries more weight than simply 有 (to have). Meanings [verb] To possess, to own, to have (especially something of value or significance). Example Sentences 这座城市拥有数百年的历史，保存着大量珍贵的文化遗址。 Zhè zuò chéngshì yōngyǒu shù bǎi nián de lìshǐ, bǎocún zhe dàliàng zhēnguì de wénhuà yízhǐ. This city possesses hundreds of years of history and preserves numerous precious...
处方 (chǔfāng) — prescription
处方 (chǔfāng) 处方 is the written instruction from a doctor telling a pharmacist which medicine to give a patient. It is an essential word for talking about medical consultations and pharmacy visits. Meanings [noun] prescription; a doctor's written order specifying medication and dosage Example Sentences 没有处方，药店不卖这种药。 Méiyǒu chǔfāng, yàodiàn bù mài zhè zhǒng yào. Without a prescription, the pharmacy will not sell this medicine. 医生给我开了一张处方。 Yīshēng gěi wǒ kāi le...
绝对 (juéduì) — absolute; absolutely; definite
绝对 (juéduì) 绝对 means "absolute" or "absolutely" and is used to emphasize that something is definite, unconditional, or without exception. Meanings [adjective] absolute; unconditional; without exception [adverb] absolutely; definitely; certainly Example Sentences 这是绝对正确的答案。 Zhè shì juéduì zhèngquè de dá'àn. This is the absolutely correct answer. 你绝对不能告诉他这个秘密。 Nǐ juéduì bù néng gàosù tā zhège mìmì. You absolutely cannot tell him this secret. 我绝对相信她说的话。 Wǒ juéduì xiāngxìn tā shuō de huà. I...
声明 (shēngmíng) — to declare; to state; declaration
声明 (shēngmíng) 声明 refers to a formal declaration or statement, used both as a verb (to declare) and a noun (a declaration or announcement). Meanings [verb] to declare; to state formally; to announce [noun] a declaration; a formal statement Example Sentences 政府发表了一份正式声明。 Zhèngfǔ fābiǎole yī fèn zhèngshì shēngmíng. The government issued a formal declaration. 他声明自己对这件事一无所知。 Tā shēngmíng zìjǐ duì zhè jiàn shì yī wú suǒ zhī. He declared that he...
情绪 (qíngxù) — mood; emotion; sentiment
情绪 (qíngxù) 情绪 refers to a person's current emotional state, mood, or the general emotional atmosphere of a group. Meanings [noun] Mood; emotion; sentiment; feeling; morale. Example Sentences 他今天情绪很好，一直在笑。 Tā jīntiān qíngxù hěn hǎo, yīzhí zài xiào. He is in a very good mood today and has been smiling all along. 她的情绪受到了坏消息的影响。 Tā de qíngxù shòudào le huài xiāoxi de yǐngxiǎng. Her mood was affected by the bad news. 学会控制情绪是一种重要能力。...
研究 (yánjiū) — research; study
研究 (yánjiū) 研究 means to research or study something carefully, or refers to the research or study itself as a noun. Meanings [verb] to research; to study; to investigate carefully [noun] research; a study; careful investigation of a subject Example Sentences 科学家正在研究这种新病毒。 Kēxuéjiā zhèngzài yánjiū zhè zhǒng xīn bìngdú. Scientists are researching this new virus. 她的研究方向是人工智能。 Tā de yánjiū fāngxiàng shì réngōng zhìnéng. Her research direction is artificial intelligence. 这项研究结果对医学有重要意义。...
选举 (xuǎnjǔ) — election; to elect
选举 (xuǎnjǔ) 选举 refers to the process of choosing a person for an office or position through voting. It functions both as a noun meaning "election" and as a verb meaning "to elect." Meanings n election, vote v to elect, to vote for Example Sentences 这次总统选举吸引了全国人民的关注。 Zhè cì zǒngtǒng xuǎnjǔ xīyǐn le quánguó rénmín de guānzhù. This presidential election attracted the attention of the entire nation. 学生们选举出了新的班长。 Xuéshengmen xuǎnjǔ chū...
严重 (yánzhòng) — serious; severe; grave
严重 (yánzhòng) 严重 means serious, severe, or grave, describing a problem, situation, or condition that has significant negative consequences or poses a significant threat. It is used to signal that something demands urgent attention. Meanings [adjective] Serious; severe; grave; critical; bad. Example Sentences 如果不及时处理，这个问题可能会造成严重的后果。 Rúguǒ bù jíshí chǔlǐ, zhège wèntí kěnéng huì zàochéng yánzhòng de hòuguǒ. If not dealt with promptly, this problem could cause serious consequences. 他在事故中受了严重的伤，目前正在医院接受治疗。 Tā zài...
互联网 (hùliánwǎng) — internet; web
互联网 (hùliánwǎng) 互联网 is the Chinese term for the internet, referring to the global network that connects computers and devices worldwide. Meanings [noun] the internet, the worldwide computer network Example Sentences 互联网改变了我们的生活方式。 Hùliánwǎng gǎibiàn le wǒmen de shēnghuó fāngshì. The internet has changed our way of life. 现在很多人通过互联网购物。 Xiànzài hěn duō rén tōngguò hùliánwǎng gòuwù. Many people now shop through the internet. 互联网让全世界的人可以互相交流。 Hùliánwǎng ràng quán shìjiè de rén kěyǐ...
合同 (hétong) — contract; agreement
合同 (hétong) 合同 is a formal contract or written agreement between two or more parties that is legally binding. Meanings [noun] a contract or formal written agreement between two or more parties Example Sentences 他们签了一份为期两年的合同。 Tāmen qiān le yī fèn wéiqī liǎng nián de hétong. They signed a two-year contract. 请仔细阅读合同中的每一条款。 Qǐng zǐxì yuèdú hétong zhōng de měi yī tiáokuǎn. Please carefully read every clause in the contract. 公司违反了合同，客户要求赔偿。 Gōngsī...
开展 (kāizhǎn) — to carry out; to launch; to develop
开展 (kāizhǎn) 开展 means to carry out, launch, or develop an activity, project, or campaign, especially one that is organized and purposeful. Meanings [verb] to carry out; to launch; to develop; to unfold (activities) Example Sentences 学校开展了一系列环保活动。 Xuéxiào kāizhǎnle yī xìliè huánbǎo huódòng. The school launched a series of environmental protection activities. 公司正在开展新的培训项目。 Gōngsī zhèngzài kāizhǎn xīn de péixùn xiàngmù. The company is carrying out new training programs. 政府开展了一场反腐败运动。 Zhèngfǔ...
记录 (jìlù) — to record; record; to document
记录 (jìlù) 记录 means "to record" or "to document" as a verb, and as a noun it refers to a record, log, or written account of something. Meanings [verb] to record; to document; to write down [noun] record; log; documentation; (also: a sports record) Example Sentences 请把会议内容记录下来。 Qǐng bǎ huìyì nèiróng jìlù xiàlái. Please record the content of the meeting. 他打破了世界纪录。 Tā dǎpò le shìjiè jìlù. He broke the world...
况且 (kuàngqiě) — moreover; besides; furthermore
况且 (kuàngqiě) 况且 adds an additional reason that further supports an argument or conclusion already presented, meaning "moreover," "besides," or "what is more." Meanings [conjunction] Moreover; besides; furthermore (adds a reinforcing point to strengthen an argument). Example Sentences 这个工作太难了，况且薪水也不高。 Zhège gōngzuò tài nán le, kuàngqiě xīnshuǐ yě bù gāo. This job is too difficult, and besides, the salary is not high either. 现在太晚了，况且外面还在下雨。 Xiànzài tài wǎn le, kuàngqiě wàimiàn hái...
分析 (fēnxī) — to analyze; analysis
分析 (fēnxī) 分析 means to analyze something by separating it into its parts and examining each one carefully. It is used widely in academic, professional, and everyday contexts when you need to explain the reasoning behind a conclusion. Meanings [verb] To analyze; to examine in detail; to break down. [noun] Analysis; a detailed examination. Example Sentences 他对这个问题做了深入的分析。 Tā duì zhège wèntí zuò le shēnrù de fēnxī. He conducted an in-depth...
乐观 (lèguān) — Optimistic
乐观 (lèguān) 乐观 describes a positive, hopeful attitude toward life or a situation — the Chinese equivalent of "optimistic." Meanings [adjective] optimistic, hopeful, positive (in outlook) Example Sentences 他总是很乐观，即使遇到困难也不放弃。 Tā zǒngshì hěn lèguān, jíshǐ yùdào kùnnan yě bù fàngqì. He is always very optimistic; even when he faces difficulties, he does not give up. 我们应该对未来保持乐观的态度。 Wǒmen yīnggāi duì wèilái bǎochí lèguān de tàidu. We should maintain an optimistic attitude toward...
观念 (guānniàn) — concept; idea; notion
观念 (guānniàn) 观念 means "concept," "idea," or "notion" and refers to a belief, value, or way of thinking that is deeply held, often shaped by culture or upbringing. Meanings [noun] concept; notion; idea; way of thinking [noun] value; belief (often culturally or socially shaped) Example Sentences 传统观念在这里依然很强。 Chuántǒng guānniàn zài zhèlǐ yīrán hěn qiáng. Traditional ideas are still very strong here. 年轻人的消费观念与老一辈不同。 Niánqīngrén de xiāofèi guānniàn yǔ lǎo yībèi bùtóng....
政策 (zhèngcè) — policy; government policy
政策 (zhèngcè) 政策 refers to a policy, especially an official set of principles and guidelines adopted by a government, organization, or institution to guide decisions and actions. Meanings [noun] policy; government policy; official guidelines Example Sentences 政府出台了新的环保政策。 Zhèngfǔ chūtáile xīn de huánbǎo zhèngcè. The government introduced new environmental policies. 公司的人事政策最近有了很大变化。 Gōngsī de rénshì zhèngcè zuìjìn yǒule hěn dà biànhuà. The company's personnel policy has changed significantly recently. 了解当地的政策对外国投资者很重要。 Liǎojiě dāngdì...
企业 (qǐyè) — enterprise; company; firm
企业 (qǐyè) 企业 is a formal term for a business enterprise, company, or firm engaged in commercial or industrial activity. Meanings [noun] Enterprise; company; firm; business organization. Example Sentences 这家企业已经有五十年历史了。 Zhè jiā qǐyè yǐjīng yǒu wǔshí nián lìshǐ le. This enterprise has a history of fifty years. 政府鼓励中小企业创新。 Zhèngfǔ gǔlì zhōngxiǎo qǐyè chuàngxīn. The government encourages small and medium-sized enterprises to innovate. 他创办了自己的企业。 Tā chuàngbànle zìjǐ de qǐyè. He founded...
背景 (bèijǐng) — background; context; backdrop
背景 (bèijǐng) 背景 means "background" or "context" and can refer to the visual background of a scene, the historical or social context of an event, or a person's personal background. Meanings [noun] background; backdrop (visual) [noun] context; background (of an event or situation) [noun] personal background; connections; backing Example Sentences 这张照片的背景非常漂亮。 Zhè zhāng zhàopiàn de bèijǐng fēicháng piàoliang. The background of this photo is very beautiful. 了解历史背景有助于理解这部电影。 Liǎojiě lìshǐ bèijǐng...
引导 (yǐndǎo) — to guide; to lead
引导 (yǐndǎo) 引导 means to guide, lead, or direct someone toward a goal or in the right direction, often used in educational, social, or leadership contexts. Meanings [verb] to guide; to lead; to direct Example Sentences 老师引导学生思考问题。 Lǎoshī yǐndǎo xuéshēng sīkǎo wèntí. The teacher guided students to think about the problem. 父母应该引导孩子养成好习惯。 Fùmǔ yīnggāi yǐndǎo háizi yǎngchéng hǎo xíguàn. Parents should guide children to develop good habits. 他引导我们找到了出口。 Tā yǐndǎo...
特点 (tèdiǎn) — characteristic, feature
特点 (tèdiǎn) 特点 refers to a distinguishing feature or characteristic that sets a person, thing, or concept apart from others. Meanings [noun] characteristic, feature, trait, distinguishing quality Example Sentences 这种植物的特点是叶子很大。 Zhè zhǒng zhíwù de tèdiǎn shì yèzi hěn dà. The characteristic of this plant is that its leaves are very large. 他最大的特点是做事认真。 Tā zuì dà de tèdiǎn shì zuòshì rènzhēn. His greatest characteristic is that he is meticulous in everything...
先进 (xiānjìn) — advanced; cutting-edge
先进 (xiānjìn) 先进 describes something that is advanced, modern, or ahead of others in terms of technology, methods, or achievement. Meanings [adjective] advanced, cutting-edge, or ahead of the current standard Example Sentences 这家工厂使用了最先进的生产技术。 Zhè jiā gōngchǎng shǐyòng le zuì xiānjìn de shēngchǎn jìshù. This factory uses the most advanced production technology. 我们应该学习先进的管理经验。 Wǒmen yīnggāi xuéxí xiānjìn de guǎnlǐ jīngyàn. We should learn from advanced management experience. 先进的医疗设备帮助医生更好地诊断疾病。 Xiānjìn de yīliáo...
挑战 (tiǎozhàn) — to challenge; challenge
挑战 (tiǎozhàn) 挑战 means a challenge, used both as a noun (a difficult test or task) and as a verb (to challenge someone or something), requiring effort and courage to overcome. Meanings [noun] a challenge; a difficult test; a daunting task [verb] to challenge; to confront; to defy Example Sentences 学习一门新语言是一个很大的挑战。 Xuéxí yī mén xīn yǔyán shì yīgè hěn dà de tiǎozhàn. Learning a new language is a great challenge....
Lesson 9: Purpose & Goal
Overview Purpose clauses explain why an action is taken. In Chinese, the three main purpose patterns are 为了 (in order to), 以便 (so as to conveniently, so that), and 以免 (in order to avoid, so as not to). The key challenge is understanding that 为了 is positive (you do X to achieve Y), while 以免 is negative (you do X to prevent Y from happening). 以便 falls in between: you...
工程师 (gōngchéngshī) — engineer
工程师 (gōngchéngshī) 工程师 refers to a professional engineer -- someone trained to design, build, or maintain systems and structures. Meanings [noun] engineer (professional title) Example Sentences 他是一名软件工程师。 Tā shì yī míng ruǎnjiàn gōngchéngshī. He is a software engineer. 工程师们正在设计新桥梁。 Gōngchéngshīmen zhèngzài shèjì xīn qiáoliáng. The engineers are designing a new bridge. 我想成为一名工程师。 Wǒ xiǎng chéngwéi yī míng gōngchéngshī. I want to become an engineer. 这位工程师解决了很多难题。 Zhè wèi gōngchéngshī jiějuéle hěn...
否定 (fǒudìng) — Negate
否定 (fǒudìng) 否定 means to deny, negate, or reject something, or describes something that is negative in character. Meanings [verb] to negate; to deny; to reject; to nullify [adjective] negative (as opposed to affirmative) Example Sentences 他否定了所有的指控。 Tā fǒudìngle suǒyǒu de zhǐkòng. He denied all the accusations. 这种做法完全否定了之前的努力。 Zhè zhǒng zuòfǎ wánquán fǒudìngle zhīqián de nǔlì. This approach completely negates all previous efforts. 在语法上，"不"和"没"用来构成否定句。 Zài yǔfǎ shàng, "bù" hé "méi"...
完整 (wánzhěng) — complete; intact; whole
完整 (wánzhěng) 完整 means complete or intact, indicating that all necessary parts are present and nothing is missing, broken, or fragmented. It is used for information, documents, systems, structures, and arguments to indicate they are whole and undamaged. Meanings [adjective] Complete; intact; whole; undamaged; comprehensive. Example Sentences 请提交完整的申请材料，缺少任何文件都会影响审核进度。 Qǐng tíjiāo wánzhěng de shēnqǐng cáiliào, quēshǎo rènhé wénjiàn dōu huì yǐngxiǎng shěnhé jìndù. Please submit complete application materials; missing any document...
计划 (jìhuà) — plan / to plan
计划 (jìhuà) 计划 means a plan or schedule, and as a verb means to plan or intend to do something. Meanings [noun] plan; program; schedule [verb] to plan; to intend; to schedule Example Sentences 我们需要制定一个详细的计划。 Wǒmen xūyào zhìdìng yīgè xiángxì de jìhuà. We need to make a detailed plan. 她计划明年去留学。 Tā jìhuà míngnián qù liúxué. She plans to study abroad next year. 这个项目的计划已经完成了。 Zhège xiàngmù de jìhuà yǐjīng wánchéng le....
简洁 (jiǎnjié) — concise; brief; succinct
简洁 (jiǎnjié) 简洁 means concise, brief, and clear, describing language, design, or style that is free of unnecessary elements. Meanings [adjective] concise; brief; succinct; clean and clear without unnecessary elements Example Sentences 他的演讲风格简洁有力。 Tā de yǎnjiǎng fēnggé jiǎnjié yǒulì. His speaking style is concise and powerful. 好的设计应该简洁美观。 Hǎo de shèjì yīnggāi jiǎnjié měiguān. Good design should be concise and attractive. 请用简洁的语言表达你的想法。 Qǐng yòng jiǎnjié de yǔyán biǎodá nǐ de xiǎngfǎ....
提升 (tíshēng) — to improve; to upgrade; to promote
提升 (tíshēng) 提升 means to improve, upgrade, or promote, describing the act of raising something to a higher level, whether in quality, rank, or capability. Meanings [verb] to improve; to upgrade; to promote; to enhance; to elevate Example Sentences 他努力提升自己的工作能力。 Tā nǔlì tíshēng zìjǐ de gōngzuò nénglì. He works hard to improve his professional abilities. 公司决定提升她为部门经理。 Gōngsī juédìng tíshēng tā wéi bùmén jīnglǐ. The company decided to promote her to...
记者 (jìzhě) — journalist / reporter
记者 (jìzhě) 记者 refers to a journalist or reporter who gathers and writes news for media outlets. Meanings [noun] journalist; reporter; news correspondent Example Sentences 这位记者报道了很多重要新闻。 Zhè wèi jìzhě bàodào le hěn duō zhòngyào xīnwén. This journalist has reported many important news stories. 记者在现场采访了事故目击者。 Jìzhě zài xiànchǎng cǎifǎng le shìgù mùjīzhě. The reporter interviewed eyewitnesses at the scene of the accident. 她从大学毕业后就成为了一名记者。 Tā cóng dàxué bìyè hòu jiù chéngwéi le...
宣传 (xuānchuán) — Publicize
宣传 (xuānchuán) 宣传 means to spread information widely to promote ideas, products, or policies, ranging from publicity and marketing to propaganda. Meanings [verb] to publicize; to promote; to spread (information or ideas) [noun] publicity; promotion; propaganda Example Sentences 公司花了大量资金宣传新产品。 Gōngsī huāle dàliàng zījīn xuānchuán xīn chǎnpǐn. The company spent a lot of money publicizing new products. 政府通过媒体宣传环保意识。 Zhèngfǔ tōngguò méitǐ xuānchuán huánbǎo yìshí. The government promoted environmental awareness through the...
影响力 (yǐngxiǎnglì) — influence; clout
影响力 (yǐngxiǎnglì) 影响力 refers to the power or capacity of a person, organization, or idea to affect others, often in a positive or important way. Meanings [noun] influence; clout; power to affect others Example Sentences 这位科学家在国际上有很大的影响力。 Zhè wèi kēxuéjiā zài guójì shàng yǒu hěn dà de yǐngxiǎnglì. This scientist has great influence internationally. 社交媒体增强了普通人的影响力。 Shèjiāo méitǐ zēngqiángle pǔtōng rén de yǐngxiǎnglì. Social media has enhanced the influence of ordinary people....
影响 (yǐngxiǎng) — to influence; influence; impact
影响 (yǐngxiǎng) 影响 describes the effect that one thing has on another, whether positive, negative, or neutral, and functions as both a verb and a noun. Meanings [verb] To influence, to affect, to have an impact on. [noun] Influence, impact, effect. Example Sentences 气候变化正在深刻影响全球的农业生产格局和粮食安全。 Qìhòu biànhuà zhèngzài shēnkè yǐngxiǎng quánqiú de nóngyè shēngchǎn géjú hé liángshí ānquán. Climate change is profoundly affecting global agricultural production patterns and food security. 她从小受到父母的影响，对文学和艺术产生了浓厚的兴趣。...
会议 (huìyì) — meeting; conference; session
会议 (huìyì) 会议 refers to a formal meeting, conference, or session where people gather to discuss issues and make decisions. Meanings [noun] a meeting, conference, or formal session for discussion Example Sentences 公司每周都会召开一次会议。 Gōngsī měi zhōu dōu huì zhàokāi yī cì huìyì. The company holds a meeting every week. 这次国际会议吸引了来自各国的专家。 Zhè cì guójì huìyì xīyǐn le láizì gè guó de zhuānjiā. This international conference attracted experts from various countries. 会议室已经为明天的会议做好了准备。...
容纳 (róngnà) — to hold; to accommodate; to contain
容纳 (róngnà) 容纳 describes the capacity to hold or accommodate a certain number of people or a certain volume, used for physical spaces or metaphorically for acceptance. Meanings [verb] To hold; to accommodate; to contain (to have the capacity for a number of people or things). Example Sentences 这个体育馆能容纳五万名观众。 Zhège tǐyùguǎn néng róngnà wǔ wàn míng guānzhòng. This stadium can accommodate fifty thousand spectators. 新建的图书馆可以容纳更多的书籍。 Xīn jiàn de túshūguǎn kěyǐ...
搜索引擎 (sōusuǒ yǐnqíng) — search engine
搜索引擎 (sōusuǒ yǐnqíng) 搜索引擎 means search engine, referring to internet services like Baidu (百度), Google, or Bing that index and retrieve web content. It is the standard term used in tech, education, and daily conversation. Meanings [noun] search engine; an online service that searches and ranks web content based on queries Example Sentences 百度是中国最常用的搜索引擎。 Bǎidù shì Zhōngguó zuì chángyòng de sōusuǒ yǐnqíng. Baidu is the most commonly used search engine...
优势 (yōushì) — advantage; strength; edge
优势 (yōushì) 优势 refers to a quality, condition, or position that gives someone or something a superior edge over others. Meanings [noun] Advantage; strength; edge; upper hand; superiority. Example Sentences 这个产品的主要优势是价格低。 Zhège chǎnpǐn de zhǔyào yōushì shì jiàgé dī. The main advantage of this product is its low price. 他的语言优势帮助他找到了好工作。 Tā de yǔyán yōushì bāngzhù tā zhǎodào le hǎo gōngzuò. His language advantage helped him find a good job. 这家公司在技术方面具有很大优势。...
经历 (jīnglì) — experience; to experience
经历 (jīnglì) 经历 means both the lived experiences one accumulates and the act of going through an event or period, functioning as a noun and a verb. Meanings [noun] Experience; personal history (events one has gone through). [verb] To experience; to go through; to live through. Example Sentences 这次旅行是我一生中最难忘的经历。 Zhè cì lǚxíng shì wǒ yīshēng zhōng zuì nánwàng de jīnglì. This trip is the most unforgettable experience of my life....
过程 (guòchéng) — process; course; procedure
过程 (guòchéng) 过程 means "process," "course," or "procedure" and refers to a series of steps or stages through which something develops or is accomplished. Meanings [noun] process; course; procedure; progress Example Sentences 学习语言是一个漫长的过程。 Xuéxí yǔyán shì yīgè màncháng de guòchéng. Learning a language is a long process. 在这个过程中，我们遇到了很多困难。 Zài zhège guòchéng zhōng, wǒmen yùdào le hěn duō kùnnán. During this process, we encountered many difficulties. 生产过程必须严格控制质量。 Shēngchǎn guòchéng bìxū yángé...
维生素 (wéishēngsù) — vitamin
维生素 (wéishēngsù) 维生素 is the Chinese word for vitamins, the essential nutrients found in food that the body requires for proper function. It is commonly used when discussing health, diet, and supplements. Meanings [noun] vitamin; essential organic nutrients required by the body in small quantities Example Sentences 橙子里含有丰富的维生素C。 Chéngzi lǐ hányǒu fēngfù de wéishēngsù C. Oranges contain abundant vitamin C. 如果你不经常晒太阳，可能需要补充维生素D。 Rúguǒ nǐ bù jīngcháng shài tàiyáng, kěnéng xūyào bǔchōng...
营养 (yíngyǎng) — nutrition, nourishment
营养 (yíngyǎng) 营养 refers to the nutrients a body needs and the concept of eating well for health. It is widely used in discussions about food, diet, and healthy living. Meanings [noun] nutrition; nourishment; the nutritional value of food Example Sentences 这道菜营养很丰富，对身体很好。 Zhè dào cài yíngyǎng hěn fēngfù, duì shēntǐ hěn hǎo. This dish is very nutritious and good for the body. 孩子在成长期需要充足的营养。 Háizi zài chéngzhǎng qī xūyào chōngzú de...
缩小 (suōxiǎo) — to narrow; to reduce; to shrink
缩小 (suōxiǎo) 缩小 means "to narrow," "to reduce," or "to shrink" and describes making something smaller in size, scope, or difference. Meanings [verb] to reduce in size; to shrink; to make smaller [verb] to narrow (a gap, difference, or range) Example Sentences 请把这张图片缩小一点。 Qǐng bǎ zhè zhāng túpiàn suōxiǎo yīdiǎn. Please reduce this image a little. 两国之间的差距正在缩小。 Liǎng guó zhījiān de chājù zhèngzài suōxiǎo. The gap between the two countries...
规则 (guīzé) — rule / regulation
规则 (guīzé) 规则 refers to a rule, regulation, or established norm that governs behavior or procedure. Meanings [noun] rule; regulation; norm; standard Example Sentences 每个游戏都有自己的规则。 Měi gè yóuxì dōu yǒu zìjǐ de guīzé. Every game has its own rules. 我们必须遵守交通规则。 Wǒmen bìxū zūnshǒu jiāotōng guīzé. We must obey traffic regulations. 违反规则会受到惩罚。 Wéifǎn guīzé huì shòudào chéngfá. Breaking the rules will result in punishment. 制定清晰的规则对团队非常重要。 Zhìdìng qīngxī de guīzé duì tuánduì...
报告 (bàogào) — report; to report
报告 (bàogào) 报告 means a report (noun) or to report (verb), referring to the formal presentation of information, findings, or updates to an audience or authority. Meanings [noun] a report; a presentation; a formal account [verb] to report; to present findings; to inform Example Sentences 他向经理提交了一份销售报告。 Tā xiàng jīnglǐ tíjiāole yī fèn xiāoshòu bàogào. He submitted a sales report to the manager. 她在会议上作了一个重要的工作报告。 Tā zài huìyì shàng zuòle yīgè zhòngyào...
否认 (fǒurèn) — to deny; to negate
否认 (fǒurèn) 否认 means to deny or refuse to acknowledge something, asserting that a claim or accusation is not true. Meanings [verb] to deny, negate, or refuse to acknowledge a fact or accusation Example Sentences 他否认了所有的指控。 Tā fǒurèn le suǒyǒu de zhǐkòng. He denied all the accusations. 你不能否认这件事情的重要性。 Nǐ bù néng fǒurèn zhè jiàn shìqing de zhòngyào xìng. You cannot deny the importance of this matter. 她否认自己曾经说过那句话。 Tā fǒurèn zìjǐ...
认可 (rènkě) — to approve; to recognize; approval
认可 (rènkě) 认可 means to officially or personally approve, recognize, or endorse something or someone, and can also function as a noun meaning "approval" or "recognition." Meanings [verb] To approve; to recognize; to endorse (to give acceptance to something or someone). [noun] Approval; recognition; endorsement. Example Sentences 他的努力终于得到了老师的认可。 Tā de nǔlì zhōngyú dédào le lǎoshī de rènkě. His hard work finally received the teacher's recognition. 这项设计方案已经通过了专家的认可。 Zhè xiàng shèjì fāng'àn...
推动 (tuīdòng) — to push forward; to promote; to drive
推动 (tuīdòng) 推动 means to cause something to advance, develop, or progress, either physically or figuratively, equivalent to "to push forward," "to promote," or "to drive." Meanings [verb] To push forward; to promote; to drive; to propel (to cause advancement or development). Example Sentences 科技的发展推动了社会的进步。 Kējì de fāzhǎn tuīdòng le shèhuì de jìnbù. The development of technology has driven social progress. 政府出台了新政策来推动经济发展。 Zhèngfǔ chūtái le xīn zhèngcè lái tuīdòng jīngjì...
通知 (tōngzhī) — notification; to notify
通知 (tōngzhī) 通知 functions as both a noun (notification, notice) and a verb (to notify, to inform). It is commonly used in workplace, school, and digital contexts to describe official or important communications. Meanings [noun] notification; a formal or official notice or announcement [verb] to notify; to inform someone officially Example Sentences 手机收到了一条新通知。 Shǒujī shōudào le yī tiáo xīn tōngzhī. The phone received a new notification. 请通知大家明天的会议推迟了。 Qǐng tōngzhī dàjiā...
仔细 (zǐxì) — Careful / attentive
仔细 (zǐxì) 仔细 means to be careful, attentive, and thorough — paying close attention to details when doing something. Meanings [adjective] careful, meticulous, attentive [adverb] carefully, attentively (modifying a verb) Example Sentences 请仔细阅读说明书，再开始操作。 Qǐng zǐxì yuèdú shuōmíngshū, zài kāishǐ cāozuò. Please read the instructions carefully before starting to operate. 她是一个非常仔细的人，工作很少出错。 Tā shì yīgè fēicháng zǐxì de rén, gōngzuò hěn shǎo chūcuò. She is a very careful person; she rarely makes...
知识 (zhīshi) — knowledge
知识 (zhīshi) 知识 refers to knowledge gained through study, experience, or education, encompassing facts, skills, and understanding. Meanings [noun] knowledge, learning, education Example Sentences 读书可以增长知识。 Dúshū kěyǐ zēngzhǎng zhīshi. Reading books can increase your knowledge. 他的专业知识非常丰富。 Tā de zhuānyè zhīshi fēicháng fēngfù. His professional knowledge is very extensive. 学生应该把课堂上的知识用于实践。 Xuéshēng yīnggāi bǎ kètáng shàng de zhīshi yòng yú shíjiàn. Students should apply the knowledge learned in class to practice. 缺乏必要的知识会让工作变得困难。...
积累 (jīlěi) — to accumulate; to build up
积累 (jīlěi) 积累 means to gradually accumulate or build up something over time, such as experience, knowledge, or wealth. Meanings [verb] to accumulate; to build up; to gather gradually over time [noun] accumulation; something built up over time Example Sentences 多年的工作经验让他积累了丰富的知识。 Duō nián de gōngzuò jīngyàn ràng tā jīlěi le fēngfù de zhīshì. Years of work experience helped him accumulate rich knowledge. 财富需要长期积累，不能急于求成。 Cáifù xūyào chángqī jīlěi, bù néng jí...
菜单 (càidān) — menu
菜单 (càidān) 菜单 is the menu at a restaurant or eatery — the list of available dishes and their prices. It is an essential word for dining out in China. Meanings noun menu (a list of available dishes in a restaurant) Example Sentences 请给我一份菜单。 Qǐng gěi wǒ yī fèn càidān. Please give me a menu. 这家餐厅的菜单上有很多素食选项。 Zhè jiā cāntīng de càidān shàng yǒu hěn duō sùshí xuǎnxiàng. This restaurant's menu...
空间 (kōngjiān) — space; room; area
空间 (kōngjiān) 空间 refers to space or room, either physical (as in a room or area) or conceptual (as in space for development or creativity). Meanings [noun] space; room; area; a three-dimensional extent or the conceptual room for something to exist or develop Example Sentences 这个房间的空间很大，住起来很舒适。 Zhège fángjiān de kōngjiān hěn dà, zhù qǐlái hěn shūshì. This room has a lot of space and is very comfortable to live in....
排队 (páiduì) — to queue; to line up
排队 (páiduì) 排队 means to join or form an orderly line while waiting for something, and is a fundamental concept in Chinese public life. Meanings [verb] To queue, to line up, to stand in line, to wait in a queue. Example Sentences 节假日期间，热门景点的入口处往往需要排队等候数小时。 Jiéjiàrì qījiān, rèmén jǐngdiǎn de rùkǒu chù wǎngwǎng xūyào páiduì děnghòu shù xiǎoshí. During public holidays, popular tourist sites often require waiting in line for several hours...
认识 (rènshi) — to know / to recognize
认识 (rènshi) 认识 means to know or be acquainted with a person, or to recognize and understand something. Meanings [verb] to know (a person); to be acquainted with; to recognize [noun] understanding; cognition; knowledge Example Sentences 我认识他已经三年了。 Wǒ rènshi tā yǐjīng sān nián le. I have known him for three years already. 很高兴认识你！ Hěn gāoxìng rènshi nǐ! Very pleased to meet you! 她对这个问题有深刻的认识。 Tā duì zhège wèntí yǒu shēnkè de...
另外 (lìngwài) — in addition; besides; additionally
另外 (lìngwài) 另外 is used to introduce additional information or a separate item, similar to "in addition," "besides," or "additionally" in English. Meanings [adverb/conjunction] in addition, besides, additionally, or another/separate one Example Sentences 我买了一本书，另外还买了一支笔。 Wǒ mǎi le yī běn shū, lìngwài hái mǎi le yī zhī bǐ. I bought a book and also bought a pen in addition. 另外，我还有一个问题想问你。 Lìngwài, wǒ hái yǒu yīgè wèntí xiǎng wèn nǐ. In addition,...
普遍 (pǔbiàn) — universal; widespread; common
普遍 (pǔbiàn) 普遍 describes something that is widespread, affecting or found among most people or places. Meanings [adjective] Universal; widespread; common; general. Example Sentences 这个问题很普遍。 Zhège wèntí hěn pǔbiàn. This problem is very common. 压力大是现代人普遍面临的挑战。 Yālì dà shì xiàndài rén pǔbiàn miànlín de tiǎozhàn. High stress is a challenge that modern people widely face. 这种做法已经普遍存在于各行各业。 Zhè zhǒng zuòfǎ yǐjīng pǔbiàn cúnzài yú gè háng gè yè. This practice already exists...
联系 (liánxì) — to contact; to get in touch; connection
联系 (liánxì) 联系 covers both the act of contacting someone and the abstract idea of a connection or relationship between things. Meanings [verb] To contact, to get in touch with, to reach out to. [noun] Contact, connection, link, relationship. Example Sentences 毕业后我们虽然各奔东西，但始终保持着密切的联系。 Bìyè hòu wǒmen suīrán gè bèn dōngxī, dàn shǐzhōng bǎochí zhe mìqiē de liánxì. After graduation we all went our separate ways, but we have always maintained close...
锻炼 (duànliàn) — to exercise; exercise
锻炼 (duànliàn) 锻炼 means physical exercise or training. It is one of the most common words in health and fitness discussions in Chinese, used both as a verb and as a noun. Meanings [verb] to exercise; to work out; to train physically [noun] exercise; physical training; workout Example Sentences 我每天早上都去公园锻炼。 Wǒ měitiān zǎoshang dōu qù gōngyuán duànliàn. I go to the park to exercise every morning. 医生建议他多锻炼，少吃油腻食物。 Yīshēng jiànyì tā...
掌握 (zhǎngwò) — to master; to grasp; to command
掌握 (zhǎngwò) 掌握 means to master or have thorough command of something, whether a skill, language, knowledge, or situation, implying confident control and deep understanding. Meanings [verb] to master; to grasp; to command; to have control of Example Sentences 他掌握了三门外语，工作非常顺利。 Tā zhǎngwòle sān mén wàiyǔ, gōngzuò fēicháng shùnlì. He has mastered three foreign languages and his work goes very smoothly. 要掌握一项技能，需要大量的练习。 Yào zhǎngwò yī xiàng jìnéng, xūyào dàliàng de liànxí....
鼓励 (gǔlì) — to encourage / encouragement
鼓励 (gǔlì) 鼓励 means to encourage someone, or refers to the act or words of encouragement. Meanings [verb] to encourage; to motivate; to inspire [noun] encouragement; motivation Example Sentences 老师经常鼓励学生要有自信。 Lǎoshī jīngcháng gǔlì xuéshēng yào yǒu zìxìn. The teacher often encourages students to be confident. 父母的鼓励对孩子非常重要。 Fùmǔ de gǔlì duì háizi fēicháng zhòngyào. Parents' encouragement is very important for children. 谢谢你的鼓励，我会继续努力的。 Xièxie nǐ de gǔlì, wǒ huì jìxù nǔlì de....
对手 (duìshǒu) — Opponent
对手 (duìshǒu) 对手 refers to an opponent, rival, or competitor in a contest, competition, or conflict. Meanings [noun] opponent; rival; competitor; adversary Example Sentences 他是我见过的最强的对手。 Tā shì wǒ jiànguò de zuì qiáng de duìshǒu. He is the strongest opponent I have ever faced. 了解对手的弱点是赢得比赛的关键。 Liǎojiě duìshǒu de ruòdiǎn shì yíngdé bǐsài de guānjiàn. Understanding your opponent's weaknesses is the key to winning the match. 在商场上，今天的对手可能是明天的合作伙伴。 Zài shāngchǎng shàng, jīntiān de...
观众 (guānzhòng) — audience; spectators
观众 (guānzhòng) 观众 means "audience" or "spectators" and refers to people who watch a performance, broadcast, sports event, or other public show. Meanings [noun] audience; spectators; viewers Example Sentences 今天晚上的音乐会吸引了很多观众。 Jīntiān wǎnshang de yīnyuèhuì xīyǐn le hěn duō guānzhòng. Tonight's concert attracted a large audience. 观众们热烈鼓掌，表示欢迎。 Guānzhòngmen rèliè gǔzhǎng, biǎoshì huānyíng. The audience applauded warmly to show their welcome. 这个电视节目有几百万观众。 Zhège diànshì jiémù yǒu jǐ bǎi wàn guānzhòng. This TV...
有必要 (yǒu bìyào) — it is necessary
有必要 (yǒu bìyào) 有必要 expresses that something is necessary or that there is a need to do something. Meanings [phrase] it is necessary; there is a need (to do something) Example Sentences 有必要提前准备。 Yǒu bìyào tíqián zhǔnbèi. It is necessary to prepare in advance. 我觉得有必要解释一下。 Wǒ juéde yǒu bìyào jiěshì yīxià. I think it is necessary to give an explanation. 有没有必要开这个会议？ Yǒu méiyǒu bìyào kāi zhège huìyì? Is it necessary...
承认 (chéngrèn) — to admit; to acknowledge; to recognize
承认 (chéngrèn) 承认 covers two related senses: admitting something (often a fault or uncomfortable truth) and officially recognizing something (such as a government or credential). Meanings [verb] To admit, to confess (a fault or truth one might prefer to hide). [verb] To acknowledge, to recognize, to accept as valid or legitimate. Example Sentences 他终于承认自己在这件事上犯了一个严重的错误。 Tā zhōngyú chéngrèn zìjǐ zài zhè jiàn shì shàng fàn le yī gè yánzhòng de cuòwù....
既然 (jìrán) — since; given that; now that
既然 (jìrán) 既然 introduces a premise that both speaker and listener accept as true, then draws a logical conclusion from it, similar to "since" or "now that." Meanings [conjunction] Since; given that; now that (accepts a known fact and derives a conclusion). Example Sentences 既然你已经决定了，就努力去做吧。 Jìrán nǐ yǐjīng juédìng le, jiù nǔlì qù zuò ba. Since you have already decided, go ahead and do your best. 既然天气这么好，我们去爬山吧。 Jìrán tiānqì zhème...
活动 (huódòng) — activity; event; campaign
活动 (huódòng) 活动 can mean an activity, event, or campaign as a noun, or to move about and be active as a verb. Meanings [noun] activity; event; campaign; an organized or social happening [verb] to move; to exercise; to be active Example Sentences 学校组织了很多课外活动。 Xuéxiào zǔzhī le hěn duō kèwài huódòng. The school organized many extracurricular activities. 这次促销活动吸引了大量顾客。 Zhè cì cùxiāo huódòng xīyǐn le dàliàng gùkè. This promotional campaign attracted...
修改 (xiūgǎi) — to revise; to modify; to amend
修改 (xiūgǎi) 修改 means to revise, modify, or amend something, typically a document, plan, or rule, in order to correct errors or improve quality. Meanings [verb] to revise, modify, or amend by making corrections or improvements Example Sentences 老师让我修改这篇作文。 Lǎoshī ràng wǒ xiūgǎi zhè piān zuòwén. The teacher asked me to revise this essay. 合同需要修改几个条款。 Hétong xūyào xiūgǎi jǐ gè tiáokuǎn. The contract needs to have a few clauses amended....
反对 (fǎnduì) — Oppose
反对 (fǎnduì) 反对 means to oppose or object to something, expressing disagreement or resistance. Meanings [verb] to oppose; to object to; to be against; to disagree with Example Sentences 他坚决反对这个计划。 Tā jiānjué fǎnduì zhège jìhuà. He firmly opposes this plan. 很多人反对在这里建工厂。 Hěn duō rén fǎnduì zài zhèlǐ jiàn gōngchǎng. Many people oppose building a factory here. 她反对浪费食物，每次都吃得干干净净。 Tā fǎnduì làngfèi shíwù, měi cì dōu chī de gāngānjìngjìng. She is against...
活跃 (huóyuè) — active; lively; dynamic
活跃 (huóyuè) 活跃 describes someone or something that is active, lively, and dynamic, or it can be used as a verb meaning to enliven or animate. Meanings [adjective] active; lively; dynamic; full of energy and participation [verb] to make lively; to animate; to enliven Example Sentences 他是班里最活跃的学生。 Tā shì bān lǐ zuì huóyuè de xuéshēng. He is the most active student in the class. 这个市场最近非常活跃。 Zhège shìchǎng zuìjìn fēicháng huóyuè....
投资 (tóuzī) — to invest; investment
投资 (tóuzī) 投资 means to invest money, time, or other resources into something with the expectation of a future return or benefit. It is used in financial, business, and broader metaphorical contexts (such as investing in education or health). Meanings [verb] To invest; to put capital into. [noun] Investment; capital invested. Example Sentences 他决定将大部分储蓄投资于股票市场，以获取更高的回报。 Tā juédìng jiāng dà bùfen chǔxù tóuzī yú gǔpiào shìchǎng, yǐ huòqǔ gèng gāo de huíbào....
习惯 (xíguàn) — habit; to be used to; custom
习惯 (xíguàn) 习惯 refers to a habitual pattern of behavior as a noun, and as a verb it means to be accustomed to or to get used to something. Meanings [noun] Habit; custom; regular practice. [verb] To be used to; to be accustomed to; to get used to. Example Sentences 他有每天早起跑步的习惯。 Tā yǒu měitiān zǎoqǐ pǎobù de xíguàn. He has the habit of getting up early and running every day....
视频通话 (shìpín tōnghuà) — video call
视频通话 (shìpín tōnghuà) 视频通话 refers to a video call, where participants can see and hear each other in real time over the internet. It is widely used through apps like WeChat (微信) and has become a common way to stay in touch with family and friends. Meanings [noun] video call; a real-time call that transmits both audio and video Example Sentences 我每周都和父母进行视频通话。 Wǒ měi zhōu dōu hé fùmǔ jìnxíng shìpín...
悲观 (bēiguān) — pessimistic
悲观 (bēiguān) 悲观 describes a pessimistic outlook -- tending to see the worst in situations or expect negative outcomes. Meanings [adjective] pessimistic [noun] pessimism Example Sentences 他对未来很悲观。 Tā duì wèilái hěn bēiguān. He is very pessimistic about the future. 不要悲观，要相信自己。 Bùyào bēiguān, yào xiāngxìn zìjǐ. Don't be pessimistic; believe in yourself. 她的悲观态度影响了整个团队。 Tā de bēiguān tàidù yǐngxiǎngle zhěnggè tuánduì. Her pessimistic attitude affected the whole team. 悲观的人很难感到幸福。 Bēiguān de rén...
参加 (cānjiā) — Participate
参加 (cānjiā) 参加 means to take part in or join an activity, event, or organization. Meanings [verb] to participate in; to join; to attend; to take part in Example Sentences 我想参加这次国际会议。 Wǒ xiǎng cānjiā zhè cì guójì huìyì. I want to participate in this international conference. 他参加了学校的篮球队。 Tā cānjiāle xuéxiào de lánqiú duì. He joined the school basketball team. 请问，我可以参加你们的活动吗？ Qǐngwèn, wǒ kěyǐ cānjiā nǐmen de huódòng ma? Excuse me,...
邀请 (yāoqǐng) — to invite / invitation
邀请 (yāoqǐng) 邀请 means to invite someone to attend an event or activity, or refers to the invitation itself. Meanings [verb] to invite; to request someone's presence [noun] invitation Example Sentences 她邀请我去她的生日派对。 Tā yāoqǐng wǒ qù tā de shēngrì pàiduì. She invited me to her birthday party. 我收到了一封婚礼邀请函。 Wǒ shōudào le yī fēng hūnlǐ yāoqǐng hán. I received a wedding invitation letter. 感谢您的邀请，我很乐意参加。 Gǎnxiè nín de yāoqǐng, wǒ hěn lèyì...
机会 (jīhuì) — opportunity; chance
机会 (jīhuì) 机会 refers to a favorable situation or moment that allows something to happen, equivalent to "opportunity" or "chance" in English. Meanings [noun] Opportunity; chance (a favorable moment or occasion for action). Example Sentences 这是一个很好的学习机会，不要错过。 Zhè shì yī gè hěn hǎo de xuéxí jīhuì, bùyào cuòguò. This is a great learning opportunity; do not miss it. 我终于有机会去中国旅行了。 Wǒ zhōngyú yǒu jīhuì qù Zhōngguó lǚxíng le. I finally have the...
往往 (wǎngwǎng) — often; frequently; as a rule
往往 (wǎngwǎng) 往往 describes something that tends to happen regularly or as a rule based on past pattern, meaning "often," "frequently," or "more often than not." Meanings [adverb] Often; frequently; as a rule (based on an observed pattern or tendency). Example Sentences 冬天往往比夏天更难坚持锻炼。 Dōngtiān wǎngwǎng bǐ xiàtiān gèng nán jiānchí duànliàn. Winter is often harder to keep up with exercise than summer. 成功的人往往比别人更努力。 Chénggōng de rén wǎngwǎng bǐ biérén gèng...
错误 (cuòwù) — mistake / wrong
错误 (cuòwù) 错误 refers to a mistake or error, or describes something as wrong or incorrect. Meanings [noun] mistake; error; fault [adjective] wrong; incorrect; mistaken Example Sentences 我犯了一个很严重的错误。 Wǒ fàn le yīgè hěn yánzhòng de cuòwù. I made a very serious mistake. 承认错误是改正的第一步。 Chéngrèn cuòwù shì gǎizhèng de dì yī bù. Admitting a mistake is the first step to correcting it. 这个决定是完全错误的。 Zhège juédìng shì wánquán cuòwù de. This decision...
上传 (shàngchuán) — to upload
上传 (shàngchuán) 上传 means to upload, describing the action of sending files, photos, or data from a local device to the internet or a remote server. It is the opposite of 下载 (to download). Meanings [verb] to upload; to send data from a local device to a server or the internet Example Sentences 她把照片上传到社交媒体上了。 Tā bǎ zhàopiàn shàngchuán dào shèjiāo méitǐ shàng le. She uploaded the photos to social media....
应对 (yìngduì) — to cope with; to respond to
应对 (yìngduì) 应对 means to respond to or cope with a situation, challenge, or question, often implying a measured and strategic reaction. Meanings [verb] to cope with; to deal with; to respond to Example Sentences 我们必须学会应对压力。 Wǒmen bìxū xuéhuì yìngduì yālì. We must learn how to cope with stress. 他善于应对突发情况。 Tā shànyú yìngduì tūfā qíngkuàng. He is good at handling unexpected situations. 这个问题很难应对。 Zhège wèntí hěn nán yìngduì. This problem...
充分 (chōngfèn) — sufficient; full; ample
充分 (chōngfèn) 充分 describes a quantity or degree that is fully adequate, leaving nothing lacking. Meanings [adjective] Sufficient; full; ample; thorough. Example Sentences 你需要充分的准备才能通过考试。 Nǐ xūyào chōngfèn de zhǔnbèi cái néng tōngguò kǎoshì. You need ample preparation to pass the exam. 我们应该充分利用时间。 Wǒmen yīnggāi chōngfèn lìyòng shíjiān. We should make full use of our time. 会议前大家进行了充分的讨论。 Huìyì qián dàjiā jìnxíngle chōngfèn de tǎolùn. Before the meeting, everyone had a thorough...
困难 (kùnnán) — difficult; trouble; hardship
困难 (kùnnán) 困难 describes something that is difficult or refers to a difficulty or hardship that one faces. Meanings [adjective] difficult, hard, or challenging [noun] a difficulty, problem, or hardship Example Sentences 学习一门新语言是困难的，但很有价值。 Xuéxí yī mén xīn yǔyán shì kùnnán de, dàn hěn yǒu jiàzhí. Learning a new language is difficult but very worthwhile. 面对困难，我们不能轻易放弃。 Miàn duì kùnnán, wǒmen bù néng qīngyì fàngqì. When facing difficulties, we should not easily...